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1 Reaction Kinetics
1 Reaction Kinetics
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a) Define reaction rate √
b) Write differential rate equation √
c) Determine reaction rate based on differential rate equation of a
√
reaction
d) Define rate law, order of reaction and half life √
1.1 Reaction
e) Write rate law with respect to the order of reaction √
Rate f) Write the integrated rate equation for zero, first and second order
√
reactions
g) Determine the order of reaction involving single reactant using:
i. Initial rate method
ii. Half-life based on graph of concentration against time √ √
iii. Linear graph method based on the integrated rate equation
and rate law
h) Perform calculation using integrated rate equations √
a) Explain collision theory √
Reaction
Kinetics 1.2 Collision b) Define activation energy √
Theory c) Explain transition state theory √
d) Draw energy profile diagram of a reaction √
a) Explain the effect of the following factors on the reaction rate:
i. Concentration or pressure
ii. Temperature √
iii. Catalyst
iv. Particle size
b) Illustrate the effect of temperature on the reaction rate using Maxwell
1.3 Factors √ √
Boltzmann Distribution curve
Affecting c) Compare the curve of the energy profile diagram for a reaction with
Reaction Rate √
and without catalyst
d) State Arrhenius equation √
e) Explain the relationship between temperature and activation energy to
√
the rate constant based on Arrhenius equation
f) Determine k, Ea, T and A using Arrhenius equation by calculation and
√ √
graph
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a) Define reaction rate √
1.1 Reaction b) Write differential rate equation √
Rate c) Determine reaction rate based on differential rate equation of a
√
reaction
INTRODUCTION
RATE OF REACTION
concentration
concentration of B
concentration of A
time
= + d[B] = d[A]
dt dt
unit of reaction rate is M time1
(time can be in second, minute etc.)
Exercise:
1. Write the differential rate equation
a) N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
2. Consider the reaction between Zn and AgNO to form Zn(NO ) and Ag.
3 3 2
Zn(s) + 2AgNO (aq) Zn(NO ) (aq) + 2Ag(s)
3 3 2
2+ -1 +
b) When [Zn ] is increasing at 0.25 Ms , what is the rate of decrease of [Ag ]?
3. For the reaction 2HI(g) H2(g) + I2(g), determine the rate of disappearance of
HI when the rate of I2 formation is 1.8106 M s1.
5. Consider the reaction between Mg and HCl to form MgCl2 and H2.
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
a) Write the differential rate equation for the above reaction.
b) When [H2] is increasing at 0.32 Ms-1, what is the rate of decrease of HCl?
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1.1 Reaction d) Define rate law, order of reaction and half life √
Rate e) Write rate law with respect to the order of reaction √
The rate law or rate equation is an equation that relates the rate of reaction
to the rate constant, k and concentration of the reactants raised to some
powers.
Consider:
A + B products
Rate [A]x [B]y
The rate law Rate = k[A]x[B]y
where: [A] and [B] = concentrations in Molar
k = rate constant
x = order with respect to A / order in A
y = order with respect to B / order in B
x+y = overall reaction order
ORDER OF REACTION
x and y:
are determined experimentally
are independent of the stoichiometric coefficients
can be fractional numbers, +ve or ve integers
overall reaction order = x + y
KEEP IN MIND!!
Components of rate laws
(rate, reaction orders, and rate constant)
– are always determined experimentally.
Order of a reactant is not related to stoichiometric coefficient of
reactant in the balanced chemical equation.
Example:
Exercise:
1) 2N2O5(g) 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
determined experimentally:
rate = k [N2O5]
determined experimentally:
rate = k[NO2][O3]
determined experimentally:
reaction rate = k[CHCl3][Cl2]1/2
Order of Reaction
RATE LAW
GRAPH
Example:
1. The reaction A+2B products was found to have the rate law,
rate = k [A] [B]2. Predict by what factor the rate of reaction will increase when the
concentration of B is doubled and the concentration of A remained unchanged.
2
2. Given, rate= k [NO ] [Cl ], by what factor does the rate increase if each of the
2 2
following changes occurs.
a) [NO2] is tripled
b) [NO2] and [Cl2] are doubled (UPS 2014/2015)
4. The rate of a reaction increases eight-fold when the concentration of one of the
reactants is doubled. Determine the order of the reaction with respect to that
reactant.
Rate = k[A]a
HALF-LIFE, t ½
Thus, the time taken for the mass to reduce from 1.0 g to 0.25 g is equivalent to
_________
Calculation half-life:
1. The decomposition of ethane C2H6 to methyl radicals is a first order reaction
with a rate constant of 5.36 x 10-4 s-1 at 700°C
C2H6 (g) 2CH3 (g)
Calculate the half-life of the reaction in minutes.
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f) Write the integrated rate equation for zero, first and second order
1.1 Reaction √
reactions
Rate
h) Perform calculation using integrated rate equation equations √ √
Integrated rate law is used to derive the rate law for zero order, first order
and second order reactions.
Consider: A product
[A]0 [A]t = kt 1 1
[𝐴]𝑜 − = 𝑘𝑡
ln = 𝑘𝑡 [𝐴]𝑡 [𝐴]𝑜
[𝐴]𝑡
where:
[A]0 = initial concentration of A
[A]t = concentration of A at t
k = rate constant
t = time of reaction
1. The following equation shows the decomposition of SO2Cl2 with a rate constant,
k = 5.09 x 10-4 s-1 at 320 K:
SO2Cl2(g) SO2(g) + Cl2(g)
At 320 K, 1.0 mol of SO2Cl2 is left to decompose in a 2.0 L container. Determine the
concentration of SO2Cl2 after 30 minutes.
3. Decomposition of H2O2 is first order, given that k = 3.66 x 10-3 s-1 and
[H2O2] = 0.882 M, determine
a) The time at which [H2O2]t = 0.600 M
b) The [H2O2]t after 225 s
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g) Determine the order of reaction involving single reactant using:
1.1 Reaction i. Initial rate method
Rate
ii. Half-life based on graph of concentration against time √ √
iii. Linear graph method based on the integrated rate equation
and rate law
Half-life method
time-1
M-1 time-1
Example 1:
The initial reaction rates for the reaction
A + B product
are given in the table below.
-3 -3
[A]0 / mol dm [B]0 / mol dm Initial rate /
-3 -1
mol dm s
2.0 2.0 0.6
4.0 2.0 2.4
2.0 4.0 1.2
2.0 6.0 1.8
Determine the
a) rate law
b) the overall reaction order
c) rate constant
Half-life method
The reaction order also can be determined by the half-life by plotting graph of concentration against time.
Order of reaction Note Graph of concentration against time
Example:
Data obtained from an experiment of dissociation of N2O5 at T = 45 C are as
follows:
Time (min) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
[N2O5]104(M) 176 124 93 71 53 39 29
Determine:
a) order of reaction
b) rate constant
Solution:
Plot of [N2O5] versus time
180
160
140
120
[N2O5] (M)
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
time (min)
Example 1:
The table below shows the data obtained from the dissociation reaction of A.
Time (min) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
[A] (M) 5.00 3.25 2.50 2.05 1.70 1.45 1.31
a) Plot a linear graph to determine the order of reaction.
b) Determine the rate constant of the reaction.
Solution:
Time(min) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
[A] (M) 5.00 3.25 2.50 2.05 1.70 1.45 1.31
ln[A] 1.609 1.179 0.916 0.718 0.531 0.372 0.270
1 (M1)
0.200 0.308 0.400 0.488 0.588 0.690 0.763
[ A]
6.00
5.00
4.00
[A
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
time (min)
1.800
1.600
1.400
1.200
ln[
1.000
0.800
0.600
0.400
0.200
0.000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
time (min)
0.900
0.800
0.700
0.600
0.500
1/[A]
0.400
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
time (min)
1 vs t is a linear graph
[ A]
the reaction is __________________
= 0.72 - 0.24
27 2
Example 2:
Data obtained from an experiment of dissociation of N2O5 at T = 45 C are as
follows:
Time (min) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
[N2O5]104(M) 176 124 93 71 53 39 29
Plot a linear graph to determine:
a) order of reaction
b) rate constant
Solution:
Time (min) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
[N2O5]104
176 124 93 71 53 39 29
(M)
ln[N2O5] 4.04 4.39 4.68 4.95 5.24 5.55 5.84
1 (M1)
58.8 80.6 107.5 140.8 188.7 256.4 344.8
[N2O5 ]
180
160
140
120
[N2O5] (M)
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
time (min)
-4
0 20 40 60 80
-4.5
ln[N2O5]
-5
-5.5
-6
time (min)
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a) Explain collision theory √
1.2 Collision b) Define activation energy √
Theory c) Explain transition state theory √
d) Draw energy profile diagram of a reaction √
COLLISION THEORY
∆H is negative ∆H is positive
Example:
1. For the reaction A + B C + D , the enthalpy change of the forward reaction is
+21 kJ mol-1. The activation energy of the forward reaction is 84 kJ mol-1.
a) Sketch the reaction profile of this reaction.
b) What is activation energy of the reverse reaction?
Transition state theory is used to explain in detail what happen when reactant
molecules collide with each other.
Transition state is the configuration of atoms of the colliding species
at the time of the collision.
The collision between reactant molecules may or may not result in successful
reaction.
During collision reactants molecules formed temporary species in the
transition state called activated complex with maximum potential energy.
Example:
CO(g) + NO (g) CO (g) + NO(g)
2 2
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1.3 Factors a) Explain the effect of the following factors on the reaction rate:
√
Affecting Concentration or pressure, temperature, catalyst and particle size
Reaction b) Illustrate the effect of temperature on the reaction using Maxwell
Boltzmann Distribution curve
√ √
Rate
Concentration of reactant
.01000 When the concentration of reactant
increases, the number of particles per
unit volume increase.
The frequency of collisions of molecules
increase.
The number of effective collisions also
increase.
Thus, the reaction rate increase.
Pressure
.01000
When pressure increases, the number of
molecules per unit volume increase.
The gas molecules closer to one another.
The frequency of collisions of molecules
will increase.
The number of effective collisions also
increase.
Thus, reaction rate increase.
Particle size
.01000
When the particle size decrease, the surface area exposed for a reaction increase.
The frequency of collisions of molecules will increase.
The number of effective collisions also increase.
Thus, reaction rate increase.
CHAPTER 1 REACTION KINETICS page 32
TOPIC 1: REACTION KINETICS
Temperature
.01000
When temperature increase, the average kinetic energy of molecules
increases.
The numbers of molecules with the energy equal to or greater than
activation energy, Ea will increase.
The number of effective collisions also increase.
Thus, reaction rate increase.
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1.3 Factors
Affecting c) Compare the curve of the energy profile diagram for a reaction with
√
Reaction and without catalyst
Rate
Catalyst
.01000
Catalyst is a substance that provides an alternative pathway by lowering
activation energy to increase the rate of reaction without itself being
consumed.
Example:
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1.3 Factors d) State Arrhenius equation
√
Affecting
Reaction e) Explain the relationship between temperature and activation
√
Rate energy to the rate constant based on Arrhenius equation
ARRHENIUS EQUATION
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1.3 Factors
Affecting f) Determine k, Ea, T and A using Arrhenius equation by calculation
Reaction and graph
√ √
Rate
The relationship between k and T is clearer when further derive the Arrhenius
equation:
k = Ae – Ea/RT
ln k = ln (Ae – Ea/RT)
ln k = ln A + ln (e – Ea/RT)
ln k = (– Ea/RT) ln e + ln A (but ln e = 1)
Thus,
Ea
ln k = + ln A
RT
𝟏
plot of ln k versus gives a linear graph :
𝐓
𝐸𝑎
– = slope of the graph (negative slope)
𝑅
y-intercept = ln A
** R must be 8.314 J mol-1 K-1 NOT 0.08206 atm L mol-1 K-1 because the
unit of Ea is in J or kJ !
Example:
The rate constants of the decomposition of hydrogen iodide,
2HI(g) H2(g) + I2(g)
were determined at five different temperatures. The data are shown below.
k (M1 s1) T (C)
3.52107 283
3.02105 356
2.19104 393
1.16103 427
3.95102 508
Determine the activation energy (in kJ mol1) for the reaction.
Solution:
1
k (1/M s) T (K) ln k (K1)
𝑇
3.52107 556 14.860 1.80103
3.02105 629 10.408 1.59103
2.19104 666 8.426 1.50103
1.16103 427 6.759 1.43103
3.95102 781 3.231 1.28103
𝟏
plot ln k versus
𝑻
0
m = 2.24104 K
-20.001 0.0012 0.0014 0.0016 0.0018 0.002
-4 𝐸𝑎
m=–
-6 𝑅
Ea = mR
lnk
-8
-10
= 2.24104 K
-12
8.314 J K1 mol1
-14
-16 = 1.86105 J mol1
1/T = 186 kJ mol1
Ea
at T1: lnk1 = lnA
RT1
Ea
at T2: lnk2 = lnA
RT2
Ea Ea
lnA = lnk1 + = lnk2 +
RT1 RT2
Ea Ea
lnk1 lnk2 =
RT2 RT1
k 1 Ea 1 1
ln =
k2 R T2 T1
Example: Determine k, Ea, T and A using Arrhenius equation by calculations.
1. The decomposition of hydrogen iodide,
2HI (g) → H2 (g) + I2 (g)
has a rate constants of 9.51 x 10-9 L mol-1 s-1 at 500K and 1.10 x 10-5 L mol-1s-1 at
600K. Find Ea.
(Ans: Ea = 175.9 kJ mol-1)
2. The rate constant for the reaction C4H8 (g) → 2C2H4 (g) is 3.2 x 10-2 s-1 at 527°C.
Calculate the rate constant at 577°C if the activation energy for the reaction is 260 kJ
mol-1.
(Ans: k2 = 0.3187s-1)
4. The reaction is first order with an activation energy of 111 kJ mol-1. If the rate
constant, k is 2.00 x 10-5 s-1 at 50°C, determine the frequency factor, A. At what
temperature the value of k will be equal to 1.5 x 10-3 s-1?
(Ans: T2 = 360.9 K)
5. The activation energy for a reaction is 50.2 kJ mol-1 and the rate constant of the
reaction is 3.46 x 10-2 s-1 at 298 K. Calculate the temperature if the rate constant is
6.30 x 10-4 s-1.
(Ans: T2 = 248.81 K)