CHAPTER 8

CHAPTER 8
HEAT EXCHANGERS

Dr.Racha Dejchanchaiwong
Department of Chemical Engineering
Prince of Songkla University
Email: racha.d@psu.ac.th
 CHAPTER 8

CHAPTER 8
• 8–1. Types of Heat Exchangers
• 8-2. The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
• 8-3. Analysis of Heat Exchangers
• 8-4. The Log Mean Temperature Difference Method
• 8-5. The Effectiveness–NTU Method
• 8-6. Selection of Heat Exchangers

2
 CHAPTER 8

Heat Exchangers
Heat exchangers are device that facilitate the exchange of heat between two fluids that
are at different temperatures while keeping from mixing with each other.

3
Fig. 8-1 Heat exchanger Ref:https://www.corrotherm.co.uk/blog/best-corrosion-resistant-nickel-alloys-for-use-in-heat-exchangers
 " " entrictuk
CHAPTER 8

8.1 Types of Heat Exchangers

①
f
1). Double-pipe: The simplest type of heat exchanger consists of two concentric pipes
of different diameters. Different flow regimes and associated temperature profiles in a
double-pipe heat exchanger.
TH i 7 TH , 0

TH , i !i "
i Tmi

ayg TCN
TH 0
,

Tำ Tci
Tci

Inlet

ของไหล 2 ช*ด ของหลา ช*ด

ไหลไปใน0ศทางเ4ยว 7น ใน สวนทาง 7น

ำ <

| >

4
Fig 8-2. Different flow regimes and associated temperature profiles in a double-pipe heat exchanger (Cengel and Ghajar, 2015).
 •

lurye heut trunsfer svrfae ane per Uhit

CHAPTER 8

8.1 Types of Heat Exchangers

② 2) Cross-flow (Compact heat exchanger) : In compact heat exchangers, the two fluids usually
move perpendicular to each other. The cross-flow is further classified as unmixed and mixed flow.

( plateandfin )
0ศทาง การไหล t 7น

① ②

} E E
Fig 8-3. Different flow configurations in
cross-flow heat exchangers (Cengel and
Ghajar, 2015).
Fig 8-4. Compact heat exchanger cores. (a) Fin–tube (flat tubes,
continuous plate fins). (b) Fin–tube (circular tubes, continuous plate
fins). (c) Fin–tube (circular tubes, circular fins). (d) Plate–fin (single
pass). (e ) Plate–fin (multipass) (Incropera and Dewiit, 2011).

5
 CHAPTER 8

8.1 Types of Heat Exchangers

③ 3). Shell-and-tube heat exchanger: The most common type of heat exchanger in
industrial applications. Shell-and-tube heat exchangers are further classified according
to the number of shell and tube passes involved.

Fig 8-5. The schematic of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger

(one-shell pass and one-tube pass) (Cengel and Ghajar,
2015).

Multi-pass flow arrangements in shell and-tube heat exchangers.

(Incropera and Dewiit, 2011).

;า
① # →

{ Fig. 8-6. Shell-and-tube heat

exchangers. (a) One shell pass and two tube passes.
(b) Two shell passes and four tube passes (Cengel
6
and Ghajar, 2015).
 CHAPTER 8

8.1 Types of Heat Exchangers

④ 4). Plate and frame (or just plate) heat exchanger: Consists of a series of plates with corrugated flat
flow passages. The hot and cold fluids flow in alternate passages, and thus each cold fluid stream is
surrounded by two hot fluid streams, resulting in very effective heat transfer. Well suited for liquid-to-
liquid applications.

liguid liguid
- lteut
Exlhmgers

~<

ldd
µ -

/%
Fig 8-7. A plate-and-frame liquid-to-liquid heat exchanger
(https://www.alfalaval.se/microsites/packningsforsedda-plattvarmevaxlare/verktyg/hur-packningsforsedda-
plattvarmevaxlare-fungerar/.).
7
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jv5p7o-7Pms
 CHAPTER 8

8.2 The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

Cohhentric
• A heat exchanger typically involves two flowing fluids
separated by a solid wall. Cundt Cmt

• Heat is first transferred from the hot fluid to the wall

/<
by convection, through the wall by conduction, and
nd
from the wall to the cold fluid again by convection.
ใน 0h
• Any radiation effects are usually included in the =2
convection heat transfer coefficients.-

• Thermal resistance network associated with heat transfer in

a double-pipe heat exchanger > #=

Rtotd
𝑙𝑛 𝐷 ⁄𝐷
𝑅
2𝜋𝑘𝐿 (บทษ
(บท A

1 𝑙𝑛 𝐷 ⁄𝐷 1
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
ℎ𝐴 2𝜋𝑘𝐿 ℎ 𝐴
Fig 8-8. Thermal resistance network associated
𝐴 𝜋𝐷 𝐿 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 𝜋𝐷 𝐿 with heat transfer in a double-pipe heat
exchanger (Cengel and Ghajar, 2015). 8
ooelhnomdhtonnhtno

Kcom Rmll Rcoh M 2

 hotfhid Cddfluid
CHAPTER 8

8.2 The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (a)

Heat transfer in a heat exchanger usually involves convection in each fluid and
conduction through the wall separating the two fluids. In the analysis of heat exchangers, it
is convenient to work with an overall heat transfer coefficient U or a total thermal
resistance R, expressed as:

∆𝑇 >ะ #
𝑄 𝑈𝐴∆𝑇 𝑈 𝐴 ∆𝑇 𝑈 𝐴 ∆𝑇
=
UAc.AT
𝑅 s
Rtotal
U the overall heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 C i d- 1
.

Rtotat As
1 1 1 1 1
𝑅 𝑅
𝑈𝐴 𝑈𝐴 𝑈 𝐴 ℎ𝐴 ℎ 𝐴

When the wall thickness of the tube is small and the

thermal conductivity of the tube material is high, the
relation simplifies to:

Find Rtotdi
1
𝑈
1
ℎ
1
ℎ } thiekness
isverysmall
Fig 8-9. The two heat transfer surface areas associated with a
double-pipe heat exchanger (for thin tubes, Di Do and thus
Rhtul Cๆ E๋Ai
Ai Ao) (Cengel and Ghajar, 2015).
" Rmt 9

G๋A.
ะ
" 0
""
+
ะ

IH
,

Ai ส A. ญ
As
 CHAPTER 8

8.2 The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

J๋
• Fouling Factor ""

|
The performance of heat exchangers usually deteriorates with time as a result of accumulation of
deposits on heat transfer surfaces. The layer of deposits represents additional resistance to heat transfer. This is
represented by a fouling factor Rf.

1 1 1 1 𝑅, ln 𝐷 ⁄𝐷 𝑅, 1
𝑅 𝑅
𝑈𝐴 𝑈𝐴 𝑈 𝐴 ℎ𝐴 𝐴 2𝜋𝑘𝐿 𝐴 ℎ 𝐴
Table 8–1 Representative fouling factors
(Cengel and Ghajar, 2015).
Rf
c)

Fig 8-10. Precipitation fouling of ash particles on

superheater tubes (Cengel and Ghajar, 2015).
"f 10
อาการ• nnmnooenmomhlnohno alihy i
RK
=

• ,
-

" เอา ษ Rvull Rf

Rfwling ,
อ R µµ z
 CHAPTER 8

Example 8-1: Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient of a Heat Exchanger

Hot oil is to be cooled in a double-tube counter-flow heat exchanger. The copper inner
tubes have a diameter of 2 cm and negligible thickness. The inner diameter of the outer tube (the
shell) is 3 cm. Water flows through the tube at a rate of 0.5 kg/s, and the oil through the shell at a rate
of 0.8 kg/s. Taking the average temperatures of the water and the oil to be 45°C and 80°C,
respectively, determine the overall heat transfer coefficient of this heat exchanger.

L๊ N:
ปากปาน
.. . . ..
.

ri .
.

. µ อ

thichhen น 0
(Cengel and Ghajar, 2015).

µ ะ

ti ¥+
nn ke
,
ข
uihi.hu 11
Sol of truter (Table 9)
°

pwperties @ 45 A-

y
= 490
kylO
te ะ

f#
ม1ท
"
k ะ
อ .
637 .
C M

Pr ะ
3.91
Re =
I
ชะ อ .
เอ2 × าQR ls ษ

of oil 80°C CTable A- 1 3)

poyerties @

}
Y
=
852 hylm
K =
0.138 Wlhic

Pt ะ
490

U ะ
37.5 แT R ls

Anulysishi
Coldhruter Be =
#
r

Ut
Analysis Velolity (V )

V ะ
VA

ti ะ

yi
i. rri =

fVA c

V =
hfn
8A c

0.5 "
V
( X
ะ

-1 "
W๊
"

v =
1.61 mls
Anulysis Re i

Re ะ
VI
r

=
II. แ mls) (อ บาทา .

อ เอา ขา A 6 R 15
.

ะ Re =
53,4 ฯ อ i Turbulent
Ditt
i. Tvrbulent flowihlylinaerj
SGnielinhi
"
i. Nu ะ
0.023 RZ๋ Pr
(534901%3.91)
"
ะ
(อ . อ 2 3)

Nu =
240.6

Anulysis hi ำ

hi
¥[๊
=

hi = 0.637×240.6
0.02

hi ะ
7,663 พ 1 R :c

Anulysisho { For Shell ะ

Connulat uylihder )
i.
Dh ะ
Do -
Di

ะ
0.03-0.02
D; µ
-

+ -

Dh ะ
0.01 m

V ;
Ahulysis
V =
I
8Ac

ะ
0.8 hgls ะอ อ 2 i
W๊ §
852 ×
เอ อ }
. .

V ะ
2.39 hls
 Re
Amlysis i

Re ะ
VI
u

= ( 2. } 9 hls ) × ( อ อ 1h)
.

6
37.5 × า] R ls

Re ะ
637 ะ
Laminur Ihconcentric

Luminur flจน in loncentric pipe ะ

Table 8- 4 Ch -7 #
Do

_๋ Ihterpulutc
0 0.667 Nu 5.45
§
ะ ะ
=
=
→

Anulysisho i

ho ะ
k Nu
Dh

ะ
l 0.13 8) x 5.45
0.01

ho 75.2 Wlml C
'

Ahulysis
ะ
u

` ¥ ¥ +

1
¥a Im
ะ

U ะ

74.5 Wl R:c
 CHAPTER 8

Example 8-1: Solution

Solution Hot oil is cooled by water in a double-tube counter-flow heat exchanger. The overall heat
transfer coefficient is to be determined.

Assumptions 1. The thermal resistance of the inner tube is negligible since the tube material is
highly conductive and its thickness is negligible.
2. Both the oil and water flow are fully developed.
3. Properties of the oil and water are constant.

Properties The properties of water at 45°C are (Table A–9),

= 990 kg/m3 Pr = 3.91
k = 0.637 W/m ℃ 𝑣 𝜇⁄𝜌 0.602 10 m ⁄s
The properties of oil at 80°C are (Table A–16),
= 852 kg/m3 Pr = 490
k = 0.138 W/m ℃ 𝑣 𝜇⁄𝜌 37.5 10 m ⁄s

Analysis The schematic of the heat exchanger is given in Figure 13–10. The overall heat transfer
coefficient U can be determined from Eq. 13-5:

1 1 1
𝑈 ℎ ℎ

12
 CHAPTER 8

Example 8-1: Solution

The hydraulic diameter for a circular tube is the diameter of the tube itself, Dh = D =
0.02 m. The mean velocity of water in the tube and the Reynolds number are
𝑚 𝑚 0.5 kg⁄s
𝑉 1.61 m⁄s
𝜌𝐴 1 1
𝜌 𝜋𝐷
4 990 kg⁄m 𝜋 0.02 m
4
𝑉 𝐷 1.61 m⁄s 0.02 m
𝑅𝑒 53,490
𝑣 0.602 10 m ⁄s

which is greater than 4000. Therefore, the flow of water is turbulent. Assuming the flow
to be fully developed, the Nusselt number can be determined from
ℎ𝐷
𝑁𝑢 0.023𝑅𝑒 . 𝑃𝑟 . 0.023 53,490 . 3.91 . 240.6
𝑘
𝑘 0.637 W⁄m · ℃
ℎ 𝑁𝑢 240.6 7,663 W⁄m · ℃
𝐷 0.02 m

Now we repeat the analysis above for oil. The hydraulic diameter for the annular space is

𝐷 𝐷 𝐷 0.03 0.02 0.01 m 13

 CHAPTER 8

Example 8-1: Solution

The mean velocity and the Reynolds number in this case are
𝑚 𝑚 0.8 kg⁄s
𝑉 2.39 m⁄s
𝜌𝐴 1 1
𝜌 𝜋 𝐷 𝐷 852 kg⁄m 𝜋 0.03 0.02 𝑚
4 4

𝑉 𝐷 2.39 m⁄s 0.01 m

𝑅𝑒 637
𝑣 37.5 10 m ⁄s

𝑘 0.138 W⁄m · ℃
ℎ 𝑁𝑢 5.45 75.2 W⁄m · ℃
𝐷 0.01 m

Then the overall heat transfer coefficient for this heat exchanger becomes

1 1
𝑢 74.5 W⁄m · ℃
1 1 1 1
ℎ ℎ 7,663 W⁄m · ℃ 75.2 W⁄m · ℃

Discussion Note that U ho in this case, since hi ho. This confirms our earlier statement that the
overall heat transfer coefficient in a heat exchanger is dominated by the smaller heat transfer
coefficient when the difference between the two values is large.
14
 CHAPTER 8

8.3 Analysis of Heat Exchangers

Two methods used in the analysis of heat exchangers:

• Log mean temperature difference (LMTD) method >> determining the size of heat
exchanger when all the inlet and outlet temperatures are known.
• Effectiveness–NTU method >> predict the outlet temperature of hot and cold fluid
streams in a specified heat exchanger.

15
 CHAPTER 8

8.3 Analysis of Heat Exchangers

• In a wall-insulated heat exchanger:
In a well-insulated heat exchanger: under idealization assumptions, the 1st law of thermodynamics,
the rate of heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the rate of heat transfer to the cold one.
• Rate of heat transfer in heat exchanger:
𝑄 𝑚 𝑐 𝑇, 𝑇,

𝑄 𝑚 𝑐 𝑇 , 𝑇 ,

• Defined: heat capacity rate

𝐶 𝑚 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 𝑚 𝑐

• Rate of heat transfer:

𝑄 𝐶 𝑇, 𝑇,

𝑄 𝐶 𝑇 , 𝑇 ,

𝑚 ,𝑚 mass flow rates

𝑐 ,𝑐 specific heats
𝑇, ,𝑇 , outlet temperatures Fig 8-11. Two fluids that have the same mass flow rate and the
same specific heat experience the same temperature change in a
16
well-insulated heat exchanger (Cengel and Ghajar, 2015).
𝑇 , ,𝑇 , inlet temperatures
 CHAPTER 8

8.3 Analysis of Heat Exchangers

• Condensers and Boilers
Two special types of heat transfers commonly used in practice are condensers and boilers. One of
the fluids in condensers and boilers undergoes a phase-change process. Rate of heat transfer:

𝑄 𝑚 ℎ

Fig 8-12. The heat capacity rate of a fluid during a phase-change process must approach infinity since the 17
temperature change is practically zero (Cengel and Ghajar, 2015).
 CHAPTER 8

8.4 The Log Mean Temperature Difference Method

The rate of heat transfer in a heat exchanger can also be expressed in an analogous
manner to Newton’s law of cooling as:

𝑄 𝑈𝐴 ∆𝑇
Energy balance: Log mean temperature difference:

18
Fig 8-13. The T1 and T2 expressions in parallel-flow and counter-flow heat exchangers (Cengel and Ghajar, 2015).
 CHAPTER 8

8.4 The Log Mean Temperature Difference Method

• For cross-flow and multipass shell-and-tube heat exchangers
The logarithmic mean temperature difference is related to the counter-flow one Tlm, CF as:

where F is the correction factor, which depends on

the geometry of the heat exchanger and the inlet and
outlet temperatures of the hot and cold fluid streams.

11-
15
1 and 2 inlet and outlet
Fig 8-14. The determination of the heat transfer rate for cross-flow
T and t shell- and tube-side temperatures and multipass shell-and-tube heat exchangers using the correction
factor (Cengel and Ghajar, 2015). 19
F = 1 for a condenser or boiler
 CHAPTER 8

8.4 The Log Mean Temperature Difference Method

Correction factor F charts for common shell-and-tube and cross-flow heat exchangers

20
Fig 8-15. Correction factor F charts for common shell-and-tube and cross-flow heat exchanger (Cengel and Ghajar, 2015).
 CHAPTER 8

8.4 The Log Mean Temperature Difference Method

Correction factor F charts for common shell-and-tube and cross-flow heat exchangers

21
Fig 8-15. Correction factor F charts for common shell-and-tube and cross-flow heat exchangers (Cengel and Ghajar, 2015).
 CHAPTER 8

8.4 The Log Mean Temperature Difference Method

The procedure to be followed by the selection process is:

1. Select the type of heat exchanger suitable for the application.
2. Determine any unknown inlet or outlet temperature and the heat transfer rate
using an energy balance.
3. Calculate the log mean temperature difference Tlm and the correction factor
F, if necessary.
4. Obtain (select or calculate) the value of the overall heat transfer coefficient U.
5. Calculate the heat transfer surface area As.

22
 CHAPTER 8

Example 8-2: Heating Water in a Counter-Flow Heat Exchanger

A counter-flow double-pipe heat exchanger is to heat water from 20°C

to 80°C at a rate of 1.2 kg/s. The heating is to be accomplished by geothermal
water available at 160°C at a mass flow rate of 2 kg/s. The inner tube is thin-
walled and has a diameter of 1.5 cm. If the overall heat transfer coefficient of the
heat exchanger is 640 W/m2 ꞏ °C, determine the length of the heat exchanger
required to achieve the desired heating.

(Cengel and Ghajar, 2015). 23

 CHAPTER 8

Example 8-2: Solution

24
 CHAPTER 8

Example 8-2: Solution

25
 CHAPTER 8

Example 8-3: Heating of Glycerin in a Multi-pass Heat Exchanger

A 2-shell passes and 4-tube passes heat exchanger is used to heat glycerin from
20°C to 50°C by hot water, which enters the thin-walled 2-cm-diameter tubes at
80°C and leaves at 40°C (Fig. 11–18). The total length of the tubes in the heat
exchanger is 60 m. The convection heat transfer coefficient is 25 W/m2 ꞏ°C on the
glycerin (shell) side and 160 W/m2 ꞏ °C on the water (tube) side. Determine the rate of
heat transfer in the heat exchanger (a) before any fouling occurs and (b) after fouling
with a fouling factor of 0.0006 m2 ꞏ °C/ W occurs on the outer surfaces of the tubes.

(Cengel and Ghajar, 2015).

26
 CHAPTER 8

Example 8-3: Solution

27
 CHAPTER 8

Example 8-3: Solution

28
 CHAPTER 8

Example 8-3: Solution

29
 CHAPTER 8

Example 8-4: Cooling of an Automotive Radiator

A test is conducted to
determine the overall heat transfer
coefficient in an automotive radiator
that is a compact cross-flow water-to-
air heat exchanger with both fluids (air
and water) unmixed (Fig. 11–19). The
radiator has 40 tubes of internal
diameter 0.5 cm and length 65 cm in a
closely spaced plate-finned matrix. Hot
water enters the tubes at 90°C at a
rate of 0.6 kg/s and leaves at 65°C.
Air flows across the radiator through
the interfin spaces and is heated from
20°C to 40°C. Determine the overall
heat transfer coefficient Ui of this
radiator based on the inner surface area
of the tubes. (Cengel and Ghajar, 2015).

30
 CHAPTER 8

Example 8-4: Solution

31
 CHAPTER 8

Example 8-4: Solution

32
 CHAPTER 8

8.5 The Effectiveness–NTU Method

A second kind of problem encountered in heat exchanger analysis is the determination of
the heat transfer rate and the outlet temperatures of the hot and cold fluids for prescribed
fluid mass flow rates and inlet temperatures when the type and size of the heat exchanger
are specified.

The effectiveness of a heat exchanger is defined as

𝑄 𝐶 𝑇, 𝑇, 𝐶 𝑇 , 𝑇 ,

Considering: 𝑄

𝑄 𝐶 𝑇 , 𝑇,

Cmin is the smaller of Ch and Cc

𝐶 𝑚 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 𝑚 𝑐 ∆𝑇 𝑇 , 𝑇, 33
 CHAPTER 8

8.5 The Effectiveness–NTU Method

• Actual heat transfer rate

𝑄 𝜀𝑄 𝜀𝐶 𝑇 , 𝑇,

• If 𝐶 𝐶

𝑄 𝐶 𝑇, 𝑇, 𝑇, 𝑇,
𝜀
𝑄 𝐶 𝑇 , 𝑇 , 𝑇, 𝑇,

• If 𝐶 𝐶

𝑄 𝐶 𝑇 , 𝑇 , 𝑇, 𝑇,
𝜀
𝑄 𝐶 𝑇 , 𝑇, 𝑇 , 𝑇,

34
 CHAPTER 8

8.5 The Effectiveness–NTU Method

The effectiveness of a heat exchanger depends on the geometry of the heat exchanger as
well as the flow arrangement.

• The effectiveness relation for the double-pipe parallel-flow heat exchanger.

𝑈𝐴 𝐶
1 𝑒𝑥𝑝 1
𝐶 𝐶
𝜀
𝐶
1
𝐶
𝑈𝐴 𝑈𝐴
Number of transfer units NTU: 𝑁𝑇𝑈
𝐶 𝑚𝑐

Capacity ratio:
𝐶
𝑐
𝐶

The effectiveness of a heat exchanger is a function of the number of transfer units NTU
and the capacity ratio c.

𝜀 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑈𝐴 ⁄𝐶 ,𝐶 ⁄𝐶 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑁𝑇𝑈, 𝑐 35

 CHAPTER 8

8.5 The Effectiveness–NTU Method

The effectiveness relation for heat exchanger.
Table 8–3 Effectiveness relations for heat exchangers (Cengel and Ghajar, 2015).

36
 CHAPTER 8

8.5 The Effectiveness–NTU Method

The effectiveness relation for heat exchanger (Cengel and Ghajar, 2015).

37
 CHAPTER 8

8.5 The Effectiveness–NTU Method

The effectivenessfor
Effectiveness relation for heat exchanger (Cengel and Ghajar, 2015).
heat exchangers

38
 CHAPTER 8

8.5 The Effectiveness–NTU Method

The effectivenessfor
Effectiveness relation for heat exchanger (Cengel and Ghajar, 2015).
heat exchangers

39
 CHAPTER 8

8.5 The Effectiveness–NTU Method

The NTU for heat exchanger:

Table 8–4 NTU relations for heat exchangers (Cengel and Ghajar, 2015):

40
 CHAPTER 8

8.5 The Effectiveness–NTU Method

Relation of effectiveness and NTU:

Fig 8-16. For a specified NTU and capacity Fig 8-17. The effectiveness relation reduces to
ratio c, the counter-flow heat exchanger has the = max = 1- exp(-NTU) for all heat exchangers
highest effectiveness and the parallel-flow the when the capacity ratio c = 0 (Cengel41 and
lowest (Cengel and Ghajar, 2015). Ghajar, 2015).
 CHAPTER 8

11.6 Selection of Heat Exchangers

The selection or design of a heat exchanger depends on several factors such as the heat
transfer rate, cost, pressure drop, size, weight, construction type, materials, and operating
environment. The proper selection of a heat exchanger depends on several factors:
• Heat Transfer Rate
• Cost
• Pumping Power
• Size and Weight
• Type
• Materials

The annual cost of electricity associated with the operation of the pumps and fans

42
 CHAPTER 8

Example 8-5: Using the Effectiveness–NTU Method

Repeat Example 8-2, which was solved with the LMTD method, using the effectiveness–
NTU method. A counter-flow double-pipe heat exchanger is to heat water from 20°C to
80°C at a rate of 1.2 kg/s. The heating is to be accomplished by geothermal water
available at 160°C at a mass flow rate of 2 kg/s. The inner tube is thin-walled and has a
diameter of 1.5 cm. If the overall heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger is 640
W/m2 ꞏ °C, determine the length of the heat exchanger required to achieve the desired
heating.

(Cengel and Ghajar, 2015).

43
 CHAPTER 11

Example 8-5: Solution

Analysis In the effectiveness–NTU method, we first determine the heat capacity rates
of the hot and cold fluids and identify the smaller one:

𝐶 𝑚 𝐶 2 kg⁄s 4.31 kJ⁄kg · ℃ 8.62 kW⁄℃

𝐶 𝑚 𝐶 1.2 kg⁄s 4.18 kJ⁄kg · ℃ 5.02 kW⁄℃

Therefore:

𝐶 𝐶 5.02 kW⁄℃ 𝑐 𝐶 ⁄𝐶 5.02⁄8.62 0.583

The maximum heat transfer rate:

𝑄 𝐶 𝑇 , 𝑇,
5.02 kW⁄℃ 160 20 ℃
702.8 kW

The actual rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger is

𝑄 𝑚𝐶 𝑇 𝑇 1.2 kg⁄s 4.18 kJ⁄kg · ℃ 80 20 ℃ 301 kW

44
 CHAPTER 8

Example 8-5: Solution

Thus, the effectiveness of the heat exchanger is
𝑄 301 kW
𝜀 0.428
𝑄 702.8 kW

Knowing the effectiveness, the NTU of this counter-flow heat exchanger can be
determined (Table 8-4):
1 𝜀 1 1 0.428 1
𝑁𝑇𝑈 𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 0.651
𝑐 1 𝜀𝑐 1 0.583 1 0.428 0.583 1

𝑈𝐴 𝑁𝑇𝑈𝐶 0.651 5020 W⁄℃

𝑁𝑇𝑈 → 𝐴 5.11 m
𝐶 𝑈 640 W⁄m ℃

Therefore, the length of the tube must be

𝐴 5.11 m
𝐴 𝜋𝐷𝐿 → 𝐿 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝐦
𝜋𝐷 𝜋 0.015 m

45
 CHAPTER 8

Example 8-6: Cooling Hot Oil by Water in a Multi-pass Heat Exchanger

Hot oil is to be cooled by water in a

1-shell-pass and 8-tube-passes heat
exchanger. The tubes are thin-walled and are
made of copper with an internal diameter of
1.4 cm. The length of each tube pass in the
heat exchanger is 5 m, and the overall heat
transfer coefficient is 310 W/m2 ꞏ °C. Water
flows through the tubes at a rate of 0.2 kg/s,
and the oil through the shell at a rate of 0.3
kg/s. The water and the oil enter at
temperatures of 20°C and 150°C,
respectively. Determine the rate of heat
transfer in the heat exchanger and the outlet
temperatures of the water and the oil.

Fig 11-26. Schematic for Example 11–9.

46
 CHAPTER 8

Example 8-6: Solution

Solution Hot oil is to be cooled by water in a heat exchanger. The mass flow rates and the inlet
temperatures are given. The rate of heat transfer and the outlet temperatures are to be determined.

Assumptions 1. Steady operating conditions exist.

2. The heat exchanger is well insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus
heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
3. Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
4. The thickness of the tube is negligible since it is thin-walled.
5. overall heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform.

47
 CHAPTER 8

Example 8-6: Solution

The first step in the -NTU method is to determine the heat capacity rates of the hot and cold
fluids and identify the smaller one:

𝐶 𝑚 𝐶 0.3 kg⁄s 2.13 kJ⁄kg · ℃ 0.639 kW⁄℃

𝐶 𝑚 𝐶 0.2 kg⁄s 4.18 kJ⁄kg · ℃ 0.836 kW⁄℃

Therefore:

𝐶 𝐶 0.639 kW⁄℃

𝑐 𝐶 ⁄𝐶 0.639⁄0.836 0.764

The maximum heat transfer rate:

𝑄 𝐶 𝑇 , 𝑇,

0.639 kW⁄℃ 150 20 ℃ 83.1 kW

48
 CHAPTER 8

Example 8-6: Solution

The heat transfer surface area is

𝐴 𝑛 𝜋𝐷𝐿 8𝜋 0.014 m 5 m 1.76 m

NTU:
𝑈𝐴 1.76 m 310 W⁄m ℃
𝑁𝑇𝑈 0.853
𝐶 639 W⁄℃

The effectiveness of heat exchanger:

𝜀 0.47

49
 CHAPTER 8

Example 8-6: Solution

Actual rate of heat transfer becomes
𝑄 𝜀𝑄 0.47 83.1 kW 𝟑𝟗. 𝟏 𝐤𝐖

Finally, the outlet temperatures of the cold and the hot fluid streams are determined to be
𝑄
𝑄 𝐶 𝑇, 𝑇, → 𝑇, 𝑇,
𝐶
39.1 kW
20℃ 𝟔𝟔. 𝟖℃
0.836 kW⁄℃

𝑄
𝑄 𝐶 𝑇 , 𝑇 , → 𝑇 , 𝑇 ,
𝐶
39.1 kW
150℃ 𝟖𝟖. 𝟖℃
0.639 kW⁄℃

50
THANKS

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