• OSI Model

Physical Layer

The lowest layer of the OSI model handles the electrical or optical transmission of raw,
unstructured data bits from the physical layer of the sending device to the physical layer of the
receiving device over the network. Protocol used in this layer is Bluetooth and IEEE802.11.

Data Link Layer

In the data link layer, directly connected nodes used to perform data transfer between nodes,
where the data is compressed into frames. The data link layer also corrects errors that can occur
at the physical layer. Protocol used in this layer is Parallel Line Internet Protocol (PLIP) IEEE802.3
and Passive Optical Network.

Network Layer

The network layer is responsible for receiving frames from the data link layer and delivering the
frames to the desired destinations based on the addresses contained in the frames.

The network layer searches for destinations using logical addresses such as: B. IP (Internet
Protocol). At this level, routers are an important component used to literally route information to
where it is needed between networks. Protocol used in this layer is Internet Protocol (IPv4) and
Apple Talk.

Transport Layer

The transport layer manages data packet delivery and error checking. It regulates size, order, and
ultimately data transfer between the system and the host. One of the most common examples of
the transport layer is TCP or transmission control protocols. Protocol used in this layer is
Transmission Control Protocol (TPC) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP).

Session Level

The session layer controls conversations between different computers. Sessions or connections
between machines are established, managed, and terminated at Layer 5. Session layer services
also include authentication and reconnection. Protocol used in this layer is NetBIOS and Point to
Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP).
Presentation layer

The presentation layer formats or transforms the data to the application layer based on the syntax
or semantics accepted by the application. For this reason, it is also called a syntax layer. This
layer can also handle the encryption and decryption required by the application layer. Protocol
used in this layer is Secure Socket Layer (SSL) and Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension.

Application layer

At this level, both the end user and the application layer interact directly with the software application.
This layer exposes the network services provided to end-user applications such as web browsers or
Office 365. The application layer determines communication partners, resource availability, and
synchronizes communication. Protocol used in this layer is Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).

Advantage Disadvantage

OSI model is generic by default. Which means it is Many applications do not require the data
supported by many device manufacturers. Most integrity provided by the OSI model.
computer networks use OSI as the standard model.

Each layer defines a set of functions for The OSI model does not apply to all
transferring data. As a result, troubleshooting is communication applications used on computers.
easier.

The OSI model is a really generic model that is very Due to the complexity of the model, the initial
easy for hardware/device manufacturers to implementation was time consuming and slow.
manufacturer.
• TCP/IP Model

Application Layer

The application layer interacts with the application, which is the top layer of the OSI model. The application
layer is the OSI layer closest to the end user. This means that the OSI application layer allows users to
interact with other software applications.

The application layer interacts with software applications to implement communication components.
Interpretation of data by applications is always outside the scope of the OSI model. Protocol used in this
layer is Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) and Network Information Services (NIS).

Transport layer

The transport layer is built on the network layer to transfer data from processes on the source system to
processes on the target system. It resides on one or more networks and also supports QoS features. The
amount, location and data rate must be transmitted.

This layer is based on messages received from the application layer helps to deliver blocks of data
consistently and without interruption. Protocol used in this layer is Transmission Transfer Protocol (TCP)
and User Datagram Protocol (UDP).

Internet layer

The Internet layer is the second of the TCP/IP layers in the TCP/IP model. The main task of this layer is to
send a packet on any network, and no matter which computer the packet travels, it will still reach its
destination.

The Internet layer provides a functional and procedural method for transmitting variable length data
sequences from one node to another over various networks. Protocol used in this layer is Internet Protocol
(IPv4) and Internet Protocol (IPv6).
Network Access Layer

Known as data link layer which handle physical structure making sure computers are connected with one
another over internet and also involving technical infrastructure includes converts data digital code to
transmittable signal for network connection.

Protocol used in this layer is Frame Relay, Ethernet, and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM).

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol:

This protocol that supports email is called the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. This protocol allows you to
send data to other email addresses.

Simple Network Management Protocol:

It is a structure used to control devices on the Internet using TCP/IP protocol.

Advantage Disadvantage

It helps to establish a connection between different TCP/IP is a complex model to configure and
types of computers manage.

It works independently of the operating system. Shallow / TCP / IP overhead is higher than
Internetworking Packet Exchange (IPX).

This allows for interconnection between In this model, transport does not guarantee packet
organizations. delivery. Replacing protocols in TCP/IP is not
easy.