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SCIENCE
Quarter 2- Weeks 4 & 5 (Module 4)
The Carbon Compounds and Chemical Bonds

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Science– Grade 9
Quarter 2 – Weeks 4 & 5 (Module 4): The Carbon Compounds and Chemical Bonds

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The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Arlen B. Bertiz

Language Editor: Laarnie G. Balin

Reviewers: Jezrahel Omadto

Jocelyn Navera
Benjie L. Cadag
Ronaldo C. Reyes

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 Explain how the structure of carbon atom affe
cts the types of bonds it forms (S9MT-IIg-17)

Objectives:
• Identify the properties of organic compounds and
differentiate them from inorganic substances
• Construct and describe structural formulas of organic
compounds showing how carbon atoms form bonds
• Explain how the structure of carbon atom affects the
types of bonds it forms

Directions: Identify what is asked or described in each item

then write the letter of the correct answer in your answer
sheet.

1. Which of the following statements best describes organic compounds?

A. Organic compounds are substances that contain carbon and oxygen.

B. Organic compounds are chemicals that are produced by living things only.
C. Organic compounds are composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen.
D. Organic compounds are substances that contain carbon atoms.

2. How do carbon atoms form many organic compounds? Carbon atoms form these
by __________.
A. attracting other elements toward themselves to form the bonds
B. forming many bonds with other carbon atoms and other elements
C. sharing their electrons with other metal and non-metal elements
D. transferring their electrons to the atoms of surrounding elements

3. What is the maximum number of bonds that can be formed by a carbon atom?
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

4. Which alkane will most likely have a very low boiling point?
A. propane C. butane
B. pentane D. hexane

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5. Which among these molecules will exhibit the lowest boiling point?

A.

B.

C.

D.

Source: https://slideplayer.com/slide/9283570/

Hi! How did you find the test?

Please check your answers at the answer key section and see how
you did. Don’t worry if you got a low score, this just means that there
are more things that you can learn from this module. So, hop on!

This time we will review the history of carbon compounds. In the paragraph below, there
are blanks left for you to complete. Write your answers on a separate sheet. Be guided by
the given jumbled letters to form the correct term. After completing it, read it aloud.
WORD SPLASH - IT’S ALIVE....OR IS IT?
Of the ninety-two naturally occurring elements, only one element
deserves its very own branch of chemistry called organic. This is the
element _____ (ABOCRN). This term arose from the 18th-century belief
that _____ (OAICNGR) compounds could be formed only by _____
(LVNGII) organisms. It was in 1828 when Friedrich Wohler, a German
chemist produced _____ (THESYNTIC) urea from _____ (NORGAICIN)
starting materials. This organic compound urea is found in the urine of
mammals.

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 Read the following statements that tell us the characteristics of organic compounds:

1.Organic compounds are characterized by carbon hydrogen bonds which are

not found in inorganic substances.
2.Organic compounds have lower melting and boiling points and are flammable
compared to inorganic compounds.
3.Organic compounds have covalent bonds while inorganic compounds are
covalent as well as ionic.
4.Organic compounds contain long, complex chains of molecules while inorganic
compounds do not have this type of structure.

Identify whether the following images match to the properties of organic or inorganic
compounds. Write the letter of the image under ORGANIC COMPOUNDS or INORGANIC
COMPOUNDS in the Venn diagram which you will copy in your answer sheet.

A B C
Na+1

H2O

Cl--1

H2O

Salt Solution D

Venn Diagram:

INORGANIC ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

COMPOUNDS

BOTH ARE PURE

SUBSTANCES
AND CHEMICAL
COMBINATION OF
ELEMENTS

*Now, check whether your answers are correct from the answer key found at the end of the
module.
Good job in finishing the activity! Now, be ready to accomplish the next task.

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 Directions: In this activity you will be using matchsticks,
toothpicks and cut out letter C's on pieces of paper or
cardboard.

The main element in an Organic compound is CARBON (C). An organic compound has
covalent bonds involving the sharing of valence electrons. Carbon has four valence electron
as shown in its Lewis Dot Structure below. Atoms in covalent bonds follow the Octet Rule to
attain stability. Can you still recall drawing dots around the chemical symbols of elements
connecting them to have single, double or triple covalent bonds? If not I guess you have to go
back to your notes in which you have followed this Octet Rule in the previous lesson on
chemical bonds. But there are some EXCEPTIONS like hydrogen which needs only two
valence electrons to become stable.

This time you will focus on Carbon having 4 valence electrons.

In order to become stable how many valence electrons are needed? If your answer is
8, you are definitely correct!
Now let us try using the materials I have mentioned earlier. The wooden part of the
matchstick represents the single covalent bond between carbon and hydrogen, while the
head of the matchstick represents hydrogen. Find a flat surface where you can work.

Place one letter C which is your carbon atom. Imagine that it has
four sides just like a square. Then, place four matchsticks around it.
Every matchstick is equal to a pair of shared valence electrons – one
from carbon, and one from hydrogen. This is a single covalent bond.

Copy this structure in a piece of paper replacing the match head with the chemical
symbol for hydrogen without looking at the given below. Give yourself perhaps two minutes to
write it. Ok, ready go! After doing it, check whether it is similar with this one.

Excellent! Congratulations. What you have drawn is the Lewis Dash Structure or
Structural Formula of methane, an organic compound belonging to the alkane group.
Its chemical formula is CH4.

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 Let us try adding one more C. This time use a toothpick to connect 2 C's. This is again
a single covalent bond between two Carbon atoms. Next, place matchsticks which are the H
atoms around the C's to satisfy the Octet Rule. Draw again your organic molecule in a paper.
Again remind yourself not to look at the image for this.

Did you get it correctly? This is your ethane molecule. With two Carbon atoms, how
Many hydrogens are present in it? Count the atoms of hydrogen around the C's. What is its
chemical formula? Is it C2H4? To check if there is already an Octet around each C atom,
cover one C in your structure just as what is shown below.

Count the no. of covalent bonds around it. These are actually four pairs of valence
Electrons or eight electrons following the Octet Rule. How about the other carbon atom? This
time cover the second C. Do you see 4 pairs as well? So, the two C's obey the Octet Rule.

How about if there are two pairs of covalent bonds between the two C's? Place two
toothpicks between the C's. Then, add the needed matchsticks for the hydrogen atoms so as
every C has four sticks around it including the toothpicks. Is the structure that you have
constructed similar to this one?

Check if Octet Rule is followed. Cover the C’s one at a time. If there are four sticks
around a C, then the atom obeys the Octet Rule. Its chemical formula is C 2H4. This molecule
has a double covalent bond belonging to the Alkene group of hydrocarbons. Its chemical
name is ethene.

Do you think it's possible to have a triple covalent bond between 2 C's? Let's try again
using the sticks. How many matchsticks have you placed around each C? Take note that
there are already 3 toothpicks between the C's. Give yourself enough time to construct it.
Is your molecule similar to this one?

This hydrocarbon having a triple covalent bond belongs to the Alkyne group. Notice that
its chemical formula is C2H2. Its chemical name is ethyne.

Can you recite the names of your Hydrocarbons? Come on, you can do it, be sure to
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pronounce these properly. Say it with me; methane, ethane, ethene and ethyne! Don't forget
these because you’ll be meeting them again in the next module!

Activity 2: MORE C'S TO COME!

Your task is to copy and complete this table by filling in the blank columns. You will also be
needing some information from the first activity. For those compounds not included in Activity
1, you may try using again the matchsticks and toothpicks as an aid.

Chemical Chemical / Type of Expanded Condensed Structural

Name Molecular Covalent Structural Formula Formula
Formula Bond
Present
Based on
the No. of
shared
Pair/s of
Electron/s

Methane CH4

Pentane C5 H12 Single

Ethene CH2=CH2

Propene C3 H6 Double CH2=CHCH3

Ethyne

Propyne Triple

*After completing the table check your answers from the Answer Key found at the end of
this module, I hope that by this time you can confidently say the word organic. Come on,
say it in a loud voice, ORGANIC!!!

ACTIVITY 3: LET’S GO ORGANIC!!!

Your Task: Take a look at the tabular data, caricatures and/or images provided in this set. Answer
The guide questions below the tables on a separate answer sheet.

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 Table 1: Alkanes

Chemical Name Phase Condensed Structural Formula Boiling Point (°C)

Butane Gas CH3CH2CH2CH3 -0.5
Octane Liquid CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 98

OCTANE BUTANE

Sources: https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-cartoon-boiling-kettle-171552289.html and

https://www.123rf.com/photo_94930488_stock-vector-cartoon-boiling-kettle.html

*Butane is used in disposable lighters and in fuel canisters for gas camping stoves
While octane is the main component of gasoline.

For table 2 and 3: Draw your own caricature/diagram to differentiate the two organic compounds
based on the structure (bonds, length of the molecule) or the boiling point.

Table 2: Alkenes
Chemical Name Phase Condensed Structural Formula Boiling Point (°C)
1- Butene Gas CH2=CHCH2CH3 -6

1-Hexene Liquid CH2=CHCH2CH2CH2CH3 63

Table 3: Alkynes

Chemical Name Phase Condensed Structural Formula Boiling Point (°C)

Propyne Gas -47

Pentyne Liquid 40.2

GUIDE QUESTIONS:
1.What are the types of bonds based on the no. of shared pair/s of valence electrons present in:
Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes?

2. Using Tables 1 to 3, what pattern do you observe in terms of the phase, number of Carbon atoms,
structure and boiling point of these hydrocarbons?

3.What can you say about the boiling point of the next Alkane, Alkene and Alkyne having greater
number of Carbon atoms that is present in the compound? Will the boiling point be higher or lower?
Explain your answer.

4.Why do you think some hydrocarbons are gases and some are liquids?

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5.Why do you think there are many hydrocarbons?

ONCEPT CHECK!

Congratulations for reaching this part of the module! To strengthen your understanding about
organic compounds, review and read the following information/diagrams/table.
I think you are familiar with gasoline and diesel. Am I right?

Gasoline

Source: https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heptane_3D_ball.png#mw-jump-to-license

Diesel

Source: https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Octane-3D-balls-B.png

Gasoline is a mixture of C8H18 (octane) and other hydrocarbons up to C12H 26…. Good
gasoline has a high percentage of octane. Diesel oil is a mixture of molecules from C 16H34 to C18H36.
As seen in the structure, diesel having a longer molecule exhibits a higher boiling point. Diesel
has a higher fuel efficiency as compared to gasoline. So, diesel is a better fuel.
This trend in the boiling point is observed in all types of organic compounds. Just like what is seen
in the tabular data below.

Source: https://studylib.net/doc/8974325/unsaturated-hydrocarbons

As shown in this table the longest-chained molecule is decene while the shortest molecule is that of
ethene. So ethene is a gas with the lowest boiling point while decene is a liquid with the highest
boiling point. Do you get the difference?
Organic compounds are composed mainly of the nonmetallic element Carbon which ties up with H
and other elements such as O. Why Carbon and only carbon? Why is this the ONE element that
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forms long chains? Silicon, which is found below Carbon in the Periodic Table, also has four
outermost or valence electrons, but we don't see hydrosilicon chains. Only HYDROCARBON chains!
One reason is that the C-C Bond is exceptionally strong. Carbon atoms are small, so the shared
electron cloud is close to the nuclei, which attract it strongly. This means that stable Carbon chains
can be formed. Thus, this explains why there are lots of organic compounds.

Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/ghutchis/4054690610/

Spiral structures like the one in this picture can replace batteries in the future because they
can store energy like a spring and conduct electricity. The structure is a tiny nanotube that consists
entirely of CARBON ATOMS! CARBON nanotubes are made in labs.

Congratulations, you have finished this module!

Please check your answers by referring to the answer key. If you
scored lower than 3, please go over the earlier parts of this module and take
on the activities once again. If you scored 3 or above, please proceed with
the succeeding module.

Read each item carefully, then write the letter of the correct answer
on your answer sheet.

1. Which are TRUE about organic compounds?

I. Organic compounds contain calcium.
II. Organic compounds contain carbon.
III. Organic compounds can be produced by living organisms.
IV. Organic compounds can be produced artificially.
A. I, II and III only C. II and III only
B. I and III only D. II, III and IV only

2. Why are carbon atoms able to form many organic compounds? Carbon atoms _______ .

A. have strong attraction to other elements. B. attract electrons from other atoms.
C. can form many types of bonds with other carbon. D. are nonmetallic elements.

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3. Which of the following gives a correct pair of the number and type/s of bond/s present in the given
organic compound?

A. 1-single covalent bond only B. 1-double covalent bond only

C. 2-single and double covalent bonds D. 2-single and triple covalent bonds
4. What happens to the boiling point of hydrocarbon compounds when the number of Carbon atoms
increases? The boiling point ______.
A. decreases B. increases C. increases then decreases D. remains the same
5.Which will most likely have the highest boiling point?

A B

C D

Congratulations on finishing the supplementary learning

module! You have just had an amazing learning journey
and for sure, you will have the same in the succeeding
modules.
.
,

The following terms used in this module are defined as follows:

Carbon-Carbon Bonds gives the ability for organic compounds especially in hydrocarbons to form
chains that are almost unlimited in length. It can be a single, double or triple covalent bond.
COVALENT BOND involves the sharing of valence electrons which happens most of the time among
nonmetallic elements like carbon and hydrogen.

OCTET RULE is followed by atoms during chemical bonding. According to this rule, atoms attain
stability upon having 8 valence electrons.

VALENCE ELECTRON/S is/are the outermost electron/s in an atom. These are the electrons which
are farthest from the nucleus. This is equal to the Family No. of an element based on the American
System of Grouping the Elements. For example, Carbon belongs to Family IV- A. So, Carbon has 4
valence electrons.
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NOTE: If you're already on this part of the module, you may want to clarify simple concepts
that you've encountered in this module.

1.What are the different common organic and inorganic compounds?

· C5H4N4O3 – uric acid (organic)
· H2O – water (inorganic)
· C21H22N2O2 – strychnine (organic)
· C17H19NO3 – morphine (organic)
· NaCl – salt (inorganic)
· C19H28O2 – testosterone (organic)
· CH4 – methane (organic)

2.How many valence electrons are found in a Carbon atom?

There are four valence electrons.

3.How many more electrons does carbon need to complete its valence shell?
It needs four more.
4.How many bonds can it make with other atoms?
It can make up to four bonds.

5.How many electrons does hydrogen have?

It has one.

6.How many more electrons does hydrogen need to complete its valence shell?
It needs one more.

7.Why do you think that the boiling point of alkanes is related to the size of the molecules?
As alkanes get longer, there are more internal molecular forces. It takes more heat for
the longer alkanes to have enough kinetic energy to become a gas and reach its boiling point

8. Pentane (with 5 Carbon atoms) and dodecane (with 12 Carbon atoms) are both liquid at
room temperature. Which one has the higher boiling point?
Dodecane. Compare dodecane to a long spaghetti strand. Because dodecane is
smaller compared to the pentane molecule, dodecane molecules will wrap around each other
making it harder to separate them because of these strong forces.

TRY THIS! (PRETEST)

1. C 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. A

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DO THIS:
WORD SPLASH - It's Alive....or Is It?
CARBON, ORGANIC, LIVING, SYNTHETIC, INORGANIC

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
INORGANIC
COMPOUNDS

B C
BOTH ARE PURE
SUBSTANCES
A AND CHEMICAL
COMBINATION OF D
ELEMENTS

Activity 2: MORE C'S TO COME!

Chemical Chemical/ Type of Expanded Structural Condensed
Name Molecular Covalent Formula Structural
Bond Formula
Present
Based on
the No. of
Shared
Pair/s of
Electron/s
Methane CH4 Single CH4

Pentane C5H12 Single CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3

Ethene C2H4 Double

Propene C3H6 Double

Ethyne C2H2 Triple

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 Propyne C2H4 Triple

ACTIVITY 3: GUIDE QUESTIONS' ANSWERS

These kettle caricatures differentiate the two alkenes in Table 2 based on their boiling points.

Sources:
https://www.123rf.com/photo_94930488_stock-vector-cartoon-boiling-kettle.html
https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photos-cartoon-kettle-happy-playing-steam-image40747283

1. Compounds in the alkane group only have single covalent bonds (one pair) between Carbon
atoms. Alkenes have at least one double bond (two pairs) between Carbon atoms. Alkynes have at
least one triple covalent bond (three pairs) between Carbon atoms.

2. The physical states of the Alkanes from methane to butane is gas and from pentane to octane is
liquid. The reason for this is related to the structure of the compounds. If the molecules are small they
interact less with each other. Just like methane, it is likely to be a gaseous organic compound. When
the molecules become bigger in size or structure (or longer), they can closely interact with each other
and they will become more likely to be liquid just like in the case of octane. Octane molecule has a
very long chained structure that makes it too heavy to be a gaseous compound. Remember that it's
one of the components of gasoline. The trend in the phase of the compounds is also the same with
the Alkenes and Alkynes. The phase of the Alkenes and Alkynes is gas when the molecule is small
and becomes liquid as the molecules become bigger.
The trend in the structures of the compounds in Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes is the same. The size
of the structures of the compounds is increasing because the compounds become bigger or longer.

3. The trend in the boiling point of the compounds in Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes is also an
increasing pattern. This is because of their structures. As the structures of the compounds become
bigger, they also interact more with each other. Bigger molecules that interact more strongly require
higher temperature to boil. That is why they have higher boiling points.

4. The reason why there are hydrocarbons that are gases and liquids is because of the structure or
the size of the molecules. When the molecules are small, they tend to interact less among each other.
Smaller molecules are usually gases. And when molecules have bigger structures, they interact more
with each other. Thus, bigger molecules then tend to settle in liquid state.

5. The reason for so many hydrocarbon compounds is the Carbon atom. A Carbon atom has four
valence electrons. This atomic structure of Carbon makes it possible to form many types of bonds with
other Carbon atoms and with other elements. The formation of these bonds results in many different
hydrocarbons and other organic compounds.

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1.D 2.C 3.C 4.B 5.B

Brown, T. L., H. E. Le May Jr., and B. E. Bursten. Chemistry: The Central Science.
New Jersey: 6th Ed.Prentice Hall International Inc., 1995.

Gonick, Larry and Criddle, Craig. The Cartoon Guide to Chemistry. New York: 1st Ed.
Harper Collins Publisters Inc., 2005.

Aquino, M., Madrigal, E., Valdez, M., and Bing, J. Scienceinte Links: Worktext for Scientific and Tec
hnological Literacy . Sampaloc, Manila: 9th Rev. Ed. Rex Book Store Inc., 2017.

Brainard, Jean. “Carbon Bonding.” cK-12 flexbook. http://www.ck12.org (accessed July 20, 2020)

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