Experiment no.

3 Power System

Experiment no.3
Operations of overvoltage and under voltage.
Objective:
To understand the Operations of overvoltage and under voltage.
Apparatus:
1. 3-phase Power Supply
2. Digital Multimeter
3. Capacitor Bank
4. Connecting Leads
5. Under voltage and over voltage Relay
Theory:
Overvoltage Relay:
Provides protection to equipment that cannot handle excess voltages.  Uses a normally closed contact
(N.C.).  As long as the monitored voltage remains below the maximum voltage the equipment can
withstand (Pick-Up Setting), the relay remains de-energized and the N.C. contact remains closed, keeping
the load energized.  If the operating voltage increases beyond the maximum rating of the equipment, the
relay energizes and the N.C. contact opens, turning off the load.  When the voltage falls below the Drop-
Out Setting (hysteresis), the relay de-energizes and the N.C. contact re-closes, turning on the load.
Undervoltage Relay:
Provides protection to equipment that is required to operate above a certain minimum voltage.  Uses a
normally open contact (N.O.).  As long as the monitored voltage is above the minimum value required
(Pick-Up Setting), the relay will energize and the N.O. contact closes, turning on the load.  If the voltage
drops below the Drop-out Setting (the minimum voltage required minus the hysteresis), the relay will de-
energize and the N.O. contact will re-open, turning off the load.
Over & Under Voltage Relay (Voltage Band):
Voltage Band Relays provide protection to equipment that is required to operate within an upper and lower
voltage limit. As long as the operating voltage remains within an OVER & UNDER voltage range, the
internal relay stays energized. If the operating voltage falls outside this range, the relay will drop-out.

Procedure:
1. I connected the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Then I adjusted the Un knob according to the power supply voltage.
3. Then I adjusted the VM &TM knobs for performing the operations of the over voltage
relay.
4. Then I connected the star connected capacitive load with power supply.
5. Then I turn on the power supply and increase the capacitive load and observe the
voltage at which relay trips.
6. Similarly for under voltage operation I connected the star connected 3 phase load with
circuit.
7. Then I adjusted the VM &TM knobs for performing the operations of the under
voltage relay.
8. Then I turn on the power supply and increase the inductive load and observe the
voltage at which relay trips.
9. Then I compare the observed values with estimated values.

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Roll no.16-ELE-03
Experiment no. 3 Power System

Figure 3.1:Circuit Diagram of Over voltage and under voltage

Observation Table:
Table no. 3.1:
Operation Observed Estimated Normal Adjustment
tripping tripping applied Voltage
Voltage Voltage Voltage
RC Over 435 416 400 4%
voltage
RC Over 485 472 400 18%
voltage
RL Under 360 368 400 8%
voltage
RL Under 328 328 400 18%
voltage
Conclusion:
I concluded from this experiment that the over voltage /under voltage relay can be used for
the protection of over voltage and as well as under voltage protection depending its setting.
We can set it according to our requirement i.e for under voltage, for over voltage we can also
set a delay according to our requirement.
Questions:
Q#1: Differentiate between relay and circuit Breaker?
Ans: Difference between Relay and circuit breaker:
 The Relay is a switching and sensing device, but the Circuit breaker is an isolating
or disconnecting device. Relays operate on low power input voltage.
 The Circuit breaker is an automatic on load device. The Relay is used to control or
select one among many circuits, whereas Circuit Breaker is one per circuit.
Q#2:Differentiate between current transform and potential transform and describe the
important regarding to potential system?
Ans :Current Transformer: A current transformer (CT) is a type of transformer that is used
to measure alternating current (AC). It produces a current in its secondary which is
proportional to the current in its primary. Current transformers, along with voltage or
potential transformers, are instrument transformers.
Potential Transformer: Voltage transformers (VT), also called potential transformers (PT),
are a parallel connected type of instrument transformer. They are designed to present
negligible load to the supply being measured and have an accurate voltage ratio and phase
relationship to enable accurate secondary connected metering.

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Roll no.16-ELE-03
Experiment no. 3 Power System

Q#3:Describe the different type of circuit breaker?

Ans: The Different tpes of circuit breakers are:
 Vacuum Circuit Breaker
 Sulfur Hexa Flouride Circuit Breaker
 Air Blast Circuit Breaker
 Air Circuit Breaker 
 Oil Circuit Breaker
Q#4: Differentiate between MCB and MCCB?
Ans: MCB is a miniature circuit breaker which is used to break small currents. Like in
domestic LT circuits. The ratings usually end up to 100 A. MCCB is a Module case circuit
breaker which has a rugged construction as it can break larger currents usually from (100-
1000A).

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Roll no.16-ELE-03