Safety on Accident Site

Presented by
Rita Nurharyanti
 Objective
• To provide understanding of various hazards on the
accident site and personal protective equipment to
conduct investigation in safe way.
• To be able to implement the safety for investigator,
team or other personnel who involve in the site
access.
 Today’s Topics
• Accident site overview;
• Hazard on accident site;
• Personal protective equipment (PPE).
 Accident Site Overview
Not like any other mode of transportation, an
aircraft accident may occur anywhere (water,
mountain, populated area, airport)
5 September 2005,
Jalan Jamin Ginting
29 September 2011,
Mount Leuser National Park
13 April 2013, Ngurah Rai International Airport
1 February 2017,
Adisutjipto International Airport
 Accident Site Overview
• An aircraft no longer safe after an accident;
• Investigators working on the accident site;
• Investigators comes to accident site to do the
job and not become someone else job.
• Several hazards: nature, mechanical, Blood
Borne Pathogen, etc.
 Risk Management
at Accident Site
Determine Evaluate or Assess
Identify Hazards
Exposure Risk

Introduce
Controls

Review & Revise

Risk Assessment
 Hazard on Accident Site
Environment:
• Location – topographic & geography
• Insects/wildlife
• Climate
• Fatigue – effect of travel & transportation
• Security – political & social situation
Location – topographic & geography
Location – topographic & geography
Location – topographic & geography
Insects/wildlife
Climate
Security
Political situation
Fatigue – effect of travel & transportation
Fatigue – effect of travel & transportation
Fatigue – effect of travel & transportation
Fatigue – effect of travel & transportation
 Hazard on Accident Site
Physical:
• Fire and flammable substances - fuel, lithium
battery
• Stored energy components - fire extinguishing
bottles, wheels, emergency power supplies
• Pressurized gases - rapid discharge, O2
increased fire, toxic gas
• Recent safety equipment – ejector seat,
rocket-deployed emergency parachute
systems
Fire and flammable substances
Stored energy components
Pressurized gases
 Hazard on Accident Site
Physical:
• Pyrotechnics and explosives - custom-built
explosive charges to initiate escape slides,
parachutes, fire extinguishers
• Damaged & unstable structures.
Damaged & unstable structures
 Hazard on Accident Site
Material hazards:
• Metals and Oxides
• Composite materials – carbon fiber, Kevlar
• Chemicals and other substances – hydraulic
fluids
• Radioactive materials - Depleted uranium (ex:
Boeing 747)
• Cargo – dangerous goods?
 Hazard on Accident Site
Biological Hazards:
• Bacteria, virus etc.
• May exist in the cockpit, cabin, and cargo
wreckage as well as on the ground;
• Impossible to readily identify contaminated
blood and other bodily fluids;
• Should always assume that human tissue and
bodily fluids are contaminated.
 Hazard on Accident Site
Biological Hazards:
• Indirect contact - blood borne, airborne or other
means.
• Blood borne pathogen: microorganisms present
in the human blood that can cause disease to
human, including human blood components and
products made from human blood (tissue and
bone).
• Include but not limited to:
‐ Hepatitis A, B and C viruses (HAV, HBV, HCV)
 Hazard on Accident Site
Blood Borne Pathogen:
• the virus

Virus Vaccination Max. Virus Incubation

Main Transmission Mode
Name Availability Survival Period

HIV/AIDS HIV N eye, mouth, mucous 1 week 6 months

membrane, non intact
skin or parenteral (below 2 months
Hepatitis A HAV Y 2 weeks
skin) contact with blood
and other potentially
Hepatitis B HBV Y infectious material 2 weeks 6 months

Hepatitis C HCV N Parenteral blood contact ? 4 months

 Hazard on Accident Site
Psychological hazards:
• Investigator works in close proximity of
disaster
• Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), causing
sleep disturbance, intrusive thoughts and
flashbacks
How we can safe
on accident site?
 Safe on Accident Site
• Hazard identification;
• Vaccination;
• Using Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).
‐ Level of protection determined by IIC.
 Personal Protective
Equipment
• Medical Gloves
‐ protects the hands from virus or bacteria;
‐ made from nitrile rubber or latex (some
allergic to latex);
‐ powdered & unpowdered.
latex gloves

nitrile gloves
 Personal Protective
Equipment
• Cotton Gloves
‐ Good for operating investigation equipment
(camera, GPS, etc.);
‐ Not to protect from sharp object;
‐ With or without polymerizing vinyl chloride
(PVC) dot.
without dot PVC-dotted
 Personal Protective
Equipment
• Heavy Duty Gloves
‐ Made from leather, Kevlar, polyethylene or
others;
‐ Protects from sharp object or even fire
resistance;
basic gloves heat resistance

kevlar gloves
 Personal Protective
Equipment
• Goggle
‐ Protects from outside substances entering
the eye (virus, bacteria or dust materials);
‐ Required when blood/air borne pathogen
and/or burned carbon composite are
suspected on the accident site;
‐ Preferably with rubber strap.
with rubber strap without rubber strap
 Personal Protective
Equipment
• Sunglasses
‐ Protects from Ultra Violet radiation;
‐ Only can be used when no blood/air borne
pathogen and/or burned carbon composite
are suspected on the accident site;
‐ Can be used with goggle.
sunglasses
 Personal Protective
Equipment
• Hat or Helmet
‐ Hat protects from sun burn;
‐ Helmet is mandatory when unstable
structure or possibility of falling objects;
‐ Can be combined with lamp.
 Personal Protective
Equipment
• Shoes
‐ Depend on the condition;
‐ Safety shoes to be used when entering the
wreckage area;
‐ Hiking shoes required when walking to the
accident site;
‐ Reef shoes good for operation on/near
water;
‐ Sometimes requires to use boots.
 hiking shoes
safety shoes

reef shoes

boots
 Personal Protective
Equipment
• Mask
‐ Protects from virus or bacteria during
inhalation;
‐ Required when blood borne pathogen or
carbon fiber dust exist on the accident site;
‐ Breathing apparatus
▪ Provides continue airflow to the goggle
▪ Prevent outside air enters the mask
▪ Extra weight for investigators
 Breathing apparatus
Disposable mask N95 mask
 Personal Protective
Equipment
• Disposable liquid resistant coverall
‐ Protects from virus or bacteria to the body;
‐ Requires when bloodborne/airborne
pathogen is suspected;
‐ May creates heat during the day;
‐ Consider the heat stress, dehydration;
‐ Comes in sized, please pick the right size.
 Taking Off PPE
• Bear in mind ‘the outside part may have
contaminated, the inner side remain clean’,
open it inside out.
• Heavy duty/cotton gloves - hat/helm -
shoes/boots - coverall - medical gloves - mask
- goggles.
• Stow the PPE in the plastic bag and sealed.
• To decontaminate, uses alcohol or bleach mix
with water (do not mix bleach and alcohol).
Precaution on
Accident Site
 Initial Actions
Before arriving to the accident site:
• Establish what has happened so far
‐ this is very important (Big Ticket Item)
• What cargo is/was on board?
• Identify the hazards – type of hazards;
• What are the things to do to eliminate
(minimized) the hazard;
• If necessary, contact the expert to eliminate.
Analyze the Situation
 Rules of Thumb
• Site is contaminated, you are clean;
• Keep clean the “clean area”;
• Anything contaminated stays in the “dirty area”;
• Don’t bring contaminated items HOME;
• Unclean evidence should be treated as in the
accident site;
 Rules of Thumb
• Don’t let unprotected person enter “dirty area”;
• Drink lots of water (heat stress and dehydration
prevention) prior enter accident site;
• Do not touch dirty things;
• If it safe to be touched do not touch if it is not
necessary.
 PROHIBITION
On the accident site:
• DON’T touch a mucous membrane;
• DON’T eat, drink nor smoke
 Exposure Incident
• Bring the person away from the site;
• Rinse/clean contaminated area (wash with
soap and lots of water);
• Notify supervisor or IIC;
• Record the incident.
 Personnel Safety
• New hazards are being introduced with new
aircraft technologies.
• Investigators are very important assets –
need protecting.
• Previous experience with aircraft accident not
sufficient to ensure safety on an accident site.
• Proper gear is mandatory – don’t waste for
improper and cheap gear.
 Personnel Safety
• Consider the work hours & rest break;
• Should not drive/fly during site visit (prepare
dedicated driver);
• No hurry to get in and no hurry to get out –
take your time;
• Night operations – consider the security, rest
place, etc.;
• Physical condition – office work vs field
investigation;
 Personnel Safety
• Personal Locators Beacon must be taken if the
site is remote; or
• Notified the authorities if they are not
accompanying you to site or if you go to
remote area;
• Stress counseling – if the investigator stress is
imminent;
• Vaccinations;
 Personnel Safety
• You can not control the weather – anticipate!
• Frequent break is important;
• Arrange schedule for day off in long period
investigation;
• Know your limit!
 Team Work
• Enter the site in pairing;
• Monitor behavior of your partner;
• Freely express what you feel to your team
mate or IIC (tiredness, dizziness, fear, etc.).
 THANK
YOU
Any question?