Example 2

Analyse the beam shown in the figure below:

50 kN/m on all spans

A D

B C

4.0m 6.0m 5.0m

The beam is reinforced c oncrete – assume E =30 kN/mm2

Span AB is 600 dp x 400 wide
Span BC is 600 dp x 600 wide
Span CD is 600 dp x 400 wide
Structures E2 1
Split the 3 span beam into 3 separate beams.

Where the beam is cut (support B), put a ‘fixed’ support

B B C C D

Structures E2 2
In order to c alculate the stiffness of each member ‘EI’ for each member
is required:

Member AB: I=bd 3/12 =400 x 6003/12 =7.2 x 109 mm4

Member BC: I=bd 3/12 =600 x 6003/12 =10.8 x 109 mm4 =1.5 IAB
Member CD: I=bd 3/12 =400 x 6003/12 =7.2 x 109 mm4 = IAB

Member AB: EI =30 x 7.2 x 109 =216 x 109 kNmm2 =216 x 103 kNm2
Member BC: EI =30 x 10.8 x 109 =324 x 103 kNm2 =1.5 EIAB
Member CD: EI =30 x 7.2 x 109 =216 x 103 kNm2 = EIAB

Structures E2 3
Calculate Stiffnesses of each member at each end of the member:

Member AB (pinned/fixed) KAB =0 (pin)

KBA =3EIAB/L (remote end pinned)= 3EIAB/4 =0.75EIAB

Member BC (fixed/fixed)
KBC=4EIBC/L =4 EIBC /6 =0.67 EIBC But EIBC =1.5
EIAB
Therefore KBC=0.67 (1.5 x EIAB) =1.0 EIAB
KCB =4EIBC/L =4 EIBC /6 =0.67 EIBC = 1.0 EIAB

Member CD (fixed/pinned)
KCD =3EIAB/L (remote end pinned)= 3EIAB/5 =0.6EIAB KDC =0 (pin)

Structures E2 4
Structures E2 5
Calculate Distribution Factors at each joint

Total Stiffness at Joint A: Pin – zero stiffness

Distribution Factor AB =kAB =0

Total Stiffness at Joint B: 0.75 EIAB +1.0 EIAB =1.75 EIAB

Distribution Factor BA =kBA =0.75 EIAB /1.75 EIAB =0.429
Distribution Factor BC =kBC =1.0 EIAB /1.75 EIAB =0.571

Total Stiffness at Joint C: 1.0 EIAB +0.6 EIAB =1.6 EIAB

Distribution Factor CB =kCB =1.0 EIAB /1.6 EIAB =0.625
Distribution Factor CD =kC D =0.6 EIAB /1.6 EIAB =0.375

Total Stiffness at Joint D: Pin – zero stiffness

Distribution Factor DC =kDC =0
Structures E2 6
Create a table

A B B C C D
Stiffness’s 0 0.75EI 1.0EI 1.0EI 0.6EI 0
DF’s 0 0.429 0.571 0.625 0.375 0

Structures E2 7
Calculate all fixed end moments

MFAB = -WL2/12 = -50 x 42/12 = -66.67 kNm

MFBA = +WL2/12 = +50 x 42/12 = +66.67
kNm

MFBC = -WL2/12 = -50 x 62/12 = -150.0 kNm

MFCB = +WL2/12 = +50 x 62/12 = +150.0
kNm

MFCD = -WL2/12 = -50 x 52/12 = -104.17

kNm
MFDC = +WL2/12 = +50 x 52/12 = +104.17
kNm

Structures E2 8
Add FEM’s to table

A B B C C D
Stiffness’s 0 0.75EI 1.0EI 1.0EI 0.6EI 0
DF’s 0 0.429 0.571 0.625 0.375 0
FEM’S -66.67 +66.67 -150.0 +150.0 -104.17 +104.17

Structures E2 9
Balance all joints:

Joints A and D are pins, so balancing them is clear.

A B B C C D
Stiffness’s 0 0.75EI 1.0EI 1.0EI 0.6EI 0
DF’s 0 0.429 0.571 0.625 0.375 0
FEM’S -66.67 +66.67 -150.0 +150.0 -104.17 +104.17
Balance +66.67 -104.17

Structures E2 10
 The TOTAL moment at joint B is +66.67 – 150.0 =-83.33 kNm
To achieve a balance we must apply a moment of +83.33 kNm

This moment is apportioned according to the distribution factors at B:

MBA = +83.33 x 0.429 = +35.75

MBC = +83.33 x 0.571 = +47.58

A B B C C D
Stiffness’s 0 0.75EI 1.0EI 1.0EI 0.6EI 0
DF’s 0 0.429 0.571 0.625 0.375 0
FEM’S -66.67 +66.67 -150.0 +150.0 -104.17 +104.17
Balance +66.67 +35.75 +47.58 -104.17

Structures E2 11
The TOTAL moment at joint C is +150.0 – 104.17 =+45.83 kNm
To achieve a balance we must apply a moment of -45.83 kNm

This moment is apportioned according to the distribution factors at B:

MCB = -45.83x = -28.64
0.625
MCD = -45.83x = -17.19
0.375
A B B C C D
Stiffness’s 0 0.75EI 1.0EI 1.0EI 0.6EI 0
DF’s 0 0.429 0.571 0.625 0.375 0
FEM’S -66.67 +66.67 -150.0 +150.0 -104.17 +104.17
Balance +66.67 +35.75 +47.58 -28.64 -17.19 -104.17

Structures E2 12
All joints are now balanced

A B B C C D
Stiffness’s 0 0.75EI 1.0EI 1.0EI 0.6EI 0
DF’s 0 0.429 0.571 0.625 0.375 0
FEM’S -66.67 +66.67 -150.0 +150.0 -104.17 +104.17
Balance +66.67 +35.75 +47.58 -28.64 -17.19 -104.17

(Adding up all the moments at both B and C gives zero at each)

Structures E2 13
We must now consider the effect of the balancing.

This effect is to ‘carry over’ 50% of the balancing moment to the remote
end UNLESS THE REMOTE END ISPINNED in which case there is no carry
over.

A B B C C D
Stiffness’s 0 0.75EI 1.0EI 1.0EI 0.6EI 0
DF’s 0 0.429 0.571 0.625 0.375 0
FEM’S -66.67 +66.67 -150.0 +150.0 -104.17 +104.17
Balance +66.67 +35.75 +47.58 -28.64 -17.19 -104.17
Carry Over 0 (Pin) +33.33 -14.32 +23.79 -52.08 0 (Pin)

This carry over affects the equilibrium of the joints, which must be re-
balanced.

Structures E2 14
Repeat the balancing and carry over:

A B B C C D
Stiffness’s 0 0.75EI 1.0EI 1.0EI 0.6EI 0
DF’s 0 0.429 0.571 0.625 0.375 0
FEM’S -66.67 +66.67 -150.0 +150.0 -104.17 +104.17
Balance +66.67 +35.75 +47.58 -28.64 -17.19 -104.17
Carry Over 0 (Pin) +33.33 -14.32 +23.79 -52.08 0 (Pin)
Balance 0 -8.16 -10.85 +17.68 +10.61 0
Carry Over 0 (Pin) 0 +8.84 -5.42 0 0 (Pin)

In this case 2 iterations is NOT sufficient to achieve equilibrium so further

iterations are required.

Structures E2 15
Repeat the balancing and carry over:

A B B C C D
Stiffness’s 0 0.75EI 1.0EI 1.0EI 0.6EI 0
DF’s 0 0.429 0.571 0.625 0.375 0
FEM’S -66.67 +66.67 -150.0 +150.0 -104.17 +104.17
Balance +66.67 +35.75 +47.58 -28.64 -17.19 -104.17
Carry Over 0 (Pin) +33.33 -14.32 +23.79 -52.08 0 (Pin)
Balance 0 -8.16 -10.85 +17.68 +10.61 0
Carry Over 0 (Pin) 0 +8.84 -5.42 0 0 (Pin)
Balance 0 -3.79 -5.05 +3.39 +2.03 0
Carry Over 0 (Pin) 0 +1.69 -2.52 0 0 (Pin)

We have still not quite achieved equilibrium, so will carry out a further
balance and then consider the position.

Structures E2 16
Repeat the balancing and carry over:

A B B C C D
Stiffness’s 0 0.75EI 1.0EI 1.0EI 0.6EI 0
DF’s 0 0.429 0.571 0.625 0.375 0
FEM’S -66.67 +66.67 -150.0 +150.0 -104.17 +104.17
Balance +66.67 +35.75 +47.58 -28.64 -17.19 -104.17
Carry Over 0 (Pin) +33.33 -14.32 +23.79 -52.08 0 (Pin)
Balance 0 -8.16 -10.85 +17.68 +10.61 0
Carry Over 0 (Pin) 0 +8.84 -5.42 0 0 (Pin)
Balance 0 -3.79 -5.05 +3.39 +2.03 0
Carry Over 0 (Pin) 0 +1.69 -2.52 0 0 (Pin)
Balance 0 -0.73 -0.96 +1.57 +0.95 0
Carry Over 0 (Pin) 0 +0.78 -0.48 0 0 (Pin)

The process finishes when the ‘carry over’ is negligible.

Structures E2 17
ISTHE C ARRY OVER NEGLIGIBLE?

In my view it is, so Iconsider the position before the final carry over (but
including the last balance) as an equilibrium position.

YOU MAY CONSIDER OTHERWISE and carry out another iteration.

(consider joint B – is 0.78 negligible compared to the 150 that we started
with?)

Structures E2 18
Sum the moments at each joint – they should balance perfectly.
(ignoring the final ‘carry over’
A B B C C D
Stiffness’s 0 0.75EI 1.0EI 1.0EI 0.6EI 0
DF’s 0 0.429 0.571 0.625 0.375 0
FEM’S -66.67 +66.67 -150.0 +150.0 -104.17 +104.17
Balance +66.67 +35.75 +47.58 -28.64 -17.19 -104.17
Carry Over 0 (Pin) +33.33 -14.32 +23.79 -52.08 0 (Pin)
Balance 0 -8.16 -10.85 +17.68 +10.61 0
Carry Over 0 (Pin) 0 +8.84 -5.42 0 0 (Pin)
Balance 0 -3.79 -5.05 +3.39 +2.03 0
Carry Over 0 (Pin) 0 +1.69 -2.52 0 0 (Pin)
Balance 0 -0.73 -0.96 +1.57 +0.95 0
TOTALS 0 +123.07 -123.07 +159.85 -159.85 0

We have a chieved equilibrium at all joints.

Structures E2 19
We can now use these support moments to analyse each section of the beam
completely.

The first step is to calculate the shear forces and reactions at each support.

This was done in detail in example 1.

In this example we will simply construct the shear force table directly.

A B B C C D
Support 0 -123.07 +123.07 -159.85 +159.85 0
Moment
Simply +100 +100 +150 +150 +125 +125
supporte
d
reaction
ML/L 0 0 +20.51 -20.51 +31.98 -31.97
MR/L -30.77 +30.77 -26.64 +26.64 0 0
TOTALS +69.23 +130.77Structures
+143.87 E2 +156.13 +156.98 +93.03 20
We can now take moments about any part of the beam to calculate the
moment at that position.

Consider each span in turn.

In each case we calculate the position of no shear to find the position of

maximum moment and then take moments about that point.

Structures E2 21
Span AB

Considering the shear force at x, looking towards A:

X

VX =+69.23 – 50X = 0 MA = 0 kNm

50 kN/m MB = +123.07 kNm

B
X =69.23/50 =1.38 m (from A) A

4.0m
RA = 69.23 RB = 130.77
Taking moments about X X
X
looking towards A:

Mx =+0 - 50 x 1.382/2 +69.23 x 1.38 =+47.92 kNm

Structures E2 22
Span BC

Considering the shear force at x, looking towards b:

X

VX = +143.87 – 50X = 0 MB = -123.07 kNm

50 kN/m MC = +159.85 kNm

C
X =143.87/50 =2.88 m (from B) B

6.0m
RB = 143.87 RC = 156.13
X
Taking moments about X looking X
towards B:

Mx =-123.07 - 50 x 2.882/2 +143.87 x 2.88 =+83.91 kNm

Structures E2 23
Span CD

Considering the shear force at x, looking towards C:

X

VX =+156.98 – 50X = 0 MC = -159.85 kNm

50 kN/m MD = +0 kNm

D
X =156.98/50 =3.14 m (from C ) C

5.0m
RC = 156.98 RD = 93.03
X
Taking moments about X looking X
towards C :

Mx =-159.85 - 50 x 3.142/2 +156.98 x 3.14 =+86.58 kNm

Structures E2 24
The results can be summarized on the following diagrams:
Shear Force Diagram 156.13 kN
130.77 kN
93.03 kN

69.23 kN

143.87 kN 156.98 kN

Bending Moment Diagram

159.85 kNm
123.07 kNm

83.91 kNm
47.92 kNm 86.58 kNm

1.38m 2.88m 3.14m

Structures E2 25