GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

(AUTONOMOUS)
DEPARTMENT OF EEE
(Name of the Subject Course) : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION
(AUTO CODE: 16EE4101) Programme : UG

Branch: EEE Version No : 03

Year: (2021—2022 ) Updated on :03/08/2021
Semester: IV- I SEM No. of pages :

Classification status (Unrestricted / Restricted )

Distribution List :

Prepared by : 1) Name : K. MAHENDER 1) Name : THAKUR POOJARANI

2) Sign : 2) Sign :
3) Design : Assoc. Prof 3) Design : Asst. Prof
4) Date : 03/08/2021 4) Date : 03/08/2021

Verified by : 1) Name :Dr. ARUNABHARATHI * For Q.C Only.

2) Sign : 1) Name :
3) Design :PROFESSOR 2) Sign :
4) Date : 3) Design :
4) Date :
Approved by : (HOD ) 1) Name :Dr.D.RADHIKA DORA
2) Sign :
3) Date :
 Course file contents:
1. Cover Page
2. Syllabus copy
3. Vision of the department
4. Mission of the department
5. PEOs and POs
6. Course objectives and outcomes
7. Brief note on the importance of the course and how it fits in to the
curriculum
8. Prerequisites
9. Instructional Learning Outcomes
10. Course mapping with PEOs and POs
11. Class Time Table
12. Individual Time Table
13. Lecture schedule with methodology being used/adopted
14. Detailed notes
15. Additional/missing topics
16. University previous Question papers
17. Question Bank
18. Assignment topics
19. Unit Wise Quiz Questions and long questions
19. Tutorial problems
20. Known gaps
21. Discussion topics
22. References, Journals, websites and E-links
24. Quality measurement Sheets
a. course and survey
b. Teaching evaluation
25. Student List
26. GroupWise Student List for discussion topics
 2. SYLLABUS
Geethanjali College of Engineering And Technology (Autonomous) Cheeryal
(V), Keesara (M), Medchal Dist., Telengana-501301
Department of EEE AR 18
18EE4103 – POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
(Professional Elective –IV)
B.Tech. EEE - IV Year I Sem.
Prerequisite(s): 18EE2202 – Power Systems – I
18EE3101 – Power Systems – II
Course Objectives: Develop ability to
1. Understand basic operation of Circuit Breakers
2. Understand basic operation of different Relays and its applications
3. Understand the methods used for protection of Generators, Transformers, feeders and bus bars
4. Understand concept of Neutral grounding and Earthing.
5. Understand the protection techniques against over voltages and other hazards.

Course Outcomes: At the end of the course, student would be able to

CO1. Various types of protective devices and their coordination
CO2. Protection of generators, transformers, feeders, bus bars through different types of protective

devices.
CO3. Over voltage protection and lightening
CO4. Earthing and Grounding
CO5. Application of above conceptual things to real world electrical and electronics problems.

UNIT -1
Circuit Breakers: Introduction – elementary principles of arc interruption, Recovery, Re-striking
Voltage and Recovery voltages Re-striking Phenomenon, Average and Max. RRRV, Numerical
problems – Current Chopping and Resistance Switching – CB ratings and Specifications, Types and
Numerical Problems – Auto re-closures.
Description and Operation of types of circuit breakers: Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker, Air Blast
Circuit Breakers, Vacuum and SF6 circuit breakers.
UNIT – II
Electromagnetic and Static Relays: Principle of Operation and Construction of Attracted armature,
Balanced Beam, Induction Disc and Induction Cup Relays.
Application of Relays: Over-current/Under voltage relays, Direction relays, Differential Relays and
Percentage Differential Relays. Universal torque equation.
Distance Relays: Impedance, Reactance and Mho relays, Characteristics and Comparison.
Static Relays: Introduction, Static Relays verses Electromagnetic Relays.
UNIT – III
Protection of generators: against Stator faults, Rotor faults, and Abnormal Conditions, Restricted
Earth fault and inter-turn fault protection. Numerical Problems on percentage winding unprotected.
Protection of transformers: Protection of power transformers-Percentage Differential Protection,
Numerical Problem on Design of CTs Ratio and Buchholz relay Protection.
UNIT – IV
Feeder and Bus - Bar Protection: Protection of Lines – Over Current, Carrier Current and Three –
zone distance relay protection using impedance relays. Tanslay Relay. Protection of bus bars –
Differential Protection.
Neutral Grounding: Grounded and Ungrounded Neutral Systems. Effects of Ungrounded Neutral on
system performance. Methods of Neutral grounding: Solid, Resistance, Reactance, Resonant – Arcing
Grounds, harmonic suppressors, and grounding Practices.
UNIT – V
Protection against over voltages due to lightening: Introduction, internal and external causes of
overvoltage’s, mechanism of lighting and wave shape of lighting strokes, protection against lighting-
Expulsion, valve and metal oxide Lighting Arresters – Insulation Coordination – BIL, Impulse Ratio,
Standard impulse Test Wave, Volt- Time Characteristics.
TEXTBOOKS:
1. Power System Protection and Switchgear by Badari Ram, D. N. Viswakarma, TMH Publications
2. Switchgear and Protection – by Sunil S Rao, Khanna Publishers

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. A Text book on Power System Engineering by B. L. Soni, Gupta, Bhatnagar, Chkarabarthy, Dhanpat
Rai & Co.
2. Fundamentals of Power System Protection by Paithankar and S. R. Bhide, PHI, 2003.
3. Electrical Power Systems – by C. L. Wadhawa, New Age International (P) Limited, Publishers,
3rdedition.
4. A Course in Power Systems by J. B. Gupta S. K. Kataria& Sons.
 VISION OF EEE
To provide excellent Electrical and Electronics education by building strong teaching and research
environment.
MISSION OF THE EEE
1. To offer high quality graduate program in Electrical and Electronics education and to prepare
students for professional career or higher studies.
2. The department promotes excellence in teaching, research, collaborative activities and positive
contributions to society

5. PEOs and POs

Program Educational Objectives:
Program Educational Objectives of the UG Electrical and Electronics Engineering are:
PEO 1: To prepare students with excellent comprehension of mathematics, basic sciences and
engineering subjects facilitating them to find gainful employment or pursue postgraduate program
with an appreciation for lifelong learning.
PEO 2: To inculcate problem solving capabilities in students with analysis, design and practical
skills that are Program Specific which would facilitate them to exhibit creativity and innovation
that would enable them to develop modern equipment with emerging technologies of
multidisciplinary nature for societal development.
PEO 3: To inculcate positive attitude, professional ethics, effective communication and
interpersonal skills which would facilitate them to succeed in the chosen profession through
research and development both as team member and as well as leader.
Programme Outcomes:
Engineering Graduates will be able to:
PO 1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
PO 2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO 3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
PO 4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
PO 5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.
PO 6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant
to the professional engineering practice.
PO 7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainable development.
PO 8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
PO 9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO 10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.
PO 11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO 12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
Programme Specific Outcomes (PSOs):
PSO 1: An ability to simulate and determine the parameters like voltage profile and current ratings
of transmission lines in Power Systems.
PSO 2: An ability to understand and determine the performance of electrical machines namely,
speed, torque, efficiency etc.
PSO 3: An ability to apply electrical engineering and management principles to Power Projects.

6.Course objectives and outcomes

Course Objectives: Develop ability to
1. Understand basic operation of Circuit Breakers
2. Understand basic operation of different Relays and its applications
3. Understand the methods used for protection of Generators, Transformers, feeders and bus bars
4. Understand concept of Neutral grounding and Earthing.
5. Understand the protection techniques against over voltages and other hazards.

Course Outcomes: At the end of the course, student would be able to

CO1. Various types of protective devices and their coordination
CO2. Protection of generators, transformers, feeders, bus bars through different types of protective

devices.
CO3. Over voltage protection and lightening
CO4. Earthing and Grounding
CO5. Application of above conceptual things to real world electrical and electronics problems.

7. Importance of the course

 Switchgear and protection is one of the most important aspects of the electrical
power industry. Without protection, any system fails. So it is imperative that safety
and protection be given utmost importance to avoid catastrophes. The power system consists of
alternators, bus bars, transformers for transmission and distribution, transmission lines at various
voltage levels from EHV to 11kV, cables, induction and synchronous motors, reactors, capacitors,
instrument and protective CT’s and PT’s various control and metering equipment, etc. Each of
these entities needs protection.

8.Prerequisite
1. Power Systems I
2. Power Systems II
3. Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques
 9. Instructional Learning Outcomes
COURSE MAPPING WITH PEOS AND POS
Mapping of Course with Programme Educational Objectives

S.No Course Code Course Semester PEO 1 PEO 2 PEO 3

component
Professional
1 18EE4103 PSP I √ √ √
Elective

10. Mapping of Course outcomes with Programme outcomes:

*When the course outcome weightage is < 40%, it will be given as less correlated ( 1)

*When the course outcome weightage is =40%, it will be given as moderately correlated (3)

*When the course outcome weightage is >40%, it will be given as strongly correlated (3)
PO’S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

SGP
CO1: Understand basic 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
operation of Circuit Breakers

CO2: 2. Understand basic 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

operation of different Relays
and its applications
CO3: Understand the 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
methods used for protection of
Generators, Transformers,
feeders and bus bars.
CO4: Understand concept of 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Neutral grounding and
Earthing.
CO5: Understand the 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
protection techniques against
over voltages and other
hazards.
 11.Individual Time Table

Faculty Name: Acad Year , WEF:

12.50-
Time 09.30-10.20 10.20-11.10 11.10-12.00 12.00-12.50 13.30-14.20 14.20-15.10 15.10-16.00
13.30
Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Monday

Tuesday

LUNCH
Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

No Subject(T/P) Periods Per Week

12.CLASS TIME TABLE

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Year/Sem/Sec: Room No: LH-14 Acad Year: WEF:
CLASS TEACHER:
12.50-
Time 09.30-10.20 10.20-11.10 11.10-12.00 12.00-12.50 13.30-14.20 14.20-15.10 15.10-16.00
13.30
Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Tuesday
LUNCH

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

No

3
 13 LECTURESCHEDULE
No of Teaching
SNO Unit No Topic Covered
Periods Aids
1. UNIT-1 Introduction 1 BB/PPT
2. Elementary principles of arc interruption 1 BB/PPT
3. Recovery voltage, restriking voltage 1 BB/PPT
4. Restriking phenomenon 1 BB/PPT
5. RRRV 1 BB/PPT
6. Current chopping 1 BB/PPT
7. Resistance switching 1 BB/PPT
8. CB ratings and specifications 1 BB/PPT
9. Minimum oil circuit breakers 1 BB/PPT
10. Air blast circuit breakers 1 BB/PPT
11. Vacuum Circuit breakers 1 BB/PPT
12. SF6 Circuit breakers 1 BB/PPT
13. Numericals 1 BB/PPT
14. Tutorial 1 BB/PPT
15. UNIT-2 Principle of operation and construction of 1 BB/PPT
attracted armature relay
16. Balanced beam relay 1 BB/PPT
17. Induction disc and induction cup relays 1 BB/PPT
18. Relays classification Instantaneous 1 BB/PPT
19. DMT and IDMT types 1 BB/PPT
20. Application of relays 1 BB/PPT
21. Over current relay 1 BB/PPT
22. Under voltage relays 1 BB/PPT
23. Direction relays 1 BB/PPT
24. Differential relays and % diffierential 1 BB/PPT
relays
25. Universal torque equation 1 BB/PPT
26. Distance relays:Impedance, reactance and 1 BB/PPT
27. Mho & Off-set Mho relays 1 BB/PPT
28. Characteristics of distance relays and 1 BB/PPT
comparison
29. Static relays Vs Electromagnetic relays 1 BB/PPT
30. UNIT-3 Protection of generators :against stator 1 BB/PPT
faults
31. Rotor faults and abnormal conditions 1 BB/PPT
32. Restricted earth fault and inter turn fault 1 BB/PPT
protection
33. Numerical problems on %winding 1 BB/PPT
unprotected
34. Protection of transformers:percentage 1 BB/PPT
differential protection
35. Numerical problem on design of CT’s ratio 1 BB/PPT
36. Buchholz relay protection 1 BB/PPT
37. Tutorial 1 BB/PPT
38. UNIT-4 Protection of lines 1 BB/PPT
39. Over current 1 BB/PPT
40. Carrier current 1 BB/PPT
41. Three zone distance relay protection using 1 BB/PPT
impedance relays
42. Translay relay 1 BB/PPT
43. Protection of bus bars:Differential 1 BB/PPT
protection
44. Grounded and ungrounded neutral systems 1 BB/PPT
45. Effects of ungrounded neutral on system 1 BB/PPT
performance
46. Methods of neutral grounding 1 BB/PPT
47. Solid, resistance 1 BB/PPT
48. Reactance 1 BB/PPT
49. Arcing ground and grounding practice 1 BB/PPT
50. UNIT-5 Generation of over-voltages in power 1 BB/PPT
systems
51. Protection against lightning over voltages 1 BB/PPT
52. Valve type and zinc oxide lightning 1 BB/PPT
Arresters
53. Insulation coordination -BIL 1 BB/PPT
54. Impulse ratio , standard impulse test wave 1 BB/PPT
55. Volt-time current characteristics 1 BB/PPT
56. Revision 1 BB/PPT
57. Revision 1 BB/PPT
58. University question paper 1 BB/PPT
59. University question paper 1 BB/PPT
60. University question paper 1 BB/PPT

Total number of Classes required 60 BB/PPT

14.Detailed Notes
ELECTROMAGNETIC RELAYS
Electromagnetic relays include attracted armature, moving coil, and induction
disc induction cup type relays. Electromagnetic relays contain an electromagnet (or
a permanent magnet) and a moving part. When the actuating quantity exceeds a
certain predetermined value, an operating torque is developed which is applied on
the moving part. This causes the moving part to travel and to finally close a contact
to energise the trip-coil of the breaker.
Limitation of electromagnetic relays
The protective system works with the help of electromagnetic relays which has less
accuracy.
1. Fault events analysis is difficult.
2. Slow response of faulty condition.
3. Different elements are required for different predictions.
4. Limited load shedding facility.

STATIC RELAYS
Static relays contain electronic circuit, which are transistors, ICs, diodes and
other electronic components. There is a comparator circuit in the relay, which
compares two or more currents or voltages and gives the output, which is applied to
either a slave relay or a thyristor circuit. The slave relay is an electromagnetic relay
in a semi- static relay. A relay using a thyristor circuit is a wholly static relay. Static
relay possess an advantage of having low burden on CT and PT, fast operation,
absence of mechanical inertia, contact time, long life and less maintenance. Static
relays have proved to be superior to electromagnetic relays and are being used for
protection of important lines, power system and sub-stations. Yet they have not
completely replaced electromagnetic relays. Static relays are treated as an addition
to the family of relays. Electromagnetic relays continue to be in use because of their
simplicity and low cost. Their maintenance can be done by less qualified personal,
where as the maintenance and repair of static relays require personal with knowledge
of solid-state devices.

MICROPROCESSOR BASED PROTECTIVE RELAYS

Microprocessor based protective relays are the latest development in this field.
With the development in VLSI technology, sophisticated and fast microprocessors
are coming up. Their application to the problems of protective relaying schemes is
of current interest, to power engineers. The inherit advantages of microprocessor
based over static relay with or a very limited range of applications, are attractive
flexibility due to their programmable approach. Microprocessor based protective
provides protection ay low cost and compete with conventional relays. The present
downward trend in the cost of large scale integrated circuits will encourage wide
applications of microprocessor based relays for the protection of the modern
complex power networks.
INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT RELAY
An instantaneous relay operates in a definite time when the current exceeds its
pick up value. The operating time is constant, irrespective of the magnitude of the
current. There is no intentional time delay. It operates in 0.1sec or less. Sometimes
a term like “high set” or “high speed” is used for very fast relays having time less
than 0.1sec.
INVERSE TIME OVERCURRENT RELAY
An inverse time over current relay operates when the current exceeds its pick
up value. The operating time depends on the magnitude of the operating current. The
operating time decreases as the current increases.
INVERSE DEFINITE MINIMUM TIME OVERCURRENT
RELAY (I.D.M.T)
This type of relay gives an inverse time current characteristic at a lower value
of fault current. Generally an inverse time characteristic is obtained if the value of
the plug setting multiplier is below 10. For values between 10 and 20 the
characteristic tend to become a straight line, i.e. towards the definite time
characteristic. Such relays have provisions for current and relay settings.
VERY INVERSE TIME OVERCURRENT RELAY
A very inverse time overcurrent relay gives more inverse characteristic than that
of a plain inverse relay or the I.D.M.T relays. Its time current characteristic lies
between I.D.M.T characteristic and extremely inverse characteristic. The very
inverse characteristic gives better selectivity than I.D.M.T characteristic. Hence it
can be used where an I.D.M.T relay fails to achieve good selectivity.
Very inverse time current relay are recommended when the distance from the
power sources decreases. They are particularly effective with ground faults because
of their steep characteristics.
EXTREMELY INVERSE TIME OVERCURRENT RELAY
An extremely inverse time overcurrent relay gives a time characteristics more
inverse than that of very inverse and I.D.M.T relays. When I.D.M.T and very inverse
relay fail in selectivity, extremely inverse relays are employed. I.D.M.T relays are
not suitable to be graded with fuses. Enclosed fuses have time current characteristic
according to the law;
I^3.5*t=K
The electromagnetic relay, which gives the steepest time current characteristic is
an extremely inverse relay is I^2*t=K. its characteristics is not good enough to be
graded with fuses. But the best that can be done with electromagnetic relay is to use
extremely inverse relays to grade with fuses. An extremely inverse relay is very
suitable for protection of machine against overheating. The heating characteristic of
a machine and other apparatus is also governed by the law I^3*t=K. hence this type
of relays are used for the protection of alternator, power transformers, earthing
transformers, expensive cables, railway trolley wires etc. The rotors of large
alternators may be overheated if an unbalanced load or fault remains for longer
period of the system. In such cases an extremely inverse relay in conjunction with a
negative sequence network is used. By adjusting the time and current settings a
suitable characteristic of the relay is obtained for a particular machine to be
protected.
A relay should not operate on momentary overloads. But it must operate on
sustained short circuit current, for such a situation it is difficult to set I.D.M.T relays.
An extremely inverse relay is quite suitable for such situations. This relay is used for
protection of alternators against overload and internal faults. It is also used for
reclosing distribution circuits after a long outage. After long outages when the circuit
breaker is re-closed there is an heavy inrush current which is comparable to fault
current. An I.D.M.T relay is not able to distinguish between the rapidly decaying
inrush current of the load and the persistent high current of a fault. Hence an I.D.M.T
relay trips again after reclosing. But an extremely inverse relay is able to distinguish
between fault current and inrush current due to its steep time over current due to its
steep characteristic. Therefore an extremely inverse relay is quite suitable for the
load restoration purpose.
Neutral Grounding

Effective Grounding
Ungrounded System
Solid Grounding or Effective grounding
16. University Question papers of previous years
 17. QUESTION BANK
1. What are the functions of protective relays to detect the fault and initiate the operation of
the circuit breaker to isolate the defective element from the rest of the system, thereby
protecting the system from damage consequent to the fault.

2. Give the consequences of short circuit. Whenever a short-circuit occurs, the current flowing
through the coil increases to an enormous value. If protective relays are present, a heavy current
also flows through the relay coil, causing it to operate by closing its contacts. The trip circuit is
then closed, the circuit breaker opens and the fault is isolated from the rest of the system. Also, a
low voltage may be created which may damage systems connected to the supply.

3. Define protected zone are those which are directly protected by a protective system such as
relays, fuses or switchgears. If a fault occurring in a zone can be immediately detected and or
isolated by a protection scheme dedicated to that particular zone.

4. What are unit system and non unit system?

A unit protective system is one in which only faults occurring within its protected zone are
isolated. Faults occurring elsewhere in the system have no influence on the operation of a
unit system. A non unit system is a protective system which is activated even when the faults are
external to its protected zone.

5. What is primary protection?

Is the protection in which the fault occurring in a line will be cleared by its own relay and
circuit breaker.It serves as the first line of defence.

6. What is back up protection?

Is the second line of defence , which operates if the primary protection fails to
activate within a definite time delay.

7. Name the different kinds of over current relays.

Induction type non-directional over current relay,Induction type directional over current
relay & current differential relay.

8. Define energizing quantity.

It refers to the current or voltage which is used to activate the relay into operation.

9. Define operating time of a relay.

It is defined as the time period extendind from the occurrence of the
fault through the relay detecting the fault to the operation of the relay.

10. Define resetting time of a relay.

It is defined as the time taken by the relay from the instant of isolating
the fault to the moment when the fault is removed and the relay can be reset.
11. What are over and under current relays?
Overcurrent relays are those that operate when the current in a line exceed
predetermined value. (eg: Induction type non-directional/directional overcurrent relay,
differential overcurrent relay)whereas undercurrent relays are those which operate
whenever the current in a circuit/line drops below a predetermined value.(eg: differential
over-voltage relay)

12. Mention any two applications of differential relay.

Protection of generator & generator transformer unit; protection of large motors and
busbars

13. What is biased differential bus zone reduction?

The biased beam relay is designed to respond to the differential current in terms
of its fractional relation to the current flowing through the protected zone. It is essentially
an over-current balanced beam relay type with an additional restraining coil. The
restraining coil produces a bias force in the opposite direction to the operating force.

14. What is the need of relay coordination?

The operation of a relay should be fast and selective, ie, it should isolate the fault in the
shortest possible time causing minimum disturbance to the system. Also, if a relay fails to operate,
there should be sufficiently quick backup protection so that the rest of the system is protected. By
coordinating relays, faults can always be isolated quickly without serious disturbance to the rest of
the system.

15. Mention the short comings of Merz Price scheme of protection applied to a power
transformer.
In a power transformer, currents in the primary and secondary are to be compared.
As these two currents are usually different, the use of identical transformers will give
differential current, and operate the relay under no-load condition. Also, there is usually a phase
difference between the primary and secondary currents of three phase transformers.
Even CT's of proper turn-ratio are used, the differential current may flow through the relay under
normal condition.

16. What are the various faults to which a turbo alternator is likely to be subjected?
Failure of steam supply; failure of speed; overcurrent; over voltage; unbalanced loading;
stator winding fault .

17. What is an under frequency relay?

An under frequency relay is one which operates when the frequency of the system (usually
an alternator or transformer) falls below a certain value.

18. Define the term pilot with reference to power line protection.
Pilot wires refers to the wires that connect the CT's placed at the ends of a power
transmission line as part of its protection scheme. The resistance of the pilot wires is usually
less than 500 ohms.

19. Mention any two disadvantage of carrier current scheme for transmission line
onlyThe program time (ie, the time taken by the carrier to reach the other end-upto
.1% mile); the response time of band pass filter; capacitance phase-shift of the
transmission line .

20. What are the features of directional relay?

High speed operation; high sensitivity; ability to operate at low voltages; adequate short-
time thermal ratio; burden must not be excessive.

21. What are the causes of over speed and how alternators are protected from it?
Sudden loss of all or major part of the load causes over-speeding in alternators. Modern
alternators are provided with mechanical centrifugal devices mounted on their driving shafts to
trip the main valve of the prime mover when a dangerous over-speed occurs.

22. What are the main types of stator winding faults?

Fault between phase and ground; fault between phases and inter-turn fault involving
turns of the same phase winding.

23. Give the limitations of Merz Price protection.

Since neutral earthing resistances are often used to protect circuit from earth-fault
currents, it becomes impossible to protect the whole of a star-connected alternator. If an
earth-fault occurs near the neutral point, the voltage may be insufficient to operate the relay.
Also it is extremely difficult to find two identical CT's. In addition to this, there always an inherent
phase difference between the primary and the secondary quantities and a possibility of current
through the relay even when there is no fault.

24. What are the uses of Buchholz's relay?

Bucholz relay is used to give an alarm in case of incipient( slow-developing)
faults in the transformer and to connect the transformer from the supply in the event of severe
internal faults. It is usually used in oil immersion transformers with a rating over 750KVA.

25. What are the types of graded used in line of radial relay feeder?
Definite time relay and inverse-definite time relay.

26. What are the various faults that would affect an alternator?
(a) Stator faults
1, Phase to phase faults
2, Phase to earth faults
3, Inter turn faults
(b)
1, Earth faults
2, Fault between turns
3, Loss of excitation due to fuel failure

(c) 1, Over speed2, Loss of drive

3, Vacuum failure resulting in condenser pressure rise, resulting in
shattering of the turbine low pressure casing

(d) 1, Fault on lines

 2, Fault on busbars

27. Why neutral resistor is added between neutral and earth of an alternator?
In order to limit the flow of current through neutral and earth a resistor is introduced
between them.

28. What is the backup protection available for an alternator?

Overcurrent and earth fault protection is the backup protections.

29. What are faults associated with an alternator?

(a) External fault or through fault
(b) Internal fault
1, Short circuit in transformer winding and connection
2, Incipient or slow developing faults

30. What are the main safety devices available with transformer?
Oil level guage, sudden pressure delay, oil temperature indicator, winding
temperature indicator .

31. What are the limitations of Buchholz relay?

(a) Only fault below the oil level are detected.
(b) Mercury switch setting should be very accurate, otherwise even for
vibration, there can be a false operation.
(c) The relay is of slow operating type, which is unsatisfactory.

32. What are the problems arising in differential protection in power transformer and how
are they overcome?
1. Difference in lengths of pilot wires on either sides of the relay. This is
overcome by connecting adjustable resistors to pilot wires to get equipotential points on
the pilot wires.

2. Difference in CT ratio error difference at high values of short circuit currents

that makes the relay to operate even for external or through faults. This is overcome
by introducing bias coil.

3. Tap changing alters the ratio of voltage and currents between HV and LV sides
and the relay will sense this and act. Bias coil will solve this.

4. Magnetizing inrush current appears wherever a transformer is energized on its

primary side producing harmonics. No current will be seen by the secondary.
CT's as there is no load in the circuit. This difference in current will actuate the
differential relay. A harmonic restraining unit is added to the relay which will
block it when the transformer is energized.

33. What is REF relay?

 It is restricted earth fault relay. When the fault occurs very near to the neutral point of
the transformer, the voltage available to drive the earth circuit is very small, which may not be
sufficient to activate the relay, unless the relay is set for a very low current. Hence the zone of
protection in the winding of the transformer is restricted to cover only around 85%. Hence the
relay is called REF relay.

34. What is over fluxing protection in transformer?

If the turns ratio of the transformer is more than 1:1, there will be higher core loss
and the capability of the transformer to withstand this is limited to a few minutes only. This
phenomenon is called over fluxing.

35. Why busbar protection is needed?

(a) Fault level at busbar is high
(b) The stability of the system is affected by the faults in the bus zone.
(c) A fault in the bus bar causes interruption of supply to a large portion of the
system network.

36. What are the merits of carrier current protection?

Fast operation, auto re-closing possible, easy discrimination of simultaneous faults .

37. What are the errors in CT?

(a) Ratio error
Percentage ratio error = [(Nominal ratio - Actual ratio)/Actual ratio] x 100 The value
of transformation ratio is not equal to the turns ratio.
(b) Phase angle error:
Phase angle =180/[(ImCos -I1Sin )/nIs]

38. What is field suppression?

When a fault occurs in an alternator winding even though the generator circuit breaker
is tripped, the fault continues to fed because EMF is induced in the generator
itself. Hence the field circuit breaker is opened and stored energy in the field winding is discharged
through another resistor. This method is known as field suppression.

39. What are the causes of bus zone faults?

Failure of support insulator resulting in earth fault
Flashover across support insulator during over voltage
Heavily polluted insulator causing flashover
Earthquake, mechanical damage etc.

40. What are the problems in bus zone differential protection? Large number of
circuits, different current levels for different circuits for
external faults.
Saturation of CT cores due to dc component and ac component in short circuit
currents. The saturation introduces ratio error. Sectionalizing of the bus makes
circuit complicated.
Setting of relays need a change with large load changes.
41. What is static relay?
It is a relay in which measurement or comparison of electrical quantities is made in a static
network which is designed to give an output signal when a threshold condition is passed which
operates a tripping device.

42. What is power swing?

During switching of lines or wrong synchronization surges of real and reactive power
flowing in transmission line causes severe oscillations in the voltage and current
vectors. It is represented by curves originating in load regions and traveling towards relay
characteristics.

43. What is a programmable relay?

A static relay may have one or more programmable units such as microprocessors or
microcomputers in its circuit.

44. What is CPMC?

It is combined protection, monitoring and control system incorporated in the static system.

45. What are the advantages of static relay over electromagnetic relay?
o Low power consumption as low as 1mW
o No moving contacts; hence associated problems of arcing, contact bounce,
erosion, replacement of contacts
o No gravity effect on operation of static relays. Hence can be used in
vessels ie, ships, aircrafts etc.
o A single relay can perform several functions like over current, under
voltage, single phasing protection by incorporating respective functional
blocks. This is not possible in electromagnetic relays
o Static relay is compact
o Superior operating characteristics and accuracy
o Static relay can think , programmable operation is possible with static
relay
o Effect of vibration is nil, hence can be used in earthquake-prone areas
o Simplified testing and servicing. Can convert even non-electrical
quantities to electrical in conjunction with transducers.

46. What is resistance switching? It is the method of connecting a resistance in parallel with
the contact space(arc).
The resistance reduces the restriking voltage frequency and it diverts part of the arc
current. It assists the circuit breaker in interrupting the magnetizing current and capacity current.

47. What do you mean by current chopping?

When interrupting low inductive currents such as magnetizing currents of the
transformer, shunt reactor, the rapid deionization of the contact space and blast effect may cause
the current to be interrupted before the natural current zero. This phenomenon of interruption
of the current before its natural zero is called current chopping.

48. What are the methods of capacitive switching?

• Opening of single capacitor bank
• Closing of one capacitor bank against another

49. What is an arc?

Arc is a phenomenon occurring when the two contacts of a circuit breaker separate
under heavy load or fault or short circuit condition.

50. Give the two methods of arc interruption?

High resistance interruption:-the arc resistance is increased by elongating, and
splitting the arc so that the arc is fully extinguished
Current zero method:-The arc is interrupted at current zero position that occurs100
times a second in case of 50Hz power system frequency in ac.

51. What is restriking voltage?

It is the transient voltage appearing across the breaker contacts at the instant of arc being
extinguished.

52. What is meant by recovery voltage?

The power frequency rms voltage appearing across the breaker contacts after the
arc is extinguished and transient oscillations die out is called recovery voltage.

53. What is RRRV?

It is the rate of rise of restriking voltage, expressed in volts per microsecond. It is closely
associated with natural frequency of oscillation.

54. What is circuit breaker?

It is a piece of equipment used to break a circuit automatically under fault conditions. It
breaks a circuit either manually or by remote control under normal conditions and under fault
conditions. 55. Write the classification of circuit breakers based on the medium used for arc
extinction?
Air break circuit breaker
Oil circuit breaker
Minimum oil circuit breaker
Air blast circuit breaker
SF6 circuit breaker
Vacuum circuit breaker

56. What is the main problem of the circuit breaker?

When the contacts of the breaker are separated, an arc is struck between them.
This arc delays the current interruption process and also generates enormous heat which may cause
damage to the system or to the breaker itself. This is the main problem.

57. What are demerits of MOCB?

 Short contact life
Frequent maintenance
Possibility of explosion
Larger arcing time for small currents
Prone to restricts

58. What are the advantages of oil as arc quenching medium?

• It absorbs the arc energy to decompose the oil into gases, which have
excellent cooling properties
• It acts as an insulator and permits smaller clearance between line conductors
and earthed components

59. What are the hazards imposed by oil when it is used as an arc quenching medium?
There is a risk of fire since it is inflammable. It may form an explosive mixture with arc.
So oil is preferred as an arc quenching medium.

60. What are the advantages of MOCB over a bulk oil circuit breaker?
• It requires lesser quantity of oil
• It requires smaller space
• There is a reduced risk of fire
• Maintenance problem are reduced

61. What are the disadvantages of MOCB over a bulk oil circuit breaker?
o The degree of carbonization is increased due to smaller quantity of oil
o There is difficulty of removing the gases from the contact space in time
o The dielectric strength of the oil deteriorates rapidly due to high degree of
carbonization. 62. What are the types of air blast circuit breaker?
Arial-blast type
Cross blast Radial-blast

63. What are the advantages of air blast circuit breaker over oil circuit breaker?
o The risk of fire is diminished
o The arcing time is very small due to rapid buildup of dielectric strength
between contacts
o The arcing products are completely removed by the blast whereas oil
deteriorates with successive operations

64. What are the demerits of using oil as an arc quenching medium?
• The air has relatively inferior arc quenching properties
• The air blast circuit breakers are very sensitive to variations in the rate of rise
of restriking voltage
• Maintenance is required for the compression plant which supplies the air blast

65. What is meant by electro negativity of SF6 gas?

SF6 has high affinity for electrons. When a free electron comes and collides with a neutral
gas molecule, the electron is absorbed by the neutral gas molecule and negative ion is formed. This
is called as electro negativity of SF6 gas.

66. What are the characteristic of SF6 gas?

It has good dielectric strength and excellent arc quenching property. It is inert,
non-toxic, noninflammable and heavy. At atmospheric pressure, its dielectric strength is
2.5 times that of air. At three times atmospheric pressure, its dielectric strength is equal to that of
the transformer oil.

67. Write the classifications of test conducted on circuit breakers.

Type test
Routine test
Reliability test
Commissioning test

68. What are the indirect methods of circuit breaker testing?

o Unit test
o Synthetic test
o Substitution testing
o Compensation testing
o Capacitance testing

69. What are the advantages of synthetic testing methods?

• The breaker can be tested for desired transient recovery voltage and RRRV.
• Both test current and test voltage can be independently varied. This gives
flexibility to the test
• The method is simple
• With this method a breaker capacity (MVA) of five time of that of the
capacity of the test plant can be tested.

70. How does the over voltage surge affect the power system?
The over voltage of the power system leads to insulation breakdown of the
equipments. It causes the line insulation to flash over and may also damage the nearby
transformer, generators and the other equipment connected to the line.

71. What is pick up value?

It is the minimum current in the relay coil at which the relay starts to operate.

72. Define target.

It is the indicator used for showing the operation of the relay.

73. Define reach.

It is the distance upto which the relay will cover for protection.

74. Define blocking.

It means preventing the relay from tripping due to its own characteristics or due to
additional relays.
 75. Define a over current relay.
Relay which operates when the current ia a line exceeds a predetermined value.

76. Define an under current relay?

Relays which operates whenever the current in a circuit drops below a predetermined
value.

77. Mention any 2 applications of differential relays.

Protection of generator and generator-transformer unit: protection of large motors and bus
bars

78.Mention the various tests carried out in a circuit breaker at HV labs.

Short circuit tests, Synthetic tests& direct tests.

78. Mention the advantages of field tests.

The circuit breaker is tested under actual conditions like those that occur in the network.
Special occasions like breaking of charging currents of long lines ,very short line
faults ,interruption of small inductive currents etc can be tested by direct testing only.

79. State the disadvantages of field tests.

The circuit breaker can be tested at only a given rated voltage and network capacity.
The necessity to interrupt the normal services and to test only at light load conditions.
Extra inconvenience and expenses in installation of controlling and measuring
equipment in the field.

80. Define composite testing of a circuit breaker. In this method the breaker is first tested for
its rated breaking capacity at a reduced voltage and afterwards for rated voltage at a low
current.This method does not give a proper estimate of the breaker performance.

81. State the various types of earthing.

Solid earthing, resistance earthing , reactance earthing , voltage transformer earthing
and zig-zag transformer earthing.

82. What are arcing grounds?

The presence of inductive and capacitive currents in the isolated neutral system leads to
formation of arcs called as arcing grounds.

83. What is arc suppression coil?

A method of reactance grounding used to suppress the arc due to arcing grounds.

84. State the significance of single line to ground fault.

In single line to ground fault all the sequence networks are
connected in series. All the sequence currents are equal and the
fault current magnitude is three times its sequence currents.
85. What are symmetrical components?
 It is a mathematical tool to resolve unbalanced components into balanced
components.

86. State the three sequence components.

Positive sequence components, negative sequence components and zero sequence
components.

87. Define positive sequence component.

-has 3 vectors equal in magnitude and displaced from each other by an angle 120
degrees and having the phase sequence as original vectors.

88. Define zero sequence component.

They has 3 vectors having equal magnitudes and displaced from each other by
an angle zero degees.

89. State the significance of double line fault.

It has no zero sequence component and the positive and negative sequence networks
are connected in parallel.

90. Define negative sequence component.

It has 3 vectors equal in magnitude and displaced from each other by an angle 120
degrees and has the phase sequence in opposite to its original phasors.

91. State the different types of faults.

Symmetrical faults and unsymmetrical faults and open conductor faults.

92. State the various types of unsymmetrical faults.

Line to ground ,line to line and double line to ground faults

93. Mention the withstanding current in our human body.

9mA

94. State the different types of circuit breakers.

Air, oil, vacuum circuit breakers.

95. Define per unit value.

It is defined as the ratio of actual value to its base value.

96. Mention the inductance value of the peterson's coil.

L=1/3c2

97. Define single line diagram.

Representation of various power system components in a single line is defined as
single line diagram.

98. Differentiate between a fuse and a circuit breaker.

 Fuse is a low current interrupting device. It is a copper or an
aluminium wire.Circuit breaker is a high current interrupting device and it act as a switch
under normal operating conditions.

99. How direct tests are conducted in circuit breakers?

Using a short circuit generator as the source.
Using the power utility system or network as the source.

100. What is dielectric test of a circuit breaker?

It consists of overvoltage withstand test of power frequency
lightning and impulse voltages. Tests are done for both internal and external insulation with
switch in both open and closed conditions

UNIT –I
1. In a 132kV system, the inductance and capacitance up to the location of circuit breaker are
0.4H and 0.015 F, respectively. Determine (a) the maximum value of the restriking voltage
across the contacts of circuit breaker (b) frequency of transient oscillation and the maximum
value of RRRV.
2. Explain the principle of arc extinction and What are the different methods of arc extinction.
3. In a system of 132KV, the line to ground capacitance is 0.01μF and the inductance is 5
henries. Determine the voltage appearing across the pole of C.C.B. if e magnetizing current of
5amps (instantaneous values) is interrupted. Determine also the value of resistance to be used
across the contacts to eliminate the restriking voltage.
4. Calculate the RRRV of a 220kV circuit breaker with earthed neutral. The short circuit test data
obtained is as follows:
The current breaker is symmetrical and the restriking voltage has an oscillatory frequency of
15 kHz. The power factor of the fault is 0.2. Assume the short circuit to be an earthed fault.
5. In a short circuit test on a circuit breaker, the following readings were obtained on single
frequency transient:
i. time to reach the peak restriking voltage, 50μsec ii. the peak restriking voltage, 100 kV
Determine the average RRRV and frequency of oscillations.
6. Discuss the merits and demerits of vacuum circuit breakers.
7. Describe the construction, principle of operation and application of SF6 circuit breaker. How
does this breaker essentially differ from on air blast breaker?
8. Compare the arc rupture in oil and air blast circuit breakers and summarize the relative
advantages and disadvantages of these types of switch gear.
9. Explain the construction , principle of operation and application of a minimum oil CB.
10. Explain Phenomenon of current chopping and principle of resistance switching
UNIT –II
1. Discuss with a neat sketch the general principle of operation of a distance protection
scheme.
2. Describe with a sketch, the operation of Buchholtz relay.
3. Explain the principle of operation of Induction cup type relays.
4. Classify the various types of over current relays and give their applications along with
appropriate characteristics.
5. What is the main drawback of differential over current protection for bus bars
and how is it overcome.

UNIT –III
1. Describe how protection is provided in large turbo-alternators against earth-fault in the rotor
2. Explain how the inclusion of a resistance in the neutral earthing circuit of an alternator affects
the performance of the differential protection of the three-phase stator.
3. What is restricted earth fault protection for generators?
4. What are the rotor faults in an alternator? For such faults give their causes and suggest protection
measures.
5. Describe suitable protection schemes for internal and external fault protection of an alternator.
6. Discuss about differential protection scheme for transformers.
7. A 3-phase transformer rated for 33kV/6.6kV is connected star/delta and the protecting current
transformer on the low voltage side have a ratio of 400/5.Determine the ratio of the current
transformer on the HV side.
8. Explain with a neat circuit diagram of the percentage differential protection
scheme to protect Y- ∆ transformer.
9.Describe with a sketch, the operation of Buchholtz relay.
10.A 3-phase transformer of 220V/11000V line to line is connected in star-delta. The
protection transformer on 220V side have a current ratio of 600/5. What should be CT
ratio on 11000V side? Show how shall they be connected?

UNIT – IV
1. With the help of neat sketch explain the principle of Directional Over-current protection.
2.(a) Why double bus double breakers arrangement is rarely used at sub-stations.
(b) What is the main drawback of differential over current protection for bus bars
and how is it overcome.
3. Write short notes on the following:
(a) Bus bar arrangement
(b) Ring main arrangement of bus bars
(c) Frame leakage or Fault bus protection.
4. What are the advantages of distance protection over the types of protection of feeders?
Describe any type of impedance relay and show how they provide discriminatory protection.
5. Discuss the merits and demerits of earthing it solidly, through a resistance and through
reactance.
6.(a) Explain the phenomenon of arcing ground.
(b) Suggest some methods to minimize the effect of this phenomenon with neat sketch.
7. (a) What is the purpose of earthing? Distinguish between system earthing and
equipment earthing.
(b) A 110 kV, 3-phase 50Hz, 150 km, over head line has a capacitance to earth of
0.05 µF/km/phase. Calculate the inductance and MVA rating of the Peterson
coil used for earthing the above system.
8. Write short notes on
a) Effects of ungauranted neutral on system performance
b) Arcing grounds.
9. What are different types of grounding? Explain reactance grounding.

UNIT – V
1. What are various methods of over voltage protection of overhead transmission lines.
2. Explain clearly how the rating of a lightning arrester is selected. What is the
best location of a lightning arrester and why?
3.(a) Explain clearly with neat diagram different types of lightning arresters.
(b) State the various causes of over voltages in a power system?
4.(a) What is the importance of a ground wire in protecting power conductors
against direct lightning stroke.
(b) What is the function of surge absorber and in what way is it different from
lightning arrester?
5. a) What are the requirements of a lightning arrester?
b) Differentiate between
i) lightning arrester and lightning conductor
ii) surge diverter and a surge absorber.

18. Assignment
 Questions
UNIT-I

1. Discuss the constructional details and operation of a minimum oil circuit breaker?
2. Explain the following types of air-blast circuit breakers:
(i)axial-blast type
(ii)cross-blast type
3. Explain the following
(i)resistance switching
(ii)current chopping
(iii)recovery voltage
(iv)restriking voltage and
(v) RRRV
4. Explain the construction and operation of SF6 circuit breaker with a neat diagram.
5. With a schematic explain construction and operation of Vacuum circuit breaker.

UNIT-II
1. Describe the construction and principle of operation of an induction type directional overcurrent
relay.
2. Give the classification of relays.
3. Explain the various types of distance relays.
4. Explain percentage differential relay.

UNIT III
1. Explain with a neat diagram the application of Merz-Price circulating current principle for the
protection of alternator.
2. Describe the construction and working of a Buccholz relay.

UNIT IV
1. Explain the differential protection of bus-bars.
2. Explain the translay protection scheme for feeders.
3. Describe distance protection scheme for the protection of feeders
4. Explain the various methods of neutral grounding.

UNIT V
1. Discuss the causes of overvoltages.
2. Discuss the construction, principle and working of a valve type arrester.
3. What are the harmful effects of lightning.

19.Unit Wise Quiz Questions and long questions

 Unit 1

Answers:
1. (i) automatically (ii)remake (iii)arc (iv)natural current zeros
(v)increased (vi)extinguished (vii) some mineral oil (viii)less
(ix)air blast (x)voltage surges

2. (i)heavy (ii)independent of (iii)solid material (iv)high

Unit 2
Answers:
1. (i) fault detection (ii)instrument transformers (iii)more (iv)pick up
value (v) cannot (vi)6.25A (vii)4 (viii) primary protection fails

2. (i)electro-mechanical (ii) a.c. (iii)short circuit (iv)non-unit

Unit 3
Answers:
1. (i) circulating current system (ii)not (iii)sudden loss of load (iv)lower
(v)main tank (vi)conservator (vii)star, delta (viii)alternators (ix)gas
actuated (x)small distribution

2. (i)below (ii)earth (iii)small size (iv)less (v)generators, transformers

Unit 4
Answers:
1. (i) very (ii)bus-bars, isolating switches,circuit breakers
(iii)differential protection, fault bus protection (iv)greater length,
exposure to atmospheric conditions (v)time

2. (i)cannot (ii)voltage (iii)single (iv)differential (v)essential

Unit 5
Answers:
1. (i) lightning (ii)steep (iii)resistance switching (iv)earthing the neutral
(v)90 (vi)low (vii) close

2. (i)more (ii)direct (iii)negatively (iv)tallest object (v)ground wires

(vi)thyrite (viii)reduce

20. Tutorial Problems

 Unit 1
1. A circuit breaker is rated as 1500A, 1000MVA, 33kV, 3second, 3-phase oil circuit breaker.
Find (i) rated normal current (ii)braking capacity (iii)rated symmetrical braking current
(iv)rated making current (v)short time rating (v)short time rating (vi)rated service voltage.
2. A 50Hz, 11kV, 3-phase alternator with earthed neutral has a reactance of 5Ω/ph and is
connected to a bus-bar through a circuit breaker. The distributed capacitance upto circuit
breaker between hase and neutral in 0.01µF. Determine
(i)peak re-striking voltage across the contacts of the breaker
(ii)frequency of oscillations
(iii)the average rate of rise of re-striking voltage upto the first peak
3. In a short circuit test on a circuit breaker, the following readings were obtained on single
frequency transien:
(i)time to reach the peak re-striking voltage, 50µsec
(ii)the peak re-striking voltage, 100kV
Determine the average RRRV and frequency of oscillations

Unit 3
1. A star connected, 3phase, 10MVA, 10MVA, 6.6kV alternator has a per phase reactance of
10%. It is protected by Merz-price circulating current principle which is set to operate for
fault currents not less than 175A. Calculate the value of earthing resistance to be provided in
order to ensure that only 10% of the alternator winding remains unprotected.
2. A star connected, 3-phase, 10MVA, 6.6kV alternator is protected by Merz price circulating
current principle using 1000/5 amperes current transformers. The star point of the alternator
is earthed through a resistance of 7.5Ω. If the minimum operating current for the relay is
0.5A, calculate the percentage of each phase of the stator winding which is unprotected
against earth-faults when the machine is operating at normal voltage.

Unit 4
1. Calculate the reactance of Peterson coil suitable for a 33kV, 3-phase transmission line having
a capacitance to earth of each conductor as 4.5µF. Assume supply frequency to be 50Hz.
2. A 230kV, 3-phase, 50Hz, 200km transmission line has a capacitance to earth of 0.02µF/km
per phase. Calculate the inductance and kVA rating of the Peterson coil used for earthing the
above system.
3. A 50Hz overhead line has line to earth capacitance of 1.2µF. It is desired to use earth fault
neutralizer. Determine the reactance to neutralize the capacitance of (i)100% of the length of
the line (ii)90% of the length of the line and (iii)80% of the length of the line.

21. Known Gaps if any

Known gaps: No gaps

22. Discussion topics if any (group wise topics)

1. Impedance relays
2. Distance relays

23.References, Journals, websites and E-links

Power system operation and control by siva nagaraju

IEEE Power and Energy

IEEE Power Systems
Elsivier Power and Energy systems

http://www.energy.siemens.com/us/en/services/power-transmission-
distribution/tech-topics-application-notes.htm
www.schneider-electric.com
http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/
Electrical4u
Electrical easy
NPTEL

24. Quality measurement Sheets

a. Course end survey

b. Teaching Evaluation

25. Students List

EEE-IV(A)
Sno Roll No Name of the student
1 18R11A0201 AGALDUTY MANASA
2 18R11A0202 ARUTLA AKHIL
3 18R11A0203 BALLEM YASHWANTH KUMAR
4 18R11A0204 BANDARI KARTHIK
5 18R11A0205 BANOTH SAI KUMAR
6 18R11A0206 BATTHULA SAI SARANYA
7 18R11A0207 BATTU SRI RAM
8 18R11A0208 BILLA SAI DEEP
9 18R11A0209 BOKINALA SUSHEEL JEEVAN
10 18R11A0210 BUSHIGAMPALA SRAVANI GOUD
11 18R11A0211 BUSSA SWETHA
12 18R11A0212 C VENKATA SAUMYA
13 18R11A0213 CHALLA MAMATHA
14 18R11A0214 CHIDURALA YUKTHA SAI
15 18R11A0215 D SHRUTHI
16 18R11A0216 EPPALA ARAVINDKUMAR
17 18R11A0217 ETTABOINA MEGHANA
18 18R11A0218 GAJULA MILLEENA
19 18R11A0219 GANDRA PAVAN KUMAR REDDY
20 18R11A0220 GARSERI BHAVANI
21 18R11A0221 GOLI CHAKRADHAR REDDY
22 18R11A0222 GONE SANTHOSH KUMAR
23 18R11A0223 GOPARAPU MANIKANTA
24 18R11A0224 JAGILLAPURAM SATHISH KUMAR
25 18R11A0225 KALALI AJAY KUMAR
26 18R11A0226 KATTOJU MONESH BABU
27 18R11A0227 KOMMU MAHESH
28 18R11A0228 KOMPELLY SAI KRISHNA
29 18R11A0229 KONCHIGARI SETHUMADHAV
30 18R11A0231 KOTIKALAPUDI MADHU KAILASH
31 18R11A0232 LAGUDU AKHILA
32 18R11A0233 MADAGONI SHIVA SAI
33 18R11A0235 MEKALA SAI SURYA REDDY
34 18R11A0236 MERUGU GANESH
35 18R11A0237 MORA VISHAL
36 18R11A0238 MUDIGONDA SAI KARTHIK
37 18R11A0239 NANGUNURI VINESH
 38 18R11A0241 NUTTAKKI SRUTHI KEERTHANA
39 18R11A0242 OGURI NUMITHA DEVI
40 18R11A0243 PALLAVI CHINTALAPUDI
41 18R11A0244 PALLEPATI GURU PRIYA
RAGULAKOLLU RAGHU
42 18R11A0245 PRASHANTH
43 18R11A0246 RAJA TOMAR
44 18R11A0247 RAMINENI MAHESH
45 18R11A0248 S PARAMESH
46 18R11A0249 SABBANI SAIKIRAN
47 18R11A0251 V BHAGYASRI
48 18R11A0252 V MAHESH
49 18R11A0253 VUPPALA SRIJA
50 18R11A0254 YAGAMATI PRASANNA
51 19R15A0201 PATEL BHOOPATHI
52 19R15A0202 MALOTHU MAHENDAR
53 19R15A0203 GURRAM PRASHANTH
54 19R15A0204 MOHD HASEENA
55 19R15A0205 PODETI DEEKSHITHA GOUD
56 19R15A0206 BADDAM MANISH KUMAR GOUD
57 19R15A0207 MOHAMMAD JUNAID
58 19R15A0208 CHIRRA RAJESH
59 19R15A0209 P KHALEEL PASHA
60 19R15A0210 MOHAMMED FARDEEN ALI
61 19R15A0211 NEELI RATHAN KUMAR
62 19R15A0212 KODI KIRAN
63 19R15A0213 BODDUPALLY SHIVA PRASAD

EEE-IV(B)

Sno Roll No Name of the student

1 16R11A0240 P NAVEEN KUMAR

2 16R11A02A0 SINGAPAKA SWAPNA
3 17R11A0263 BATTURUDAVATH SUMITH KUMAR
4 17R11A0269 GODASU SANTHOSH KUMAR
5 17R11A0274 JALANDHER AVINESH
 6 18R11A0255 AARAPALLY SOWJANYA
7 18R11A0256 AKULA SANDEEP
8 18R11A0257 BAVANDLAPELLI MANIKANTA
9 18R11A0258 BHARATH VYAS KULKARNI
10 18R11A0259 BHUKYA CHANDINI
11 18R11A0260 BHUKYA LAKSHMAN
12 18R11A0261 BHUKYA PRAVEEN
13 18R11A0262 BODUKURIWAR SHIVA PRASAD
14 18R11A0263 BOGA SAI VENKATA SWAROCHISH
15 18R11A0264 BOLLAM PALSON
16 18R11A0265 BOREDDY VIJAY BHASKAR REDDY
17 18R11A0267 CHINTHAKINDI SHIVA
18 18R11A0268 CHIRABOINA RAMESH YADAV
19 18R11A0269 DASA PRANATHI
20 18R11A0270 DASARI PRANITH
21 18R11A0271 DHEERAVATH DURGA PRASAD
22 18R11A0272 DODDABOINA GAUTHAM
23 18R11A0273 ERIGI KEERTHANA
GUDIPATI SREE VENKATA SAI MANOJ
24 18R11A0274 ADI
25 18R11A0275 GORRE BHAVYA
26 18R11A0276 GUGULOTH RAJESHWARI BAI
27 18R11A0277 GUGULOTH SUJATHA
28 18R11A0278 JONNALA GADDA DATHA SAI NEERAJ
29 18R11A0279 KAMPELLI KIRITI
30 18R11A0280 KANURI YAMINI
31 18R11A0281 KATIKAM JAYASREE
32 18R11A0282 KUMMARI SAIKUMAR
33 18R11A0283 KURRA SNEHITHA
34 18R11A0284 KUTIKANTI SAI DIVYA TEJA GOUD
35 18R11A0285 MADASTU RAVINDAR
36 18R11A0286 MANDA ARJUN
37 18R11A0287 MATTA MADHU
38 18R11A0288 MEKA SRI CHANDANA
39 18R11A0290 MUNJALA PAVANKUMAR
40 18R11A0292 NALLAPARAJU VAMSHI KRISHNA
41 18R11A0293 NARAHARISETTY VAMSI KRISHNA
42 18R11A0294 NERALLA HEM SUMANTH
43 18R11A0295 PALA VARUN KUMAR
 44 18R11A0296 PALLA VANI
45 18R11A0297 POLISETTY SHEETHAL DAMAYANTHI
46 18R11A0298 POLA RAVITEJA
47 18R11A0299 PREMA RAHUL
48 18R11A02A0 SAIKAM MOKSHA SAI TARUN
49 18R11A02A1 SHENIGARAM SHRUTHI
50 18R11A02A2 VADTHYA VENKATESH
51 18R11A02A3 VELLORE INDRANEEL
52 18R11A02A5 YELLU SWETHA
53 18R11A02A6 GADDAMEDI CHANDRA LEKHA
54 19R15A0214 DAMERAUPPULA SWATHI
55 19R15A0215 MEKALA DEVIKA
56 19R15A0216 DASOHAM RAJU KUMAR
57 19R15A0217 BUSA SUGANDHI
58 19R15A0218 KATEPALLY DURGA PRASAD GOUD
59 19R15A0219 VELPULA VAMSHI
60 19R15A0220 DUGGI SAI BABU
61 19R15A0221 GUDIPALLY MAHENDER PRASAD
62 19R15A0222 SHAIK THASLEEM
63 19R15A0223 PENDEM PREM KUMAR
64 19R15A0224 YELASANI SHAILENDER

26.Groupwise Student List for Discussion Topics:

EEE-IV(A)
Sno Roll No Name of the student
GROUP1
1 18R11A0201 AGALDUTY MANASA
2 18R11A0202 ARUTLA AKHIL
3 18R11A0203 BALLEM YASHWANTH KUMAR
 4 18R11A0204 BANDARI KARTHIK
5 18R11A0205 BANOTH SAI KUMAR
GROUP2
1 18R11A0206 BATTHULA SAI SARANYA
2 18R11A0207 BATTU SRI RAM
3 18R11A0208 BILLA SAI DEEP
4 18R11A0209 BOKINALA SUSHEEL JEEVAN
5 18R11A0210 BUSHIGAMPALA SRAVANI GOUD
GROUP3
1 18R11A0211 BUSSA SWETHA
2 18R11A0212 C VENKATA SAUMYA
3 18R11A0213 CHALLA MAMATHA
4 18R11A0214 CHIDURALA YUKTHA SAI
5 18R11A0215 D SHRUTHI
GROUP4
1 18R11A0216 EPPALA ARAVINDKUMAR
2 18R11A0217 ETTABOINA MEGHANA
3 18R11A0218 GAJULA MILLEENA
4 18R11A0219 GANDRA PAVAN KUMAR REDDY
5 18R11A0220 GARSERI BHAVANI
GROUP5
1 18R11A0221 GOLI CHAKRADHAR REDDY
2 18R11A0222 GONE SANTHOSH KUMAR
3 18R11A0223 GOPARAPU MANIKANTA
4 18R11A0224 JAGILLAPURAM SATHISH KUMAR
5 18R11A0225 KALALI AJAY KUMAR
GROUP6
1 18R11A0226 KATTOJU MONESH BABU
2 18R11A0227 KOMMU MAHESH
3 18R11A0228 KOMPELLY SAI KRISHNA
4 18R11A0229 KONCHIGARI SETHUMADHAV
5 18R11A0231 KOTIKALAPUDI MADHU KAILASH
GROUP7
1 18R11A0232 LAGUDU AKHILA
2 18R11A0233 MADAGONI SHIVA SAI
3 18R11A0235 MEKALA SAI SURYA REDDY
4 18R11A0236 MERUGU GANESH
5 18R11A0237 MORA VISHAL
GROUP8
 1 18R11A0238 MUDIGONDA SAI KARTHIK
2 18R11A0239 NANGUNURI VINESH
3 18R11A0241 NUTTAKKI SRUTHI KEERTHANA
4 18R11A0242 OGURI NUMITHA DEVI
5 18R11A0243 PALLAVI CHINTALAPUDI
GROUP9
1 18R11A0244 PALLEPATI GURU PRIYA
RAGULAKOLLU RAGHU
2 18R11A0245 PRASHANTH
3 18R11A0246 RAJA TOMAR
4 18R11A0247 RAMINENI MAHESH
5 18R11A0248 S PARAMESH
GROUP10
1 18R11A0249 SABBANI SAIKIRAN
2 18R11A0251 V BHAGYASRI
3 18R11A0252 V MAHESH
4 18R11A0253 VUPPALA SRIJA
5 18R11A0254 YAGAMATI PRASANNA
GROUP11
1 19R15A0201 PATEL BHOOPATHI
2 19R15A0202 MALOTHU MAHENDAR
3 19R15A0203 GURRAM PRASHANTH
4 19R15A0204 MOHD HASEENA
5 19R15A0205 PODETI DEEKSHITHA GOUD
GROUP12
1 19R15A0206 BADDAM MANISH KUMAR GOUD
2 19R15A0207 MOHAMMAD JUNAID
3 19R15A0208 CHIRRA RAJESH
4 19R15A0209 P KHALEEL PASHA
5 19R15A0210 MOHAMMED FARDEEN ALI
GROUP13
1 19R15A0211 NEELI RATHAN KUMAR
2 19R15A0212 KODI KIRAN
3 19R15A0213 BODDUPALLY SHIVA PRASAD

EEE-IV(B)
Sno Roll No Name of the student

GROUP1
1 16R11A0240 P NAVEEN KUMAR
2 16R11A02A0 SINGAPAKA SWAPNA
3 17R11A0263 BATTURUDAVATH SUMITH KUMAR
4 17R11A0269 GODASU SANTHOSH KUMAR
5 17R11A0274 JALANDHER AVINESH
GROUP2
1 18R11A0255 AARAPALLY SOWJANYA
2 18R11A0256 AKULA SANDEEP
3 18R11A0257 BAVANDLAPELLI MANIKANTA
4 18R11A0258 BHARATH VYAS KULKARNI
5 18R11A0259 BHUKYA CHANDINI
GROUP3
1 18R11A0260 BHUKYA LAKSHMAN
2 18R11A0261 BHUKYA PRAVEEN
3 18R11A0262 BODUKURIWAR SHIVA PRASAD
4 18R11A0263 BOGA SAI VENKATA SWAROCHISH
5 18R11A0264 BOLLAM PALSON
GROUP4
1 18R11A0265 BOREDDY VIJAY BHASKAR REDDY
2 18R11A0267 CHINTHAKINDI SHIVA
3 18R11A0268 CHIRABOINA RAMESH YADAV
4 18R11A0269 DASA PRANATHI
5 18R11A0270 DASARI PRANITH
GROUP5
1 18R11A0271 DHEERAVATH DURGA PRASAD
2 18R11A0272 DODDABOINA GAUTHAM
3 18R11A0273 ERIGI KEERTHANA
GUDIPATI SREE VENKATA SAI MANOJ
4 18R11A0274 ADI
5 18R11A0275 GORRE BHAVYA
GROUP6
1 18R11A0276 GUGULOTH RAJESHWARI BAI
2 18R11A0277 GUGULOTH SUJATHA
3 18R11A0278 JONNALA GADDA DATHA SAI NEERAJ
4 18R11A0279 KAMPELLI KIRITI
 5 18R11A0280 KANURI YAMINI
GROUP7
1 18R11A0281 KATIKAM JAYASREE
2 18R11A0282 KUMMARI SAIKUMAR
3 18R11A0283 KURRA SNEHITHA
4 18R11A0284 KUTIKANTI SAI DIVYA TEJA GOUD
5 18R11A0285 MADASTU RAVINDAR
GROUP8
1 18R11A0286 MANDA ARJUN
2 18R11A0287 MATTA MADHU
3 18R11A0288 MEKA SRI CHANDANA
4 18R11A0290 MUNJALA PAVANKUMAR
5 18R11A0292 NALLAPARAJU VAMSHI KRISHNA
GROUP9
1 18R11A0293 NARAHARISETTY VAMSI KRISHNA
2 18R11A0294 NERALLA HEM SUMANTH
3 18R11A0295 PALA VARUN KUMAR
4 18R11A0296 PALLA VANI
5 18R11A0297 POLISETTY SHEETHAL DAMAYANTHI
GROUP10
1 18R11A0298 POLA RAVITEJA
2 18R11A0299 PREMA RAHUL
3 18R11A02A0 SAIKAM MOKSHA SAI TARUN
4 18R11A02A1 SHENIGARAM SHRUTHI
5 18R11A02A2 VADTHYA VENKATESH
GROUP11
1 19R15A0216 DASOHAM RAJU KUMAR
2 19R15A0217 BUSA SUGANDHI
3 19R15A0218 KATEPALLY DURGA PRASAD GOUD
4 19R15A0219 VELPULA VAMSHI
5 19R15A0220 DUGGI SAI BABU
GROUP12
1 19R15A0221 GUDIPALLY MAHENDER PRASAD
2 19R15A0222 SHAIK THASLEEM
3 19R15A0223 PENDEM PREM KUMAR
4 19R15A0224 YELASANI SHAILENDER