1

Studying ‘CONNECTIVES’

 Compare & Contrast

 Sequence in process
 Adding Information
 Consequence

The classic cork stopper does have several advantages, however. Firstly, its
traditional image is more in keeping with that of the type of high quality
goods with which it has long been associated. Secondly – and very
importantly – cork is a sustainable product that can be recycled without
difficulty. Moreover, cork forests are a resource which support local
biodiversity, and prevent desertification in the regions where they are
planted. So, given the current concerns about environmental issues, the
future of this ancient material once again looks promising.

Techniques of Reading Skills

Topic sentence of the paragraph Main idea of the paragraph

The classic cork stopper does have several advantages, however. Firstly, its
traditional image is more in keeping with that of the type of high quality
goods with which it has long been associated. Secondly – and very
importantly – cork is a sustainable product that can be recycled without
difficulty. Moreover, cork forests are a resource which support local
biodiversity, and prevent desertification in the regions where they are
planted. So, given the current concerns about environmental issues, the
future of this ancient material once again looks promising.
 2

Relative Clauses

- Relative Clause with Preposition without comma with which

- Relative Clause without comma that
- Relative Clause without comma which
- Relative Clause without comma where
- 2 Relative Clauses without comma is used in a single sentence

The classic cork stopper does have several advantages, however. Firstly, its
traditional image is more in keeping with that of the type of high quality
goods with which it has long been associated. Secondly – and very
importantly – cork is a sustainable product that can be recycled without
difficulty. Moreover, cork forests are a resource which support local
biodiversity, and prevent desertification in the regions where they are
planted. So, given the current concerns about environmental issues, the
future of this ancient material once again looks promising.

Using Past Participle Clause at the beginning of sentence

…’given’ in the meaning of ‘assuming that’

…’given’ in the meaning of ‘in consideration of the fact that’

 So, given the current concerns about environmental issues, the future
of this ancient material once again looks promising.

Using ‘look + adj’

…promising = seem to be = appear to be (Not 100% correct)

… He looks / seems to be / appear to be rich == He is rich.

The classic cork stopper does have several advantages, however. Firstly, its
traditional image is more in keeping with that of the type of high quality
goods with which it has long been associated. Secondly – and very
importantly – cork is a sustainable product that can be recycled without
difficulty. Moreover, cork forests are a resource which support local
biodiversity, and prevent desertification in the regions where they are
planted. So, given the current concerns about environmental issues, the
future of this ancient material once again looks promising.
 3

Use of punctuation mark ‘a pair of dash’

‘A pair of dash’ can be replaced with ‘a pair of comma’

Here ‘a pair of dash’ is used to provide extra information to the group of
words with a pair of dash.

The classic cork stopper does have several advantages, however. Firstly, its
traditional image is more in keeping with that of the type of high quality
goods with which it has long been associated. Secondly – and very
importantly – cork is a sustainable product that can be recycled without
difficulty. Moreover, cork forests are a resource which support local
biodiversity, and prevent desertification in the regions where they are
planted. So, given the current concerns about environmental issues, the
future of this ancient material once again looks promising.

Recent years have seen the end of the virtual monopoly of cork as the
material for bottle stoppers, due to concerns about the effect it may have on
the contents of the bottle. This
 4

PARALLEL SENTENCE STRUCTURE

One subject with three verbs

The other American Indians farmed, fished and hunted small animals.

…farmed

The other American Indians …fished …small animals.

…hunted

One verb with three adjectives

They were strong, healthy and courageous.

…strong

They were …healthy

…courage
 5

Sub + verb + to V1

Sub + verb + to V1 + advb

They wanted to live there

Sub + verb + to V1 + prep ph

They wanted to go to the West.
They went to live on reservations.

Sub + verb + adj + to V1 + prep ph

He was free to sit in the garden of the hotel.

Sub + verb + prep ph + to V1 + object

He had come from Geneva to see his aunt.
 6

MORE THAN ONE COMPLEX STRUCTURE

Complex + Complex Sentence Structure

Present Participle Clause Relative Clause

He sat by the wall, looking out at the Castle of Chillon, which stood on
a small island in the lake.

When his friends spoke of him, they usually said that he was at
Geneva ‘studying’.

Complex + Complex + Complex + Complex + Complex Sentence Structure

When certain other people spoke of him they said that he spent so
much time in Geneva because he was very attached to a lady who
lived there – a European lady – a person (who was) older than himself.

Conjunction ‘and’ with comma

Conjunction ‘and’ with the same subject
Conjunction ‘and’ without comma
Conjunction ‘and’ with the same subject

Conjunction ‘and’ with comma and with the same subject

Tourism is the business of the place, and there are many hotels

Conjunction ‘and’ without comma and with the same subject

Winterbourne was a twenty-seventy years old and had lived in Geneva for a
long time.