KISSE, Limar T.
AGADAN, Jenny D.
SUMMARY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS/ CONTRIBUTIONS TO GUIDANCE
THEORY AND PROPONENT/S
1. STRUCTURALISM
2. FUNCTIONALISM
3. GESTALT
PROPONENTS MAIN ASSUMPTION/S
-Wilhelm Wundt -Assumes that every process has a
- Edward Titchener system of underlying laws that
govern it.
-relies on introspection to break
down consciousness to its basic
elements without sacrificing any
of the properties of the whole
-Proposes 3 elementary states of
consciousness: a.) sensations, b.)
images and c.) affections
-William James -gives importance to empirical,
-James Rowland Angell rational thought
- George H. Mead - focuses on the capability of
-Archibald L. Moore mind rather than the process of
- John Dewey thought. In other words, it
focused on the practical
applications of research
- focused on how mental activities
helped an organism fit into its
environment
-Immanuel Kant -consciousness could not be
-Ernst Mach reduced to elements without
-Max Wetheimer distorting the true meaning of the
-Kurt Koffka conscious experience
-Wolfgang Kohler - deems that people cannot be
CONTRIBUTION/ IMPLICATION TO
GUIDANCE
- giving importance to one’s
sensation and affection/ feeling in
processing one’s own thoughts
and experiences
- represented the emergence of
psychology from philosophy
-gives way to experimental
psychology where theories of
human thoughts, feelings, actions
and etc are tested. It could also be
inferred that structuralism gave
way to conducting scientific
research on human behavior.
-laid groundwork for behaviorism,
developmental psychology,
cognitive psychology
- looks into the purpose of
consciousness and behavior
-emphasis on individual
differences
- consider biological factors into
how one behaves/acts
(Munsaka, 2019)
-Gestalt Therapy includes figure
and ground, balance and
polarities, awareness, present‐
centeredness, unfinished
business, and personal
 considered as separate from their
environment or from
interpersonal relations. The
individual is seen as being self-
regulating and is able to motivate
oneself to solve problems.
Individuals are able to work
towards growth and develop as
their environments allow.
4. PSYCHOANALYSIS - Sigmund Freud -All people possess unconscious
thoughts, feelings, desires and
memories
-psychological problems as rooted
in the unconscious mind
- the unconscious drives thinking
and behavior, and it is in
uncovering unconscious drives
and motivations that a person can
be healed
5. BEHAVIORISM - Ivan Pavlov -All behavior is learned through
-John Watson interaction with the environment
-William McDougal through classical conditioning
-emphasizes the role of
environmental factors in
influencing behavior to the near
exclusion of inherited and
biological factors
-reinforcement and punishment
can be utilized to either increase
or decrease the frequency of a
behavior
responsibility.
-Internal processing
- Asking question in group process
-Person-centered awareness
-Respect
-Emphasis on experience
-Creative experiment and
discovery
-Social relationship
- Relationship
-Dream interpretation
- Free association technique
-Transference
-Cathartic method
-Applied behavior analysis which
uses operant conditioning to
shape and modify problematic
behaviors
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
(CBT)
-Aversion therapy
- Flooding
-Systematic desensitization
-Contingency management
-Extinction
-Modeling
-Token economies
-Dialectical behavioral therapy
 which is a form of CBT that utilizes
both behavioral and cognitive
techniques to help people learn to
manage their emotions, cope with
distress, and improve
interpersonal relationships
-Exposure therapy
-Rational emotive behavior
therapy (REBT)
-Social learning theory which
assumes that people learn
through observation and reward
6. COGNITIVE -Ulric Neisser - Human cognition can at least in -Rational-Emotive Therapy
-Noam Chomsky principle be fully revealed by the -Cognitive- Behavioral Therapy
-Jean Piaget scientific method, that is,
-Lev Vygotsky individual components of mental
processes can be identified and
understood
- internal mental processes can be
described in terms of rules or
algorithms in information
processing models
-focuses on scientifically studying
human cognition/ mental abilities
which are perceiving, learning,
remembering, reasoning, and
understanding
- Focuses not just on behavior,
but on mental processes and
internal mental states
7. HUMANISTIC -Abraham Maslow - Human have innate drive toward - Person-centered therapy
- Carl Rogers self- actualization, and if people -Unstructured Interviews which
use this actualizing tendency as a allows therapist to gain access to
frame of reference in living their an individual’s thought and
 lives, there is a strong likelihood experiences
that they will live fulfilling lives -Participant observation
and ultimately reach their full -Unconditional Positive Regard
potential. Such people are said to
be living according to the
organismic valuing process.

REFERENCES

Feist, J. & Feist, G.J. (2008). Theories of personality(7th ed). McGraw-Hill, Inc

Herganhahn, B. (2009). An Introduction to the History of Psychology. Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

https://www.britannica.com/sciencae/functionalism-psychology

The History of Psychology-The Cognitive and Multicultural Psychology. DOI:02092021. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/waymaker-

psychology/chapter/reading-the-cognitive-revolution-and-multicultural-psychology/