BASIC TAMIL

DICTIONARY
English-Tamil (this side)
Tamil-English (other side)

LOCKWOOD * laKŒD

îãPpwdT têZ îkraç

AıálM-têZ (iNtP pKkM)
têZ-AıálM (m› pKkM)
åãPpwdT têZ
îkraç
têZ-AıálM (iNtP pKkM)
AıálM-têZ (m› pKkM)

laKŒD * LOCKWOOD

BASIC TAMIL DICTIONARY

Tamil-English (this side)
English-Tamil (other side)
 Abbreviations Used
acc. = accusative (case) n. = noun, nominal
adj. = adjective obj. = objective (dat. case)
adv. = adverb opp. = opposite
agric. = agriculture p. = participle
art. = article (gram. term) p.p. = past participle
astron. = astronomy pl. = plural
bio. = biology pol. = polite (or politics)
bot. = botany poss. = possessive (case)
conj. = conjunction (gram.) pred. = predicate
dat. = dative (case) pron. = pronoun
esp. = especially reflex. = reflexive
excl. = exclusive respect. = respectful
f. = feminine (gender) v. respect. = very respectful
fam. = familiar (address) sing. = singular
gen. = general s.o. = someone
hon. = honorific (address) Spk. Tam. = spoken Tamil
incl. = inclusive sth. = something
instru. = instrumental (case) suf.= suffix
interj. = interjection temp.= temperature
interr. = interrogative v. = verb
irr. = irregular v.i. = verb instransitive
irrat. = irrational v.t. = verb transitive
m. = masculine (gender) voc. = vocative (case)
 BASIC TAMIL
DICTIONARY
English-Tamil (this side)
Tamil-English (other side)

LOCKWOOD * laKŒD

îãPpwdT têZ îkraç

AıálM-têZ (iNtP pKkM)
têZ-AıálM (m› pKkM)

i
 Tambaram Research Associates
MCC, Tambaram, Madras 600 059

Copyright © 1994: M. Lockwood

Price: Rs. 100.

______________________________________________

Typeset by T.R.A. on a Macintosh® PB145

Printed at Sudarsan Graphics, Madras 600 017
ii
 INTRODUCTION

This dictionary of ‘basic Tamil’ has been

compiled primarily for English speaking persons
who are learning Tamil – though it is hoped that
others may find it useful, too. The Tamil
vocabulary here is approximately two thousand
words. The selection of this vocabulary has been
influenced by the Voice of America’s ‘Special
English’ one-thousand-word list.

The Tamil vocabulary is given both in the

Tamil script and in transliteration. The method of
transliteration used is a modification of the system
used in the Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras).

The following table gives the letters which

are ‘initial’ vowels (i.e., vowels which begin a
word):

iii
 The Initial Vowels
î = a (the short a, as in ‘among’)
A = ä (the long ä, as in ‘alms’)
i = i (the short i, as in ‘in’)
I = ï (the long ï, as in ‘machine’)
u = u (the short u, as in ‘put’)
U = ü (the long ü, as in ‘ruby’ or ‘Zulu’)
¶ = e (the short e, as in ‘etiquette’)
´ = ë (the long ë, as in ‘étude’)
W = ai (a diphthong, as ai in ‘aisle’)
o = o (the short, clipped o, as in ‘opaque’)
O = ö (the long ö, as in ‘owe’)
o¬ = au (a diphthong, as ou in ‘ouch’)

iv
 The consonant letters K, C, D, T, P, and ‰ are
pronounced differently in different positions in a
word. At the beginning of words, the first five of
these letters are pronounced roughly as k in ‘kin’;
as s in ‘sin’; as t in ‘tin’; as th in ‘thin’ (but as a
pure plosive, with no air escaping past the tongue
at the start of the word); and as p in ‘pin’. The
consonant ‰ (˛) never begins a word.

When doubled within words, the first five of

these letters, with the exception of Cc (ccha), are
pronounced similarly. The exception, Cc (ccha) –
as in îCckM (acchagam), is pronounced approxi-
mately as the ch in ‘chum’. As transliterated in
this dictionary, ‰® (˛˛a) as in m‰® (ma˛˛a) is
pronounced approximately as tra in the word
‘tradition’ (the ˛ sound is rolled).

v
 Intervocalically, that is, with vowels in front
and back of any one of these consonant letters
(e.g., K in îkM [agam]):
- K - is pronounced as a fricative g;
- C - is pronounced as s in ‘sin’;
- D- is pronounced as d in ‘madam’;
- T - is pronounced as the voiced th in ‘mother’;
- P - is pronounced as b in ‘labor’; and
- ‰ - is pronounced with a rolled r sound.
Each of the above six consonant letters has a
related nasal:
K has ı (√) as in ‘sing’;
C has ü (ñ) as in ‘onion’;
D has B (≈), a retroflexive n;
T has N (n), a dental n, as in ‘month’;
P has M (m), as in ‘amber’; and
‰ has ˜ (π), an alveolar n.

vi
 When directly preceded by a nasal, these six
letters (k, c, d, t, p, and ®) are voiced. E.g.:
- ık - = - √ga -
- üc - = - ñja -
- Bd- = - ≈Ãa -
- Nt - = - ntha -
- Mp - = - mba -
- ˜® - = - π˛a - (the π˛ is pronounced like
the ndr in ‘undress’, with the ˛ slightly rolled)
With two exceptions, the rest of the letters
(which are semi-vowels) are relatively straight-
forward in their pronunciation:
Y (y) as in ‘yes’
R (r), a rolled r
L (l) as in ‘level’
V (v) as in ‘very’
The two exceptions are:
Z (∑), a fricative, retroflexive l quite peculiar to
Tamil and some other Dravidian languages
Ò (µ), a retroflexive l

vii
 Finally, there are in general usage six letters
borrowed from the Sanskrit Grantha alphabet
(whose sounds are fixed and do not vary according
to their position in the words):

J = j as in ‘jar’
Q = ± (a retroflexive sh sound)
S = s as in ‘sin’
H = h as in ‘hug’
X = k± (a conjunct of k and ±)
§ = ≥rï (a conjunct of ≥ and r plus the
medial vowel ï) (≥ as in ‘shame’)

viii
 The complete Tamil alphabet, in proper order,
together with the transliterated sounds associated
with each letter, is given as follows:
î a K k, g Y y
A ä ı √ R r
i i C s, ch, j L l
I ï ü ñ V v
u u D ª, Ã
U ü B≈
¶ e T th (voiced & unvoiced)
´ ë N n
W ai P p, b Z ∑
o o M m Ò µ
O ö ‰ ˛
o¬ au ˜ π
Along with each verb, appearing in this dic-
tionary in its imperative singular form, are given
in parentheses its infinitive and converbial (or
‘adverbial’ participle):
ekaƒ koÃu (ekaƒKk, ekaƒT∆)
ix
 Acknowledgments

I wish to thank Thiru M. Lakshmanan, of

Serkkadu, Walajabad, who read through several
rough drafts of this dictionary and made helpful
comments. I also wish to thank Mr. S. Rama-
krishnan for his assistance and Mrs. Usha Krishna
for going through the original final draft and
carefully checking the entries. Any anomalies are
entirely my responsibility.
I have sometimes deliberately departed from
strict alphabetical order for word-family grouping
reasons.

Tambaram M. Lockwood

• Note: A section on Food is in the middle of the book.

x
 accident (chance happening) –
A t‰ecyL
a, an (art.), one (adj.) – tha˛cheyal
oà oru accidental (adj.) –
abandon (v.t.); let go – t‰ecylaˆ
wkɃ kaiviÃu tha˛cheyaläπa
(-Éd, -ÉDƒ) accidentally (adv.) –
able (be able) (aux. v.) – t‰ecylak
…ãÀM muÃiyum tha˛cheyaläga
be unable (aux. v.) – accompany (v.t.) –
…ãya∆ muÃiyäthu ‡dPEpa küÃa-p-pö
able (adj.) – (-Epak, -EpaY)
ç®wmyaˆ thi˛amaiyäπa account(s) (n.); computation –
ability (n.) – kbK¿ ka≈akku
ç®wm thi˛amai accurate (adj.) –
abound (v.i.), be full – cíyaˆ sariyäπa
éw® ni˛ai accurately (adv.) –
(éw®y, éw®N∆) cíyak sariyäga
about (prep.), concerning – accuse (v.t.) –
p‰ó pa˛˛i ¿‰®McaDƒ ku˛˛ams䪪u
about (nearly) (adv.) – (-caDd, -caDã)
◊marak sumäräga (make) ache (v.t.), hurt –
above – vì vali
EmL mël, EmEl mëlë (vìKk, vìT∆)
accept (v.t.) – ache (v.i.), hurt –
oT∆KekaÒ otthukkoµ Ena nö
(-ekaÒ¬, -ekaBƒ) (Enak, enaN∆)
accident; calamity (n.) – ache (n.), pain –
ÉpT∆ vibatthu vì vali, EnaŒ növu

1
achievement (n.) – administration, rule –
catwˆ sädhaπai ADâ äªchi
across (prep. or adv.) – administration, management –
¿›KEk ku˛ukkë éRvakM nirvägam
act (v.); dance – admit (accept) (v.t.) –
nã naÃi (nãKk, nãT∆) oT∆KekaÒ otthukkoµ
(-ekaÒ¬, -ekaBƒ)
act (v.); do –
admit (v.t.), get admitted –
ecY sey (ecYy, ecY∆)
îfimç aπumathi
action (n.) – (îfimçKk, îfimçT∆)
ecyL seyal admit (v.t.) –
actor (in drama) – EcR sër
nãkR naÃigar (EcRKk, EcRT∆)
actually (adv.) – be admitted (v.i.) –
uBwmyak u≈maiyäga EcR sër (Ecr, EcRN∆)
add (v.t.); join – adult (n.); elder –
EcR sër (EcRKk, EcRT∆) vy∆vNEtaR
add (v.t.); gather up; collect – vayathu-vanthör
‡Dƒ küªªu (‡Dd, ‡Dã) advance (money); deposit –
addition (n.) (in arithmetic) – …˜pbM muπpa≈am
‡DdL küªªal give an advance –
address (of residence) – …˜pbM ekaƒ
…kví mugavari muπpa≈am koÃu
adjust (v.) – (- ekaƒKk, - ekaƒT∆)
cípƒT∆ saripaÃutthu advance (v.), progress –
(-pƒTt, -pƒTç) …˜Eˆ› muππë˛u
adjustment (n.) – (…˜Eˆ®, …˜Eˆó)
cípƒT∆tL advice (n.) –
saripaÃutthuthal »Tç(mç) buddhi(mathi)

2
advise (v.t.) – frightful (adj.) –
»Tç(mç) ecaL pyıkrmaˆ
buddhi(mathi) sol paya√garamäπa
(- ecaLl, - ecaLì) frightfully (adv.) –
affair, matter – pyıkrmak
kaíyM käriyam paya√garamäga
affect (v.t.) – after (adv.), then –
paç päthi îP»®M appu˛am
(paçKk, paçT∆) after (beyond in space) –
affection, kindness, love – îP»®M appu˛am
 aπbu after –
affectionate, kind, loving – kïT∆ ka∑itthu
î˜paˆ aπbäπa after (time); above –
affectionately, lovingly – è˜ piπ, 蘻 piπbu,
î˜pak aπbäga è˜Eˆ piππë,
be afraid (v.); fear – 蘈aL piππäl,
îü◊ añju 蘈aEl piππälë
(îüc, îüâ) afternoon (n.) –
be afraid (v.) – è‰pkL pi˛pagal
pyNçà payanthiru afterwards –
(-iÃKk, -iÃN∆) è‰paƒ pi˛päÃu,
afraid (adj.), fearful – 访 pi˛agu
îüây añjiya, again (adv.) –
pyNt payantha, m›pãÀM ma˛upaÃiyum,
îCcmaˆ acchamäπa, ∂BƒM mï≈Ãum
pymaˆ payamäπa again and again (adv.) –
something frightful (n.) – îãKkã aÃikkaÃi,
pyıkrM paya√garam pl…w® palamu˛ai

3
against (adv.), opposed to – agriculture (n.) –
ma®ak mä˛äga, ÉvcayM vivasäyam,
¶çrak ethiräga Ev¬aBwm vëµä≈mai
age (years old) – aid (n.) –
vy∆ vayathu utÉ uthavi
era (n.) – aid (v.t.) –
kalM kälam utÉ ecY uthavi sey
agitate (v.t.); move; shake – (- ecYy, - ecY∆)
îwc asai aim (v.t.), to point at –
(îwcKk, îwcT∆) ¿ópaR ku˛ipär
be agitated; move; shake (v.) – (-paRKk, -paRT∆)
îwc asai aim (n.), purpose, goal –
(îwcy, îwcN∆)
¿ó ku˛i,
agitate (emotionally) (v.t.) –
klK¿ kalakku (ecyL) EnaKkM
(klKk, klKá) (seyal) nökkam
be agitated (emot.) (v.i.) – air (n.), wind –
klı¿ kala√gu ka‰› k䲲u
(klık, klıá) airport (n.) –
ago (adv.) – Émaˆ éwlyM
…˜» muπbu vimäπa nilaiyam
agree (v.) – alarm (n.), state of alarm –
cMmç sammathi pyM payam,
(cMmçKk, cMmçT∆) îCcM accham
agree with (v.) – be alarmed (v.i.), frightened –
oT∆KekaÒ otthukkoµ çƒKრthiÃukkiÃu
(-ekaÒ¬, -ekaBƒ) (çƒKád, çƒKáDƒ)
agreement (n.); contract – alas! (interj.) –
oPpNtM oppantham WEya aiyö

4
alas!, misfortune; sin – alms (n.) –
pavM pävam èCwc picchai
alike (adv.) – alone; unique; sole –
oPpak oppäga, tò thaπi,
EpaEl pölë tòyak thaπiyäga,
alive – tòyaˆ thaπiyäπa
uëÃd˜ uyiruÃaπ, alone (only) –
uëR uÒ¬ uyir uµµa mDƒM maªªum
all, all kinds of – along side (prep.) –
¶Lla ellä, pKkTçL pakkatthil
¶LlaÉtmaˆ along with (prep.) –
ellävithamäπa ‡d küÃa, ud˜ uÃaπ
all (things) (n.) – all along (adv.) –
¶LlaM elläm enƒk neÃuga
all (people) (n.) – a lot of (adj.) –
¶LlaÃM ellärum, éw®y ni˛aiya
¶LElaÃM ellörum aloud (adv.) –
all (whole) (n.) –
cTtmak satthamäga
already (adv.); before –
…¤v∆M mu∑uvathum
…˜Ep muπbë,
allow (v.t.); leave; let go –
Ƀ viÃu (Éd, ÉDƒ) …˜ˆEm muππamë
also (adv.); even –
allow (v.t.), permit –
-uM -um, -‡d -küÃa
îfimç aπumathi although (conj.) –
(îfimçKk, îfimçT∆)
¶˜®aÕM eπ˛älum,
almost (adv.) –
iÃNtEpa∆M
áDdTtDd kiªªatthaªªa, irunthapöthum
ekaücM ¿w®y always (adv.); whenever –
koñjam ku˛aiya ¶PEpa∆M eppöthum

5
always; forever – and (conj.) –
¶˜›M eπ˛um -uM ... -uM -um ... -um,
always; ever – m‰›M ma˛˛um
¶˜w®K¿M eπ˛aikkum anger (n.) –
ambassador (n.) – EkapM köbam
ÁtR dhüthar be angry (v.i.) –
ambition (n.) – Ekapmak iÃ
köbamäga iru
»kzaRvM puga∑ärvam, (- iÃKk, - iÃN∆)
EpraRvM përärvam anger (make angry) (v.t.) –
EkapÎDƒ köbamüªªu
amend (v.t.), emend; correct –
çÃT∆ thirutthu (-UDd, -UDã)
(çÃTt, çÃTç) angry (adj.) –
among (prep.) – Ekap…Ò¬ köbamuµµa
uÒ uµ, uÒE¬ uµµë, angrily (adv.) –
iwdëL iÃaiyil, Ekapmak köbamäga
iwdEy iÃaiyë angle (n.); corner –
EkabM kö≈am
amount (n.), measure; limit –
animal (n.) –
 aµavu êÃkM mirugam,
amount (n.); anthology –
èraõ pirä≈i
etawk thogai anklet (silver) (n.) –
ekaÕ◊ kolusu
amplification (n.); details –
ÉvrM vivaram anniversary (n.) –
anarchy (n.) – ABƒ Éza ä≈Ãu vi∑ä
¿zPpM ku∑appam announce (v.t.) –
ancient (adj.) – îóÉ a˛ivi
eta˜wmyaˆ (îóÉKk, îóÉT∆)
thoπmaiyäπa, announcement (n.) –
pzwmyaˆ pa∑amaiyäπa îóÉP» a˛ivippu

6
another (of the same) (adj.) – ant (n.) –
i˜eˆaà iππoru ¶›M» e˛umbu
another (different) (adj.) – antiquity (n.) –
Ev® vë˛a, pzwm pa∑amai,
Eve®aà vë˛oru ÈRvkalM pürvakälam
another (of the same) (adj.) – any (adj. & pron.) –
m‰® ma˛˛a, m› ma˛u, ´tav∆ ëthävathu,
m‰e®aà ma˛˛oru ´EtfiM ëthëπum,
another (person) – ¶∆ŒM ethuvum,
m‰®vR ma˛˛avar, yaetaà yäthoru
Eve®aÃvR vë˛oruvar anybody (pron.), anyone –
another (thing) (n.) – yarav∆ yärävathu,
Eve®a˜› vë˛oπ˛u ¶vErfiM evarëπum
answer (n.), reply – anyone (pron.), everyone –
pçL bathil, yaÃM yärum
m›emaï ma˛umo∑i nobody (pron.) –
answer (in exam.) (n.), reply – yaÃM iLwl
Éwd viÃai yärum illai
answer (verbally) (v.) – anyhow (adv.) –
m›emaï ecaL ¶PpãEyfiM
ma˛umo∑i sol eppaÃiyëπum
(- ecaLl, - ecaLì); anything (pron.) –
Éwd ecaL viÃai sol; yaEtfiM yäthëπum
pçL ecaL bathil sol anything (pron.), whichever –
answer (in writing) (v.) – ¶∆ŒM ethuvum
pçL ¶¤∆ anyway (adv.) –
bathil e∑uthu ¶PpãyaëfiM
(- ¶¤t, - ¶¤ç) eppaÃiyäyiπum

7
anywhere (adv.), somewhere – appointment (n.) –
¶ıEkyav∆ e√gëyävathu éymˆM niyamaπam,
anywhere (adv.), wherever – cNçP» santhippu
¶ıEkÀM e√gëyum approach (v.i.); reach; get –
apologize, ask forgiveness – îwd aÃai
m˜òP» EkÒ (îwdy, îwdN∆)
maππippu këµ approach; reach; join with –
(- EkDk, - EkDƒ) EcR sër (Ecr, EcRN∆)
apology (n.), asking forgive. – approach (v.i.) –
m˜òP» EkDdL enÃı¿ neru√gu
maππippu k몪al (enÃık, enÃıá)
appeal (for help) (v.) – approval (n.) –
…w®ëƒ mu˛aiyiÃu cMmtM sammatham
(…w®ëd, …w®ëDƒ) approve (v.t.) –
appeal (n.) – cMmç sammathi
EvBƒekaÒ vë≈Ãukoµ (cMmçKk, cMmçT∆);
(-ekaÒ¬, -ekaBƒ) cMmtM etíÉ
appear (v.); seem – sammatham therivi
Eta˜› thöπ˛u (- etíÉKk, - etíÉT∆)
(Eta˜®, Eta˜ó) approximately (adv.) –
appearance (n.); scene – ◊maR sumär,
Eta‰®M thö˛˛am, áDdTtDd kiªªatthaªªa
kaDâ käªchi area; region; portion –
appoint (v.t.) –
p¿ç paguthi,
éyê niyami prP» parappu,
(éyêKk, éyêT∆) élPp¿ç nilappaguthi,
appoint (to a job) (v.t.) – prPpzŒ parappa∑avu
EvwlKkmRT∆ argue (v.) –
vëlaikkamartthu vataƒ väthäÃu
(-îmRTt, -îmRTç) (vatad, vataã)

8
argument (n.) – arrival (n.) –
(É)vatM (vi)vätham, vÃwk varugai,
vataƒtL väthäÃuthal vÃtL varuthal
arm (n.); hand – arrogance (n.) –
wk kai kRvM garvam
trunk (elephant) (n.) – arrogant (adj.) –
∆çKwk thuthi-k-kai kRvmaˆ garvamäπa
army (n.); troops; force – arrogantly (adv.) –
pwd paÃai kRvmak garvamäga
around – art (n.) –
◊‰ó su˛˛i, kwl kalai, OÉyM öviyam
◊‰óÕM su˛˛ilum âTçrM chitthiram
arrange (v.t.) – artist (n.) –
o¤ı¿ ecY o∑u√gu sey OÉyR öviyar,
(- ecYy, - ecY∆); âTçrKkarR
´‰paƒ ecY ë˛päÃu sey; chitthirakkärar
cíPpƒT∆ sarippaÃutthu as (conj.) –
(-pƒTt, -pƒTç) pãyaL paÃiyäl,
arrangement, preparation – AˆpãyaL äπapaÃiyäl,
´‰paƒ ë˛päÃu AwkyaL ägaiyäl
arrest (stop) (v.t.) – as, in accordance with –
é›T∆ ni˛utthu pãEy paÃiyë
(é›Tt, é›Tç)
as, like –
arrest (take into custody) –
wk∆ ecY kaithu sey maçí mäthiri,
(- ecYy, - ecY∆) îPpãEy appaÃiyë
arrive (v.i.) – ascend (v.i.), go up –
vN∆ EcR vanthu sër EmEl ecL mëlë sel
(- Ecr, - EcRN∆) (- ecLl, - ec˜›)

9
ascend (v.i.), enter (vehicle) – astonish (v.) –
´› ë˛u (´®, ´ó) ACcíyÎDƒ
ash (n.) – äcchariyamüªªu
caMpL sämbal (-UDd, -UDã)
astonishment (n.) –
ask: listen; obey (v.) –
EkÒ këµ (EkDk, EkDƒ) ACcíyM äcchariyam
astonishing (adj.) –
asleep (adv.) –
ÁKkmak thükkamäga ACcíymaˆ
äcchariyamäπa
assemble (v.i.) – astonishingly (adv.) –
‡Dƒ küªªu ACcíymak
(‡Dd, ‡Dã) äcchariyamäga
assist (v.) – at (prep.) –
utÉ ecY uthavi sey -iL -il
(- ecYy, - ecY∆)
atmosphere (n.) –
assistance (n.), help – ‚Zéwl sü∑nilai
utÉ uthavi atom (n.) –
assistant (n.), helper – î≈ a≈u
utÉya¬R uthaviyäµar,
attack (v.t.) –
association; corpn.; pol. party –
kzkM ka∑agam taK¿ thäkku (taKk, taKá)
attack (n.) –
association, society, union – taK¿tL thäkkuthal,
cıkM sa√gam ¶çRP» ethirppu
m˜®M maπ˛am attempt (n.); effort –
assurance (n.) – …y‰â muya˛chi
u›ç u˛uthi attempt (v.) –
assure (v.) – …y‰â ecY
u›ç ecY u˛uthi sey muya˛chi sey
(- ecYy, - ecY∆) (- ecYy, - ecY∆)

10
attend, wait on, look after – awaken (someone else) (v.t.) –
kvò kavaπi ¶¤P» e∑uppu
(kvòKk, kvòT∆) (¶¤Pp, ¶¤Pè)
attention (n.), heeding – away –
kvˆM kavaπam Élá vilagi,
pay attention (v.) – Ár dhüra,
kvò kavaπi etawlÉL tholaivil
(kvòKk, kvòT∆) B
aunt (n.), father’s sister; baby (n.); child –
mother’s brother’s wife –
îTwt atthai ¿zNwt ku∑anthai
back (of one’s body) –
aunt (n.) – …∆¿ muthugu
maê mämi back (general) (n.) –
author; editor; teacher – è˜ piπ,
AâíyR äsiriyar 蘻®M piπpu˛am
authority; power; command – back(ward) (adv.) –
îçkarM athikäram è˜ piπ, çÃMè thirumbi,
authoritative (adj.) – çÃPè thiruppi (w/ v.t.)
îçkarmaˆ bad (adj.); spoiled –
athikäramäπa ekDd keªªa
authoritatively (adv.) – bad man (n.) –
îçkarmak ekDdv˜ keªªavaπ
athikäramäga bad (situation, etc.) (n.) –
avoid (v.t.); abstain from – EmacM mösam
tÉR thavir bad (adj.) –
(tÉRKk, tÉRT∆) Emacmaˆ mösamäπa
awake (v.i.); get up; emerge – bag (n.) –
¶¤ e∑u (¶z, ¶¤N∆) wp pai

11
baggage (n.) – bank (shore) (n.) –
cama˜ sämäπ kwr karai
balance (v.t.); compare – bank (financial) (n.) –
cmélyaK¿ vıá va√gi
samanilayäkku bar (to block) (v.t.) –
(-AKk, -AKá) tƒ thaÃu
balance (remainder) (n.) – (tƒKk, tƒT∆)
∂ç mïthi, êCcM miccham bar (rod) (n.) –
ball (n.) – tã thaÃi,
pN∆ panthu kMè kambi
ballot (n.) – barber (n.) –
vaK¿CØDƒ väkkucch着u îMpDd˜ ambaªªaπ,
ban (v.t.) – naÉt˜ nävithaπ
twd ecY thaÃai sey bark (of a dog) (n.) –
(- ecYy, - ecY∆) ¿wl(TtL) kulai(tthal)
ban (n.) – bark (v.i.) –
twd thaÃai ¿wl kulai
ban order (n.) – (¿wlKk, ¿wlT∆)
twd uTtrŒ base (n.), bottom; foot; step –
thaÃai uttharavu îã aÃi
banana (n.) – base (n.), bottom –
vawz vä∑ai îãPpKkM aÃi-p-pakkam
banana (mature fruit) – baseless (adj.) –
vawzPpzM karbM iLlat
vä∑ai-p-pa∑am kära≈am illätha
bangle (n) – basic (adj.) –
vw¬yL vaµaiyal îãPpwdyaˆ
bracelet (n.) – aÃippaÃaiyäπa,
kaP» käppu îãPpwd aÃippaÃai

12
basket (n.) – beach (n.) –
‡wd küÃai kwr karai
bat (animal) (n.) – sea-shore (n.) –
ev¬vaL vauväl kd‰kwr kaÃa˛-karai
bath (n.) – beak (bird’s) –
¿ñyL kuµiyal îl¿ alagu,
bathe (oneself) (v.i.) – (p®wv) ÎK¿
¿ñ kuµi (pa˛avai) mükku
(¿ñKk, ¿ñT∆) bear (v.t.); give birth –
bathe (another) (v.t.) – ep› pe˛u (ep®, ep‰›)
¿ñPpaDƒ kuµipp䪪u bear (animal) (n.) –
(¿ñPpaDd, ¿ñPpaDã) krã karaÃi
bathing room (n.) – beard (n.) –
¿ñyL îw® taã dhäÃi
kuµiyal a˛ai beat (v.t.), hit –
battle (n.); war – îã aÃi
EpaR pör (îãKk, îãT∆)
battle (v.) – beauty (n.) –
cBwd iƒ îz¿ a∑agu
sa≈Ãai iÃu beautiful (adj.) –
(- id, - iDƒ); îzkaˆ a∑agäπa,
cBwd Epaƒ îzáy a∑agiya
sa≈Ãai pöÃu because (conj.), for –
(- Epad, - EpaDƒ)
be (v.i.); become –
´eˆ˜®aL ëπeπ˛äl
just because of that –
A(¿) ä(gu) (Ak, Aá/AY)
îtˆaLta˜
be (v.i.); stay, wait – athaπälthäπ
ià iru on account of; as –
(iÃKk, iÃN∆) karbmak kära≈amäga

13
become (v.i.); be – begin (v.i.) –
A(¿) ä(gu) etadı¿ thoÃa√gu
(Ak, Aá/AY) (etadık, etadıá)
bed (with mattress) – begin (v.t.) –
pƒKwk paÃukkai ArMè ärambi
cot (without mattress) – (ArMèKk, ArMèT∆)
kDãL kaªªil beginning (n.) –
bee (n.) – ArMpM ärambam
Etæ thëπï beginning (n. or adj.); first –
beetle (n.) – …tL muthal
vBƒ va≈Ãu behave; happen; walk –
before (in space); opposite – nd naÃa (ndKk, ndN∆)
¶çR ethir, ¶çEr ethirë behavior (n.), conduct –
before (in time); already – ndvãKwk naÃavaÃikkai,
´‰kˆEv ë˛kaπavë, ndTwt naÃatthai
…Nç munthi behind (prep.) –
before, formerly – è˜ piπ,
…˜ muπ, 蘈aL piππäl,
…˜» muπbu, 蘻®M piπpu˛am
…˜Eˆ muππë, being (n.) –
…˜ˆaL muππäl, iÃTtL irutthal
…˜ˆaEl muππälë
belief; confidence; hope –
beg (v.) –
nMèKwk nambikkai
èCwc EkÒ picchai këµ
(- EkDk, - EkDƒ) believe (v.), trust –
beggar (n.) – nM» nambu (nMp, nMè)
èCwcKkar˜ bell; hour (of the day) –
picchaikkäraπ mõ ma≈i

14
belong (v.t.) – better (adj.) –
ecaNtmaëà Emlaˆ mëläπa
sonthamäyiru between (prep.) –
(-iÃKk, -iÃN∆) iwdëL iÃaiyil,
belonging to (adj.) –
EcRNt sërntha mTçëL matthiyil
below; eastern – beyond; moreover; then –
≠Z kï∑ îP»®M appu˛am
bemoaning (n.); mourning – beyond (space); after (time) –
»lMpL pulambal îPpaL appäl
benefit (n.); welfare – big (adj.); important –
nlM nalam, n˜wm naπmai epíy periya
benefit (v.t.) – bind (v.t.); tie; build –
n˜wm ecY naπmai sey kDƒ kaªªu
(- ecYy, - ecY∆) (kDd, kDã)
beside (prep.), next – bundle (n.) –
pKkTçL pakkatthil kDƒ kaªªu
besides; moreover – bird (n.) –
EmÕM mëlum p®wv pa˛avai,
best (adj.) –
(êkC)â®Nt ¿ÃÉ kuruvi
(migac)chi˛antha, birth (n.) –
uTtm(maˆ) è®P» pi˛appu
utthama(mäπa) bite (v.t.); chew –
betray (v.t.); reveal – kã kaÃi
vücwˆ ecY (kãKk, kãT∆)
vañjaπai sey bitter (adj.) –
(- ecYy, - ecY∆); kcPpaˆ kasappäπa
kaDãKekaƒ k䪪ikkoÃu bitterness (n.) –
(-ekaƒKk, -ekaƒT∆) kcP» kasappu

15
black (adj.) – blessing (n.) –
k›Ppaˆ ka˛uppäπa, AØRvatM äsïrvätham
k›wmyaˆ ka˛umaiyäπa, blind (adj.) –
kóy ka˛iya ¿ÃDƒ kuruªªu,
blackness (n.) – ¿Ãdaˆ kuruÃäπa
k›P» ka˛uppu blindly (adv.) –
blame (n.); fault; revenge – ¿ÃDƒTtˆmak
pï pa∑i, ¿‰®M ku˛˛am kuruªªutthaπamäga
blame (v.t.) – blindness (n.) –
pï pa∑i (pïKk, pïT∆); ¿Ãƒ kuruÃu,
¿‰®M caDƒ ku˛˛am s䪪u kB etíyamL
(- caDd, - caDã) ka≈ theriyämal
blank (n.), emptiness – blind person (n.) –
ev›wm ve˛umai, ¿ÃdR kuruÃar
kaì gäli block (to stop) (v.t.) –
blank (adj.), empty – tƒ thaÃu (tƒKk, tƒT∆)
ev›M ve˛um blood (n.) –
blanket (n.) – rTtM rattham
kMpñ kambaµi bloom (n.), blossom –
bleed (v.i.) – mlR malar, È pü
rTtM vã rattham vaÃi blouse (worn with saree) –
(- vãy, - vãN∆)
bleeding (excessive) (n.) –
rÉKwk ravikkai,
rTtPEpaK¿ Ecañ chöµi
rattha-p-pökku blouse (western style) –
bless (v.t.) – cDwd saªªai
AØRvç äsïrvathi blow (n.); stroke; thunder –
(AØRvçKk, AØRvçT∆) iã iÃi

16
blow (as wind) (v.) – boldness (n.) –
îã aÃi (îãKk, îãT∆) wtíyM dhairiyam
blue (n.), dark blue – bone (n.) –
¥lM nïlam ¶ÕM» elumbu
blue (adj.) – book (n.) –
¥l nïla ËL nül,
board (n.), plank – »TtkM putthagam
plwk palagai (»StkM pusthakam)
boat (n.) – border (n.); shore –
pd¿ paÃagu, kwr karai, OrM öram
OdM öÃam, border (n.); limit; extent –
Etaõ thö≈i ¶Lwl ellai
born (be); be issued –
ship (n.) – è® pi˛a (è®Kk, è®N∆)
kPpL kappal borrow (take a loan) (v.) –
body (n.) – kd˜ vaı¿
udL uÃal kaÃaπ vä√gu
boil (v.t.) – (- vaık, - vaıá)
ekaçKkPpDãà boss (n.), master, lord –
kothikkappaªªiru ¶jma˜ ejamäπ,
(-iÃKk, -iÃN∆) …tlañ muthaläµi,
be boiled (v.i.) – twlvR thalaivar
ekaç kothi both (adj. & pron.) –
(ekaçKk, ekaçT∆) irBƒ(M) ira≈Ãu(m)
bold (adj.) – bottle (n.) –
wtíymaˆ »Dã puªªi
dhairiyamäπa bottom; foot; step –
boldly (adv.) – îã(PpKkM)
wtíymak dhairiyamäga aÃi(-p-pakkam)

17
bottom (adj.) – a breaking open (n.) –
taZNt thä∑ntha uwdP» uÃaippu
bow (to) (v.); worship – breath; life; vowel –
vbı¿ va≈a√gu uëR uyir
(vbık, vbıá) breath (n.); life –
box (n.) – ÎC◊ mücchu
epDã peªªi breathe (v.) –
boy (n.) – ÎC◊Ƀ mücchuviÃu
wpy˜ paiyaπ (-Éd, -ÉDƒ)
bracelet (n.) – brevity (n.) –
kaP» käppu ◊ÃKkM surukkam
brain (n.) – brick (n.) –
Îw¬ müµai ecıkL se√gal
brass (n.) – bride (n.) –
èTtw¬ pitthaµai mbmkÒ ma≈a-magaµ,
brave (adj.) – mbPepB ma≈a-p-pe≈,
™rmaˆ vïramäπa kLyabPepB
bravery (n.) – kalyä≈a-p-pe≈
™rM vïram bridegroom (n.) –
bread (n.) – mbmk˜ ma≈a-magaπ,
eraDã roªªi maPèÒw¬ mäppiµµai
breadth (n.) – bridal couple (n.) –
îklM agalam mbmKkÒ
break (v.t.) – ma≈a-makkaµ
uwd uÃai bridge (n.) –
(uwdKk, uwdT∆) palM pälam
break (be broken) (v.i.) –
uwd uÃai brief (adj.) –
(uwdy, uwdN∆) ◊ÃKkmaˆ surukkamäπa

18
briefly (adv.) – brother (general term) –
◊ÃKkmak surukkamäga cEkatr˜ sagötharaπ
bright (adj.); clear – elder brother –
èrkacmaˆ pirakäsamäπa îBb˜ a≈≈aπ
oñmymaˆ oµimayamäπa younger brother –
brighten (v.) –
tMè thambi
èrkacPpƒT∆ brow (eyebrow) –
pirakäsappaÃutthu »ÃvM buruvam
(-pƒTt, -pƒTç) brown (n.) –
brightness (n.) – p¤P» pa∑uppu
èrkacM pirakäsam brown (adj.) –
bright (adj.) – p¤P» é®maˆ
pa∑uppu ni˛amäπa
èrkacmaˆ pirakäsamäπa bucket (n.) ‘pKekD’ –
brightly (adv.) – vañ väµi
èrkacmak pirakäsamäga buffalo (n.) –
brilliant (adj.) – ¶Ãwm(maƒ)
èrkac…Ò¬ erumai(mäÃu)
pirakäsamuµµa build (v.t.); bind –
bring (v.t.) – kDƒ kaªªu
ekaBƒ va ko≈Ãu vä (kDd, kDã)
(- vr, - vN∆) building (n.), construction –
bring down (v.t.); lower – kDãdM kaªªiÃam
i®K¿ i˛akku bull (n.) –
(i®Kk, i®Ká) kaw¬ käµai
broad (adj.) – bullock (n.); ox –
îklmaˆ agalamäπa ¶Ã∆ eruthu
broom (n.) – bullock cart (n.) –
∆wdPpM thuÃaippam maDƒvBã m䪪u-va≈Ãi

19
bundle (n.) – busy (adj.) –
kDƒ kaªªu (of sticks), ◊›◊›Ppaˆ
ÎDwd müªªai (of cloth) su˛usu˛uppäπa,
burn (v.t.); heat – îÕvÕÒ¬ aluvaluµµa,
¶í eri (¶íKk, ¶íT∆) …y‰âyaˆ
burn (v.i.); glow; be angry – muya˛chiyäπa
¶í eri (¶íy, ¶íN∆) but (conj.) –
AˆaL änäl
burn (v.t.); scorch –
butter (n.) –
≥Y thïy (≥YKk, ≥YT∆)
evBebY ve≈≈ey
be burned (v.i.); be scorched –
buttermilk (n.) –
≥Y thïy (≥y, ≥YN∆) EmaR mör
burst (v.t.) – buy (v.t.); get; receive –
evã veÃi vaı¿ vä√gu
(evãKk, evãT∆) (vaık, vaıá)
burst (n.) – by, by way of; through –
evãP» veÃippu -AL -äl,
bury (v.t.) – vïyaL va∑iyäl,
»wt puthai vïyak va∑iyäga,
(»wtKk, »wtT∆) pKkTçL pakkatthil
be buried (v.i.) –
»wt puthai C
(»wty, »wtN∆) calamity; accident; danger –
bus (n.) – ÉpT∆ vibatthu,
‘pS’ bas ApT∆ äbatthu
business (n.); trade – calf (young animal) –
ÉyaparM viyäbäram k˜›(K¿Dã)
võkM va≈igam kaπ˛u(-k-kuªªi)

20
call (v.t.); invite – candidate (n.) –
îwz a∑ai EvDpa¬R vëªpäµar
(îwzKk, îwzT∆) capital (city) (n.) –
call (v.t.); shout – twlnkR thalai-nagar
‡Pèƒ küppiÃu captive (n.) –
(‡Pèd, ‡PèDƒ) wkç kaithi
call on (v.t.), visit – capture (v.t.), catch –
ec˜› paR seπ˛u pär èã piÃi (èãKk, èãT∆)
(- paRKk, - paRT∆);
capture (n.) –
EpaYPpaR pöy-p-pär èãTtL piÃitthal
(-paRKk, -paRT∆)
car(t) (n.); vehicle –
calm (n.) –
îwmç amaithi vBã va≈Ãi
care (n.); concern, worry –
calm (adj.) –
îwmçyaˆ amaithiyäπa kvwl kavalai
care (v.i.) –
calm down (v.i.); obey –
îdı¿ aÃa√gu kvwlPpƒT∆
kavalaippaÃutthu
(îdık, îdıá) (-pƒTt, -pƒTç)
camel (n.) – take care (v.i.) –
oDdkM oªªagam kvò kavaπi
can (aux. v.) – (kvòKk, kvòT∆)
…ãÀM muÃiyum care (n.), heed –
can’t (aux. v.) – kvˆM kavaπam
…ãya∆ muÃiyäthu careful (adj.) –
cancel (v.t.) – kvˆmaˆ kavaπamäπa
rT∆ ecY ratthu sey carefully (adv.) –
(- ecYy, - ecY∆) kvˆmak kavaπamäga
cancer (n.) – carpenter (n.) –
»‰›EnaY pu˛˛u-nöy tCc˜ thacchaπ

21
carry (away) (v.t.) –
ekaBƒ Epa ko≈Ãu pö
(- Epak, - EpaY)
car(t) (n.); vehicle –
vBã va≈Ãi
cash (change); paise –
ka◊ käsu
cash (money) (n.) –
pbM pa≈am
caste (n.) –
jaç jäthi
cat (n.) –
Èwˆ püπai
catch (v.t.); capture –
èã piÃi (èãKk, èãT∆)
cattle (cows, bulls, oxen,
goats & sheep) –
Aƒ maƒ äÃu mäÃu
cows, bulls, & oxen (only) –
maƒ mäÃu
goats & sheep (only) –
Aƒ äÃu
cause (n.); reason –
karbM kära≈am
cause (v.t.) –
karbma¿ kära≈amägu
(-Ak, -Aá)
cease (v.i.); become tired –
OY öy (Oy, OYN∆)
22
cease (hunger, etc.); end –
¥ı¿ nï√gu (¥ık, ¥ıá)
celebrate (v.) –
ekaBdaƒ ko≈ÃäÃu
(ekaBdad, ekaBdaã)
celebration (n.) –
ekaBdaDdM ko≈Ã䪪am
Éza vi∑ä
center; middle –
nƒ naÃu (n.),
mTç matthi (n.),
nƒEv naÃuvë (prep.),
nƒÉL naÃuvil (prep.)
center (as an institution) (n.) –
wmyM maiyam
central (adj.) –
nƒ(vaˆ) naÃu(väπa),
wmymaˆ maiyamäπa,
mTçy matthiya
century (n.) –
ˉ®aBƒ nü˛˛ä≈Ãu
ceremony (n.) –
cdı¿ saÃa√gu,
ekaBdaDdM
ko≈Ã䪪am
certain (adj.); definite –
kDdaymaˆ kaªªäyamäπa,
éCcymaˆ nicchayamäπa
certainly (adv.) – change (coins) (n.) –
kDdayM/-Ak âLlw® silla˛ai
kaªªäyam/-äga, change (v.i.) –
éCcyM/-Ak ma› mä˛u (ma®, maó)
nicchayam/-äga change (v.t.); exchange –
certainty (n.); necessity – ma‰› m䲲u
îvâyM avasiyam (ma‰®, ma‰ó)
certainty; firmness, strength – change (n.); transformation –
u›ç u˛uthi ma›tL mä˛uthal,
certainty; compulsion – ma‰®M m䲲am
kDdayM kaªªäyam chapter (book); authority –
certainty (n.); truth – îçkarM athikäram
éCcyM nicchayam character (story; play); pot –
chair (n.) –
paTçrM pätthiram
na‰kaì nä˛käli behavior (character) (n.) –
ndTwt naÃatthai
chairman/person (n.); leader –
character; quality; health –
twlvR thalaivar ¿bM gu≈am
champion (n.) –
charge (v.t.); accuse –
™r˜ vïraπ, ¿‰®McaDƒ ku˛˛ams䪪u
ejëPpv˜ jeyippavaπ (-caDd, -caDã)
chance (n.); unexpected event – charge (fee, fare) (n.) –
t‰ecyL tha˛cheyal kDdbM kaªªa≈am
chance (adj.); accidental – chase (v.t.), pursue –
t‰ecylaˆ ∆rT∆ thuratthu
tha˛cheyaläπa (∆rTt, ∆rTç);
by chance (adv.); accidentally – ∆rTçCecL
t‰ecylak thuratthi-c-chel
tha˛cheyaläga (-ecLl, -ec˜›)

23
chase (v.); follow – chicken (n.) –
è˜etadR piπthoÃar Ekaï(K¿ü◊)
(-etadr, -etadRN∆) kö∑i(-k-kuñju)
cheap (adj.) – chief (adj.) –
mìvaˆ maliväπa …Káy mukkiya,
cheapness (n.) – twlwmyaˆ
mìŒ malivu thalaimaiyäπa,
cheat (v.t.) – …t˜wmyaˆ
´ma‰› ëm䲲u muthaπmaiyäπa
(´ma‰®, ´ma‰ó); child(ren) (n.) –
vüâ vañji èÒw¬ piµµai
(vüâKk, vüâT∆) child (n.); baby –
cheating (n.) – ¿zNwt ku∑anthai
vücwˆ vañjaπai children (pl. n. only) –
check (v.t.), examine – pcıkÒ pasa√gaµ
píEcaç parisöthi little ones (n.) –
(píEcaçKk, píEcaçT∆) â›vR si˛uvar
check-up (n.); med. exam – chillies, red pepper –
píEcatwˆ parisöthaπai ê¬kaY miµagäy
cheer (up someone) (v.t.) – chin (n.) –
máZÉ magi∑vi EmavaY möväy
(máZÉKk, máZÉT∆) choice (n.) –
chest (of the body) (n.) – EtRŒ thërvu
enü◊ neñju, (etíŒ therivu)
maR» märbu choose (v.t.); elect –
chew (v.t.) – EtRNetƒ thërntheÃu
emL mel (-¶ƒKk, -¶ƒT∆);
(emLl, em˜›) EtRN∆ thërnthu [p.p. only]

24
chosen (adj.) – city (n.) –
EtRNetƒTt thërntheÃuttha UR ür, nkrM nagaram,
chop (v.t.); cut – pDãˆM paªªiπam
evDƒ veªªu claim (n.); right, privilege –
(evDd, evDã) uíwm urimai
chop (n.); cut – clap (v.) –
evDƒ veªªu wk tDƒ kai thaªªu
church (n.); temple – (- tDd, - tDã)
EkaëL köyil clarity (n.) –
R.C. church (n.) – etñŒ theµivu
mata EkaëL clash (n.) –
mäthä köyil cBwd sa≈Ãai,
cinema (film); picture; map –
EmatL möthal
pdM paÃam, clash (v.) –
‘âòma’ siπimä Ema∆ möthu (Emat, Emaç);
circle (n.); region –
cBwdEpaƒ sa≈Ãai pöÃu
(- Epad, - EpaDƒ)
vDdM vaªªam class (n.); kind, sort –
circular (adj.) – iˆM iπam
vDdmaˆ vaªªamäπa, class (n.); division –
vDdvãvmaˆ v¿P» vaguppu
vaªªavaÃivamäπa classify (v.t.); divide –
circumstance (n.); situation – v¿ vagu
‚Zéwl sü∑nilai (v¿Kk, v¿T∆)
surround(ings) – claw (n.) –
◊‰›P»®M su˛˛uppu˛am
nkM nagam
clean (grain, etc.) (v.t.) –
situation (n.); condition – kw¬ kaµai
éwl nilai (kw¬y, kw¬N∆)

25
clean (v.t.) – climate (n.) –
◊TtM ecY suttham sey tDpevPpéwl
(- ecYy, - ecY∆); thaªpaveppanilai
◊TtPpƒT∆ climb (v.t.); enter (vehicle) –
sutthappaÃutthu ´› ë˛u (´®, ´ó)
(-pƒTt, -pƒTç) climb (n.) –
clean (adj.) – ´‰®M 벲am
◊Tt(maˆ) suttha(mäπa) clock (n.); wristwatch –
cleanliness (n.); purity – kãkarM kaÃigäram
◊TtM suttham close (v.t.); shut –
morally ‘clean’ person – caT∆ sätthu (caTt, caTç);
◊TtmaˆvR îwd aÃai (-Kk, -T∆)
sutthamäπavar
close (prep.); near –
be clear (v.i.) –
ɬı¿ viµa√gu áDd kiªªa
(ɬık, ɬıá) close (v.t.); cover –
be clear (v.i.); be certain – ΃ müÃu (Îd, Îã)
etñ theµi be closed (v.i.); be covered –
(etñy, etñN∆) Îãëà müÃiyiru
make clear (v.t.), clarify – (-iÃKk, -iÃN∆)
etñŒpƒT∆ closing (n.), closure; end –
theµivupaÃutthu Î㌠müÃivu
(-pƒTt, -pƒTç) closed (adj.) –
clear (adj.) – Îãy müÃiya
etñvaˆ theµiväπa cloth (n.); clothes –
clearly (adv.) – ∆õ thu≈i
etñvak theµiväga wear (clothes) (v.) –
clarity (n.) – uƒT∆ uÃutthu
etñŒ theµivu (uƒTt, uƒTç)

26
clothes (n.) – cold (adj.) –
îwd aÃai, ¿ñraˆ kuµiräπa,
uƒP» uÃuppu ¿ñRNt kuµirntha
cloud (n.) – cold(ness) (n.) –
EmkM mëgam ¿ñR(wm)
cloudy (adj.) – kuµir(mai)
mNtarmaˆ collect (v.t.); join, unite –
manthäramäπa EcR sër (EcRKk, EcRT∆)
clown (n.), comedian – collect (v.t.); gather –
Ekamañ kömäµi çrDƒ thiraªªu
coal (charcoal) – (çrDd, çrDã)
(uƒP»K)kí collect (v.) –
(uÃuppu-k-)kari ‡Dƒ küªªu
coal (mineral) (n.) – (‡Dd, ‡Dã);
élKkí nila-k-kari ‡ƒ küÃu (‡d, ‡ã)
coalition (n.) – collection (n.); crowd –
‡Dƒ küªªu, ‡DdM küªªam
‡DãwbŒ küªªi≈aivu collective (n.); partnership –
coast (n.); beach – ‡Dƒ küªªu
kd‰kwr kaÃa˛karai collective (adj.), joint –
cock (rooster) (n.) – ‡Ddaˆ küªªäπa
EcvL sëval collectively (adv.), jointly –
coconut (n.) – ‡Ddak küªªäga,
EtıkaY thë√gäy ‡d küÃa
coconut tree (n.) –
college (n.) –
et˜wˆ(mrM)
theππai(maram)
kLÓí kallüri
coin (n.) – colony (n.) –
ka◊ käsu ‡ãëÃP» küÃiyiruppu

27
color (n.) – comfortably (adv.) –
é®M ni˛am ◊kmak sugamäga
comb (n.) – comfort (pleasant state) –
ØP» sïppu vcç vasathi
comb (v.) – comfortable (adj.) –
ØŒ sïvu (Øv, ØÉ) vcçyaˆ vasathiyäπa
come (v.i.) – comfort (console) (v.t.) –
va vä (vr, vN∆) Et‰› th벲u (Et‰®, Et‰ó);
comedy (n.) – A‰› 䲲u (A‰®, A‰ó)
nwkC◊wv nadkM comfort (consolation) (n.) –
nagaicchuvai näÃagam A›tL ä˛uthal
comedian (n.) – comforting (consoling) (adj.) –
Ekamañ kömäµi, A›tlaˆ ä˛uthaläπa
ÉkdkÉ vikaÃakavi command (n.) –
comic (adj.) – Awb ä≈ai
EkamañTtˆmaˆ command (v.t.) –
kömäµitthaπamäπa, Awbëƒ ä≈aiyiÃu
Ékdmaˆ vikaÃamäπa, (-id, -iDƒ);
âíPpaˆ sirippäπa kDdw¬ëƒ kaªªaµaiyiÃu
comically (adv.) – command (n.) –
EkamañTtˆmak îçkarM athikäram
kömäµitthaπamäga comment (on) (v.) –
comicalness (n.) – ɬKkŒwr îñ
EkamañTtˆM viµakkavurai aµi
kömäµitthaπam (- îñKk, - îñT∆)
comfort (in life) (n.) – commerce (n.); trade –
◊kM sugam ÉyaparM viyäbäram
comfortable (adj.) – committee (n.) –
◊kmaˆ sugamäπa ¿¤ ku∑u, cwp sabai

28
common (adj.); public; usual – competition (n.); contest –
epa∆(vaˆ) pothu(väπa) EpaDã pöªªi
communicate (v.) – complete (v.t.); finish –
(ecYç)etadR» ekaÒ …ã muÃi (…ãKk, …ãT∆)
(seythi) thoÃarbu koµ be completed (v.i.); end –
(- ekaÒ¬, - ekaBƒ) …ã muÃi (…ãy, …ãN∆)
companion (n.) – complete (adj.) –
Etaz˜ thö∑aπ (m.), …ãvaˆ muÃiväπa
Etaï thö∑i (f.), completely (adv.) –
nBp˜ na≈baπ (m.) …¤∆M mu∑uthum
companionship (n.) – be completed (v.i) –
Etazwm thö∑amai …‰›Pep› mu˛˛u-p-pe˛u
company (business, industry) – (-ep®, -ep‰›)
etadM completely (adv.), entirely –
tho∑i˛-küÃam …‰›M mu˛˛um
compare (v.t.); contrast – all (n.) –
oPèƒ oppiÃu …‰›M mu˛˛um
(oPèd, oPèDƒ) compromise (n.) –
compared to, than – cmrc ibKkM
samarasa i≈akkam
oPµƒwkëL compromise (v.) –
oppïÃukaiyil,
oPèDdaL oppiªªäl,
cmrc ibKkM ecY
samarasa i≈akkam sey
Éd viÃa ‘go for a compromise’ (v.) –
comparison (n.); contrast – oT∆PEpa otthu-p-pö
oPµƒ oppïÃu computation (n.); accounts –
compete (v.i.) – kbK¿ ka≈akku
EpaDãëƒ pöªªiyiÃu concern (n.); care; worry –
(-id, -iDƒ) kvwl kavalai

29
concerning; about – confidence; belief; hope –
p‰ó pa˛˛i nMèKwk nambikkai
which concerns – confirm (v.t.) –
p‰óy pa˛˛iya u›ç ecY u˛uthi sey
concert (n.) – (- ecYy, - ecY∆)
kCEcí kacchëri conflict (n.) –
condemn (v.t.); accuse – cBwd sa≈Ãai
¿‰®M caDƒ confusion (n.) –
ku˛˛am s䪪u ¿zPpM ku∑appam
(- caDd, - caDã)
confuse (others) (v.t.) –
condemn (v.t.), sentence – ¿zP» ku∑appu
≥RP» ‡› (¿zPp, ¿zPè)
thïrppu kü˛u
(- ‡®, - ‡ó) be confused (v.i.) –
condition (n.); quality; nature – ¿zM» ku∑ambu
(¿zMp, ¿zMè)
t˜wm thaπmai
condition; state; situation – confusion; delusion; fainting –
éwl nilai, myKkM mayakkam
éwlwm nilaimai confuse (v.t.); charm –
conduct (n.); behavior –
myK¿ mayakku
(myKk, myKá)
ndTwt naÃatthai, be confused (v.i.) –
ndvãKwk naÃavaÃikkai myı¿ maya√gu
confer (v.i.) – (myık, myıá)
klN∆ Ep◊ congratulate (v.t.) –
kalanthu pësu paraDƒ pär䪪u
(- Epc, - Epâ) (paraDd, paraDã);
conference (n.) – vaZT∆ vä∑tthu
klNtaYŒ kalanthäyvu (vaZTt, vaZTç)

30
congratulation(s) (n.) – constitute (v.t.) –
paraDƒ pär䪪u, îwm amai
vaZT∆ vä∑tthu (îwmKk, îwmT∆);
congratulatory (adj.) – ´‰pƒT∆ ë˛paÃutthu
vaZT∆M vä∑tthum (-pƒTt, -pƒTç)
be constituted (v.i.) –
connect (sth.) (v.t.); string
(beads, etc.) – îwm amai
(îwmy, îwmN∆)
etaƒ thoÃu
constitution; institution –
(etaƒKk, etaƒT∆)
connect (v.t.) –
îwmP» amaippu
construct (v.t.); constitute –
iwb i≈ai
(iwbKk, iwbT∆)
îwm amai
(îwmKk, îwmT∆)
get connected (v.i.), join – construction (n.) –
iwb i≈ai îwmP» amaippu
(iwby, iwbN∆)
construct (v.t.) –
connection (n.) – kDƒ kaªªu (kDd, kDã)
iwbŒ i≈aivu construction (building) –
conquer; triumph; succeed – kDãdM kaªªiÃam
evL vel contain (v.t.); control –
(evLl, ev˜›) îdK¿ aÃakku
consider (v.t.); think – (îdKk, îdKá)
éwˆ niπai contest (n.); competition –
(éwˆKk, éwˆT∆); EpaDã pöªªi
¶B≈ e≈≈u continent (n.) –
(¶Bb, ¶Bõ) kBdM ka≈Ãam
consider (v.); think – continual (adj.) –
kÃ∆ karuthu etadRCâyaˆ
(kÃt, kÃç) thoÃarcchiyäπa

31
continuation (n.) –
etadRCâ thoÃarcchi
continue (v.); pursue –
etadR thoÃar
(etadr, etadRN∆)
contract (n.); agreement –
oPpNtM oppantham
control (v.t.); contain –
îdK¿ aÃakku
(îdKk, îdKá)
control (n.) –
îçkarM athikäram
convenience (n.); comfort –
vcç vasathi
convenient; comfortable –
vcçyaˆ vasathiyäπa
conveniently (adv.) –
vcçyak vasathiyäga
convention (n.); meeting –
‡DdM küªªam
cook (a meal) (v.t.) –
cwm samai
(cwmKk, cwmT∆)
cook (n.) –
cwmyLkarR
samaiyalkärar
cooking (n.) –
cwmyL samaiyal
32
cool (temp.) (adj.) –
¿‹wmyaˆ kuµumaiyäπa
coolness (n.) –
¿‹wm kuµumai
cool water (n.) –
pCwcTtB≤R
pacchai-t-tha≈≈ïr
cool down (v.); calm down –
A› ä˛u (A®, Aó)
coolie (daily wage) (n.) –
‡ì küli
coolie (worker) (n.) –
‡ìyaÒ küliyäµ
co-operate (v.i.) –
‡ãCecY küÃicchey
(-ecYy, -ecY∆)
co-operative (adj.) –
‡Ddaˆ küªªäπa
co-operatively (adv.) –
‡Ddak küªªäga
co-operation (n.) –
‡Dƒ®Œ küªªu˛avu
co-operatively (adv.) –
‡Dƒ®vak küªªu˛aväga
copper (n.); water pot –
ecM» sembu
copper (made of) (adj.) –
ecP» seppu
copy (in writing) (v.t.) – cot (n.) –
paRT∆ ¶¤∆ kDãL kaªªil
pärtthu e∑uthu cotton (wool) (n.) –
(- ¶¤t, - ¶¤ç) pü◊ pañju
copy (n.), duplicate –
cotton (plant & textile) –
nkL nagal, pã paÃi
corner (n.); angle –
pÃTç parutthi
Îwl mülai, couch (n.) –
EkabM kö≈am caymaˆM säyamäπam
corporation (n.); association; cough (v.i.) –
political party – iÃ… irumu
kzkM ka∑agam (iÃm, iÃê)
correct (adj.); fine; yes – cough (n.) –
cí sari, iÃmL irumal
cíyaˆ sariyäπa could (aux. v.) –
correct (v.t.) – …ãÀM muÃiyum
cíyaK¿ sariyäkku couldn’t (aux. v.) –
(-AKk, -AKá) …ãya∆ muÃiyäthu
correct (v.t.) –
count (v.t.); think –
çÃT∆ thirutthu ¶B≈ e≈≈u
(çÃTt, çÃTç)
(¶Bb, ¶Bõ)
correction (n.) –
country; inhabited land –
çÃTtM thiruttham
naƒ näÃu,
correct (adj.) –
çÃTtmaˆ thirutthamäπa EtcM dhësam
correctly (adv.) – couple (n.); pair –
çÃTtmak thirutthamäga Ejaã jöÃi
cost (n.), price – courage (n.) –
Éwl vilai wtíyM dhairiyam

33
courageous (adj) – crazy (adj.); foolish –
wtíymaˆ dhairiyamäπa wpTçymaˆ
courageously (adv.) – paitthiyamäπa
wtíymak dhairiyamäga create (v.t.); effect –
court (of law) (n.) – AK¿ äkku
(AKk, AKá);
¥çm˜®M nïthimaπ˛am uBdaK¿ u≈Ãäkku
cover (n.) – (-AKk, -AKá)
Îã müÃi create (v.t.) –
cover (v.t.); close – uBƒpB≈
΃ müÃu (Îd, Îã) u≈Ãupa≈≈u
(-pBb, -pBõ)
be covered (v.i.); closed –
creature (n.) –
Îãëà müÃiyiru uëí(ˆM)
(-iÃKk, -iÃN∆)
uyiri(πam)
cow (n.) – crime (n.); fault –
p◊ pasu ¿‰®M ku˛˛am
coward (n.) – criminal (n.) –
Ekawz kö∑ai, ¿‰®vañ ku˛˛aväµi
pyıkañ paya√gäµi criminal (adj.) –
cowardly (adj.) – ¿‰®…Ò¬ ku˛˛amuµµa
Ekawzyaˆ kö∑aiyäπa, crisis (n.) –
îCc…Ò¬ acchamuµµa enÃKkã nerukkaÃi
crash down and smash (v.i.) – critical time (n.); emergency –
ɤN∆ ena›ı¿ enÃKkã éwl
vi∑unthu no˛u√gu nerukkaÃi nilai
(- ena›ık, - ena›ıá)
critical (adj.) –
craziness (n.); foolishness – enÃKkãyaˆ
wpTçyM paitthiyam nerukkaÃiyäπa

34
criticize (v.t.) – cruelly (adv.) –
¿‰®M kaB ku˛˛am kä≈ ekaƒwmyak
(- kab, - kBƒ); koÃumaiyäga
ÉmRâ vimarshi cruelty (n.) –
(ÉmRâKk, ÉmRâT∆) ekaƒwm koÃumai
critic (n.) – crush (v.t.) –
ÉmRck˜ vimarshagaπ ena›K¿ no˛ukku
critical review (n.) – (ena›Kk, ena›Ká);
ÉmRcˆM vimarshaπam n◊K¿ nasukku
crop(s) (n.) – (n◊Kk, n◊Ká)
pëR payir be crushed (v.i.) –
crore (ten million) – ena›ı¿ no˛u√gu
Ekaã köÃi (ena›ık, ena›ıá)
cross (over) (v.t.) – get crushed (v.i.) –
kd kaÃa n◊ı¿ nasu√gu
(kdKk, kdT∆); (n◊ık, n◊ıá)
¿›KEk Epa cry (v.i.) –
ku˛ukkë pö î¤ a∑u (îz, î¤∆)
(- Epak, - EpaY) crying (n.) –
crossing (n.); junction – î¤wk a∑ugai
cNçP» santhippu cuckoo (n.) –
crow (n.) – ¿ëL kuyil
kakM kägam, culture (n.) –
kaKwk käkkai klaCcarM kaläcchäram,
crowd (n.) – pBpaƒ pa≈bäÃu
‡DdM küªªam cultured person (n.) –
cruel (adj.) – pBpa¬R pa≈bäµar
ekaƒwmyaˆ curds (n.) –
koÃumaiyäπa tëR thayir

35
cure (v.t.) – be damaged (v.i.), spoiled –
¿bPpƒT∆ ekƒ keÃu (ekd, ekDƒ)
gu≈appaÃutthu damage (v.t.); spoil –
(-pƒTt, -pƒTç); ekƒ keÃu (ekƒKk, ekƒT∆)
¿bmaK¿ gu≈amäkku damp (adj.), wet –
(-AKk, -AKá) Irmaˆ ïramäπa
custom (n.); habit – dampness (n.), wetness –
vzKkM (pzKkM) IrM ïram
va∑akkam (pa∑akkam) dance (v.i.); move –
cut (n. & v.) – Aƒ äÃu (Ad, Aã)
evDƒ veªªu (evDd, evDã) dance (n.) –
D ADdM 䪪am
daily [adj. (adv.)] – dance (v.) –
çˆ(…M) dhiπa(mum) ndˆmaƒ naÃaπam-äÃu
‘daily’ (newspaper) (n.) – (-Ad, -Aã)
çˆcí dhiπasari danger; calamity; accident –
dam (n.) – ApT∆ äbatthu
îwb(KkDƒ) danger (n.) –
a≈ai(-k-kaªªu) îpayM abäyam
dam (v.t.) – dangerous (adj.) –
îwb kDƒ a≈ai kaªªu îpaykrmaˆ
(- kDd, - kDã) abäyagaramäπa
damage (n.); injury – dark (adj.) –
ekƒtL keÃuthal iÃBd iru≈Ãa,
harmful (adj.) – iÃDdaˆ iruªªäπa
ekƒtlaˆ keÃuthaläπa darkness (n.) –
harmfully (adv.) – iÃÒ iruµ,
ekƒtlak keÃuthaläga kÃwm karumai

36
date (day) (n.) – deaf (adj.) –
Etç thëthi ecÉdaˆ seviÃäπa,
daughter (n.) – ka∆ Ek¬at
mkÒ magaµ käthu këµätha
daughter-in-law (n.) – deaf person (n.) –
mÃmkÒ marumagaµ ecÉdR seviÃar
[-d˜ (m.), -ã (f.)],
dawn (of day) (v.i.) –
Éã viÃi (Éãy, ÉãN∆) ka∆ Ek¬atvR
käthu këµäthavar
dawn (n.) – [-v˜ (m.), -vÒ (f.)]
ÉãyL viÃiyal death (n.) –
mrbM mara≈am
daybreak (n.), early morning –
Éãy‰kawl viÃiya˛kälai death (n.); funeral –
day (of the week) (n.) – caŒ sävu, mw®Œ ma˛aivu
ázwm ki∑amai debate (n.) –
day (24 hrs.) (n.) – ÉvatM vivätham
naÒ näµ debate (v.) –
day after tomorrow – Évaç viväthi
na¬˜w®K¿ näµaπ˛aikku (ÉvaçKk, ÉvaçT∆)
day before yesterday – decide (v.) –
…NtanaÒ munthänäµ ≥Rmaò thïrmäπi
(on) that day – (≥RmaòKk, ≥RmaòT∆)
 aπ˛u, decidedly (adv.) –
î˜w®K¿ aπ˛aikku ≥Rmaˆmak thïrmäπamäga
dead (adj.) – decision (in law); judgment –
ecTt settha ≥RmaˆM thïrmäπam,
lifeless (adj.) – ≥RP» thïrppu,
uëR iLlat uyir illätha …㌠muÃivu

37
decisive (adj.) – scarcity (n.); shortage –
≥Rmaˆmaˆ p‰®aK¿w® pa˛˛äkku˛ai
thïrmäπamäπa, deficient (adj.) –
…ãvaˆ muÃiväπa ¿w®vaˆ ku˛aiväπa
declare (v.) – insufficiency (n.) –
îóÉ a˛ivi ¿w®CcL ku˛aicchal
(îóÉKk, îóÉT∆)
deep (adj.) – insufficient (adj.) –
Azmaˆ ä∑amäπa ¿w®Cclaˆ
ku˛aicchaläπa,
profound (adj.) – ¿w®Nt ku˛aintha
AZNt ä∑ntha
insufficiently (adv.) –
the ‘deep’ (sea, ocean) – ¿w®Cclak
AzM ä∑am ku˛aicchaläga
deer (n.) – definite (adj.) –
ma˜ mäπ çDdvDdM(-Aˆ)
defeat (n.) – thiªªavaªªam(äπa),
EtaLÉ thölvi kBãPpaˆ ka≈Ãippäπa,
defeat (in competition) (v.t.) – kDdaymaˆ kaªªäyamäπa
Eta‰kã thö˛kaÃi definitely (adv.) –
(Eta‰kãKk, Eta‰kãT∆) kBãPpak
defend (v.t.) – ka≈Ãippäga,
kaPpa‰› käpp䲲u kDdayM(-Ak)
(kaPpa‰®, kaPpa‰ó); kaªªäyam(äga)
kavL ecY käval sey definiteness (n.); certainty –
(- ecYy, - ecY∆) kDdayM kaªªäyam
deficit (n.) – degree (stage, level) (n.) –
¿w®(Œ) ku˛ai(vu) pã paÃi, éwl nilai

38
degree (n.), diploma, honor – be deluded (v.i.) –
pDdM paªªam myı¿ maya√gu
deity (n.), God – (myık, myıá)
etYvM dheyvam demand (v.t.) –
delay (n.) – EkÒ këµ (EkDk, EkDƒ)
tamtM thämatham denial (n.); protest –
delayed (adj.) – m›P» ma˛uppu
tamtmaˆ thämathamäπa denote (v.t.); mark –
delayingly (adv.) – ¿ó ku˛i (¿óKk, ¿óT∆)
tamtmak thämathamäga denounce (v.t.); accuse –
delay (v.t.) – ¿‰®McaDƒ ku˛˛am-s䪪u
tamtM ecY (-caDd, -caDã);
thämatham sey ¿‰®MkaB ku˛˛am-kä≈
(- ecYy, - ecY∆) (-kab, -kBƒ)
delay (v.); tarry – deny (v.t.), disagree with –
tamç thämathi m› ma˛u (m›Kk, m›N∆)
(tamçKk, tamçT∆) depart (v.i.) –
delegate (n.) – »®Ppƒ pu˛appaÃu
èrçéç pirathinithi (»®Ppd, »®PpDƒ);
delegation (n.) – Epa pö (Epak, EpaY)
Á∆K¿¤ dhüthukku∑u department (n.); sector –
delight (n.); happiness – ∆w® thu˛ai
i˜pM iπbam depend on (v.) –
delusion; confusion; fainting – caR sär (car, caRN∆)
myKkM mayakkam dependent (adj.) –
delude (v.t.); charm – caRNt särntha
myK¿ mayakku dependent (n.) –
(myKk, myKá) caRNtv˜ särnthavaπ

39
deplore (v.t.) – design (n.); plan –
vÃTtM etíÉ çDdM thiªªam
varuttham therivi design (v.t.); plan –
(- etíÉKk, - etíÉT∆) çDdêƒ thiªªamiÃu
deposit (n.); advance – (-id, -iDƒ)
…˜pbM muπ-pa≈am desire (n.); eagerness –
depth (n.) – Awc äsai,
AzM ä∑am ÉÃPpM viruppam
descend from (v.i.); get down – desirable (adj.) –
i®ı¿ i˛a√gu Awcyaˆ äsaiyäπa,
(i®ık, i®ıá) ÉÃPpmaˆ viruppamäπa
descend (v.i.); become humble – passionately (adv.) –
taZ thä∑ (taz, taZN∆) Awcyak äsaiyäga
descent (n.) – desire (aux. v.); want; need –
i®KkM i˛akkam EvBƒM vë≈Ãum
describe (v.t.) – don’t desire, don’t need –
Éví vivari EvBdaM vë≈Ãäm
(ÉvíKk, ÉvíT∆)
desired (thing) (n.) –
description (n.) –
ÉÃMèy (epaÃÒ)
ÉvrM vivaram virumbiya (poruµ),
informative (adj.) – EvBãy(∆)
Évrmaˆ vivaramäπa vë≈Ãiya(thu)
informatively (adv.) – desist (v.i.); cease –
Évrmak vivaramäga Ƀ viÃu (Éd, ÉDƒ)
desert (n.) – desk (small); table –
pawl(vˆM) Emwc (Emwj)
pälai(vaπam) mësai (mëjai)

40
destroy (v.t.) – die (v.i.) –
îï a∑i (îïKk, îïT∆) i® i˛a (i®Kk, i®N∆)
be destroyed (v.i.) – die (w/ ref. to animals) (v.i.) –
îï a∑i (îïy, îïN∆) ca sä (cak, ecT∆)
destruction (n.) – die (v.) –
îïŒ a∑ivu, nacM näsam ecT∆ Epa setthu pö
(- Epak, - EpaY)
detail(s) (n.); amplification –
differ (v.i.); be different –
ÉvrM vivaram Ev›pƒ vë˛upaÃu
determination (n.); firmness – (-pd, -pDƒ)
u›ç u˛uthi difference (n.) –
develop (v.i.); evolve – Ev›paƒ vë˛upäÃu
´‰pƒ ë˛paÃu difference (n.) –
(´‰pd, ´‰pDƒ) Ev‰›wm v벲umai
develop (v.t.) –
different (adj.) –
ÉíyaK¿ viriyäkku Ev› vë˛u
(-AKk, -AKá)
development (production) – differentiate (v.) –
u‰pTç u˛patthi Ev›pƒT∆
vë˛upaÃutthu
development (growth) (n.) – (-pƒTt, -pƒTç)
vzRCâ va∑arcchi difficult (adj.) –
device (implement, instrument) kãˆmaˆ kaÃiπamäπa,
kÃÉ karuvi kQdmaˆ kashªamäπa
device (trick, strategem) – difficulty (n.); trouble –
ÀKç yukthi kãˆM kaÃiπam,
dew (n.); fog; mist – kQdM kashªam
pò paπi dig (v.t.) –
dictionary (n.) – EtaBƒ thö≈Ãu
îkraç agarädhi (EtaBd, EtaBã)

41
dinner (party) – disappoint (v.t.) –
ÉÃN∆ virunthu ´ma‰› ëm䲲u
direct (v.t.); manage – (´ma‰®, ´ma‰ó)
ndT∆ naÃatthu disappointment (n.) –
(ndTt, ndTç) ´ma‰®M ëm䲲am
direct (adj.) – disappointing (adj.) –
Enrã(yaˆ) nëraÃi(yäπa) ´ma‰®maˆ ëm䲲amäπa
directly (adv.) – disappointingly (adv.) –
EnEr nërë ´ma‰®mak ëm䲲amäga
direction (compass) (n.) – discover (v.t.); invent –
çK¿ dhikku, kBƒèã ka≈ÃupiÃi
çwc thisai (-èãKk, -èãT∆)
dirt (n.) – discovery (n.); invention –
î◊TtM asuttham kBƒèãP»
dirty (adj.) – ka≈ÃupiÃippu
î◊Ttmaˆ asutthamäπa disease (n.); illness –
dirt; dirty laundry – EnaY nöy
î¤K¿ a∑ukku dismiss (v.t.) –
dirty (adj.) – ¥K¿ nïkku (¥Kk, ¥Ká)
î¤Kkaˆ a∑ukkäπa dismiss from service (v.) –
disappear (v.i.); be hidden – EvwlëìÃN∆ ¥K¿
mw® ma˛ai vëlaiyilirunthu nïkku
(mw®y, mw®N∆) (- ¥Kk, - ¥Ká)
make disappear (v.t.); hide – disposition (n.); nature –
mw® ma˛ai iy‰wk iya˛kai,
(mw®Kk, mw®T∆) mˆCcaR» maπacchärbu
disappearance (n.) – dispute (n.); debate –
mw®Œ ma˛aivu (É)vatM (vi)vätham

42
dispute (v.i.) – dive (v.i.), submerge; drown –
Évaç viväthi ÎZ¿ mü∑gu (ÎZk, ÎZá)
(ÉvaçKk, ÉvaçT∆) dive (n.); emersion –
distance (n.) – …¤K¿ mu∑ukku
ÁrM dhüram, divide (v.t.); separate –
etawlŒ tholaivu èí piri (èíKk, èíT∆)
distant (adj.); far – be separated (v.i.); depart –
Ármaˆ dhüramäπa, èí piri (èíy, èíN∆)
etawlvaˆ tholaiväπa division (n.) –
distribution (n.) – èíŒ pirivu
páRNtñTtL divide (v.t.); classify –
pagirnthaµitthal, v¿ vagu (v¿Kk, v¿T∆)
pı≠ƒ pa√gïÃu division (n.); class –
district (n.) – v¿P» vaguppu
mavDdM mävaªªam division (n.); portion –
disturb (incovenience) (v.t.) – vwk vagai
klK¿ kalakku divine (holy); ‘Mr.’ –
(klKk, klKá) çà thiru
disturbance (inconvenience) – do (v.t.) –
etaNtrŒ thontharavu ecY sey (ecYy, ecY∆)
disturbance (psychol.) – do (v.t.); make –
klKkM kalakkam pB≈ pa≈≈u
disturbed (adj.); confused – (pBb, pBõ)
klKkmaˆ kalakkamäπa doctor (med.) (n.) –
anxiously (adv.) – mÃT∆vR marutthuvar
klKkmak kalakkamäga document (n.) –
be disturbed (v.i.); be stirred – pTçrM patthiram
klı¿ kala√gu dog (n.) –
(klık, klıá) naY näy

43
doll (n.) – drama (n.), play –
epaMwm bommai nadkM näÃagam
donkey (n.) – dream (n.) –
k¤wt ka∑uthai kˆŒ kaπavu
door (n.) – drink (v.t.) –
ktŒ kathavu ¿ã kuÃi (¿ãKk, ¿ãT∆)
doorway; entrance; gateway – drive (a vehicle) (v.t.) –
vacL väsal ecÕT∆ selutthu
(ecÕTt, ecÕTç)
dot (n.); spot; point –
drive (vehicle, boat, animals) –
»Òñ puµµi ODƒ öªªu (ODd, ODã)
doubt (n.) –
driver (of a vehicle) (n.) –
cNEtkM santhëgam ODƒˆR öªªuπar
doubt (v.i.) –
drop (n.); particle –
cNEtkPpƒ ecaDƒ soªªu
santhëgappaÃu
(-pd, -pDƒ) drown, die by drowning –
doubt (v.t.) – ÎZ¿ mü∑gu
cNEtá santhëgi (ÎZk, ÎZá);
(cNEtáKk, cNEtáT∆) ÎZ¿ i® mü∑gu i˛a
(- i®Kk, - i®N∆)
doubtful (adj.) –
cNEtkmaˆ santhëgamäπa dry (v.i.); wither; become hot –
doubtfully (adv.) –
kaY käy (kay, kaYN∆)
cNEtkmak santhëgamäga dry (v.t.) –
kaywv käyavai
dove (n.), pigeon – (-wvKk, -wvT∆)
»®a pu˛ä dry (adj.), dried –
drag (v.t.); pull – kaYNt käyntha,
i¤ i∑u (i¤Kk, i¤T∆) IrêLlat ïramillätha

44
dry (by wiping) (v.t.) – eagerness (n.) –
∆wd thuÃai Awc äsai
(∆wdKk, ∆wdT∆) eagerly (adv.) –
duck (n.) – Awcyak äsaiyäga
vaT∆ vätthu ear (n.) –
during, while – ka∆ käthu, ecÉ sevi
Ak äga, earring (n.) –
nwdep›Mepa¤∆ vw¬yM vaµaiyam
naÃaipe˛umpo∑uthu
ear ornament (n.) –
dust (n.) –
Áâ thüsi katõ kätha≈i
ear stud (n.) –
dusty (adj.) – kMmL kammal,
Áâ pãNt thüsi paÃintha Etaƒ thöÃu
duty (n.); obligation –
early (before time) (adv.) –
kdwm …˜ˆtakEv
kaÃamai
muππathägavë,
E ØKármak sïkkiramäga
each (adj.) – early (beginning time) (adv.) –
oVevaà ovvoru ArMpkalçy
one by one (persons) (pron.) – äramba-kälathiya
oVevaÃvR ovvoruvar early (adv.) –
one by one (things) (adv.) – EnrTEtaƒ nëratthöÃu,
oVeva˜®ak …Nçy munthiya,
ovvoπ˛äga îçkawlëL
eager (adj.); enthusiastic – athi-kälaiyil (in early morn)
Awcyaˆ äsaiyäπa earn (v.t.) –
u‰cakmaˆ cMpaç sambäthi
u˛chägamäπa (cMpaçKk, cMpaçT∆)

45
earnings (n.) – eat (snack) (v.); & of animals –
cMpaTçyM ç˜ thiπ (瘈, 瘛)
sambätthiyam, eat (v.); drink –
cMplM uB u≈ (uBb, uBƒ)
sambalam economic (thrifty or brief) –
earth (soil) (n.) – âKkˆmaˆ sikkaπamäπa
mB ma≈, economically (thriftily, briefly)
élM nilam (ground) âKkˆmak sikkaπamäga
earth (planet) (n.) – economize (v.) –
Èê bümi, âKkˆPpƒT∆
sikkaπappaÃutthu
ulkM ulagam (-pƒTt, -pƒTç)
ease (n.); easiness – economy (thrift or brevity) –
◊lpM sulabam âKkˆM sikkaπam
easy (adj.); easier – edge (n.); side –
◊lpmaˆ sulabamäπa OrM öram
easily (adv.) – editor (n.); author; teacher –
◊lpmak sulabamäga AâíyR äsiriyar
east (n.), the east – educate (v.t.) –
ázK¿ ki∑akku kLÉyñ kalviyaµi
eastern (adj.) – (-îñKk, -îñT∆)
≠Z kï∑, education; learning; study –
ázK¿ caRNt kLÉ kalvi
ki∑akku särntha effect (v.t.); make; create –
to/in the east – AK¿ äkku (AKk, AKá)
ázKEk ki∑akkë effect (n.); produce; gain –
eat (have a meal) (v.) – pl˜ palaπ
caPèƒ säppiÃu efficient (adj.) –
(caPèd, caPèDƒ) ç®wmÀÒ¬ thi˛amaiyuµµa

46
efficiently (adv.); neatly – eightieth (n. or adj.) –
ç®wmyak thi˛amaiyäga ¶Bptav∆
effort (n.); perseverence – e≈bathävathu,
…ya‰â muyä˛chi ¶BptaM e≈bathäm (adj.)
either (conj.) –
effortless (adj.) –
◊lpmaˆ sulabamäπa ´tav∆ ëthävathu
‘either of them’ –
effortlessly (adv.) –
◊lpmak sulabamäga îvRkñL yarav∆
avargaµil yärävathu
egg (chicken’s) (n.) – “Either he or I will go.” –
…Dwd muªªai îvEra îLl∆
eggplant (brinjäl) (n.) – naEˆa EpaEvaM.
kTçíKkaY katthirikkäy avarö allathu näπö pövöm.
eight (n. or adj.) – eldest (son, daughter) (adj.) –
¶Dƒ eªªu ÎTt müttha
elect (v.t.); select; choose –
eighth (n. or adj.) –
¶Ddav∆ eªªävathu, EtRNetƒ thërntheÃu
(-¶ƒKk, -¶ƒT∆)
¶DdaM eªªäm (adj. only) election (n.) –
eighteen (n. or adj.) – EtRtL thërthal
pçeˆDƒ electricity (n.) –
pathiπeªªu ê˜(carM) miπ(säram)
eighteenth (n. or adj.) – elephant (n.) –
pçeˆDdav∆ yawˆ yäπai
pathiπeªªävathu, eleven –
pçeˆDdaM pçEˆa˜›
pathiπeªªäm (adj. only) pathiπöπ˛u (n.),
eighty (n. or adj.) – pçEˆaÃ
¶Bp∆ e≈bathu pathiπör(u) (adj.)

47
eleventh (n. or adj.) – emptiness (n.); blank –
pçEˆarav∆ ev›wm ve˛umai
pathiπörävathu, empty (adj.); mere –
pçEˆaraM ev›wmyaˆ
pathiπöräm (adj. only) ve˛umaiyäπa,
else (different) (adj.) – ev›M ve˛um
Evà vëru end (n.); last; final –
elsewhere (adv.) – kwdâ kaÃaisi
Evà ¶ıEkfiM end (come to an end) (v.i.) –
vëru e√gëπum …ã muÃi
embarrassing (adj.); (…ãy, …ãN∆)
troublesome – end (n.); decision –
cıkdmaˆ sa√gaÃamäπa …㌠muÃivu
embarrassment (n.); trouble – endure (v.i.); sustain –
cıkdM sa√gaÃam taı¿ thä√gu
emerge (v.i.); get up; awake – (taık, taıá)
¶¤ e∑u (¶z, ¶¤N∆) endure (v.t.); wait –
emergency (n.); hurry, haste – epa› po˛u
(epa›Kk, epa›T∆)
îvcrM avasaram
enemy (n.) –
emotion (n.) –
mˆev¤Câ ¶çí ethiri,
maπave∑ucchi,
¶çrañ ethiräµi
mˆKálRCâ energy (n.); power –
maπakkilarcchi cKç shakthi
employ (v.) – enforce (v.t) –
EvwlëL îmRT∆ kDdayPpƒT∆
vëlaiyil amartthu kaªªäyappaÃutthu
(- îmRTt, - îmRTç) (-pƒTt, -pƒTç)

48
engine (n.) –
yNçrM yanthiram
enjoy (v.t.) –
râ rasi (râKk, râT∆);
(i˜pM)îfipÉ
(iπbam) aπubavi
(-îfipÉKk, -îfipÉT∆)
enjoyment (n.) –
îfipvM aπubavam,
cNEtaqM santhösham
enjoyable (adj.) –
cNEtaqmaˆ
santhöshamäπa
enmity (n.) –
pwk pagai,
ÉEratM virötham
enough; sufficiency (n.) –
Epa∆M pöthum,
Epa∆maˆ∆
pöthumäπathu
enough (adj.); sufficient –
Epa∆maˆ pöthumäπa
not enough; insufficiency (n.) – cmM samam
Epata∆ pöthäthu
enter (v.) –
«wz nu∑ai
(«wzy, «wzN∆);
uÒE¬ Epa uµµë pö
(- Epak, - EpaY)
49
make enter (v.t.); poke –
«wz nu∑ai
(«wzKk, «wzT∆)
enter (v.) –
»¿ pugu (»k, »¿N∆)
enter (a vehicle) (v.); ascend –
´› ë˛u (´®, ´ó)
enthusiasm (n.) –
ARvM ärvam,
u‰cakM u˛chägam
entire (adj.); whole –
…¤ mu∑u, îál akila,
…¤∆maˆ
mu∑uthumäπa
entrance; doorway, gateway –
vacL väsal
environment (n.) –
◊‰›C‚zL su˛˛ucchü∑al
envy (n.); jealousy –
epa®awm po˛ämai
equality (n.); evenness –
equal (adj.) –
cm sama,
cmmaˆ samamäπa
equally (adv.) –
cmmak samamäga
equalize (v.t.); make equal – establish (v.t.); install –
cmmaK¿ samamäkku naDƒ n䪪u
(-AKk, -AKá) (naDd, naDã)
equal (v.); resemble – establishment, organization –
o o (oKk, oKá) îwmP» amaippu
equal (adj.) – estimate (v.t.) –
oPpaˆ oppäπa mç mathi
equally (adv.) – (mçKk, mçT∆);
oPpak oppäga mçPèƒ mathippiÃu
(-id, -iDƒ)
equipment (n.) –
upkrbM upakara≈am estimation (n.); value –
era (n.); season; time – mçP» mathippu,
kalM kälam mçPµƒ mathippïÃu
escape (n.) – even (equal) (adj.); smooth –
tPèTtL thappitthal, cmmaˆ samamäπa
tP» OdL thappu öÃal even (adv.); also –
escape (v.) – ‡d küÃa, -uM -um
tP» thappu even though (conj.) –
(tPp, tPè); AˆaÕM äπälum
tPè thappi even then, nevertheless –
(tPèKk, tPèT∆); ¶˜®aÕM eπ˛älum
tPè(T∆) Oƒ
thappi(tthu) öÃu evening (4 p.m. till dark) –
(- Od, - Oã) cayıkalM säya√gälam
especial (adj.); important – evening (general) –
…Káymaˆ mukkiyamäπa cayNçrM säyanthiram
especially (adv.), specially – evening; garland, necklace –
…Káymak mukkiyamäga mawl mälai

50
evenness (n.); equality – evident (adj.) –
cmM samam etñvaˆ theµiväπa
event (n.) – evil (n.); harm –
cMpvM sambavam, ≥wm thïmai,
ékZCâ niga∑cchi ekƒ keÃu
ever (adv.) – evil (adj..); harmful –
¶PEpa∆M eppöthum, ekƒtlaˆ keÃuthaläπa,
¶˜w®K¿M eπ˛aikkum ≥y thïya [before nouns]
everlasting (adj.) – evolve (v.i.); begin to exist –
érNtrmaˆ ´‰pƒ ë˛paÃu
nirantharamäπa (´‰pd, ´‰pDƒ)
every (adj.) – evolve (v.t.); create; cause –
oVevaà ovvoru Eta‰›É thö˛˛uvi
everyone (pron.) – (Eta‰›ÉKk, Eta‰›ÉT∆)
¶LElaÃM ellörum, exact (adj.) –
oVevaÃvÃM cí(yaˆ) sari(yäπa)
ovvoruvarum exactly (adv.) –
everything (pron.) – cíyak sariyäga
¶LlaM elläm, examination (educational) –
oVeva˜›M ovvoπ˛um EtRŒ thërvu
everywhere (adv.); wherever – examine (v.); investigate –
¶ı¿M e√gum, AraY äräy (Aray, ArYN∆)
¶ıEkÀM e√gëyum, examine (med. lab.) (v.) –
îıkıEk a√ga√gë píEcaç parisöthi
evidence (n.) – (píEcaçKk, píEcaçT∆)
ca˜› säπ˛u, examiner (n.) –
caDâ säªchi píEcatkR parisöthagar

51
examination (med. lab.) (n.) – excitement (n.) –
píEcatwˆ parisöthaπai á¬RCâ kiµarcchi
excel (v.); be distinguished – excite (v.t.); motivate –
â® si˛a (â®Kk, â®N∆) ÁBƒ thü≈Ãu
excellence (n.) – (ÁBd, ÁBã)
â®P» si˛appu excitement (n.); enthusiasam –
excellent (adj.) – u‰cakM u˛chägam
â®Nt si˛antha, excuse (n.) –
â®Ppaˆ si˛appäπa m˜òP» maππippu
excellently (adv.) – excuse (v.t.); forgive –
â®Ppak si˛appäga m˜ò maππi
(m˜òKk, m˜òT∆)
except; besides – execute (carry out) (v.t.) –
tÉr thavira ecyla‰› seyal䲲u
excess (n.); remainder – (-A‰®, -A‰ó)
îçkM athigam, execute (kill) (v.t.) –
∂ç mïthi, ê¿ç miguthi ekaL koµ
exchange (v.t.) – (ekaLl, eka˜›)
pímaóKekaÒ hang (& thus execute) (v.t.) –
parimä˛ikkoµ ÁKáìƒ thükkiliÃu
(-ekaÒ¬, -ekaBƒ); (-id, -iDƒ);
ma‰› m䲲u ÁKáLEpaƒ thükkilpöÃu
(ma‰®, ma‰ó) (-Epad, -EpaDƒ)
exchange (v.t.); serve (food) – exercise (n.); training –
píma› parimä˛u pë‰â payi˛chi
(píma®, pímaó) exhibit (v.t.) –
exchange (n.) – kaBè kä≈bi
píma‰®M parim䲲am (kaBèKk, kaBèT∆);
excite (v.t.), provoke – kaDƒ k䪪u
ᬛ kiµa˛u (ᬮ, á¬ó) (kaDd, kaDã)

52
exhibit(ion) (n.) – expand (v.i.); open; extend –
kBkaDâ ka≈gäªchi Éí viri
exist (v.i.) – (Éíy, ÉíN∆)
ià iru (iÃKk, iÃN∆); expect (v.t.); wait for –
vaZNçà vä∑nthiru ¶çRpaR ethirpär
(-iÃKk, -iÃN∆); (-paRKk, -paRT∆)
uBƒ u≈Ãu (pred.) expenditure (n.), expense –
exit (n.) – eclŒ
(evñEy Epa¿M) vï selavu,
(veµiyë pögum) va∑i pbCeclŒ
pa≈acchelavu
expand (v.) –
experience (n.); enjoyment –
ÉívaK¿ viriväkku îfipvM
(-AKk, -AKá)
aπubavam
expansive (adj.) –
experienced (adj.) –
Éívaˆ viriväπa îfipv…Ò¬
expansively (adv.) – aπubavamuµµa
Éívak viriväga experience (v.i.); feel –
expand (v.t.); spread – pƒ paÃu
prP» parappu (pd, pDƒ);
(prPp, prPè) îfipÉ aπubavi
expanse (n.) – (îfipÉKk, îfipÉT∆)
prP» parappu experiment (n.) –
expand (v.i.); multiply – píEcatwˆ
epÿ perugu parisöthaπai
(epÃk, epÃá) experiment (v.) –
expand (v.t.); increase – píEcatwˆ ecY∆ paR
epÃK¿ perukku parisöthaπai seythu pär
(epÃKk, epÃKá) (- paRKk, - paRT∆)

53
expert (n.) – express (fast) (adj.) –
é»bR nipu≈ar ÉwrŒ viraivu,
expertise (n.) – Éwrvaˆ viraiväπa
é»bT∆vM quickly (adv.) –
nipu≈atthuvam, Éwrvak / ÉwrÉL
ç®wm thi˛amai viraiväga / viraivil
expert (adj.) – extend (v.t.) –
ç®wmyaˆ thi˛amaiyäπa ¥Dƒ n着u (¥Dd, ¥Dã)
expertly (adv.) – extend (time) (v.i.); last –
ç®wmyak thi˛amaiyäga ¥ã nïÃi (¥ãKk, ¥ãT∆)
explain (v.t.) – extension (of service, etc.) –
ɬK¿ viµakku ¥ãP» nïÃippu
(ɬKk, ɬKá)
explanation (n.) – extend (v.t.); expand –
ɬKkM viµakkam, Éí viri (ÉíKk, ÉíT∆)
ɬK¿tL viµakkuthal extend to (v.i.); expand –
explode (v.) – Éí viri (Éíy, ÉíN∆)
evã veÃi extensive (adj.); expansive –
(evãKk, evãT∆) Éívaˆ viriväπa
explore (new territory) (v.t.) – extensively; expansively –
pybM ecY∆ îó Éívak viriväga
paya≈am seythu a˛i extensiveness (n.); expansion –
(- îóKk, - îóT∆) ÉíŒ virivu
explore (v.t.); investigate –
extent (n.); expanse –
EtãpaR thëÃipär prP» parappu
(-paRKk, -paRT∆)
express (one’s feelings) – extent (n.); limit; amount;
evñKkaDƒ veµikk䪪u measure –
(-kaDd, -kaDã)  aµavu

54
external (adj.); foreign – fact (n.) –
evñyaˆ veµiyäπa, ndNtkaíyM
evñP»® veµippu˛a naÃanthakäriyam,
the external, outside (n.) – uBwm
evñ veµi u≈mai
extra, as much as possible – factory (n.) –
îçk athiga, Etaï‰cawl
thö∑i˛chälai
êwkyaˆ fail (v.i.) –
migaiyäπa
extreme (adj.) – tv› thava˛u
(tv®, tvó)
îçk athiga,
failure (n.) –
êwk migai, tv›tL thava˛uthal
ê¿Nt miguntha
mistake (n.), error –
eye (n.) –
kB ka≈ tv› thava˛u
eyebrow (n.) – mistaken (adj.) –
»ÃvM tv®aˆ thava˛äπa
buruvam mistakenly (adv.) –
tv®ak thava˛äga
F faint (v.i.) –
face (n.); mouth (of river) – myıá ɤ
…kM mugam maya√gi vi∑u
(- Éz, - É N∆)
facility (n.); convenience – fainting (n.); confusion –
vcç vasathi myKkM mayakkam,
facile (adj.), easy – myıáɤtL
vcçyaˆ vasathiyäπa maya√givi∑uthal
with facility (adv.), easily – fair (honest, etc.) (adj.) –
vcçyak vasthiyäga EnRwmyaˆ nërmaiyäπa

55
fairness (n.) – deception (n.) –
EnRwm nërmai Epaì pöli
fair (moderate) (adj.) – false (adj.), deceptive –
◊marak sumäräga Epaìyaˆ pöliyäπa
fair (beautiful) (adj.) – falsely (adv.), deceptively –
îzkaˆ a∑agäπa Epaìyak pöliyäga
faith; belief; confidence – fame (n.) –
nMèKwk nambikkai »kZ puga∑
faithful (adj.) – famous (adj.) –
nMèKwk uÒ¬ »k¤Ò¬ puga∑uµµa,
nambikkai uµµa, »kZep‰® puga∑pe˛˛a
nMèKwkyaˆ famously (adv.) –
nambikkaiyäπa »kzak puga∑äga
faithfully (adv.) –
family (n.) –
nMèKwkyak ¿ƒMpM kuÃumbam
nambikkaiyäga
fall (v.i.) – fan (electric & hand) (n.) –
ɤ vi∑u Éâó visi˛i
(Éz, ɤN∆) far (distance) (n.) –
fallen (adj.) – ÁrM dhüram
ɤNt vi∑untha far (adj.) –
false (adj.) – Ármaˆ dhüramäπa
epaYyaˆ poyyäπa so far (till now) –
falsely (adv.) – i∆ vwr
epaYyak poyyäga ithu varai
falsehood (n.) – fare (n.); fee –
epaY poy kDdbM kaªªa≈am
liar (n.) – farm (n.) –
epaYy˜ poyyaπ pBwb pa≈≈ai

56
farm (v.) – grow fat (v.i.) –
pëíƒ payiriÃu eka¤ ko∑u
(-id, -iDƒ) (eka¤Kk, eka¤T∆)
farmer (n.) – corpulence (n.) –
Évcaë vivasäyi eka¤P» ko∑uppu
farmhand (n.) – fate (n.) –
pBwbyaÒ Éç vithi
pa≈≈aiyäµ father (n.) –
farming (n.), agriculture – îPpa appä,
Ev¬aBwm vëµä≈mai, tNwt thanthai
ÉvcayM vivasäyam father-in-law (n.) –
farther, beyond; moreover – mamˆaR mämaπär
îP»®M appu˛am fault (n.); crime –
beyond (in space) – ¿‰®M ku˛˛am
îP»®M appu˛am, fault (n.); mistake –
îPpaL appäl tv› thava˛u
farthest (adj.) –
fault (n.); blame; revenge –
kwdâyaˆ kaÃaisiyäπa, pï pa∑i
êkŒM Ármaˆ find fault (v.t.); blame –
migavum dhüramäπa
fast –
pï pa∑i (pïKk, pïT∆)
Evkmaˆ vëgamäπa (adj.), fear (n.) –
ØKárM / ØKármak pyM payam,
sïkkiram/sïkkiramäga (adv.) îCcM accham
fasten (v.t.); bind; build – fear (v.i.); be afraid –
kDƒ kaªªu (kDd, kDã) pyPpƒ payappaÃu
fat (adj.) – (-pd, -pDƒ);
kˆTt gaπattha, îü◊ añju
eka¤Tt ko∑uttha (îüc, îüâ)

57
fearful (adj.) – feet (pl.) –
pyıkrmaˆ patıkÒ pätha√gaµ
paya√garamäπa foot (sing.) –
fearfully (adv.) – patM pätham
pyıkrmak female (n.); woman –
paya√garamäga epB pe≈
fearless (adj.) – feminine (adj.) –
pyêLlat payamillätha, epBwmyaˆ
îücat añjätha pe≈maiyäπa
fearlessly (adv.) – femininity (n.) –
îücamL añjämal epBwm pe≈mai
fearlessness (n.) – feminine gender (n.) –
îücawm añjämai epBpaL pe≈bäl
feast (n.); food for guests – fence (n.) –
ÉÃN∆ virunthu Evì vëli
fee (n.); fare – fertile (adj.) –
kDdbM kaªªa≈am v¬Rmaˆ vaµarmäπa
feed (v.t.) – fertility (n.) –
ubŒ îñ u≈avu aµi v¬M vaµam
(- îñKk, - îñT∆) festival (n.); celebration –
feed (animals) (v.i.); snack – Éza vi∑ä
ç˜ thiπ (瘈, 瘛) religious festival (n.) –
feel (v.i.); realize; recognize – çÃÉza thiruvi∑ä
ubR u≈ar fever (n.) –
(ubr, ubRN∆) kaYCcL käycchal,
feeling(s), sensation(s) – jûrM (ejarM)
ubRCâ u≈arcchi juram (joram)

58
few (adj.) – fifth (n. or adj.) –
âl sila WNtav∆ ainthävathu,
a few (persons) – WNtaM ainthäm (adj. only)
âlR silar, fifty (n. or adj.) –
âlEpR silapër WMp∆ aimbathu
a few (things) – fiftieth (n. or adj.) –
âlepaÃÒkÒ WMptav∆ aimbathävathu
silaporuµgaµ WMptaM aimbathäm (adj.)
field (esp. paddy field) – fight (n.); quarrel –
vyL vayal cBwd sa≈Ãai
fierce (adj.) – fight (v.) –
ekaãy koÃiya, cBwdëƒ sa≈ÃaiyiÃu
pyıkrmaˆ (-id, -iDƒ);
paya√garamäπa cBwd ecY sa≈Ãai sey
fiercely (adv.) – (- ecYy, - ecY∆)
pyıkrmak figure (n.); form –
paya√garamäga uÃvM uruvam,
fierce nature (n.) – ÎRTç mürtthi
pyıkrM fill (v.t.) –
paya√garam
érP» nirappu
fifteen (n. or adj.) – (érPp, érPè);
pçwˆN∆ éw® ni˛ai
pathiπainthu (éw®Kk, éw®T∆)
fifteenth (n. or adj.) – fill (v.i.) –
pçwˆNtav∆ érM» nirambu
pathiπainthävathu, (érMp, érMè)
pçwˆNtaM filth (n.); dirty laundry –
pathiπainthäm (adj. only) î¤K¿ a∑ukku

59
dirtiness (n.) – fine (o.k.); correct (adj.) –
î◊TtM asuttham cíyaˆ sariyäπa
dirty (adj.) – fine (detailed) (adj.); best –
î◊Ttmaˆ asutthamäπa, â®N∆ si˛anthu
î¤Kkaˆ a∑ukkäπa finger (n.); toe –
dirtily (adv.) –
ÉrL viral
î◊Ttmak asutthamäga, finger (n.) –
î¤Kkak a∑ukkäga wk ÉrL kai viral
finish (v.i.); come to an end –
final (n.); last; end – …ã muÃi (…ãy, …ãN∆)
kwdâ kaÃaisi finish (v.t.); complete –
final (adj.) – …ã muÃi (…ãKk, …ãT∆)
kwdâyaˆ kaÃaisiyäπa finished (adj.); completed –
finally (adv.) – …ãvaˆ muÃiväπa,
kwdâyak kaÃaisiyäga, …ãNt muÃintha
kwdâëL kaÃaisiyil fire (n.) –
finance (n.); fund; treasure – enÃP» neruppu, ≥ thï
éç nidhi firewood (n.) –
find (v.t.); invent – É®¿ vi˛agu
kBƒèã ka≈ÃupiÃi firm (adj.) –
(-èãKk, -èãT∆) u›çyaˆ u˛uthiyäπa
find (n.); invention – firmness; hardness; certainty –
kBƒèãP» u›ç u˛uthi
ka≈ÃupiÃippu
first (n.); beginning –
find out (v.t.); see – …tL muthal,
kaB kä≈ (kab, kBƒ) …tlav∆ muthalävathu
fine (o.k.); yes; correct – first (adv.) –
cí sari …tlak muthaläga

60
first (adj.) – flatness (n.), smoothness –
…tlaM muthaläm tDwd thaªªai,
fish (n.) – cmt¬M samathaµam
∂˜ mïπ flavor (n.); taste –
fisherman (n.) – ◊wv suvai, Ãâ rusi
∂ˆvR mïπavar flaw (n.); lack –
fishing-boat (n.) – ¿w®(paƒ) ku˛ai(päÃu)
∂˜ èã pd¿ flee (v.i.), run away –
mïπ piÃi paÃagu OãPEpa öÃippö
fishing-net (n.) – (-Epak, -EpaY)
∂˜ èã vwl flesh (n.); meat –
mïπ piÃi valai iwrCâ i˛aicchi
five (n. or adj.) – float (v.i.) –
WN∆ ainthu êt mitha (êtKk, êtN∆)
fix (arrange) (v.t.) – float (v.t.) –
≥Rmaò thïrmäπi êtKk wv mithakka vai
(≥RmaòKk, ≥RmaòT∆) (- wvKk, - wvT∆)
fixed (adj.), arranged – elation (n.), euphoria –
≥RmaòKkP pDd êtP» mithappu
thïrmäπikka-p-paªªa flood (n.) –
fix (repair) (v.t.) – evÒ¬M veµµam
p¤∆paR pa∑uthu-pär floor (n.) –
(- paRKk, - paRT∆) twr tharai, t¬M thaµam
flag (n.); vine – flour (n.) –
ekaã koÃi maŒ mävu
flat (adj.); smooth – flourish (v.i.) –
tDwdyaˆ thaªªaiyäπa, ɬı¿ viµa√gu
cmt¬maˆ samathaµamäπa (ɬık, ɬıá)

61
flow (v.i.); leak; dribble – following (n.) –
o¤¿ o∑ugu (o¤k, o¤á) è˜vÃM piπvarum
flow (as of water) (n.) – following (adj.) –
ODdM öªªam è˜vÃá® piπvarugi˛a
let flow down (v.t.) – fool (n.) –
U‰› ü˛˛u (U‰®, U‰ó) ÎDdaÒ müªªäµ,
flower (n.), blossom –
mwdy˜ maÃaiyaπ
foolish (adj.) –
mlR malar, È pü …DdaÒtˆmaˆ
fluid (n.) – muªªäµthaπamäπa,
¥RmM nïrmam, wpTçymaˆ
çrvM thiravam paitthiyamäπa (‘crazy’)
fly (insect) (n.) – foolishly (adv.) –
I ï mdTtˆmak
fly (v.i.); move swiftly – maÃatthaπamäga
p® pa˛a (p®Kk, p®N∆) foolishness (n.); stupidity –
fog (n.); mist; dew –
mdwm maÃamai,
pò paπi mdTtˆM maÃatthaπam
thick fog (n.) – foot (n.); step; bottom; base –
΃ pò müÃu paπi îã aÃi
foot (n.) –
foggy (adj.) –
(kaL) îã (käl) aÃi,
΃ pòÀÒ¬ patM pätham
müÃu paπiyuµµa
foot (n.); leg; quarter (1/4) –
follow (v.t.) –
è˜ ecL piπ sel kaL käl
(- ecLl, - ec˜›); for (conj.); since, because –
è˜ etadR piπ thoÃar Ak äga,
(- etadr, - etadRN∆) ´eˆ˜®aL ëπeπ˛äl

62
force (n.); strength – forever (adv.) –
plM balam, cKç shakthi ¶˜›M eπ˛um
forceful (adj.); strong – always (adv.); whenever –
plmaˆ balamäπa ¶PEpa∆M eppöthum,
forcefully (adv.); strongly – ¶Pepa¤∆M eppo∑uthum
plmak balamäga forget (v.t.) –
force (n.), might, power – m® ma˛a (m®Kk, m®N∆)
vìwm valimai forgetful (adj.) –
forceful (adj.), powerful – m®çyaˆ ma˛athiyäπa
vìwmyaˆ valimaiyäπa forgetfulness (n.) –
forcefully (adv.), powerfully – m®ç ma˛athi
vìwmyak valimaiyäga forgetful person (n.) –
foreign (adj.) – m®çKkarR ma˛athikkärar
îyL ayal, evñ veµi, forgive (v.t.) –
îNéymaˆ anniyamäπa m˜ò maππi
foreign country (n.) – (m˜òKk, m˜òT∆)
îyLnaƒ ayal-näÃu, forgive (v.t.) –
evñnaƒ veµi-näÃu m˜òT∆Ƀ
foreigner(s) (n.) – maππitthuviÃu
îyLnaDƒKkarR (-Éd, -ÉDƒ)
ayaln䪪ukkärar, forgiveness (n.) –
evñnaDƒKkarR m˜òP» maππippu
veµin䪪ukkärar forgive [mistake-tolerate] –
foreign (adj.); external – ¿‰®M epa›
evñ veµi, ku˛˛am po˛u
îNéymaˆ anniyamäπa (- epa›Kk, - epa›T∆)
forest (uninhabited land) (n.) – fork (n.) –
kaƒ käÃu, vˆM vaπam kvƒ kavaÃu

63
form (n.); image – fourth (n. or adj.) –
uÃvM uruvam, na˜kav∆ näπgävathu,
ÎRTç mürtthi na˜kaM näπgäm (adj.)
former (adj.) – fourteen (n. or adj.) –
…˜ muπ, pçna˜¿ pathinäπgu
…Nçy munthiya fourteenth (n. or adj.) –
formerly; in front of – pçna˜kav∆
…˜(») muπ(bu), pathinäπgävathu,
…˜Eˆ muππë, pçna˜kaM
pathinäπgäm (adj. only)
…˜ˆaL muππäl,
free (independent) (adj.) –
…˜ˆaEl muππälë ◊tNçrmaˆ
forty (n. or adj.) – suthanthiramäπa
na‰p∆ nä˛pathu freely (independently) (adv.) –
fortieth (n. or adj.) – ◊tNçrmak
na‰ptav∆ suthanthiramäga
nä˛pathävathu, freedom (independence) (n.) –
na‰ptaM ◊tNçrM suthanthiram
nä˛pathäm (adj. only) free (of cost) (adj.) –
forward (adj.) – ilvc(maˆ) ilavasa(mäπa)
…˜Eˆ muππë, freely (without cost) (adv.) –
…˜EˆaKáy ilvcmak ilavasamäga
muππökkiya freedom (from cost) (n.) –
forward (adv.) – ilvcM ilavasam
…˜EˆaKá muππökki freedom (liberation) (n.) –
four (n. or adj.) – Ƀtwl viÃuthalai
na˜¿ näπgu fresh (adj.); green; cool –
naÕ nälu pCwc pacchai

64
fresh (adj.), new – frightful (adj.) –
»çy puthiya, pyıkrmaˆ
mıkat ma√gätha paya√garamäπa
Friday; Venus (planet) – frightfully (adv.) –
evÒñ veµµi pyıkrmak
paya√garamäga
Friday (n.) –
be frightened (v.i.) –
evÒñKázwm çƒKრthiÃukkiÃu
veµµikki∑amai
(çƒKád, çƒKáDƒ)
friend (f.) – frog (n.) –
âEnáç sinëgithi, tvw¬ thavaµai
Etaï thö∑i from (prep.) –
friend (m.) – -iÃN∆ -irunthu,
âEnát˜ sinëgithaπ, -idTçÃN∆
Etaz˜ thö∑aπ, -iÃatthirunthu,
nBp˜ na≈baπ, -idTçìÃN∆
Enc˜ nësaπ -iÃatthilirunthu
friendship (n.) – front (n.) –
âEnkM sinëgam, …˜»®M muπpu˛am,
Etazwm thö∑amai, …˜pKkM muπpakkam
nD» naªpu, front end (n.) –
EncM nësam …˜pKkM muπpakkam
frown (v.i.); wrinkle –
fright (n.), terror –
◊Ãı¿ suru√gu
pyM payam, åCcM accham (◊Ãık, ◊Ãıá)
pyıkrM paya√garam fruit (ripe) (n.) –
frighten (v.t.), terrify – pzM pa∑am
py…›T∆ payamu˛utthu fuel (n.) –
(py…›Tt, py…›Tç) ¶íepaÃÒ eriporuµ

65
fulfilment (n.) –
éw®Œ ni˛aivu
full (adj.) –
éw®Nt ni˛aintha
be full (v.i.) –
éw® ni˛ai
(éw®y, éw®N∆)
fun (n.); game –
Éw¬yaDƒ viµaiy䪪u
function (n.); performance –
ékZCâ niga∑cchi
funeral; death [Spk. Tam.] –
caŒ sävu
furious (adj.), fierce –
ekaãy koÃiya
further (distance) (adv.) –
îçk ÁrTçÕÒ¬
athiga dhüratthiluµµa
further (moreover) (adv.) –
EmÕM mëlum
furthermore (adv.) –
i˜fiM iππum
future (n.) –
¶çRkalM ethirkälam
future (adj.) –
¶çRkal ethirkäla
futurity (n.); opposite –
¶çR ethir, ¶çEr ethirë
66
G
gain (n.); profit –
lapM läbam
gain a profit (v.); profit –
lapM ep› läbam pe˛u
(- ep®, - ep‰›)
gain (v.t.); get –
ep› pe˛u (ep®, ep‰›)
game (n.); fun –
Éw¬yaDƒ viµaiy䪪u
garden (n.) –
EtaDdM thöªªam
gardener (n.) –
EtaDdKkar˜
thöªªakkäraπ
garland (n.); evening (p.m.) –
mawl mälai
flower garland (n.) –
È mawl pü mälai
garland (s.o., sth.) (v.t.) –
mawl Epaƒ mälai pöÃu
(- Epad, - EpaDƒ)
gas (air, steam, etc.) –
vaÀ väyu,
AÉ ävi
gate (n.) –
vacL väsal,
vaëL ktŒ väyil kathavu
gather (v.t.); collect –
çrDƒ thiraªªu
(çrDd, çrDã)
gecko (wall lizard) (n.) –
pLì palli
gem (n.) –
rTçˆM ratthiπam,
rTçˆKkL ratthiπa-k-kal
general (adj.); usual –
epa∆vaˆ pothuväπa
generation (n.); tradition –
prMpwr parambarai
gentle (adj.) –
em˜wmyaˆ meπmaiyäπa
get (v.); receive –
ep› pe˛u (ep®, ep‰›)
get (v.t.); obtain –
îwd aÃai
(îwdy, îwdN∆)
get (v.t.); buy; receive –
vaı¿ vä√gu
(vaık, vaıá)
get down (v.i.); descend –
(≠Ez)i®ı¿ (kï∑ë) i˛a√gu
(i®ık, i®ıá)
bring down (v.t.) –
i®K¿ i˛akku
(i®Kk, i®Ká)
67
get on (to a bus, etc.) (v.i.) –
´› ë˛u (´®, ´ó)
get up (v.i.); awake –
¶¤ e∑u (¶z, ¶¤N∆)
get up (from resting) (v.i.) –
¶¤Nçà e∑unthiru
(-iÃKk, -iÃN∆)
make get up (v.t.) –
¶¤P» e∑uppu
(¶¤Pp, ¶¤Pè)
ghee (clarified butter) –
enY ney
gift (n.) –
î˜pìP» aπbalippu,
ekawd koÃai,
pí◊ parisu
ginger (n.) –
iüâ iñji
girl (n.); woman –
epB pe≈,
epBèÒw¬ pe≈piµµai
give (v.t.); give away –
ekaƒ koÃu
(ekaƒKk, ekaƒT∆)
give (v.t.) –
ta thä (tr, tN∆)
give (v.t.); offer; render –
îñ aµi (îñKk, îñT∆)
glass (n.); eyeglasses; mirror – a good thing (n.) –
kBbaã ka≈≈äÃi nLl∆ nallathu
glass (tumbler) (n.) – nicely (adv.); well –
‘dM¬R’ ªamµar n˜¿ naπgu,
glow (v.i.); burn; be angry – n˜®ak naπ˛äga
¶í eri (¶íy, ¶íN∆) good man (n.) –
go (v.i.) – nLlv˜ nallavaπ
Epa pö (Epak, EpaY) goodness (n.) –
go (v.i.); follow – n˜wm naπmai
ecL sel (ecLl, ec˜›) goodbye; greetings –
goal (aim) (n.) – vbKkM va≈akkam
(ecyL)EnaKkM goodbye (“I’ll go & come.”) –
(seyal)nökkam EpaY vÃáE®˜.
goat (n.) – ‘Pöy varugi˛ëπ.’
Aƒ äÃu, (“We’ll go and come.”) –
evÒ¬aƒ veµµäÃu EpaY vÃáE®aM.
God (n.) – ‘Pöy varugi˛öm.’
ABdvR ä≈Ãavar, (“Go and come.”) –
kdŒÒ kaÃavuµ, EpaY vaÃıkÒ.
‘Pöy väru√gaµ.’
iw®v˜ i˛aivaπ goods (n.); possession(s) –
going (n.); practice; habit – cama˜ sämäπ
EpaK¿ pökku goods; meaning; matter –
gold (n.) – epaÃÒ poruµ
epa˜ poπ, government (n.) –
tıkM tha√gam îrcaıkM arasä√gam
good (adj.) – govt. (n.); kingdom –
nLl nalla îr◊ arasu

68
govern (v.t.) – grass (n.) –
ADâ ecY äªchi sey »L pul
(- ecYy, - ecY∆) gray (ash color) (n. or adj.) –
government; administration – caMpL (é®M)
ADâ äªchi sämbal (ni˛am)
grab (v.t.); catch – graze (v.i.) –
èã piÃi (èãKk, èãT∆) EmY mëy (Emy, EmYN∆)
gradual (adj.), ‘step by step’ – great (adj.); important; big –
pãPpãyaˆ epíy periya
paÃippaÃiyäπa greatness (n.); nobleness –
grain (paddy, etc.) (n.) –
epÃwm perumai
taòyM dhäπiyam green (adj.); fresh –
grandchild (n.) –
pCwc pacchai
EprK¿zNwt greetings; goodbye –
përakku∑anthai
vbKkM va≈akkam
grief (n.); suffering –
granddaughter (n.) –
EpTç pëtthi ∆KkM dhukkam
grind (v.t.) –
grandfather (n.) –
taTta thätthä, îwr arai
(îwrKk, îwrT∆)
paDdˆaR p䪪aπär ground; agricultural land –
grandmother (n.) – élM nilam
paDã p䪪i, group (n.) –
paDãyaR p䪪iyär ¿¤ ku∑u,
grandson (n.) – eta¿ç thoguthi
Epr˜ përaπ grow (v.i.) –
grape(s) (n.) – v¬R vaµar
çraDwc thiräªchai (v¬r, v¬RN∆)

69
grow (make grow) (v.t.) – hair (of the body) (n.) –
v¬R vaµar mëR mayir
(v¬RKk, v¬RT∆) hair (of the head) (n.) –
growth (n.) – …ã muÃi
v¬RCâ vaµarcchi half (n.); waist –
guard (n.) – îwr arai
kavL(karR) käval(kärar)
half (n.) –
guard (v.t.) –
kaPpa‰› käpp䲲u paç päthi
(kaPpa‰®, kaPpa‰ó) halve (v.t.) –
guide (v.t.) – îwryaK¿ araiyäkku
vïkaDƒ va∑ik䪪u (-AKk, -AKá);
(-kaDd, -kaDã) paçyaK¿ päthiyäkku
guide (n.) – (-AKk, -AKá)
vïkaDã va∑ik䪪i hall (n.); large room –
guilt (n.) – ‡dM küÃam
¿‰®M ku˛˛am hand (n.); arm –
guilty (adj.) – wk kai
¿‰®…Ò¬ ku˛˛amuµµa, hang (v.t.); suspend –
¿‰®maˆ ku˛˛amäπa etaıkɃ tho√gaviÃu
guilty person (n.) – (-Éd, -ÉDƒ)
¿‰®vañ ku˛˛aväµi hang (be suspended) (v.i.) –
etaı¿ tho√gu
H (etaık, etaıá)
habit (n.); custom – hang (execute) (v.t.) –
vzKkM (pzKkM) ÁKáìƒ thükkiliÃu
va∑akkam (pa∑akkam) (-id, -iDƒ);
habit (n.); practice; going – ÁKáLEpaƒ thükkilpöÃu
EpaK¿ pökku (-Epad, -EpaDƒ)

70
happen (v.i.); behave; walk – hard (opp. to soft) –
nd naÃa (ndKk, ndN∆) u›çyaˆ u˛uthiyäπa,
happen (v.i.); take place – …rdaˆ muraÃäπa
nwdep› naÃaipe˛u harm (n.) –
(-ep®, -ep‰›) ≥wm thïmai,
happen (v.i.); occur – ≥ı¿ thï√gu
cMpÉ sambavi harm (v.t.) –
(cMpÉKk, cMpÉT∆) ≥ı¿ ecY thï√gu sey
happening (n.); occurrence – (- ecYy, - ecY∆)
cMpvM sambavam
harmful (adj.); cruel –
happiness (n.); joy, delight –
≥wmÀÒ¬ thïmaiyuµµa
i˜pM iπbam, harmless (adj.) –
máZCâ magi∑cchi ≥wmy‰® thïmaiya˛˛a
be happy (v.i.) – harsh (adj.) –
máZ magi∑ ekaãy koÃiya
(máz, máZN∆)
harshness (n.); sternness –
happily (adv.) –
kƒwm kaÃumai
cNEtaqmak
santhöshamäga haste (n.); emergency –
happiness (n.); pleasure – îvcrM avasaram
cNEtaqM santhösham hasten (v.i.) –
happy (adj.) – îvcrPpƒ
avasarappaÃu
cNEtaqmaˆ (-pd, -pDƒ)
santhöshamäπa, hat (n.) –
máZCâyaˆ etaPè thoppi
magi∑cchiyäπa hate (v.t.); dislike –
hardness (n.); firmness – ev› ve˛u
u›ç u˛uthi (ev›Kk, ev›T∆)

71
hate (n.), hatred – health (n.) –
ev›P» ve˛uppu ◊kM sugam,
have (v.) – ¿bM gu≈am
ekaÒ koµ healthy (adj.) –
(ekaÒ¬, ekaBƒ) ◊kmaˆ sugamäπa,
he (that man) (pron.) –
îv˜ avaπ, AEraáymaˆ
ärökiyamäπa
îvR avar (polite), hear (v.t.), listen; ask –
îvRkÒ avargaµ (pol.+) EkÒ këµ (EkDk, EkDƒ)
he (this man) – heart (anatomical) (n.) –
iv˜ ivaπ, iÃtyM (ityM)
ivR ivar (polite), iruthayam (ithayam)
ivRkÒ ivargaµ (pol.+) hearth (n.) –
he himself – îƒP» aÃuppu
îvEˆ ta˜ heat (high temp.) (n.) –
avaπë thäπ (fam.), ‚ƒ süÃu,
îvEr taM evPpM veppam
avarë thäm (pol.)
get heated (v.i.), get hot –
head (of physical body) (n.) –
twl thalai ◊ƒ suÃu (◊d, ◊Dƒ)
sun’s heat (n.) –
head (leader) (n.) –
twlvR thalaivar evëL veyil
heaviness (n.) –
headache (n.) –
twlvì thalaivali kˆM gaπam
headquarters (n.) – heavy (adj.) –
twlwm îÕvlkM kˆTt gaπattha,
thalaimai aluvalagam kˆmaˆ gaπamäπa
heal (v.i.); calm down – heavily (adv.) –
A› ä˛u (A®, Aó) parmak bäramäga

72
heavy load (n.) – her (pron.) (familiar) –
parM bäram îvw¬ avaµai (acc.),
heed (n.); care – îv‹K¿ avaµukku (dat.)
kvˆM kavaπam her (pron.) (polite) –
height (n.) – îvwr avarai (acc.),
uyrM uyaram îvÃK¿ avarukku (dat.)
heighten (v.t.) – her (possessive) (fam.) –
uyRT∆ uyartthu îv‹wdy avaµuÃaiya
(uyRTt, uyRTç) her (possess.) (polite) –
hello! – îvÃwdy avaruÃaiya
vbKkM va≈akkam here (adv.) –
help (n.); assistance – iıEk i√gë
utÉ uthavi here! (look here!) –
help (v.t.) – iEta ithö
utÉ ecY uthavi sey here! (take it!) –
(- ecYy, - ecY∆) iNtaÃıkÒ inthäru√gaµ
helpful (adj.) – hereafter (adv.); henceforth –
upEyakmaˆ iò iπi,
upayögamäπa iòEmL iπimël
help (n.), assistant – hereby (adv.) –
∆wb thu≈ai itˆaL ithaπäl
hence (from now on) – herewith (adv.) –
iPEpaçìÃN∆ itfid˜ ithaπuÃaπ
ippöthilirunthu
hero (n.); soldier –
hence (from here) –
™r˜ vïraπ
iıáÃN∆ i√girunthu heroine (n.); woman warrior –
hence (therefore) – ™rPepB vïrappe≈,
AwkyaL ägaiyäl ™raıkwˆ vïrä√gaπai

73
heroism (n.) – highway (n.); road –
™rM vïram cawl sälai,
heroic (adj.) – enƒücawl neÃuñjälai
™rmaˆ vïramäπa hill (n.) –
herself (pron.) (familiar) – mwl malai,
îvE¬ avaµë, ¿˜®M kuπ˛am
taEˆ thäπë him (pron.) (familiar) –
herself (pron.) (polite) – îvwˆ avaπai (acc.),
îvEr avarë îvfiK¿ avaπukku (dat.)
hide (skin) (n.); leather – him (pron.) (polite) –
EtaL thöl îvwr avarai (acc.),
hide (v.t.); make disappear – îvÃK¿ avarukku (dat.)
mw® ma˛ai himself (reflex.) (fam.) –
(mw®Kk, mw®T∆) îvEˆ avaπë,
be hidden (v.i.); disappear – taEˆ thäπë
mw® ma˛ai himself (reflex.) (polite) –
(mw®y, mw®N∆)
îvEr avarë
high (adv.); far up –
hip (n.); waist –
uyEr uyarë
iƒP» iÃuppu
high (adj.) –
uyR uyar, his (possessive) –
uyRNt uyarntha, îvfiwdy
avaπuÃaiya (fam.),
uyrmaˆ uyaramäπa îvÃwdy
high level (n.) – avaruÃaiya (pol.)
uyR éwl uyar nilai history (n.) –
high; west; above – vr¬a› varaµä˛u
EmL mël, EmEl mëlë, hit (v.t.) –
Emlaˆ mëläπa îã aÃi (îãKk, îãT∆)

74
hold (keep in hand) (v.t.) – honor (v.t.) –
èã piÃi epÃwmPpƒT∆
(èãKk, èãT∆) perumaippaÃutthu
hold (n.) – (-pƒTt, -pƒTç);
èã piÃi ek¬rÉ gauravi
èãP» piÃippu (ek¬rÉKk, ek¬rÉT∆)
holiday (n.) – honorary (adj.) –
Ƀ…w® (naÒ) ek¬rv gaurava
viÃumu˛ai (näµ) honorable (adj.) –
holy; ‘Mr.’ – ek¬rvêKk
çà thiru gauravamikka,
home (n.), house –
ek¬rvmaˆ
gauravamäπa
™ƒ vïÃu honorably (adv.) –
hometown (n.); village; city – ek¬rvmak
UR ür, gauravamäga
ecaNt UR sontha ür hope (v.t.), believe –
honest (adj.); straight – nM» nambu (nMp, nMè)
EnR nër, hope (n.); belief; confidence –
EnRwmyaˆ nMèKwk nambikkai
nërmaiyäπa horn (animal’s) (n.) –
honesty (n.); straightness – ekaM» kombu
EnRwm nërmai horrible (adj.) –
honey (n.) – pyıkrmaˆ
Et˜ thëπ paya√garamäπa
honeybee (n.) – horror (n.) –
Etæ thëπï epÃMpyM perumbayam
honor (n.); a degree, diploma – horse (n.) –
pDdM paªªam ¿çwr kuthirai

75
hospital (n.) – so many –
ASpTçí äsbatthiri, ¶TtwˆEya etthaπaiyö
mÃT∆vmwˆ how much? –
marutthuvamaπai ¶Vv¬Œ evvaµavu
hot (spicey) (adj.) – so much, a lot –
karmaˆ käramäπa ¶Vv¬Eva evvaµavö
spiciness (n.), pungency – however (in whatever manner) –
karM käram ¶PpãyaáÕM
hot (temp. – not weather) – eppaÃiyägilum
‚ƒ süÃu, however; even though –
‚daˆ süÃäπa AˆaÕM äπälum
hot & humid (weather, etc.), huge (adj.) –
sultriness (n.) – êkPepíy
»¤KkM pu∑ukkam miga-p-periya
hour (of day); bell; gem – human [of men] (adj.) –
mõ ma≈i mòt maπitha,
one hour (of time) – mòtfiK¿íy
oà mõ EnrM maπithaπukkuriya
oru ma≈i nëram humanity (n.) –
house (n.) – mòt iˆM
™ƒ vïÃu maπitha iπam
how? (by what means?) – humiliate (v.t.) –
¶Ppã eppaÃi, taZT∆ thä∑tthu
¶tˆaL ethaπäl (taZTt, taZTç)
how (way in which) – humor (n.) –
ecY…w® sey mu˛ai nwkC◊wv nagaicchuvai
how many? – hundred (n. or adj.) –
¶Ttwˆ etthaπai Ë› nü˛u

76
hundredth (n. or adj.) – hurry (n.), haste; emergency –
Ë®av∆ nü˛ävathu, îvcrM avasaram,
Ë®am nü˛äm (adj. only) EvkM vëgam,
hunger (n.) – ØKárM sïkkiram
pâ pasi hurry (v.i.); be rash –
be hungry (v.i.), famished – îvcrPpƒ
pâ pasi (pâKk, pâT∆) avasarappaÃu
hungry (adj.) – (-pd, -pDƒ)
pâÀÒ¬ pasiyuµµa hurry up (someone) (v.t.) –
hunt (animals, etc.) (v.t.) –
îvcrPpƒT∆
avasarappaÃutthu
evDwdyaƒ veªªaiyäÃu (-pƒTt, -pƒTç)
(-Ad, -Aã)
hurt (v.t.) –
hunt (search for) (v.t.) – ≥ı¿ ecY thï√gu sey
EtãPpaR thëÃippär (- ecYy, - ecY∆)
(-paRKk, -paRT∆) hurt (ache) (v.i.) –
hunter (n.) – Ena nö
EvDwdKkar˜ (Enak, EnaN∆)
v몪aikkäraπ, husband (n.) –
Evd˜ vëÃaπ kbv˜ ka≈avaπ,
hurl (v.t.); throw, toss – ™DƒKkar˜
¶ó e˛i (¶óy, ¶óN∆) v着u-k-käraπ
hurried (adj.) –
îvcrmaˆ avasaramäπa, I
Evkmaˆ vëgamäπa I (pron.) –
hurriedly (adv.) – na˜ näπ
îvcrTçL avasaratthil, idea (n.); thought; opinion –
Evkmak vëgamäga, kÃT∆ karutthu,
ØKármak sïkkiramäga ¶BbM e≈≈am

77
idol (n.); shape; image; form – imagine (v.) –
ÎRTç mürtthi k‰pwˆ ecY
if (conj.); if said so – ka˛paπai sey
¶˜®aL eπ˛äl, (- ecYy, - ecY∆);
AˆaL äπäl ¶BõPpaR
e≈≈ippär (-paRKk, -paRT∆)
if so – imitate (v.t.) –
îPpãyaˆaL è˜p‰› piπpa˛˛u
appaÃiyäπäl (è˜p‰®, è˜p‰ó)
ignorance (n.) – immaturity; youth; tenderness –
îóyawm a˛iyämai i¬wm iµamai
etíyawm immediate (adj.) –
theriyämai udˆãyaˆ
ignorant (adj.) – uÃaπaÃiyäπa
îóyat a˛iyätha immediately (adv.); right after –
ill (adj.); indisposed – udEˆ uÃaπë
î◊Káy asukkiya impatience (n.); irritation –
illness (n.); disease – ATçrM ätthiram
EnaY nöy
impatient (adj.) –
illumination (n.); lamp –
ɬK¿ viµakku ATçrmaˆ ätthiramäπa
image (n.); shape, form; idol – impatiently (adv.) –
ÎRTç mürtthi ATçrmak ätthiramäga
imagination; inventiveness – importance (n.); primary thing –
k‰pwˆ ka˛paπai …KáyM mukkiyam
imagine (v.t.); keep – important (adj.); big –
wvT∆KekaÒ …Káy(maˆ)
vaitthukkoµ mukkiya(mäπa),
(-ekaÒ¬, -ekaBƒ); epíy periya

78
 improve (v.) – increase (v.t.); multiply –
…˜Eˆ‰®PpƒT∆ epÃK¿ perukku
muππ벲appaÃutthu (epÃKk, epÃKá)
(-pƒTt, -pƒTç) independence (n.) –
improvement (n.); reform – ◊tNçrM
…˜Eˆ‰®M muππ벲am suthanthiram
in (prep.) – independent (adj.) –
-iL -il, uÒE¬ uµµë ◊tNçrmaˆ
in order to, so that – suthanthiramäπa
pã paÃi independence (freedom) (n.) –
incident (n.) – Ƀtwl viÃuthalai
ékZCâ niga∑cchi industry; work; occupation –
incite (v.t.) – etaïL(∆w®)
ÁBƒ thü≈Ãu tho∑il(thu˛ai)
(ÁBd, ÁBã) influence (v.t.) –
include (v.t.) – ecLvaKkñ selväkkaµi
uÒ¬dK¿ uµµaÃakku (-îñKk, -îñT∆)
(-îdKk, -îdKá); influence (n.) –
EcRN∆KekaÒ ecLvaK¿ selväkku
sërnthukkoµ inform (v.t.); announce –
(-ekaÒ¬, -ekaBƒ) etíÉ therivi
income (n.) – (etíÉKk, etíÉT∆);
vÃmaˆM varumäπam îóÉ a˛ivi
increase (v.); ascend; climb – (îóÉKk, îóÉT∆)
´› ë˛u (´®, ´ó) information (n.) –
increase (v.i.); multiply – ecYç seythi
epÿ perugu injure (v.t.); harm –
(epÃk, epÃá); ≥ı¿ ecY thï√gu sey
ê¿ migu (êk, ê¿N∆) (- ecYy, - ecY∆);

79
injury (n.) – insanity (n.) –
≥wm thïmai, wpTçyM
ekƒç keÃuthi paitthiyam
inhale (v.t.); pull, drag – insect (n.) –
i¤ i∑u ÈCâ pücchi
(i¤Kk, i¤T∆) inside, within (space) –
ink (n.) –
uÒ uµ,
wm mai uÒE¬ uµµë
innocence (n.) – inspect (v.t.) –
evÒw¬ veµµai Ecaç söthi
(EcaçKk, EcaçT∆)
innocence (n.) –
¿‰®m‰®t˜wm install (v.t.); construct –
ku˛˛ama˛˛athaπmai
îwm amai
(îwmKk, îwmT∆)
innocent (adj.) – install (v.t.); establish –
¿‰®m‰® ku˛˛ama˛˛a Staè sthäbi
inoculate (v.t.) – (StaèKk, StaèT∆)
Uâ Epaƒ instead (adv.) –
üsi pöÃu pçlak pathiläga
(- Epad, - EpaDƒ) instead of –
inoculation (n.); needle – pçL pathil
Uâ üsi institution (n.); establishment –
insane (adj.) –
wpTçy paitthiya îwmP» amaippu,
insane person (n.) –
é›vˆM ni˛uvaπam
wpTçykar˜ instrument (n.); tool; weapon –
paitthiyakäraπ (m.), AÀtM äyutham
wpTçykaí insufficiency (n.) –
paitthiyakäri (f.) ¿w®CcL ku˛aicchal

80
insufficient (adj.) – interference (n.); interruption –
¿w®Cclaˆ ku˛aicchaläπa ¿›Káƒ(tL)ku˛ukkiÃu(thal)
¿w®Nt ku˛aintha, interfere (v.t.); interrupt –
pTta∆ patthäthu ¿›Kრku˛ukkiÃu
insufficiently (adv.) – (¿›Kád, ¿›KáDƒ)
¿w®Cclak ku˛aicchaläga interval (n.); middle –
insult (v.t) – iwd iÃai
îvmç avamathi intervene (v.t.) –
(îvmçKk, îvmçT∆) ¿›Kრku˛ukkiÃu
insult (n.) – (¿›Kád, ¿›KáDƒ)
îvmçP» avamathippu intervention (n.) –
intelligence (n.); knowledge – ¿›K≠ƒ ku˛ukkïÃu
îóŒ a˛ivu introduction (n.) –
intelligent; knowledgeable – îó…kM a˛imugam
îóŒÒ¬ a˛ivuµµa invade (v.t.) –
intense (adj.) – pwd ¶ƒ paÃai eÃu
≥Ér thïvira, (- ¶ƒKk, - ¶ƒT∆)
≥Érmaˆ thïviramäπa invasion (n.) –
intensity (n.); radicalism – pwdeyƒP»
paÃaiyeÃuppu
≥ÉrM thïviram
invent (v.t.); discover –
intensity (n.); speed –
kBƒèã ka≈ÃupiÃi
EvkM vëgam (-èãKk, -èãT∆)
intensely (adv.); quickly – invention (n.); discovery –
Evkmak vëgamäga kBƒèãP»
intention (n.); thought – ka≈ÃupiÃippu
¶BbM e≈≈am investigate (v.t.) –
interest (n.); enthusiasm – AraY äräy
ARvM ärvam (Aray, AraYN∆)

81
investigation (n.); research – issue (of publication); vol. –
AraYCâ äräycchi pçP» pathippu,
investigation (n.) – ÉvkarM vivahäram
Écarwb visära≈ai be issued (v.i.); be born –
investigate (v.t.) – è® pi˛a (è®Kk, è®N∆)
Écarwb ecY it, that (thing) (pron.) –
visära≈ai sey î∆ athu
(- ecYy, - ecY∆);
Écaí visäri it, this (thing) (pron.) –
(ÉcaíKk, ÉcaíT∆) i∆ ithu
invitation (n.) –
îwzP» a∑aippu J
invite (v.t.) – jackal (n.) –
îwz a∑ai ní nari
(îwzKk, îwzT∆) jail (n.) –
iron (n.) – âw®(Ccawl)
iÃM» irumbu si˛ai(cchälai)
jasmine (n.) –
irritation (n.); impatience –
ATçrM ätthiram mLìwk malligai
“Arabian” jasmine (n.) –
irritation (n.); burn sensation –
¶íCcL ericchal …Lwl mullai
irritate (v.t.) – jealousy (n.), envy –
¶íCcÓDƒ ericchalüªªu epa®awm po˛ämai
(-UDd, -UDã) jewel (n.); gem –
is, exists (v.i.) – mõ ma≈i,
uBƒ u≈Ãu (only form) rTçˆM ratthiπam
island (n.) – jewelry (n.); ornament –
≥Œ thïvu nwk(kÒ) nagai(gaµ)

82
job (n.) – judge (n.) –
Evwl vëlai ¥çpç nïthipathi
join (v.i.); unite; collect – judge (v.t.) –
‡ƒ küÃu (‡d, ‡ã) ≥RPpñ thïrppaµi
join (v.t.); unite; collect – (-îñKk, -îñT∆)
EcR sër (EcRKk, EcRT∆) judgment (n.) –
join (with) (v.i.); unite (with) –
≥RP» thïrppu
jump (v.i.); leap –
o˜› EcR oπ˛u sër
(- EcRKk, - EcRN∆)
¿ç kuthi (¿çKk, ¿çT∆);
joke (n.) – paY päy (pay; paYN∆)
Ekì këli junction (n.); crossing –
joker (n.) –
cNç(P») santhi(ppu)
Ekamañ kömäµi jungle (n.), forest –
journey (n.); travel –
(»tR)kaƒ (puthar)käÃu,
èryabM (pybM) vˆM vaπam
pirayä≈am (paya≈am) just (because),
no particular reason –
journey (v.i.) –
èryabM (pybM) ecY ◊Mma summä
piryä≈am (paya≈am) sey just (only) (adv.) –
(- ecYy, - ecY∆) mDƒM maªªum
joy (n.); happiness – just (right, lawful) (adj.) –
i˜pM iπbam, EnR nër,
máZCâ magi∑cchi Enraˆ nëräπa
joyful (adj.) – justice (n.) –
máZCâyaˆ ¥ç nïthi
magi∑cchiyäna K
joyfully (adv.) – keep (v.t.); imagine, suppose –
máZCâyak wvT∆KekaÒ vaitthukkoµ
magi∑cchiyäga (-ekaÒ¬, -ekaBƒ)

83
key (n.) –
caÉ sävi kingdom (n.) –
kick (v.t.) – îr◊ arasu,
uwt uthai raJyM räjyam
(uwtKk, uwtT∆); kiss (v.t.) –
kalaL uwt käläl uthai …Ttêƒ mutthamiÃu
(- uwtKk, - uwtT∆) (-id, -iDƒ)
kick (n.) – kiss (n.) –
uwt uthai …TtM muttham
kill (v.t.) – kitchen (n.) –
ekaL kol cwmyL îw®
(ekaLl, ekaBƒ) samaiyal a˛ai
kind (n.), sort, class – kite (plaything) (n.) –
iˆM iπam pDdM paªªam
kind, sort; manner; portion – knife (n.) –
vwk vagai kTç katthi
knot (v.t.) –
kind (gentle) (adj.) –
irKkmaˆ irakkamäπa …ã muÃi
(…ãy, …ãN∆);
kind (adj.); friendly – …ã Epaƒ muÃi pöÃu
î˜paˆ aπbäπa (- Epad, - EpaDƒ)
kindness (n.) – knot (n.) –
 aπbu …ãC◊ muÃicchu
king (n.) – know (v.t.); understand –
îrc˜ arasaπ, îó a˛i (îíy, îíN∆)
raja räjä, know (pred.), understand –
m˜ˆ˜ maππaπ »íÀM puriyum

84
don’t know (pred.) – land (agric.) (n.); ground –
»íya∆ puriyäthu élM nilam
knowledge (n.) – language (n.); saying; word –
îóŒ a˛ivu emaï mo∑i
know (v.); know how to – lap (n.) –
etí theri mã maÃi
(etíy, etíN∆); large (adj.); important –
etíÀM theriyum (pred.) epíy periya
don’t know – last (n.); final; end –
etíya∆ theriyäthu kwdâ kaÃaisi
last (at last) –
L i›ç(ëL) i˛uthi(yil)
labor (n.) –
last (to continue) (v.) –
uwzP» u∑aippu
¥ã nïÃi (¥ãKk, ¥ãT∆)
Labor (n.); workers –
last (to wear well) (v.i.) –
etaïla¬R tho∑iläµar
uwz u∑ai
lack (n.); flaw – (uwzKk, uwzT∆)
¿w® ku˛ai late (adj.); delayed –
lack (pred.) – èNçy pinthiya,
iLwl illai tamtmaˆ thämathamäπa
ladder (n.) – lately (adv.) –
´õ ë≈i c∂pTçL samïbatthil
lake; tank (man-made lake) – latrine (n.); toilet –
´í ëri, ¿¬M kuµam kïPpw® ka∑ippa˛ai
lakh (100,000) (n. or adj.) – kïPèdM ka∑ippiÃam
lDcM laªcham kK‡S kakküs
lamp (n.); illumination – laugh (v.i.); smile –
ɬK¿ viµakku âí siri (âíKk, âíT∆)

85
laughter (n.); smile – learn (v.t.) –
âíP» sirippu k‰›KekaÒ ka˛˛ukkoµ
law (n.); rule – (-ekaÒ¬, -ekaBƒ)
cDdM saªªam learnèd (adj.) –
lawful (adj.) – k‰®óNt ka˛˛a˛intha
cDdM ÈRvmaˆ learning (n.); study –
saªªam-pürvamäπa kLÉ kalvi
lawyer (n.) – leather (n.); hide; skin –
vKáL (vK≠L) EtaL thöl
vakkil (vakkïl) leave (v.t.); let go –
lazybones (a lazy person) – Ƀ viÃu (Éd, ÉDƒ)
EcaMEpó sömbë˛i left (side) (n. or adj.) –
lead (show the way) (v.t.) – id∆ iÃathu
vïkaDƒ va∑ik䪪u
(-kaDd, -kaDã) left side (n.) –
lead (control; go first) (v.t.) – id∆ pKkM
…˜ ecL muπ chel iÃathu pakkam
(- ecLl, - ec˜›) leg (n.); foot; quarter (1/4) –
leaf (of a plant) (n.) – kaL käl
iwl ilai legal (adj.) –
leap (v.i.); jump – cDdü caRNt
paY päy (pay, paYN∆); saªªañ-järntha,
¿ç kuthi (¿çKk, ¿çT∆) cDdPpãyaˆ
saªªappaÃiyäπa
leap (n.); jump – lend (v.t.) –
paYCcL päycchal, kd˜ekaƒ kaÃaπ-koÃu
¿ç kuthi (-ekaƒKk, -ekaƒT∆)
learn (v.t.); study – length (n.) –
kL kal (k‰k, k‰›) ¥¬M nïµam

86
lengthen (v.i.) – level (n.) –
¥¬ma¿ nïµamägu mDdM maªªam
(-Ak, -Aá) liar (n.) –
lengthen (v.t.) – epaYy˜ poyyaπ
¥¬maK¿ nïµamäkku library (n.) –
(-AKk, -AKá) ËL éwlyM
lengthy (adj.); protracted – nül nilaiyam,
¥¬maˆ nïµamäπa ËlkM nülagam
protractedly (adv.) – lie (around) (v.i.); remain –
¥Dã n着i ád kiÃa (ádKk, ádN∆)
leopard (n.) – lie (v.); lie down –
â›Twt si˛utthai pƒ paÃu (pƒKk, pƒT∆)
less (adj.) – lie (n.), falsehood –
¿w®y ku˛aiya, epaY poy
¿w®vaˆ ku˛aiväπa lie (speak falsely) (v.i.) –
lesson (n.) – epaY Ep◊ poy pësu
padM päÃam (- Epc, - Epâ)
let (v.t.); permit – life (n.); breath; vowel –
îfimç ekaƒ uëR uyir
aπumathi koÃu life (n.); breath –
(- ekaƒKk, - ekaƒT∆) ÎC◊ mücchu
letter (communication) (n.) – life (n.); living; flourishing –
kãtM kaÃitham vaZKwk vä∑kkai
letter (of the alphabet) (n.) – “long life!” –
¶¤T∆ e∑utthu vaZk vä∑ga
level (amount) (n.) – lifeless (adj.) –
 aµavu uëR iLlat uyir illätha
evenness (n.) – lift (v.t.), raise; pump –
cmt¬M samathaµam ´‰› 벲u (´‰®, ´‰ó)

87
lift up (v.t.); weigh – lime (fruit) (n.) –
ÁK¿ thükku ¶ÕêCcMpzM
(ÁKk, ÁKá) elumiccham-pa∑am
light (n.), illumination – limit (n.); extent; measure –
oñ oµi,  aµavu
ɬK¿ viµakku limit (n.); boundary –
light (bright) (adj.) – ¶Lwl ellai
oñyaˆ oµiyäπa limit (v.t.) –
lightning (n.) – vwry› varaiya˛u
ꘈL miππal (vwry›Kk, vwry›T∆)
like (appreciate) – limitation (n.) –
èãK¿M piÃikkum; vwryw® varaiya˛ai
èíyM piriyam line (n.); tax –
don’t like – ví vari, víwc varisai
èãKka∆ piÃikkäthu; line (string, rope) (n.) –
èíyM iLwl kë› kayi˛u
piriyam illai lion (n.) –
like (v.) – âıkM si√gam
ÉÃM» virumbu lip (n.) –
(ÉÃMp, ÉÃMè) utƒ uthaÃu
liking (n.) – lip service –
ÉÃPpM (ÉÃP») EpCc¬Œ pëcchaµavu
viruppam (viruppu) liquid (state) (n.) –
like (similar to); as (if) –
Epal pöla, EpaL pöl ¥RmM nïrmam
like, as; manner – liquid (adj.) –
maçí mäthiri ¥Rmymaˆ nïrmayamäπa
likeness (n.) – list (n.) –
o‰›wm o˛˛umai pDãyL paªªiyal

88
list (v.t.) – living (n.), life –
pDãyìƒ vaZKwk vä∑kkai
paªªiyaliÃu lizard (garden) (n.) –
(-id, -iDƒ) Oba˜ ö≈äπ
listen (v.i.); obey; ask –
wall lizard (gecko) –
EkÒ këµ (EkDk, EkDƒ)
listener (n.) –
pLì palli
load (n.) –
EkDpv˜ këªbavaπ ◊wm sumai
literature (Tamil); nature –
load (v.t.) –
iyL iyal ◊wm ´‰› sumai 벲u
literature (gen.) (n.) – (- ´‰®, - ´‰ó)
ilKáyM ilakkiyam loan (n.) –
little (adj.); small – kd˜ kaÃaπ
âóy si˛iya, local (adj.) –
☈ siππa idü caRNt iÃañ järntha
a little (n.); some – lock (v.t.); shut, close –
ekaücM koñjam îwd aÃai
live (dwell) (v.i.); reside – (îwdKk, îwdT∆)
vâ vasi (vâKk, vâT∆) lock (v.t.) –
live (v.i.); breathe – ÈDƒ püªªu (ÈDd, ÈDã)
uëR uyir lock (n.) –
(uëRKk, uëRT∆) ÈDƒ püªªu
live (adj.), living – lodge (n.) –
uëÃÒ¬ uyiruµµa Ƀç viÃuthi
live (v.i.); prosper – loneliness (n.); solitude –
vaZ vä∑ (vaz, vaZN∆) tòwm thaπimai
live long! – lonely (adj.); secluded –
vaZk vä∑ga tòTt thaπittha

89
long (adj.) – loud noise (n.) –
¥¬maˆ nïµamäπa cTtM sattham
long time – loud (adj.) –
¥Bd kalM nï≈Ãa kälam cTt…Ò¬ satthamuµµa
eraMp naÒ romba näµ louse (insect) (n.) –
look (v.t.); see; try – Ep˜ pëπ
paR pär (paRKk, paRT∆) love (n.); affection –
look for (v.t.); seek –  aπbu
Etƒ thëÃu (Etd, Etã) love (v.t.) –
look like (v.i.); appear –  ekaÒ aπbu koµ
Eta˜› thöπ˛u (- ekaÒ¬, - ekaBƒ);
(Eta˜®, Eta˜ó) Enâ nësi
lord (n.), master, boss – (EnâKk, EnâT∆)
¶jma˜ ejamäπ loving (adj.) –
lose (sth.) (v.t.); thrash – Ҭ aπbuµµa
etawl tholai love (romantic) (n.) –
(etawlKk, etawlT∆) katL käthal
lose; be ruined; be done with – love (romantic) (v.t.) –
etawl tholai katì käthali
(etawly, etawlN∆) (katìKk, katìT∆)
lose (v.i.), be defeated – lover (n.) –
EtaL thöl (Eta‰k, Eta‰›) katì käthali (f.),
lose (v.) – katl˜ käthalaπ (m.)
iz i∑a (izKk, izN∆) lovely (adj.) –
loss (in business, etc.) (n.) – îzkaˆ a∑agäπa
izP» i∑appu low (adj.) –
lost (adj.) – taZNt thä∑ntha,
izNt i∑antha taZvaˆ thä∑väπa

90
loyal (adj.) – madly (angrily) (adv.) –
É◊vac…Ò¬ Ekapmak köbamäga
visuväsamuµµa mad (insane) (adj.) –
loyalty (n.) – wpTçy paitthiya
É◊vacM visuväsam madness (insanity) (n.) –
luck (n.), good fortune – wpTçyM paitthiyam
n‰Ep› na˛pë˛u mad person (n.) –
luck (chance, accident) (n.) – wpTçyKkar˜
t‰ecyL tha˛cheyal paitthiyakkäraπ (m.),
luck (n.); good fortune – wpTçyKkaí
îçRQdM athirshªam paitthiyakkäri (f.)
magazine (n.); newspaper –
luckily (adv.) –
îçRQdvcmak pTçíKwk patthirikkai
athirshªavasamäga mail (post) (n.) –
lucky (adj.) – tpaL thabäl
îçRQd…Ò¬ main (adj.) –
athirshªamuµµa twlwmyaˆ
luggage (n.), baggage – thalaimaiyäπa,
cama˜ sämäπ …Káymaˆ
mukkiyamäπa
M major (adj.) –
machine (n.); engine – epÃMpalaˆ
perumbäläπa
yNçrM yanthiram
majority (n.) –
mad (state of being angry) –
EkapM köbam epÃMpa˜wm
perumbäπmai
mad (angry) (adj.) – ‘a majority of the people’ –
Ekap…Ò¬ köbamuµµa, epÃMpaElaR
Ekapmaˆ köbamäπa perumbälör

91
make (v.t.); effect; create – many (adj.) –
AK¿ äkku (AKk, AKá) pl pala
make (v.t.); do – many (persons) –
pB≈ pa≈≈u plR palar
(pBb, pBõ); of many kinds –
ecY sëy (ecYy, ecY∆) plÉtmaˆ
male (n.) – palavithamäπa
AB ä≈, how many? –
mòt˜ maπithaπ ¶Ttwˆ etthaπai
male gender (n.) – that many; so many; so much –
ABpaL ä≈bäl îTtwˆ atthaπai
man (n.); person – map (n.); picture –
AÒ äµ, AB ä≈, pdM paÃam
mòt˜ maπithaπ march (military) (v.i.) –
manager (n.) – kdN∆ ecL
Emla¬R mëläµar kaÃanthu sel
mango (ripe fruit) – (- ecLl, - ec˜›)
maMpzM mäm-pa∑am mark (n.), sign –
man(liness) (n.) –
¿ó(∑ƒ) ku˛i(yïÃu)
AB(wm) ä≈(mai) mark (v.t.); denote –
manly (virile) (adj.) – ¿ó ku˛i
ABwmÀÒ¬ ä≈maiyuµµa (¿óKk, ¿óT∆);
manner (n.); way – ¿óëƒ ku˛iyiÃu
maçí mäthiri, (-id, -iDƒ)
vï va∑i market (n.) –
manner (n.); way; kind; kwd kaÃai,
sort; division; portion – cNwt santhai,
vwk vagai îıkaã a√gäÃi

92
marriage (n.), wedding – mature (adj.); old –
kLyabM kalyä≈am, pwzy pa∑aiya
(çÃ)mbM (thiru)ma≈am may (aux. v.); can –
marry (get married) (v.i.) – …ãÀM muÃiyum
kLyabM ecY can’t –
kalyä≈am sey …ãya∆ muÃiyäthu
(- ecYy, - ecY∆); maybe, perhaps –
(çÃ)mbM ecY oÃEvw¬ oruvëµai,
(thiru)ma≈am sey oÃkaL orugäl
mass (n.); lump –
me (pron.) –
kDã kaªªi ¶˜wˆ eππai (acc.),
master (n.); boss; lord –
¶jma˜ ejamäπ ¶ˆK¿ eπakku (dat.)
meal (dinner) (n.) –
mat (n.) – caPpaƒ säppäÃu
paY päy mean (intend, denote) (v.) –
match-box (n.) – kÃ∆ karuthu (kÃt, kÃç)
≥PepDã thï-p-peªªi meaning (n.) –
match-stick (n.) – îRTtM arttham
≥K¿Câ thï-k-kucchi meaning (n.); matter; goods –
material (n.) – epaÃÒ poruµ
ÎlPepaÃÒ means (n.); manner –
müla-p-poruµ A› ä˛u
matter (n.); affair –
measure (v.t.) –
kaíyM käriyam î¬ aµa (î¬Kk, î¬N∆);
matter (n.); news – î¬Éƒ aµaviÃu
ecYç seythi (î¬Éd, î¬ÉDƒ)
matter (n.); meaning; goods – measure (n.); amount; limit –
epaÃÒ poruµ  aµavu

93
meat (n.); flesh – merchant (n.) –
iw®Câ i˛aicchi, Éyapaí viyäbäri
kó ka˛i võkR va≈igar
cooked meat (n.) – mercy (n.); pity –
maêcM mämisam irKkM irakkam
mechanism (n.); structure – merciful (adj.) –
îwmP» amaippu kÃwbÀÒ¬
medicine (n.) – karu≈aiyuµµa
mÃN∆ marunthu a mere something; a blank –
meet (v.) – ev›M ve˛um
cNç santhi message (n.) –
(cNçKk, cNçT∆) (Á∆C)ecYç
meeting (n.); crowd – (dhüthu-c-)cheythi
‡DdM küªªam metal (n.) –
melt (v.i.) – uElakM ulögam
uÿ urugu (uÃk, uÃá) method (n.) –
melt (v.t.) – …w®(wm) mu˛ai(mai)
uÃK¿ urukku midday (n.); noon –
(uÃKk, uÃKá) mTçyaˆM matthiyäπam
memory (n.) – middle (n.); interval –
ùapkM ñäbagam, iwd iÃai
éwˆŒ niπaivu middle, center –
memorial (n.) –
nƒ naÃu,
éwˆvC☈M nƒEv naÃuvë,
niπaivacchiππam
mention (v.t.); specify – nƒÉL naÃuvil
¿óPèƒ ku˛ippiÃu midnight (n.) –
(¿óPèd, ¿óPèDƒ) nÒñrŒ naµµiravu

94
milk (n.) – miracle (n.) –
paL päl îçcyM athisayam,
mind (n.); heart; will – tM a˛putham
mˆM maπam, miraculous (adj.) –
mˆ∆ maπathu tmaˆ a˛puthamäπa
mine (what belongs to me) – miracle (n.); wonder –
¶ˆ∆ eπathu, ACcíyM äcchariyam
¶˜fiwdy∆ mirror (n.); glass(es) –
eππuÃaiyathu kBbaã ka≈≈äÃi
mine (in the earth) (n.) – misfortune (n.); sin; alas! –
◊rıkM sura√gam pavM pävam
mine (to dig from the earth) – Miss (title) –
◊rıkM evDƒ ¿maí kumäri
sura√gam veªªu Mrs. –
(- evDd, - evDã)
çÃmç thirumathi
mineral (n.) –
miss (one’s target, etc.) (v.t.) –
kòepaÃÒ gaπiporuµ,
kòmM gaπimam tv› thava˛u
(tv®, tvó);
mingle (v.i.); mix with – tv®Éƒ thava˛aviÃu
kl kala (klKk, klN∆) (-Éd, -ÉDƒ)
minister (of govt.) (n.) – missing (lost) (pred.) –
mNçí manthiri kabPpda∆
minute (n.); moment – kä≈appaÃäthu
éêqM (éêdM) mist (n.); fog; dew –
nimisham (nimiÃam) pò paπi
minute (very tiny) (adj.) – mistake (n.) –
êkCâóy migacchi˛iya, tv› thava˛u,
«Dpmaˆ nuªpamäπa ¿‰®M ku˛˛am

95
mistake (v.) – moderate (adj.) –
tv®ak ¶B≈ étaˆmaˆ nithäπamäπa
thava˛äga e≈≈u moderately (adv.) –
(- ¶Bb, - ¶Bõ) étaˆmak nithäπamäga
mistaken (adj.) – modern (adj.) –
tv®aˆ thava˛äπa »∆wmyaˆ
mistakenly (adv.) – puthumaiyäπa,
tv®ak thava˛äga n™ˆ navïπa,
mister (Mr.); holy, divine – t‰kal(Tçy)
çà thiru tha˛käla(tthiya)
mix (n.); mixture – modest (adj.) –
klP» kalappu îdKkmaˆ aÃakkamäπa,
mix (v.t.) – îdKk…Ò¬ aÃakkamuµµa
klwvyaK¿ modestly (adv.) –
kalavaiyäkku îdKkmak aÃakkamäga
(-AKk, -AKá)
modesty (n.); humility;
mixed (adj.) – unobtrusiveness –
klPpaˆ kalappäπa îdKkM aÃakkam
mob (n.) – modesty (n.); shame –
¿MpL kumbal evDkM veªkam
moderate (adj.) – moment (n.); minute –
êtmaˆ mithamäπa éêqM (éêdM)
moderately (adv.) – nimisham (nimiÃam)
êtmak mithamäga Monday (n.) –
moderation (n.) – çıkDázwm
êtM mitham thi√gaªki∑amai
composure (n.) – money (n.) –
étaˆM nithäπam pbM pa≈am

96
monkey (n.) – mosquito-net (n.) –
¿rı¿ kura√gu eka◊ vwl kosu valai
month (n.) – most (in number) (adj.) –
macM (matM) êkPpl miga-p-pala,
mäsam (mätham) mostly (adv.) –
moon (n.) – îçkmaY athigamäy,
éla nilä, îEnkmak anëgamäga
élŒ nilavu, epÃMpaÕM perumbälum
cNçr˜ chanthiraπ mother (n.) –
more; still, yet; furthermore – îMma ammä,
i˜fiM iππum, taY thäy,
i˜ˆ…M iππamum î˜wˆ aππai
more (adj.) –
îçkmaˆ athigamäπa mother-in-law (n.) –
moreover (adv.); beyond –
maêyaR mämiyär
îP»®M appu˛am motherland (n.) –
beyond (in space) –
taYnaƒ thäynäÃu
îPpaL appäl motion (movement) (n.) –
moreover, besides – îwcŒ asaivu
EmÕM mëlum, motion (in a meeting) (n.);
i˜fiM iππum resolution –
≥RmaˆM thïrmäπam
(early) morning (a.m.) (n.) –
(îç)kawl (athi)kälai mountain (n.) –
dawn (n.) –
mwl malai,
Éãy‰kawl áí giri
viÃiya˛kälai mourn (v.t.) –
mosquito (n.) – »lM» pulambu
eka◊ kosu (»lMp, »lMè)

97
mourning (n.); bemoaning – much, a lot of, excess –
»lMpL pulambal îçkM athigam
mouse (n.); rat – much – that much, so much –
¶ì eli îVv¬Œ avvaµavu
mouse (n.) – much – this much, this many –
◊Bedì su≈Ãeli iVv¬Œ ivvaµavu
mouth (n.) – much, too much –
vaY väy éw®y ni˛aiya
move (v.t.); agitate – much, a lot –
îwc asai êkŒM migavum
(îwcKk, îwcT∆) eraMp romba
move (v.i.); be agitated –
multiply (v.t.); increase –
îwc asai
(îwcy, îwcN∆) epÃK¿ perukku
(epÃKk, epÃKá)
move (v.i.); dance –
multiply (v.i.); increase –
Aƒ äÃu (Ad, Aã)
epÿ perugu
move away (v.t.); push – (epÃk, epÃá)
tÒ‹ thaµµu murder (n.) –
(tÒ¬, tÒñ)
ekawl kolai
move (push object) (v.t.) –
murder (v.t.) –
nkRT∆ nagartthu ekawl ecY kolai sey
(nkRTt, nkRTç) (- ecYy, - ecY∆)
move aside (v.i.) – murderer (n.) –
nkR nagar (nkr, nkRN∆) ekawlKkar˜ kolaikkäraπ
move (n.) – ekawlyañ kolaiyäµi
ndvãKwk naÃavaÃikkai music (n.) –
movement (n.); campaign – cı≠tM sa√gïtham
iyKkM iyakkam iwc isai

98
must (aux. v.) – naked (adj.) –
EvBƒM vë≈Ãum éRvabmaˆ
mustn’t (aux. v.) – nirvä≈amäπa,
‡da∆ küÃäthu Awdy‰® äÃaiya˛˛a
my – nakedness (n.) –
¶˜ eπ, éRvabM nirvä≈am
¶˜fiwdy eππuÃaiya name (n.); reputation –
myself (reflex. pron.) – epyR peyar
taEˆ thäπë, narrow (adj.) –
¶ˆKEk eπakkë ¿Ãklaˆ kurugaläπa
mystery (n.) – nation (n.); inhabited land –
mRmM marmam naƒ näÃu
suspense-packed (adj.) – natural (adj.) –
mRmM éw®Nt iyLpaˆ iyalbäπa,
marmam ni˛aintha iy‰wkyaˆ iya˛kaiyäπa
mysterious (adj.) – naturally (adv.) –
mRmmaˆ iyLpak iyalbäga,
marmamäπa iy‰wkyak iya˛kaiyäga
mysteriously (adv.) – nature (n.); disposition –
mRmmak iy‰wk iya˛kai
marmamäga
nature; quality; condition –
N t˜wm thaπmai
navy (n.) –
nail (metal) (n.) –
Aõ ä≈i kPp‰pwd kappa˛paÃai,
kd‰pwd kaÃa˛paÃai
nail (finger, toe) (n.); claw – near (in space) (prep.) –
nkM nagam pKkTçL pakkatthil

99
near – need (n.); necessity –
pKkM pakkam Etwv thëvai
near (prep.) – need (aux. v.); want –
áDd kiªªa EvBƒM vë≈Ãum
nearly (adv.) – needful (adj.) –
áDdTtDd kiªªatthaªªa EvBãy vë≈Ãiya
neat (adj.) – don’t need, don’t want –
◊Ttmaˆ sutthamäπa EvBdaM vë≈Ãäm
neatly; regularly; efficiently – needless (adj.) –
◊Ttmak sutthamäga îvâyêLlat
necessarily (adv.) – avasiyamillätha
kDdaymak kaªªäyamäga, needle (n.); inoculation –
îvâymak avasiyamäga Uâ üsi
necessary (adj.) – negotiate (v.i.) –
kDdaymaˆ kaªªäyamäπa, oPpNtM Ep◊
îvâymaˆ avasiyamäπa, oppantham pësu
(- Epc, - Epâ)
Etwvyaˆ thëvaiyäπa
neighbor (n.) –
necessity (n.); urgency –
pKkT∆ ™DdaR
kDdayM kaªªäyam, pakkatthu v着är,
îvâyM avasiyam îBwd ™DdaR
neck (n.) – a≈Ãai v着är
k¤T∆ ka∑utthu neighboring (adj.) –
necklace (n.) – pKkT∆ pakkatthu
k¤T∆ mawl neither –
ka∑utthu mälai, -uM . . . îLl
cıáì sa√gili -um . . . alla
necklace (n.); garland – nerve (n.) –
mawl mälai nrM» narambu

100
nest (n.) – nice (adj.) –
‡ƒ küÃu nymaˆ nayamäπa,
neutral (adj.) – îÃwmyaˆ
nƒéwlyaˆ arumaiyäπa
naÃunilaiyäπa nicely (adv.); well –
neutrality (n.) – n˜¿ naπgu,
nƒéwl naÃunilai îÃwmyak arumaiyäga
never (at no time) – night (n.) –
oà Ep∆êLwl irŒ iravu,
oru pöthumillai
iraTçí irätthiri
never mind, no matter –
prvaëLwl nine (n. or adj.) –
paraväyillai o˜p∆ oπbathu
nevertheless (adv. & conj.) – ninth (n. or adj.) –
AˆaÕM äπälum o˜ptav∆
new (adj.) – oπbathävathu,
»∆ puthu, o˜ptaM
»çy puthiya oπbathäm (adj. only)
nineteen (n. or adj.) –
news (n.); subject matter –
ecç(kÒ) seythi(gaµ) pTeta˜p∆
patthoπbathu
newspaper (n.); magazine –
nineteenth (n. or adj.) –
pTçíKwk patthirikkai
pTeta˜ptav∆
next (in time) – patthoπbathävathu,
îƒT∆ aÃutthu pTeta˜ptaM
next (in space) – patthoπbathäm (adj. only)
pKkT∆ pakkatthu ninety (n. or adj.) –
next ([an]other) – etaBÊ›
m› ma˛u, m‰® ma˛˛a tho≈≈ü˛u

101
ninetieth (n. or adj.) – noon (n.) –
etaBÊ®av∆ mçyM mathiyam,
tho≈≈ü˛ävathu, mTçyaˆM matthiyäπam,
etaBÊ®aM nBpkL na≈bagal
tho≈≈ü˛äm (adj. only) normal (adj.); usual –
no; not –
iLwl illai vzKkmaˆ va∑akkamäπa,
catarbmaˆ
noble (adj.) –
säthära≈amäπa
uyRtrmaˆ north (adj.), northern –
uyartharamäπa,
epÃNtˆmaˆ vd vaÃa
perunthaπmaiyäπa the north (n.) –
nobleness (n.); greatness – vdK¿ vaÃakku
uyRtrM uyartharam, nose (n.); beak –
epÃwm perumai ÎK¿ mükku
nobly (adv.) – nose-ring (-stud) (n.) –
uyRtrmak ÎK¿Tç mükkutthi
uyartharamäga, not (used attributively) –
epÃwmyak îLl alla
perumaiyäga not so? –
noise (n.) – iLwlya illaiyä
cTtM sattham note (v.t.) –
noisily (adv.); aloud – ¿óPèƒ ku˛ippiÃu
cTtmak satthamäga (-id, -iDƒ)
none; nobody (pron.) – nothing (n.) –
o˜®M iLla∆ o˜›M iLwl
oπ˛am illäthu, oπ˛um illai
oÃvÃM iLwl zero (n.) –
oruvarum illai ÈJyM büjyam

102
notice (v.t.); take care – O
kvò kavaπi obey (v.i.); calm down –
(kvòKk, kvòT∆) îdı¿ aÃa√gu
notice (n.) – (îdık, îdıá)
îóÉP» a˛ivippu obey (v.t.); listen; ask –
notify (v.t.) – EkÒ këµ
îó a˛i (EkDk, EkDƒ)
(îóy, îóN∆); object (v.t.) –
etíÉ therivi ¶çRP» ‡›
(etíÉKk, etíÉT∆) ethirppu kü˛u (- ‡®, - ‡ó)
objection (n.) –
now (adv.) –
iPEpa ippö, ¶çRP» ethirppu
m›P» ma˛uppu
iPEpa∆ ippöthu,
obligation (n.); duty –
iPepa ∆ ippo∑uthu kdwm kaÃamai
nowhere (adv.) – obtain (v.t.); reach; approach –
¶ı¿M iLwl îwd aÃai
e√gum illai (îwdy, îwdN∆)
nuisance (n.) – obtainable (pred.) –
etaLwl thollai áwdK¿M kiÃaikkum
number (n.) – not obtainable (pred.) –
¶B e≈ áwdKka∆ kiÃaikkäthu
assign number(s) (v.) – not available (pred.) –
¶B ekaƒ e≈ koÃu áwdya∆ kiÃaiyäthu
(- ekaƒKk, - ekaƒT∆) occasion (n.); turn –
number (v.t.); count – tdwv thaÃavai
¶B≈ e≈≈u occasion (n.); time; religion –
(¶Bb, ¶Bõ) cmyM samayam

103
occasionally (adv.) – oil (edible) (n.) –
âl cmyıkñL ¶BebY e≈≈ey
sila samaya√gaµil oily (adj.) –
occasionally; sometimes – ¶BebYP pwcÀÒ¬
¶PEpaEta eppöthö, e≈≈ey-p-pasaiyuµµa
¶PEpatav∆ old (adj.); mature –
eppöthävathu pwzy pa∑aiya,
occupy (space) (v.t.) – …çy muthiya
idıekaÒ iÃa√goµ old man (n.) –
(-ekaÒ¬, -ekaBƒ) ázv˜ ki∑avaπ
occupation; work; industry – old woman (n.) –
etaïL tho∑il ázÉ ki∑avi
ocean (n.); sea – on (prep.); on top of; for –
kdL kaÃal ∂∆ mïthu, EmL mël,
of (possessive) – EmEl mëlë
-uwdy -uÃaiya one (adj.); a, an (art.) –
offer (v.t.) – oà oru
ekaƒ koÃu one (thing) (n.) –
(ekaƒKk, ekaƒT∆); o˜› oπ˛u
îñ aµi one (person) –
(îñKk, îñT∆)
oÃvR oruvar (m.f.),
office (n.) –
îÕvlkM aluvalagam oÃv˜ oruvaπ (m.),
oÃTç orutthi (f.)
officer (n.); official – onion (n.) –
îçkaí athikäri evıkayM ve√gäyam
often (adv.) – only (one) –
îãKkã aÃikkaÃi, oEr orë,
pl…w® palamu˛ai tòEy thaπiyë

104
only (not more) – oppress (v.t.) –
mDƒM maªªum î…K¿ amukku
only (adv.), for one purpose – (î…Kk, î…Ká);
maTçrM mätthiram î¤T∆ a∑utthu
open (v.t.) – (î¤Tt, î¤Tç)
ç® thi˛a (ç®Kk, ç®N∆) or; if not –
open (adj.) –
îLl∆ allathu
ç®Nt thi˛antha or (otherwise) –
open (start) (v.) –
iLlaÉDdaL
etadı¿ thoÃa√gu illäviªªäl,
(etadık, etadıá)
iLlaÉãL illäviÃil
opening (n.); entrance – order (n.); (one’s) turn –
vaëL väyil …w® mu˛ai
opinion (n.); idea, thought – order (command) (v.t.) –
kÃT∆ karutthu kDdw¬ëƒ kaªªaµaiyiÃu
(-id, -iDƒ);
opponent (n.) –
¶çí ethiri Awbëƒ ä≈aiyiÃu
(-id, -iDƒ)
opportunity (n.); chance – order (n.), command –
vaYP» väyppu, kDdw¬ kaªªaµai,
cNtRPpM santharppam Awb ä≈ai
opportunity (n.); occasion – order (peaceful situation) –
cmyM samayam îwmç amaithi
oppose (v.t.) – ordered (adj.); disciplined –
¶çR ethir îwmçyaˆ
(¶çRKk, ¶çRT∆) amaithiyäπa,
opposite, before (in space) – o¤ıkaˆ o∑u√gäπa
¶çR ethir, ¶çEr ethirë, orderliness (n.) –
¶çraˆ ethiräπa o¤ı¿ o∑u√gu

105
in an orderly manner (adv.) – other, the other (pron.) –
o¤ıkak o∑u√gäga m‰® ma˛˛a,
ordinary (adj.) – m‰®∆ ma˛˛athu
catarb(maˆ) other; different; what’s more –
säthära≈a(mäπa) Ev› vë˛u
ordinariness (n.) – otherwise (conj.); or –
catarbM iLlaÉDdaL illäviªªäl,
säthära≈am iLlaÉãL illäviÃil
organization (n.); institution – our (exclusive) (adj.) –
îwmP» amaippu ¶ıkÒ e√gaµ,
organize (v.t.); establish – ¶ık‹wdy e√gaµuÃaiya
îwm amai our (inclusive) (adj.) –
(îwmKk, îwmT∆) nM nam,
origin (n.); root –
nM…wdy nammuÃaiya
ÎlM mülam
ours (exclusive) (pron.) –
originally (adv.); at first – ¶ık‹wdy∆
…t˜…tlak e√gaµuÃaiyathu
muthaπmuthaläga ours (inclusive) (pron.) –
ornament (n.) – nM…wdy∆
îõ(kl˜) a≈i(galaπ) nammuÃaiyathu
ornament (v.) ourselves (excl., reflex. pron.) –
(w/ clothes, jewels) – naıkE¬ nä√gaµë
îõ a≈i ourselves (incl., reflex. pron.) –
(îõKk, îõT∆) naEm nämë
ornament (n.); jewelry – out, outside (n.) –
nwk nagai evñP»®M veµippu˛am
other (adv., pron.); otherwise – out, outside (adv.) –
m‰› ma˛˛u evñEy veµiyë

106
outer (adj.) – own (v.t.); possess –
evñ veµi ep‰óà pe˛˛iru
oven (n.) – (-iÃKk, -iÃN∆)
îƒP» aÃuppu ox (n.); oxen; cattle –
over (above) (prep.) – ¶Ã∆ eruthu,
EmL mël kaw¬maƒ käµaimäÃu,
over (across) (prep.) – maƒ mäÃu
¿›KEk ku˛ukkë
over (finished) – P
…ã(vaˆ) pace (n.); walk –
muÃi(väπa) nwd naÃai
overturn (v.i.) –
page (n.); side; vicinity –
kÉZ kavi∑ pKkM pakkam
(kÉz, kÉZN∆)
overturn (v.t.) – pail (n.); bucket –
kÉZ kavi∑ vañ väµi
(kÉZKk, kÉZT∆) pain (v.i.); ache –
overturn (v.t.) – vì vali
»rDƒ puraªªu (vìKk, vìT∆)
(»rDd, »rDã) pain (n.); ache –
be overturned (v.i.); revolve – vì vali, EnaŒ növu
»rÒ puraµ painful (adj.) –
(»r¬, »rBƒ) vìyaˆ valiyäπa
owe (v.i.) – painless (adj.) –
kd˜ pDãà vì iLlat vali illätha
kaÃaπ paªªiru
(- pDãÃKk, - pDãÃN∆) pair (n.); couple –
own (adj.) – Ejaã jöÃi
ecaNt sontha, paper (sheet) (n.) –
ecaNtmaˆ sonthamäπa kaátM kägitham

107
parents (n.) – passenger (n.) –
ep‰E®aR pe˛˛ör èryaõ (pyõ)
park (public garden) (n.) – pirayä≈i (paya≈i)
Èıka pü√gä passionately (adv.) –
Awcyak äsaiyäga
parrot (n.) –
past (adj.) –
áñ kiµi kdNt kaÃantha,
part (n.); portion; region –
p¿ç paguthi i®Nt i˛antha
the past (n.) –
partly (adv.) – kdNt kalM
ekaücmak kaÃantha kälam,
koñjamäga
i®Nt kalM
take part (v.i.) – i˛antha kälam
pı¿ ekaÒ pa√gu koµ path (n.); way –
(- ekaÒ¬, - ekaBƒ) vï va∑i, pawt päthai
particle (n.); droplet –
patience (n.) –
ecaDƒ soªªu epa›wm po˛umai
party (political) (n.) –
patient (opp. of impatient) –
kDâ kaªchi epa›wmyaˆ
party (pol.) (n.); association – po˛umaiyäπa
kzkM ka∑agam patiently (adv.) –
pass (v.t.); cross – epa›wmyak
kd kaÃa (kdKk, kdN∆); po˛umaiyäga
kdN∆ ecL kaÃanthu sel patient (medical) (n.) –
(- ecLl, - ec˜›) Enayañ nöyäµi
pass (an exam) (v.t.); qualify – patronage (n.); protection –
Et› thë˛u (Et®, Etó) AtrŒ ätharavu
pass (n.); passage-way – pay (n.); salary –
kd vï kaÃa-va∑i cMp¬M sambaµam

108
pay (v.t.) – percent –
cMp¬M ekaƒ ct™tM
sathavïtham
sambaµam koÃu perfect (adj.); flawless –
(- ekaƒKk, - ekaƒT∆) ¿‰®m‰® ku˛˛ama˛˛a
payment (n.) – perhaps (adv.) –
ekaƒTtL koÃutthal oÃEvw¬ oruvëµai,
peace (pol. & psych.) (n.) – oÃkaL orugäl
îwmç amaithi period (of time) (n.) –
peaceful (adj.) – kalM kälam,
îwmçyaˆ amaithiyäπa kalPp¿ç kälappaguthi
peafowl, peacock, peahen –
permit (v.t.) –
mëL mayil idıekaƒ iÃa√goÃu
peanut (n.) – (-ekaƒKk, -ekaƒT∆)
(élK)kdwl permission (n.) –
(nila-k-)kaÃalai, î«mç (îfimç)
(EvRK)kdwl anumathi (aπumathi)
(vër-k-)kaÃalai perseverence (n.); attempt –
peg (n.); post; sprout, shoot – …y‰â muya˛chi,
…w¬ muµai Éda …y‰â
people (n.) – viÃä muya˛chi
mKkÒ makkaµ person (n.); man –
is perceived (pred.), visible – AÒ äµ
etíÀM theriyum person (n.); people –
perceived (adj.), visible – EpR për
etíNt therintha personal (adj.), one’s own –
not perceived, etc. (pred.) – ecaNt(maˆ)
etíya∆ theriyäthu sontha(mäπa)
unperceived (adj.), invisible – picture (n.); film (cinema) –
etíyat theriyätha pdM paÃam

109
piece (n.); slice; towel – plan (adj.); scheme –
∆Bƒ thu≈Ãu çDdM thiªªam
pig (n.) – plan (v.t.) –
p˜ó paπ˛i çDdêƒ thiªªamiÃu
pigeon (n.), dove – (-id, -iDƒ)
»®a pu˛ä planet (n.) –
pill (n.) –
EkaÒ köµ,
(â›) maTçwr árkM giraham
(si˛u) mätthirai plank (n); board (wood) –
pillar (n.) – plwk palagai
ÁB thü≈ plant (botanical) (n.) –
pillow (n.) –
ecã seÃi
twlyõ thalaiya≈i plant (a tree, etc.) (v.t.);
fix (a post, etc.) –
pity (n.); mercy; sympathy – nƒ naÃu (nd, nDƒ)
irKkM irakkam,
plate (dish) (n.); tray –
kÃwb karu≈ai tDƒ thaªªu
pitiful (adj.) –
play (n.); drama –
irKk…wdy nadkM näÃagam
irakkamuÃaiya
place (v.t.); put; keep – play (v.t.) –
wv vai (wvKk, wvT∆) Éw¬yaƒ viµaiyäÃu
(Éw¬yad, Éw¬yaã)
place (n.) –
playful (adj.); funny –
idM iÃam Éw¬yaDdaˆ
place (n.); station – viµaiy䪪äπa
éwlyM nilaiyam please (v.t.); make happy –
plain (adj.); empty; mere – máÒÉ magiµvi
ev›M ve˛um (máÒÉKk, máÒÉT∆)

110
pleasing (adj.) – point out (v.t.), show –
èãTtmaˆ piÃitthamäπa, (◊DãK)kaDƒ
iòy iπiya (suªªi-k-)k䪪u
(-kaDd, -kaDã)
pleasure (n.); happiness –
poison (n.) –
i˜pM iπbam, ÉqM visham,
cNEtaqM santhösham nü◊ nañju
plenty (n.); excess –
poke (v.t.); make enter –
ê¿ç miguthi
«wz nu∑ai
plentiful (adj.) – («wzKk, «wzT∆)
ê¿çyaˆ police (n.) –
miguthiyäπa
kavL käval
poem (n.); verse; song –
police department (n.) –
kÉwt kavithai, kavL∆w®
padL päÃal, kävalthu˛ai
ecYÀÒ seyyuµ policeman (n.) –
poet (n.); scholar – kavlR kävalar,
»lvR pulavar EpaπSkarR pölïskärar
poet (n.) – policy (n.) –
kÉ kavi, ekaÒwk koµkai
kÉùR kaviñar politics (n.) –
poetry (n.); poem – îrâyL arasiyal
kÉwt kavithai pollute (v.t.) –
point (n.); dot, spot – ma◊pƒT∆
»Òñ puµµi mäsu-paÃutthu
point (sharp) (n.) – (-pƒTt, -pƒTç)
‡R kür ponder (v.t.); think; consider –
pointed (adj.) – ¶B≈ e≈≈u
‡íy küriya (¶Bb, ¶Bõ)

111
poor (adj.) – possible (aux. v.) –
´Zwmyaˆ ë∑maiyäπa …ãÀM muÃiyum
poor person (n.) – not possible (aux. v.) –
´wz ë∑ai …ãya∆ muÃiyäthu
poor people (n.) – possible (adj.) –
´wzmKkÒ ë∑ai-makkaµ …ãyK‡ãy
muÃiyakküÃiya
popular (adj.) –
post (n.); position, rank –
»kzaˆ puga∑äπa ptÉ pathavi
population (n.) – post (mail) (n.) –
mKkÒetawk tpaL thabäl
makkaµthogai
post office (n.) –
porch (n.), verandah –
É®aNwt vi˛änthai tpaL AµS thabäl äbïs
postman (n.) –
porridge (n.) –
tpaLkar˜ thabäl-käraπ
küâ kañji post (a letter, etc. ) (v.t.) –
port (n.) – tpaL epDãëL Epaƒ
∆w®…kM thu˛aimugam thabäl peªªiyil pöÃu
portion (n.); share – (- Epad, - EpaDƒ)
pı¿ pa√gu, pakM pägam postpone (v.t.), put off –
portion (n.); division; kind – tÒñPEpaƒ thaµµi-p-pöÃu
vwk vagai (-Epad, -EpaDƒ)
position (place) (n.) – pot (any rounded vessel) –
idM iÃam ¿dM kuÃam
possess (v.t.) – pot (metal) (n.) –
ekaÒ koµ paTçrM pätthiram
(ekaÒ¬, ekaBƒ) (clay) pot (n.) –
possession(s) (n.); goods – (mB)pawˆ (ma≈)päπai
ecaT∆ sotthu, (flower) pot (n.) –
ecaNtM sontham (ÈT)etaDã (pü-t)thoªªi

112
potato (n.) – practise (v.t.) –
uÃw¬Kázı¿ pzK¿ pa∑akku
uruµaikki∑a√gu (pzKk, pzKá)
pound (v.t.); smash – practice (n.); custom; habit –
iã iÃi (iãKk, iãT∆) pzKkM pa∑akkam
pound (into powder) (v.t.) – practice (n.); training –
epaãyaK¿ poÃiyäkku pë‰â payi˛chi
(-AKk, -AKá) practice (n.); habit; going –
pour (v.); flow down – EpaK¿ pökku
U‰› ü˛˛u (U‰®, U‰ó) praise (v.t.); glorify –
poverty (n.) – »kZ puga∑ (»kz, »kZN∆)
´Zwm ë∑mai praise (n.) –
powder (n.) – »kZCâ puga∑cchi
epaã poÃi, ÁÒ thüµ pray (v.i.); implore –
powder (pound into) (v.t.) – m˜®aƒ maπ˛äÃu
epaãyaK¿ poÃiyäkku (m˜®ad, m˜®aã)
(-AKk, -AKá) pray (v.i.) –
power (n.); authority – ejè jebi
îçkarM athikäram (ejèKk, ejèT∆);
powerful (adj.) – EvBƒ ve≈Ãu
plmaˆ balamäπa (EvBd, EvBã)
powerfully (adv.) – prayer (n.) –
plmak balamäga ejpM jebam
power (n.); strength – precious (adj.); rare –
plM balam, îÃ(M) aru(m),
vìwm valimai îÃwmyaˆ arumaiyäπa
power (n.); energy – preciousness (n.); rareness –
cKç shakthi îÃwm arumai

113
pregnant (adj.) – press down (v.t.) –
kÃTtíTt karuttharittha î…K¿ amukku
become pregnant (v.i.) – (î…Kk, î…Ká)
kÃTtí karutthari pressure (n.) –
(kÃTtíKk, kÃTtíT∆); î¤TtM a∑uttham
kÃKekaÒ karukkoµ prestige (n.); reputation –
(-ekaÒ¬, -ekaBƒ) epÃwm perumai
preparation (n.); arrangement – prevent (v.t.) –
´‰paƒ ë˛päÃu tƒ thaÃu (tƒKk, tƒT∆);
prepare (v.t.) – é›T∆ ni˛utthu
…˜Eˆ‰paƒ (é›Tt, é›Tç)
muππë˛päÃu price (n.); cost –
(-´‰pad, -´‰paã) Éwl vilai
prepare (make ready) (v.t.) – pride (n.); prestige; etc. –
AyTtM pB≈ epÃwm perumai
äyattham pa≈≈u
(- pBb, - pBõ) proud (adj.) –
present (give) (v.t.) – epÃwmÀÒ¬
perumaiyuµµa
ekaƒ koÃu proudly (adv.) –
(ekaƒKk, ekaƒT∆)
be present (v.i.) –
epÃwmyak
perumaiyäga
ià iru (iÃKk, iÃN∆) priest (X’ian) (n.) –
present (the time now) (n.) – EpatkR pöthagar
ékZkalM niga∑kälam priest (gen.) (n.) –
press (for printing) (n.) – cmy¿Ã samayaguru
îCckM acchagam prime minister (n.) –
press (together)(v.t.); squeeze – èrtmR pirathamar,
enÃK¿ nerukku èrtm mNçí
(enÃKk, enÃKá) pirathama manthiri

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prison / cell (n.) – problem (n.) –
wkç îw® kaithi a˛ai, èrCcwˆ piracchaπai
âw®(Ccawl) si˛ai(chälai) proclaim (v.t.); announce –
prisoner (n.) – åóÉ a˛ivi
wkç kaithi (åóÉKk, åóÉT∆)
privacy (n.); secrecy – produce (n.); result; gain –
rkâyM ragasiyam pl˜ palaπ
private (adj.); secret – produce (v.t.) –
rkâymaˆ ragasiyamäπa u‰pTç ecY u˛patthi sey
privately (adv.); secretly – (- ecYy, - ecY∆)
rkâymak ragasiyamäga production (n.); development –
private (adj.), personal – u‰pTç u˛patthi
tòPpDd thaπippaªªa, professor (n.) –
ecaNt sontha EpraâíyR përäsiriyar
privately (adv.), individually – profit (n.); reward; usefulness –
tòPpd thaπippaÃa, py˜ payaπ
ecaNtmak sonthamäga profit (n.); gain –
privilege (n.); right, claim – lapM läbam
uíwm urimai profitable (adj.) –
prize (n.); reward – lapkrmaˆ läbagaramäπa
pí◊ parisu, program (n.); project –
ev¿mç vegumathi çDdM thiªªam
probable (adj.) – promise (n.) –
caTçymaˆ sätthiyamäπa vaK¿›ç väkku˛uthi
probably (adv.) – promise (v.t.) –
epÃMpaÕM perumbälum vaK¿Kekaƒ
most probably (adv.) – väkku-k-koÃu
îEnkmak anëkamäga (-ekaƒKk, -ekaƒT∆)

115
propaganda (n.) – protection (n.); patronage –
èrCcarM piracchäram AtrŒ ätharavu
proper (adj.) – protection (n.) –
cíyaˆ sariyäπa pa∆kaP» päthukäppu
properly (adv.) – protest (v.t.); oppose –
cíyak sariyäga ¶çR ethir (¶çRKk, ¶çRT∆)
be proper (v.i.); be suitable – proud (adj.) –
epaÃN∆ porunthu epÃwm(ÀÒ¬)
(epaÃNt, epaÃNç) perumai(yuµµa)
t¿çya¿ thaguthiyägu proudly (adv.) –
(-Ak, -Aá) epÃwmyak
proper (adj.) – perumaiyäga
epaÃNtmaˆ pride (n.) –
porunthamäπa, epÃwm perumai
tKk thakka, prove (v.t.) –
t¿Nt thaguntha éÌè nirübi
property (n.) – (éÌèKk, éÌèT∆);
ecaT∆ sotthu emYPè meyppi
propriety (n.); respect – (emYPèKk, emYPèT∆)
o¤ı¿ o∑u√gu provide (v.t.); give –
prosper (v.i.); live – ekaƒ koÃu
vaZ vä∑ (vaz, vaZN∆) (ekaƒKk, ekaƒT∆)
protect (v.t.); save – provision (n.) –
kaPpa‰› käpp䲲u îñTtL aµitthal
(kaPpa‰®, kaPpa‰ó); public (adj.); common; usual –
AtrŒ îñ ätharavu aµi epa∆(vaˆ) pothu(väπa)
(- îñKk, - îñT∆); publication (n.) –
irDâ iraªchi evñëƒtL veµiyiÃuthal,
(irDâKk, irDâT∆) evñ∑ƒ veµiyïÃu

116
publish (v.t.) – purity (n.); whiteness –
evñëƒ veµiyiÃu evBwm ve≈mai
(-id, -iDƒ) purpose (n.) –
pull (v.t.); drag; inhale – EnaK¿m nökkum
i¤ i∑u (i¤Kk, i¤T∆) pursue (v.t.); continue; take up
pump (water, etc.) (v.t.) – etadR thoÃar
´‰› 벲u (´‰®, ´‰ó) (etadr, etadRN∆)
pump (n.) – pursue (v.t.); follow –
yNçrK¿zaY è˜etadR piπthoÃar
(-etadr, -etadRN∆)
yanthira-k-ku∑äy
pursue (v.t.); chase –
punish (v.t.) –
tBã dha≈Ãi ∆rT∆ dhuratthu
(∆rTt, ∆rTç)
(tBãKk, tBãT∆);
push (v.t.); remove –
tBdwˆ îñ
dha≈Ãaπai aµi tÒ‹ thaµµu
(- îñKk, - îñT∆) (tÒ¬, tÒñ)
punishment (n.) – put (v.t.); throw –
tBdwˆ dha≈Ãaπai Epaƒ pöÃu
(Epad, EpaDƒ)
pupil (n.); student –
put (v.t.); place; keep –
mabvR mä≈avar
wv vai (wvKk, wvT∆)
purchase (v.t.), buy –
put down (v.t.) –
vaı¿ vä√gu i®K¿ i˛akku
(vaık, vaıá)
(i®Kk, i®Ká)
pure (adj.) –
put on (v.t.); wear –
◊Ttmaˆ sutthamäπa
îõ a≈i
purity (n.); cleanliness – (îõy, îõN∆);
◊TtM suttham, uƒT∆ uÃutthu
»òtM puπitham (uƒTt, uƒTç)

117
Q quick (adj.); soon –
quality (n.); character; health –
ØKárM sïkkiram,
¿bM gu≈am ØKármaˆ sïkkiramäπa,
quality (n.); condition; nature –
Evkmaˆ vëgamäπa
t˜wm thaπmai quickly (adv.) –
quantity (n.) –
ØKármak sïkkiramäga,
 aµavu Evkmak vëgamäga,
quarrel (n.); fight –
Éwrvak / ÉwrÉL
viraiväga / viraivil
cBwd sa≈Ãai quiet (n.); peacefulness –
quarrel (v.); fight – îwmç amaithi
cBwdëƒ quiet (adj.); peaceful –
sa≈ÃaiyiÃu
(-id, -iDƒ) îwmçyaˆ amaithiyäπa
quarter (1/4) (n.); foot – quote; expressing (thus) –
kaL käl ¶˜ eπ (¶˜ˆ, ¶˜›)
quarter part (n.) – R
kaL pakM rabbit (n.); hare –
käl pägam
queen (n.) –
(¿ï)…yL (ku∑i)muyal
raõ rä≈i, race (v.i.); run quickly –
îrâ arasi Oƒ öÃu (Od, Oã);
question (v.t.); ask – Evkmak Oƒ
EkÒ këµ vëgamäga öÃu
(EkDk, EkDƒ); radicalism (n.) –
EkÒÉ EkÒ këµvi këµ ≥ÉrvatM thïviravätham
(- EkDk, - EkDƒ) railroad (railway track) (n.) –
question (n.) – iÃP»P pawt
EkÒÉ këµvi iruppu-p-päthai

118
railway station (n.) – reach (v.t.); approach; get –
rëL éwlyM îwd aÃai
rayil nilaiyam (îwdy, îwdN∆)
rain (n.) – reach (v.t.); reach for –
mwz ma∑ai ¶Dƒ eªªu (¶Dd, ¶Dã)
rain (v.i.) – reach (v.i.); join with –
mwz epY ma∑ai pey EcR sër (Ecr, EcRN∆);
(- epYy, - epY∆) EpaY EcR pöy sër
raise (v.t.) – (- Ecr, - EcRN∆)
uyRT∆ uyartthu react (v.t.); ‘hit back’ –
(uyRTt, uyRTç) ¶çRTtã ethirtthaÃi
raise (v.t.); lift; pump (up) – (¶çRTtãKk, ¶çRTtãT∆)
´‰› 벲u read (v.t.); study –
(´‰®, ´‰ó) pã paÃi
(pãKk, pãT∆);
rank (n.); position –
ptÉ pathavi vaâ väsi
(vaâKK, vaâT∆)
rapid (adj.) – reading (n.) –
Evkmaˆ vëgamäπa, pãP» paÃippu
Éwrvaˆ viraiväπa ready; readiness (n.) –
rare (adj.); precious – AyTtM äyattham,
îÃ(M) aru(m), tyaR thayär
îÃwmyaˆ arumaiyäπa real (adj.) –
rareness (n.); preciousness – emYyaˆ meyyäπa,
îÃwm arumai uBwmyaˆ u≈maiyäπa
rat (n.); mouse – reality (n.) –
¶ì eli uBwm u≈mai
rate (n.); price – really (adv.) –
Éwl vilai uBwmyak u≈maiyäga

119
realize (v.t.); recognize – recording (n.); registration –
ubR u≈ar (ubr, ubRN∆) pçŒ pathivu
reason (n.); cause – red (redness) (n.) –
karbM kära≈am âvP» sivappu
reasonable (adj.) – red (adj.) –
éyaymaˆ niyäyamäπa âvNt sivantha
rebel (n.) – reform (v.t.) –
klkKkar˜ kalagakkäraπ ØRçÃT∆ sïrthirutthu
rebel (v.t.) – (-çÃTt, -çÃTç)
(¶çRK)á¬RCâ ecY reform (n.); improvement –
(ethir-k-)kiµarcchi sey ØRçÃTtM sïrthiruttham
(- ecYy, - ecY∆) refuge (n.) –
receive (v.t.); get – »kìdM pugaliÃam,
ep› pe˛u (ep®, ep‰›) crbM sara≈am
receive (v.t.); buy; get –
refugee (n.) –
vaı¿ vä√gu îkç agathi
(vaık, vaıá)
recent (adj.) – refuse (v.t.); deny –
c∂pTçy samïbatthiya m› ma˛u
(m›Kk, m›T∆)
reception (n.) –
regard (n.); respect –
vrEv‰» varavë˛pu mçP» mathippu
recognize (v.t.); realize –
region (n.); part –
ubR u≈ar
(ubr, ubRN∆) p¿ç paguthi
record (n.); note – region (n.); circle –
¿óP» ku˛ippu vDdM vaªªam
record (v.t.); note – register (v.t.) –
¿óT∆ wv ku˛itthu vai pçŒ ecY pathivu sey
(- wvKk, - wvT∆) (- ecYy, - ecY∆)

120
register (n.) – release (v.t.); leave; abandon –
pçŒP »StkM Ƀ viÃu (Éd, ÉDƒ)
pathivu-p-pusthagam release (n.) –
registration (n.); recording – ɃtL viÃuthal,
pçŒ pathivu ɃÉP» viÃuvippu
regret (v.i.) – release (v.t.) –
kvwlPpƒ ÉƒÉ viÃuvi
kavalaippaÃu (ɃÉKk, ɃÉT∆)
(-pd, -pDƒ); religion (n.); opportunity –
vÃTtM etíÉ cmyM samayam
varuttham therivi remain (v.i.); wait; be –
(- etíÉKk, - etíÉT∆) ià iru (iÃKk, iÃN∆)
regular (adj.) –
remain (v.i.); lie around –
…w®yaˆ mu˛aiyäπa, ád kiÃa (ádKk, ádN∆)
o¤ıkaˆ o∑u√gäπa remain (v.i.); stay –
regularity (n.); order – tı¿ tha√gu (tık, tıá)
…w® mu˛ai remainder (n.); excess –
regularly (adv.); orderly – ∂ç mïthi
o¤ıkak o∑u√gäga remember (v.t.); think –
reject (v.t.) – éwˆ niπai
kï ka∑i (kïKk, kïT∆) (éwˆKk, éwˆT∆);
reject (v.t.); turn away – éwˆŒ pƒT∆
m› ma˛u (m›Kk, m›T∆) niπaivu paÃutthu
(- pƒTt, - pƒTç)
throw away (v.t.) –
tÒ‹ thaµµu (tÒ¬, tÒñ) ‘Do you remember me?’ –
¶˜wˆ éwˆÉÃKá®ta?
relations (relatives) (n.) – Eππai niπaivirukki˛athä?
cMpNtM sambantham remind (v.t.) –
relation(ship) (n.) – éwˆDƒ niπaivüªªu
u®Œ u˛avu (-UDd, -UDã)

121
remove (v.t.); take off –
kz‰› ka∑a˛˛u
(kz‰®, kz‰ó)
remove (v.t.); pick up –
¶ƒ eÃu (¶ƒKk, ¶ƒT∆)
remove (v.t.); dismiss –
¥K¿ nïkku (¥Kk, ¥Ká)
renown (n.); fame –
»kZ puga∑
renowned (adj.); famous –
»kzaˆ puga∑äπa
repair (v.t.) –
cí ecY sari sey
(- ecYy, - ecY∆);
p¤∆paR pa∑uthu-pär
(-paRKk, -paRT∆)
repeat (action) (v.t.) –
m›pã ecY
ma˛upaÃi sey
(- ecYy, - ecY∆);
∂BƒM ∂BƒM ecY epÃwm perumai
mï≈Ãum mï≈Ãum sey
repeat (what was said) (v.) –
m›pãÀM ecaL
ma˛upaÃiyum sol
(- ecaLl, - ecaLì)
repeat; reproduce (fr. memory) rescue (v.t.) –
oPè oppi
(oPèKk, oPèT∆)
122
reply (n.); answer –
pçL pathil
reply (v.) –
pçL ekaƒ pathil koÃu
(- ekaƒKk, - ekaƒT∆)
report (v.t.) –
îóÉ a˛ivi
(îóÉKk, îóÉT∆)
report (n.) –
îóKwk a˛ikkai,
ecYç seythi
repress (v.t.); restrain –
îdK¿ aÃakku
(îdKk, îdKá)
reproduce (fr. memory) (v.) –
oPè oppi
(oPèKk, oPèT∆)
reputation (n.); name –
(n‰)epyR (na˛)peyar
reputation (n.); prestige –
request (v.t.) –
EkÒ këµ (EkDk, EkDƒ)
request (n.) –
EkaíKwk körikkai,
EvBƒEkaÒ vë≈Ãuköµ
irDâ iraªchi
(irDâKk, irDâT∆)
rescue (n.) – restless (adj.) –
irDâTtL iraªchitthal, OYÉLlat öyvillätha
irDâP» iraªchippu restaurant (n.) –
research (n.); investigation – ubvkM u≈avagam,
AraYCâ äräycchi Ƀç viÃuthi
AraYŒ äräyvu restrain (v.t.); control –
do research (v.) – îdK¿ aÃakku
(îdKk, îdKá)
AraYCâ ecY
restraint (n.); obstacle –
äräycchi sey
(- ecYy, - ecY∆) twd thaÃai
resemble (v.t.) – result (n.); effect –
o o (oKk, oT∆); pl˜ palaπ
oPpa¿ oppägu result (n.) –
(oPpak, oPpaá / oPpaY); …㌠muÃivu
EpaL ià pöl iru retire (v.i.) –
(- iÃKk, - iÃN∆) o∆ı¿ othu√gu
resolution (n.); decision – (o∆ık, o∆ıá)
≥RmaˆM thïrmäπam retire (someone) (v.t.) –
respect (n.); propriety – OYŒ ekaƒ öyvu koÃu
míyawt mariyäthai (- ekaƒKk, - ekaƒT∆)
retirement (n.) –
responsibility (n.) –
epa›P» po˛uppu OYŒ ep›tL
öyvu pe˛uthal
responsible (adj.) –
return (go back) (v.i.) –
epa›P»Ò¬ po˛uppuµµa çÃM» thirumbu
rest (relaxation ) (n.) – (çÃMp, çÃMè)
OYŒ öyvu return (come back) (v.i) –
rest (relax) (v.i.) – çÃMè va thirumbi vä
OY öy (Oy, OYN∆) (- vr, - vN∆)

123
return (give back) (v.t.) – rice (unhusked) (n.) –
çÃPèKekaƒ enL nel
thiruppi-k-koÃu rice (husked, but uncooked) –
(-ekaƒKk, -ekaƒT∆) îíâ arisi
revenge (n.) – rice (cooked) (n.) –
pï pa∑i, Ecaà söru,
pïK¿P pï pa∑ikku-p-pa∑i catM sätham
take revenge (v.t.) –
rich (adj.); wealthy –
pïKáP pï vaı¿ ecLv…Ò¬ selvamuµµa
pa∑ikku-p-pa∑i vä√gu
(- vaık, - vaıá) riches (n.); wealth –
revolt (v.i.) – ecLvM selvam
»rDâ ecY puraªchi sey rich people (n.) –
(- ecYy, - ecY∆); ecLvNtR selvanthar
klkM ecY kalagam sey rich man (n.) –
(- ecYy, - ecY∆) pbKkar˜ pa≈akkäraπ
revolutionary (adj.) – rich woman (n.) –
»rDâkrmaˆ pbKkaí pa≈akkäri
puraªchigaramäπa ride (in a vehicle) (v.) –
revolutionary (person) (n.) – vakˆEmóCecLÕ
»rDâKkar˜ vägaπamë˛i-c-chellu
puraªchikkäraπ (-ecLl, -ec˜›)
revolve (v.i.); be overturned – ride (on animal or in vehicle) –
»rÒ puraµ (»r¬, »rBƒ) cvaí ecY saväri sey
reward (n.); profit – (- ecYy, - ecY∆)
py˜ payaπ ride (n.) –
reward (n.) – cvaí saväri
ev¿mç vegumathi, right (n.); claim –
ev¿maˆM vegumäπam uíwm urimai

124
right (adj.); correct – riot (v.) –
cíyaˆ sariyäπa, klkM pB≈
Enraˆ nëräπa kalagam pa≈≈u
righteous (adj.) – (- pBb, - pBõ)
EnRwmyaˆ nërmaiyäπa rip (v.t.); tear off –
righteousness (n.) – áï ki∑i (áïKk, áïT∆)
EnRwm nërmai be ripped (v.i.) –
right (side) (adj.) – áï ki∑i (áïy, áïN∆)
vlmaˆ valamäπa, rise (sun) (v.i.) –
vl∆»® valathupu˛a Éã viÃi (Éãy, ÉãN∆)
right (side) (n.) – rise (from bed) (v.i.) –
vl∆ (pKkM) ¶¤ e∑u (¶z, ¶¤N∆)
valathu (pakkam) rise (go up, climb) (v.i.) –
make right (v.t.) – ¶¤M» e∑umbu
cí ecY sari sey (¶¤Mp, ¶¤Mè);
(- ecYy, - ecY∆)
ring (v.t.); hit –
EmEl ecL mëlë sel
(- ecLl, - ec˜›)
îã aÃi (îãKk, îãT∆) rising (of sun, moon, etc.) –
‘Ring the bell.’ – utyM uthayam
mõ îã / îãÀıkÒ. river (n.) –
ma≈i aÃi / aÃiyu√gaµ.
ring (on finger, toe) (n.) –
A› ä˛u
EmaçrM möthiram road (n.); highway –
rinse (clothes, vessels, etc.) – Eraƒ röÃu, cawl sälai
îl◊ alasu (îlc, îlâ) rob (petty) (v.t.) –
rinse (v.); wash (not laundry) – çà thiruÃu (çÃd, çÃã)
k¤Œ ka∑uvu (k¤v, k¤É) rob (grand larceny) (v.t.) –
riot (n.) – ekaÒw¬yã koµµaiyaÃi
klkM kalagam (-îãKk, -îãT∆)

125
robber (n.) – root (of a plant) (n.) –
çÃd˜ thiruÃaπ, EvR vër
ekaÒw¬Kkar˜ rope (n.), string –
koµµaikkäraπ kë› kayi˛u
robbery (n.) – rough (adj.) –
çÃDƒ thiruªªu, …rDƒTtˆmaˆ
ekaÒw¬ koµµai muraªªutthaπamäπa,
rock (n.); gem – ekaNtìPpaˆ
kL kal konthalippäπa
large rock (n.); hillock – roughly (adv.) –
paw® pä˛ai …rDƒTtˆmak
rocky (adj.) – muraªªutthaπamäga
paw®yaˆ pä˛aiyäπa, round (adj.) –
k‰paw® ka˛pä˛ai vDdmaˆ vaªªamäπa
rod (n.); bar – round (around) (prep.) –
tã thaÃi ◊‰óÕM su˛˛ilum
roll (v.t.); make roll – royal (adj.) –
uÃDƒ uruªªu raj∏kmaˆ räjarïgamäπa,
(uÃDd, uÃDã) îrcRK¿íy arasarkkuriya
be rolled over (v.i.) – royalty (n.); kingdom –
»rÒ puraµ (»r¬, »rBƒ) îr◊ arasu
rub (v.t.) –
roof (n.) – ∆wd thuÃai
Em‰‡wr më˛kürai (∆wdKk, ∆wdT∆);
room (n.) – EtY thëy
îw® a˛ai (EtYKk, EtYT∆)
large room (n.); hall – be rubbed away (v.i.) –
‡dM küÃam EtY thëy (Ety, EtYN∆)
root, origin (n.) – rubber (eraser) (n.) –
ÎlM mülam ‘rPpR’ rappar

126
ruffian (n.) – rule (n.); fate –
…rd˜ muraÃaπ Éç vithi
ruin (n.); misfortune – run (v.i.) –
Ekƒ këÃu, îïŒ a∑ivu Oƒ öÃu (Od, Oã)
be ruined, spoiled (v.i.) –
ekƒ keÃu S
(ekd, ekDƒ); sack (n.); bundle –
ekDƒ Epa keªªu pö ÎDwd müªªai
(- Epak, - EpaY) sacred (adj.) –
ruin (v.t.); spoil – »òtmaˆ puπithamäπa
ekƒ keÃu sacredness (n.); holiness –
(ekƒKk, ekƒT∆) »òtM puπitham
be ruined (v.i.); be lost – sacrifice (n.) –
etawl tholai pì bali,
(etawly, etawlN∆) çyakM thiyägam
ruin (v.t.); lose – sacrifice (v.) –
etawl tholai pìëƒ baliyiÃu
(etawlKk, etawlT∆) (pìëd, pìëDƒ);
be ruined (v.i.); perish – çyakM ecY thiyägam sey
îï a∑i (îïy, îïN∆) (- ecYy, - ecY∆)
ruin (v.t.) – sad (adj.) –
îï a∑i (îïKk, îïT∆) ∆Kk(kr)maˆ
rule (n.); administration – dhukka(gara)mäπa
ADâ äªchi sadness (n.) –
rule (v.t.); govern – ∆KkM dhukkam
ADâ ecY äªchi sey safe (adj.) –
(- ecYy, - ecY∆) pTçrmaˆ patthiramäπa
rule (n.) – safely (adv.) –
cDdM saªªam pTçrmak patthiramäga

127
safety (n.); security – sapling (n.) –
pTçrM patthiram ecã seÃi
sail (v.i.) – satisfaction (n.); fulfilment –
kPpìL ecL (mˆ)éw®Œ
kappalil sel (maπa)ni˛aivu,
(- ecLl, - ec˜›); çÃPç thirupthi
kdì‰èryaˆM ecY satisfy (v.t.) –
kaÃali˛pirayä≈am sey çÃPç ecY thirupthi sey
(- ecYy, - ecY∆) (- ecYy, - ecY∆)
sailor (n.) – Saturday (n.) –
maÕê mälumi, còKázwm saπikki∑amai
kPpElaDã kappalöªªi save (v.t.); protect –
salary (n.) – kaPpa‰› käpp䲲u
cMp¬M sambaµam (kaPpa‰®, kaPpa‰ó)
sale (n.) – savories (n.); snacks –
ɉpwˆ vi˛paπai plkarM palagäram
saliva (n.) – say (v.); tell –
¶CâL ecchil, ¶˜ eπ (¶˜ˆ, ¶˜›);
uêZ ¥R umi∑ nïr ecaL sol (ecaLl, ecaLì)
salt (n.) – say (v.t.); speak –
uP» uppu Ep◊ pësu (Epc, Epâ)
same (of one type) (adj.) – saying (n.); word; language –
oEr maçíyaˆ emaï mo∑i
orë mäthiriyäπa proverb (n.) –
the same (an identity) (n.) – pzemaï pa∑a-mo∑i
oEr t˜wm saying ... ; expressing ... ; quote
orë thaπmai ¶˜› eπ˛u
sandals (n.) – scene; sight; appearance (n.) –
ecÃP» seruppu kaDâ käªchi

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scheme (n.); plan – seashore (n.); seaside –
çDdM thiªªam kd‰kwr kaÃa˛karai
scholar (n.); poet – season (n.); time, era –
»lvR pulavar kalM kälam
kÉùR kaviñar time of year (n.) –
scholarship (expertise) (n.) – pÃvM paruvam,
»lwm pulamai pÃvkalM paruvakälam
school (n.) – seasoning spoon (n.) –
pÒñ(K‡dM) tañP»KkrBã
paµµi(-k-küÃam) täµippu-k-kara≈Ãi
science; field of knowledge – seat (n.) –
îóÉyL a˛iviyal AcˆM äsaπam
scissors (n.) – second (1/60th of a minute) –
kTçí(KEkaL) Ɉaã viπäÃi
katthiri(kköl) second (after 1st) (n. or adj.) –
scorn (v.) – irBdav∆
ev› ve˛u ira≈Ãävathu,
(ev›Kk, ev›T∆) irBdaM
scream (v.i.) – ira≈Ãäm (adj. only)
îl› ala˛u (îl®, îló) secret (n.); secrecy, privacy –
scream (n.) – rkâyM ragasiyam
îl®L ala˛al secret (adj.) –
sculpture (n.) – rkâymaˆ ragasiyamäπa
â‰pM si˛pam secretly (adv.) –
sea (n.); ocean – rkâymak ragasiyamäga
kdL kaÃal, secretary (n.) –
c…TçrM samutthiram ecyla¬R seyaläµar
search (v.t.); look for – sector (n.); department –
Etƒ thëÃu (Etd, Etã) ∆w® thu˛ai

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security (n.) – send (v.t.) –
kavL käval, îfiP» aπuppu
pa∆kaP» päthukäppu (îfiPp, îfiPè)
see (v.t.); find out – sense (one of the 5 senses) –
kaB kä≈ (kab, kBƒ) »l˜ pulaπ
see (v.t.); look; try – (WM»lıkÒ aimbula√gaµ)
paR pär (paRKk, paRT∆) sensation (n.) –
see (v.i.); understand – ubRCâ u≈arcchi
etí theri (etíKk, etíT∆) perceptible (adj.) –
seed (of plant) (n.) – ubRCâÀÒ¬
Éwt vithai, ÉT∆ vitthu u≈arcchiyuµµa
perceptibly (adv.) –
seek (v.t.); look for –
Etƒ thëÃu (Etd, Etã); ubRCâyak
u≈arcchiyäga
naƒ näÃu (nad, naã) sentence (in law) (n.) –
seem (v.i.) – ≥RP» thïrppu
Eta˜› thöπ˛u sentence (pass judgment) (v.) –
(Eta˜®, Eta˜ó)
seize (v.t.); catch –
≥RP»CecaL
thïrppu-c-chol
èã piÃi (èãKk, èãT∆) (-ecaLl, -ecaLì)
select (v.t.); choose; elect – separate (adj.) –
EtRNetƒ thërntheÃu tòwmyaˆ
(-¶ƒKk, -¶ƒT∆) thaπimaiyäπa
selection (n.) – separately (adv.) –
EtRŒ thërvu tòTtòEy
self (reflex. pron.) – thaπitthaπiyë
ta˜ thäπ separate (v.t.); divide –
sell (v.t.) – èí piri
ÉL vil (ɉk, ɉ›) (èíKk, èíT∆)

130
be separated (v.i.); depart – seventh (n. or adj.) –
èí piri (èíy, èíN∆) ´zav∆ ë∑ävathu,
separation (n.) – ´zaM ë∑äm (adj. only)
èíŒ pirivu seventeen (n. or adj.) –
separable (adj.) – pçEˆ¤ pathiπë∑u
èíKkK‡ãy seventeenth (n. or adj.) –
pirikkakküÃiya pçEˆzav∆
series (a number of things) – pathiπë∑ävathu,
etadR thoÃar pçEˆzaM
sermon (n.) – pathiπë∑äm (adj. only)
èrcıkM seventy (n. or adj.) –
pirasa√gam ¶¤p∆ e∑ubathu
serve (v.t.) – seventieth (n. or adj.) –
põ ecY pa≈i sey ¶¤ptav∆
(- ecYy, - ecY∆); e∑ubathävathu,
etaBƒ ecY tho≈Ãu sey ¶¤ptaM
service (n.) – e∑ubathäm (adj. only)
põ pa≈i, several (on the more side) –
etaBƒ tho≈Ãu (p‰)pl (pa˛)pala
set (v.t.); place – several (on the less side) –
wv vai (wvKk, wvT∆) (â‰)âl (si˛)sila
settle (v.t.); adjust – severe (adj.) –
îwm amai kƒwmyaˆ
(îwmKk, îwmT∆) kaÃumaiyäπa
become settled (v.i.); suit – severity (n.); harshness –
îwm amai kƒwm kaÃumai
(îwmy, îwmN∆) sew (v.t.); stitch –
seven (n. or adj.) – wt thai
´¤ ë∑u (wtKk, wtT∆)

131
sewing machine (n.) – shape (v.t.) –
wtyL ‘m¯˜’ uÃvaK¿ uruväkku
thaiyal mashiπ (-AKk, -AKá)
shake (v.t.); agitate – share (n.); portion –
îwc asai pı¿ pa√gu
(îwcKk, îwcT∆) share (to give a part) (v.t.) –
shake (v.i.); sway – pıრpa√giÃu
îwc asai (-id, -iDƒ)
(îwcy, îwcN∆) share (to take a part) (v.t.) –
shaking (n.) – pı¿ ekaÒ pa√gu koµ
îwcŒ asaivu (- ekaÒ¬, - ekaBƒ)
shake (out dust, water, etc.) – sharp (adj.); pointed –
ut› utha˛u (ut›, utó) ptmaˆ pathamäπa,
shake (v.i.); tremble – ‡íy küriya,
nƒı¿ naÃu√gu ‡raˆ küräπa,
(nƒık, nƒıá) ‡Rwmyaˆ kürmaiyäπa
shake (v.t.) – sharply (adv.); pointedly –
ADƒ 䪪u ptmak pathamäga,
(ADd, ADã)
‡Rwmyak kürmaiyäga
shaky (adj.) –
sharpen (v.t.) –
nƒı¿á® naÃu√gugi˛a ‡raK¿ küräkku
shame (n.); modesty – (-AKk, -AKá)
evDkM veªkam sharpness (knife’s edge, etc.) –
shameful (adj.) – ptM patham,
evDkKEkdaˆ ‡Rwm kürmai
veªka-k-këÃäπa she (pron.) –
shape (n.); image; form – îvÒ avaµ (familiar),
uÃvM uruvam, îvR avar (polite),
ÎRTç mürtthi îvRkÒ avargaµ (v. pol.)

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sheep (n.) – shopkeeper (n.) –
ecMmó Aƒ kwdKkarR kaÃaikkärar
semma˛i äÃu shore (n.); border –
sheep/goat (n.) – kwr karai
Aƒ äÃu short (adj.); deficient –
shine (v.i.) – ¿›áy ku˛ugiya,
èrkaâ pirakäshi ¿w®vaˆ ku˛aiväπa
(èrkaâKk, èrkaâT∆) short (in length, height) –
ship (n.) – ¿Dwdyaˆ kuªªaiyäπa
kPpL kappal shorten (v.t.); cut off –
ship (v.t.) – ¿w® ku˛ai
(kPpìL) îfiP» (¿w®Kk, ¿w®T∆)
(kappalil) aπuppu be shortened (v.i.), cut off –
(- îfiPp, - îfiPè) ¿w® ku˛ai
shirt; blouse (Europ. style) – (¿w®y, ¿w®N∆)
cDwd saªªai shortness (n.) –
shock (psychological) (n.) – ¿Ò¬M kuµµam
îçRCâ athircchi should –
shock (v.) – evBãy∆ ve≈Ãiyathu
çƒKádCecY shoulder (n.); upper arm –
thiÃukkiÃa-c-chey EtaÒ thöµ
(-ecYy, -ecY∆) shout (v.i.) –
shoe (n.); sandals – kT∆ katthu (kTt, kTç)
ecÃP» seruppu shout (n.); loud cry –
shoot (v.t.) – ‡CcL kücchal
◊ƒ suÃu (◊d, ◊Dƒ) show (v.t.); point out –
shop (n.) – kaDƒ k䪪u
kwd kaÃai (kaDd, kaDã)

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show (n.), exhibition – signal (n.) –
kaDâ käªchi îó¿ó a˛igu˛i
shrink (v.i.); wrinkle – signature (n.) –
◊Ãı¿ suru√gu wkey¤T∆ kai-y-e∑utthu
(◊Ãık, ◊Ãıá) silence (n.) –
shrink (make small) (v.t.) – em¬ˆM mauπam
◊ÃK¿ surukku silent (adj.) –
(◊ÃKk, ◊ÃKá) em¬ˆmaˆ mauπamäπa
shut (v.t.); close – silently (adv.) –
îwd aÃai em¬ˆmak mauπamäga
(îwdKk, îwdT∆); silence (v.t.) –
caT∆ sätthu îwmç pƒ amaithi paÃu
(caTt, caTç); (- pd, - pDƒ)
΃ müÃu be (remain) silent (v.i.) –
(Îd, Îã) em¬ˆM caç
sick (adj.) – mauπam säthi
EnaYPpDd nöyppaªªa (- caçKk, - caçT∆)
sickness (n.); disease – silk (n.) –
EnaY nöy pDƒ paªªu
side (n.); vicinity; page – silk-worm (n.) –
pKkM pakkam pDƒPÈCâ
sight (n.); appearance; scene – paªªu-p-pücchi
kaDâ käªchi silver (metal) (n.) –
sign (n.); mark –
evÒñ veµµi
¿ó(P») ku˛i(ppu) similar (adj.) –
oEr maçíyaˆ
signify (v.t.) – orë mäthiriyäπa
¿óPèƒ ku˛ippiÃu similarity (n.); identity –
(-id, -iDƒ) o‰›wm o˛˛umai

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simple (adj.) – sir (n. + vocative); father –
¶ñy eµiya Wya aiyä
sin (n.); misfortune – sister (gen.) (n.) –
pavM pävam cEkatí sagöthari
sin (v.) – (younger) sister (n.) –
pavM ecY pävam sey tıwk tha√gai
(- ecYy, - ecY∆) (elder) sister (n.) –
sinful (adj.) – îKka akkä
pavM ecYt sit (down) (v.i.) –
pävam seytha
uDkaR uªkär
sinner (n.) – (uDkar, uDkaRN∆)
paÉ pävi situation (n.); condition –
since (adv.) – éwl nilai,
蘻 piπbu, éwlwm nilaimai
蘈R piππar, six (n. or adj.) –
-iìÃN∆ -ilirunthu A› ä˛u
sing (v.t.) – sixth (n. or adj.) –
paƒ päÃu (pad, paã) A®av∆ ä˛ävathu,
singer (n.); musician – A®aM ä˛äm (adj. only)
padkR päÃagar sixteen (n. or adj.) –
single (adj.) – pçˆa› pathiπä˛u
o‰w® o˛˛ai sixteenth (n. or adj.) –
sink (v.i.); drown – pçˆa®av∆
ÎZ¿ mü∑gu pathiπä˛ävathu,
(ÎZk, ÎZá) pçˆa®aM
(make sth.) sink (v.t.) – pathiπä˛äm (adj. only)
ÎZkã mü∑gaÃi sixty (n. or adj.) –
(-îãKk, -îãT∆) î›p∆ a˛ubathu

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sixtieth (n. or adj.) – slap (v.t.); spank –
î›ptav∆ îw® a˛ai
a˛ubathävathu, (îw®y, îw®N∆);
î›ptaM îã aÃi
a˛ubathäm (adj. only) (îãKk, îãT∆)
size (n.); measure – slave (n.) –
嬌 aµavu îãwm aÃimai
skeleton (n.) – slavish (adj.) –
¶ÕM»K‡ƒ îãwmyaˆ aÃimaiyäπa
elumbukküÃu sleep (v.) –
skill (n.) – Áı¿ thü√gu
ç®wm thi˛amai (Áık, Áıá)
skilful (adj.) – sleep (n.) –
ç®wmyaˆ thi˛amaiyäπa ÁKkM thükkam
skilfully (adv.) – sleepy (adj.) –
ç®wmyak thi˛amaiyäga EcaMEpóyaˆ
sömbë˛iyäπa
skin (n.); hide; leather – asleep (adv.) –
etaL thol ÁKkmak thükkamäga
skirt (n.); petticoat – slice (n.); piece; towel –
pavawd päväÃai ∆Bƒ thu≈Ãu
skull (n.) – slide (on a surface) (v.i.) –
mBwd Oƒ n¤Œ na∑uvu
ma≈Ãai öÃu, (n¤v, n¤É);
kpalM kabälam c›K¿ sa˛ukku
sky (n.) – (c›Kk, c›Ká)
vaˆM väπam, slide (children’s) (n.) –
AkayM ägäyam c›K¿ sa˛ukku

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slow (reduce speed) (v.) – smile (v.); laugh –
Evkı¿w® vëga√gu˛ai âí siri (âíKk, âíT∆)
(-¿w®Kk, -¿w®T∆) smile (n.); laughter –
slow (adj.) – âíP» sirippu
em∆vaˆ methuväπa smoke (n.) –
slowly (adv.) – »wk pugai
em∆vak methuväga smoke (emit smoke) (v.i.) –
small (adj.); little – »wk pugai
(»wky, »wkN∆)
â› si˛u,
smoke (a cigarette, etc.) (v.) –
âóy si˛iya, »wkèã pugaipiÃi
☈ siππa (-èãKk, -èãT∆)
smash (v.t.); pound – ‘Don’t smoke!’ –
iã iÃi (iãKk, iãT∆) ‘»wkèãKkaEt!’
be smashed (v.i.); collapse – pugaipiÃikkäthë
iã iÃi (iãy, iãN∆) smooth (not rough) (adj.) –
smash to pieces (v.t.); crush – mzmzPpaˆ / vzvz°
ena›K¿ no˛ukku ma∑ama∑appäπa / va∑ava∑a°
(ena›Kk, ena›Ká) snacks (n.); savories –
be smashed (v.i.), crushed – plkarM palagäram
ena›ı¿ no˛u√gu snake (n.) –
(ena›ık, ena›ıá) paM» pämbu
smell (pleasant/neutral) (n.) – so (that way) (adv.) –
vacwˆ väsaπai, îPpã appaÃi
mbM ma≈am social (adj.) –
smell (v.t.) – cÎk samüga
EmaN∆ paR mönthu pär society (in gen.) (n.) –
(- paRKk, - paRT∆) cÎkM samügam

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society (n.); association – solve (v.t.); figure out –
cıkM sa√gam ɃÉ
soft (adj.) – viÃuvi
êÃ∆vaˆ miruthuväπa (ɃÉKk, ɃÉT∆)
softness (n.); tenderness – some –
em˜wm meπmai âl sila (adj.),
delicate (not tough) (adj.) –
âlR silar (a few persons),
em˜wmyaˆ âl∆ silathu (a few things)
meπmaiyäπa somebody (pron.) –
soften (v.) – yaEra yärö
êÃ∆vaK¿ some person, a person –
miruthuväkku oÃvR oruvar
(-AKk, -AKá) somehow (adv.) –
soil (n.); earth; mud – ¶Ppãyav∆
mB ma≈ eppaÃiyävathu,
soil (n.); land – ¶PpãEya
élM nilam, eppaÃiyö,
élv¬M nilavaµam ¶PpãEyfiM
sole (adj.); alone – eppaÃiyëπum
tò thaπi, someone (pron.) –
tòyaˆ thaπiyäπa, yaEra yärö,
tòTt thaπittha ¶vEra evarö,
solely (adv.) – oÃvR oruvar
tòyak thaπiyäga, something (pron.) –
tòwmyak thaπimaiyäga ´tav∆ ëthävathu,
solid (adj.) – ¶tav∆ ethävathu
ekDãyaˆ something, somewhat –
keªªiyäπa ´Eta ëthö

138
sometime (or other) – soon (adv.); quickly –
¶PEpatav∆ udEˆ uÃaπë,
eppöthävathu ØKárM sïkkiram
sometimes, at any time – sore (n.); wound –
¶PEpatav∆ »B pu≈
eppöthävathu sorrow (n.) –
occasionally (adv.) – ∆KkM dhukkam,
¶PEpaEta eppöthö, vÃTtM varuttham,
âl cmyM sila samayam EcakM sögam
somewhat – sorrowful (adj.) –
ekaücM koñjam ∆Kkmaˆ dhukkamäπa
somewhere (adv.) – sorrowfully (adv.) –
¶ıEkEya e√gëyö, ∆Kkmak dhukkamäga
¶ıEka e√gö, feel sorry (v.i.); regret –
¶ıEkfiM e√gëπum vÃN∆ varunthu
somewhere, anywhere – (vÃNt, vÃNç)
¶ıEkyav∆ e√gëyävathu sorry (adj.) –
son (n.) –
vÃN∆á® varunthugi˛a
mk˜ magaπ sort (n.); kind; class –
son-in-law (n.) –
vwk vagai
sound (make sound) (v.t.) –
m›mk˜ ma˛umagaπ
oì oli (oìKk, oìT∆);
song (n.); singing – oìKkCecY olikkacchey
paDƒ p䪪u (-ecYy, -ecY∆)
song (musical) (n.) – sound (n.) –
iwcPpadL isaippäÃal oì oli
song (n.); poem; verse – sour, sourness (n.) –
padL päÃal »ñ puµi

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sour (adj.) – specify (v.t.); mention –
»ñP» puµippu, ¿óPèƒ ku˛ippiÃu
»ñPpaˆ puµippäπa (¿óPèd, ¿óPèDƒ)
south (adj.), southern – speed (n.); intensity –
et˜ theπ EvkM vëgam
the south (n.) – speedy (adj.) –
et‰¿ the˛ku Evkmaˆ vëgamäπa
sovereignty (n.); rule – spend (time, money) (v.t.) –
ADâ äªchi eclvï selava∑i
(-îïKk, -îïT∆)
space (place, room) (n.) –
be spent (time, money) (v.i.) –
idM iÃam
eclvï selava∑i
(outer) space & sky (n.) – (-îïy, -îïN∆)
ÉBevñ vi≈veµi, spill (v.t.) –
AkayM ägäyam âN∆ sinthu (âNt, âNç)
space (between things) (n.) – spirit (life) (n.) –
iwdevñ iÃaiveµi uëR uyir,
spank (v.t.); slap – ATma äthmä
îw® a˛ai split (v.) –
(îw®y, îw®N∆);
îã aÃi (îãKk, îãT∆) è¬ piµa (è¬Kk, è¬N∆)
split (n.); crack –
speak (v.i.) –
謌 piµavu
Ep◊ pësu (Epc, Epâ) spoil (go bad) (v.i.) –
speech (n.) – ekDƒPEpa
EpC◊ pëcchu keªªu-p-pö
special (adj.) – (-Epak, -EpaY)
tòPpDd thaπippaªªa spoiled (adj.); bad –
special (important) (adj.) – ekDd keªªa,
…Káy mukkiya ekDƒPEpaˆ keªªuppöπa

140
spoon (n.) – spy (v.t.) –
krBã kara≈Ãi EvŒpaR vëvupär
spoonful (n.) – (-paRKk, -paRT∆);
krBãy¬Œ o‰®ó o˛˛a˛i
(-îóy, -îóN∆)
kara≈Ãiyaµavu
spying (n.), espionage –
spot (n.); dot; point – EvŒpaRTtL vëvupärtthal,
»Òñ puµµi o‰®ótL o˛˛a˛ithal
spread (something) (v.t.) – squeeze (v.t.); press –
Éí viri (ÉíKk, ÉíT∆) enÃK¿ nerukku
spread (v.i.); extend – (enÃKk, enÃKá)
Éí viri (Éíy, ÉíN∆) squirrel (n.); chipmunk –
spread (as darkness, disease) – îõL a≈il
prŒ paravu (prv, prÉ) stab (v.t.); hit –
spread (news, disease) (v.t.) – ¿T∆ kutthu (¿Tt, ¿Tç)
prP» parappu stamp (postage) (n.) –
(prPp, prPè) tpaL twl thabäl thalai
expanse, surface (n.) – stamp (n.); seal –
prP» parappu …Tçwr mutthirai
spring (water) (n.) – stand (v.i.); stay –
U‰› ü˛˛u éL nil (é‰k, 阛)
spring (season) (n.) – star (astro.) (n.); constellation –
vcNtM nDcTçrM naªchatthiram
vasantham, start (v.i.) ; rise –
vcNt kalM á¬M» kiµambu
vasantha kälam (á¬Mp, á¬Mè)
start up (v.i.); incite –
spy (n.) –
á¬P» kiµappu
o‰®˜ o˛˛aπ (á¬Pp, á¬Pè)

141
start (v.i.); set out – stay (v.i.); remain –
»®Ppƒ pu˛appaÃu tı¿ tha√gu (tık, tıá)
(»®Ppd, »®PpDƒ) stay (v.i.); stop, stand –
startle (v.t.); alarm – éL nil (é‰k, 阛)
çƒKádCecY stay (v.t.); stop –
thiÃukkiÃacchey é›T∆ ni˛utthu
(-ecYy, -ecY∆)
(é›Tt, é›Tç)
starve (v.i.) –
pDãòëà paªªiπiyiru steal (v.t.) –
(-iÃKk, -iÃN∆) çà thiruÃu
(çÃd, çÃã)
state (say, write, publish) (v.) –
îóÉ a˛ivi steam (v.t.); boil –
(îóÉKk, îóÉT∆) îÉ avi (îÉKk, îÉT∆)
statement (n.) – be steamed (v.i.), boiled –
îóKwk a˛ikkai îÉ avi (îÉy, îÉN∆)
state (n.); condition – steam (n.) –
éwl nilai, ¥raÉ nïrävi
éwlwm nilaimai steam-engine (n.) –
state (nation) (n.) – ¥raÉ yNçrM
naƒ näÃu nïrävi yanthiram
station (n.); place – steel (n.) –
éwlyM nilaiyam ¶f¿ ehku
statue (n.) – step (n.); foot; bottom, base –
âwl silai, îã aÃi
uÃvM uruvam step (v.) –
status (in organization) (n.) – îã wv aÃi vai
ptÉ pathavi (- wvKk, - wvT∆)
stay (v.i.); be; wait – step (n.) –
ià iru (iÃKk, iÃN∆) pã paÃi

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stern (adj.) – stitch (v.t.); sew –
kƒwmyaˆ kaÃumaiyäπa wt thai
sternness (n.); harshness – (wtKk, wtT∆)
kƒwm kaÃumai stitch (n.); stitching –
stick (long) (n.) – wtyL thaiyal
kM» kambu stomach (n.) –
stick (short) (n.) – vë› vayi˛u
¿Câ kucchi stone (n.); gem –
stick (make adhere to) (v.t.) – kL kal
oDƒ oªªu (oDd, oDã) stony (adj.) –
still (adv.); yet; more – kL paw®yaˆ
i˜fiM iππum, kal pä˛aiyäπa
AˆaÕM äπälum stop (v.i.); stay; stand –
éL nil
still (continuing) (adv.) – (é‰k, 阛)
AáÕM ägilum stop (v.t.); stay –
still (quiet) (adj.) – é›T∆ ni˛utthu
îwmçyaˆ (é›Tt, é›Tç)
amaithiyäπa store (n.) , shop –
stink (v.i.) – kwd kaÃai
na› nä˛u (na®, naó) storm (n.) –
stink (n.); stench – »yL puyal
na‰®M n䲲am stormy (adj.) –
stir (v.t.), disturb – »ylaˆ puyaläπa
klK¿ kalakku story (n.) –
(klKk, klKá)
get stirred (v.i.), disturbed –
kwt kathai
klı¿ kala√gu stove (n.); hearth –
(klık, klıá) îƒP» aÃuppu

143
straight (adj.); honest – strength (n.) –
Enraˆ nëräπa, vì(wm) vali(mai)
EnRwmyaˆ nërmaiyäπa strong (adj.) –
straightness (n.); honesty – vìwmyaˆ
EnRwm nërmai valimaiyäπa
strange (adj.) – strike (stoppage of work) (n.) –
îNéy(maˆ) Evwl é›TtM
anniya(mäπa) vëlai ni˛uttham
stranger (n.) – strike (stop work) (v.) –
îNéy˜ anniyaπ, Evwl é›TtM ecY
îyla˜ ayaläπ vëlai ni˛uttham sey
(- ecYy, - ecY∆)
street (n.) – strike (to hit) (v.t.) –
età theru, ™ç vïthi îã aÃi
strength (n.); firmness – (îãKk, îãT∆)
u›ç u˛uthi string (n.) –
strong (adj.) – kë› kayi˛u
u›çyaˆ u˛uthiyäπa string (beads, etc.) (v.t.) –
strongly (adv.) – etaƒ thoÃu
u›çyak u˛uthiyäga (etad, etaã)
strength (n.) – stroke (n.), blow –
plM balam, iã iÃi, tDƒ thaªªu
vì(wm) vali(mai) strong (adj.) –
strengthen (v.t.) – plmaˆ balamäπa,
plPpƒT∆ balappaÃutthu vìwmyaˆ valimaiyäπa
(-pƒTt, -pƒTç) structure (n.); construction –
strong (adj.) – îwmP» amaippu
plmaˆ balamäπa, struggle (n.) –
plTt balattha EparaDdM pör䪪am

144
struggle (v.i.) – subtract (v.t.) –
Eparaƒ pöräÃu kï ka∑i (kïKk, kïT∆)
(Eparad, Eparaã) subtraction (n.) –
stubborn (adj.) – kïTtL ka∑itthal
…rDƒTtˆmaˆ success (n.); victory –
muraªªutthaπamäπa ev‰ó ve˛˛i
student(s) (n.) – successful (adj.) –
mabvR mä≈avar (pl.), ev‰ókrmaˆ
mabÉ mä≈avi (f.), ve˛˛igaramäπa
mabv˜ mä≈avaπ (m.) succeed (v.) –
study (v.); learn – ev‰óekaÒ ve˛˛ikoµ
(-EkaÒ¬, -ekaBƒ)
kL kal (k‰k, k‰›) such (in that way) (adj.) –
study (n.); learning – îEtmaçíyaˆ
kLÉ kalvi athëmäthiriyäπa
study (v.); read – sudden (adj.) –
pã paÃi (pãKk, pãT∆) udˆãyaˆ uÃaπaÃiyäπa,
stupid (adj.) – ç±R thiÃïr
Îd(maˆ) müÃa(mäπa), suddenly (adv.) –
mKkaˆ makkäπa udEˆ uÃaπë,
submit to; obey; calm down – ç±er˜› thiÃïreπ˛u
îdı¿ aÃa√gu suffering (n.); grief –
(îdık, îdıá) ∆KkM dhukkam,
substitute (n.) – vÃTtM varuttham,
ma‰› m䲲u kQdM kashªam
substitute (v.t.) – suffer (v.i.) –
pçlak wv ∆˜pPpƒ thuπbappaÃu
pathiläga vai (-pd, -pDƒ);
(- wvKk, - wvT∆) kQdPpƒ kashªappaÃu

145
sugar (n.) – sunset (n.) –
cRKkwr sarkkarai ‚íy˜ mw®tL
suit (v.i.); become settled – süriyaπ ma˛aithal
îwm amai sunshine (n.); sun’s heat –
(îwmy, îwmN∆) evëL veyil,
suitable (adj.) – ‚íy oñ süriya oµi
tKk thakka, Sunday (n.) –
t¿Nt thaguntha, ùa뉛(Kázwm)
epaÃTtmaˆ ñäyi˛˛u(-k-ki∑amai)
porutthamäπa supervise (v.t.) –
be suitable (v.); be proper –
kBkaõ ka≈gä≈i
(kBkaõKk, kBkaõT∆);
epaÃN∆ porunthu Em‰paRwvëƒ
(epaÃNt, epaÃNç) më˛pärvaiyiÃu
summer (n.); hot season – (-id, -iDƒ)
Ekawd(KkalM) supervision (n.) –
köÃai(-k-kälam) Em‰paRwv më˛pärvai
sun (n.) – supervisor (n.) –
‚íy˜ süriyaπ, kBkaõ(Ppa¬R)
ùaë› ñäyi˛u ka≈gä≈i(ppäµar),
sunlight (n.); sun’s heat – Em‰paRwvya¬R
evëL veyil, më˛pärvaiyäµar
supply (n.) –
‚íy oñ süriya oµi
îñTtL aµitthal
sunny (adj.) – supply (v.t.); give –
oñyaˆ oµiyäπa îñ aµi (îñKk, îñT∆)
sunrise (n.) – support (v.t.) –
‚íy˜ utyM Atí äthari
süriyaπ uthayam (AtíKk, AtíT∆)

146
support (n.) – be surprised (v.i.) –
AtrŒ ätharavu îçcë athisayi
support (v.); sustain – (îçcëKk, îçcëT∆)
taı¿ thä√gu surrender (v.i.) –
(taık, taıá) crbwd sara≈aÃai
suppose (v.t.); count – (-îwdy, -îwdN∆)
¶B≈ e≈≈u surrender (n.) –
(¶Bb, ¶Bõ) crbwdtL
suppress (v.t) – sara≈aÃaithal
îdK¿ aÃakku surround (v.t.) –
(îdKk, îdKá) ◊‰› su˛˛u (◊‰®, ◊‰ó)
sure (adj.) – surroundings (n.) –
éCcymaˆ ◊‰›P»®M su˛˛uppu˛am
nicchayamäπa, survive (v.i.) –
éCcy…Ò¬ èwz pi∑ai
nicchayamuµµa (èwzKk, èwzT∆)
surely (adv.) – suspect (v.t.) –
éCcymak nicchayamäga cNEtá santhëgi
surprise (n.) – (cNEtáKk, cNEtáT∆);
îçcyM athisayam, cNEtkPpƒ
ACcíyM äcchariyam santhëgappaÃu
surprising (adj.) – (-pd, -pDƒ)
îçcymaˆ suspicion (n.); doubt –
athisayamäπa, cNEtkM santhëgam
ACcíymaˆ suspicious (adj.); doubtful –
äcchariyamäπa cNEtk…Ò¬
surprisingly (adv.) – santhëgamuµµa,
ACcíymak cNEtkmaˆ
äcchariyamäga santhëgamäπa

147
suspiciously (adv.) – system (n.) –
cNEtkmak …w® mu˛ai
santhëgamäga
T
suspend (stop) (v.t.) –
table (n.); small desk –
tƒ thaÃu (tƒKk, tƒT∆) Emwc mësai
sustain (v.t.); support – tail (n.) –
Atí äthari vaL väl
(AtíKk, AtíT∆) tailor (n.) –
swallow (v.t.) – wtyLkar˜
ɤı¿ vi∑u√gu thaiyalkäraπ
(ɤık, ɤıá) take care (watch out) (v.t.) –
be sweet, pleasant (v.) – paRT∆KekaÒ
iò iπi pärtthu-k-koµ
(iòKk, iòT∆) (-ekaÒ¬, -ekaBƒ)
sweet; pleasant (adj.) – take (v.t.); pick up –
iòy iπiya, ¶ƒ eÃu (¶ƒKk, ¶ƒT∆)
iòwmyaˆ iπimaiyäπa take (away, along) (v.t.) –
ekaBƒ Epa ko≈Ãu pö
sweetness; pleasure (n.) – (- Epak, - EpaY)
iòwm iπimai take up; continue (v.) –
swim (v.i.) – etaƒ thoÃu
¥N∆ nïnthu (¥Nt, ¥Nç) (etadr, etadRN∆)
swimming (n.) – talk (v.i.) –
¥CcL nïcchal Ep◊ pësu (Epc, Epâ)
switch off (v.t.); turn off – talk (n.) –
îwb a≈ai EpC◊ pëcchu
(îwbKk, îwbT∆) tall (adj.) –
sympathy (n.); mercy, pity – uyrmaˆ uyaramäπa,
irKkM irakkam enãy neÃiya

148
tank (man-made lake) (n.) – tear (off) (v.t.); rip (up) –
¿¬M kuµam áï ki∑i (áïKk, áïT∆)
task (n.) – be torn (v.i.) –
kdwm kaÃamai, áï ki∑i (áïy, áïN∆)
Evwl vëlai tear(s) (eye-water) (n.) –
taste (n.); flavor – kB≤R ka≈≈ïr
◊wv suvai, tearful (adj.) –
Ãâ rusi kB≤R Ƀá®
ka≈≈ïr viÃugi˛a
taste (v.) –
Ãâ paR rusi pär tell (v.); say –
(- paRKk, - paRT∆)
ecaL sol (ecaLl, ecaLì)
temperature (n.) –
tasty (adj.) –
evPp 
ÃâÀÒ¬ rusiyuµµa veppa aµavu
◊wvyaˆ suvaiyäπa temple (shrine) (n.) –
tax (n.); line – EkaëL köyil
ví vari temporariness (n.) –
teach (v.t.) – t‰kaìkM tha˛käligam
ecaLìKekaƒ temporary (adj.) –
solli-k-koÃu t‰kaìk(maˆ)
(-ekaƒKk, -ekaƒT∆) tha˛käliga(mäπa)
teach (v.t.) – ten (n. or adj.) –
ecaLìTta solli-t-thä pT∆ patthu
(-tr, -tN∆) tenth (n. or adj.) –
teacher (n.); editor; author – pTtav∆ patthävathu,
AâíyR äsiriyar pTtaM patthäm (adj. only)
team (n.) – tenderness (immaturity) (n.) –
åõ a≈i i¬wm iµamai

149
tender (adj.); immature – test (v.); examine –
i¬(M) iµa(m), (pí)Ecatwˆ ecY
i¬áy iµagiya, (pari)söthaπai sey
(- ecYy, - ecY∆)
i¬wmyaˆ iµamaiyäπa
textile(s) (n.) –
tender (adj.); gentle – jŒñ javuµi
em˜wmyaˆ meπmaiyäπa
than (conj.) –
term (length of time) (n.) –
Éd viÃa
pÃvM paruvam thank (v.) –
term (condition) (n.) – n˜ó ecÕT∆
épNtwˆ nibanthaπai naπ˛i selutthu
territory (region) (n.) – (- ecÕTt, - ecÕTç)
èrEtcM piradhësham thanks (n.) –
terror (n.), fright – n˜ó naπ˛i
pyM payam, thankful (adj.) –
pyıkrM paya√garam n˜óÀÒ¬ naπ˛iyuµµa
terrible (adj.), frightful – thankless (adj.), ungrateful –
pyıkrmaˆ n˜ó ekDd naπ˛i keªªa
paya√garamäπa that (thing) (pron.) –
terribly (adv.), frightfully – î∆ athu
pyıkrmak that (adj.); those –
paya√garamäga îNt antha
terrify (v.t.), frighten – that way, like that –
py…›T∆ îPpã appaÃi
payamu˛utthu
theater (n.) –
(-u›Tt, -u›Tç)
test (n.); academic exam –
nadkcawl näªaka-sälai
EtRŒ thërvu theft (n.) –
Ecatwˆ söthaπai çÃDƒ thiruªªu
k¬Œ kaµavu

150
their (poss. adj.) – then (at that time) (adv.) –
îvRkÒ îPEpa appö,
avargaµ (rational), îPEpa∆ appöthu,
îvRk‹wdy îPepa¤∆ appo∑uthu
avargaµuÃaiya (rational), there (adv.) –
îwv‰ó˜ îıEk a√gë
avai˛˛iπ (irrational), there is, it is –
îwvkñ˜ iÃKá®∆ irukki˛athu
avaigaµiπ (irrational)
there!, look there! –
theirs (poss. pron.) – îEta athö
îvRk‹wdy∆ thereafter (adv.) –
avargaµuÃaiyathu (rational), ît˜ 访 athaπ pi˛agu
îwvÀwdy∆ therefore –
avaiyuÃaiyathu (irrational) ¶bEv e≈avë,
them (pron., acc.) – AwkyaL ägaiyäl,
îvRkw¬ avargaµai (rat.), AwkëˆaL ägaiyiπäl
îv‰w® ava˛˛ai (irrat.) therefore (on that account) –
themselves (reflex. pron.) – îtˆaL athaπäl,
taEm thämë, AkEv ägavë
taıkE¬ thä√gaµë these (people) –
then (after that) – ivRkÒ ivargaµ
访 pi˛agu these (things) –
then (in that case) – iwv ivai
îPpãyaˆaL they, those (people) –
appaÃiyäπäl îvRkÒ avargaµ
then (after) (adv.) – they, those (things) –
îP»®M appu˛am îwv(kÒ) avai(gaµ)

151
they themselves (refl. pron.); thirsty –
he himself (polite) – takmak thägamäga (adv.),
taM thäm tak…Ò¬ thägamuµµa (adj.)
thick (adj.) – “I am thirsty” (idiom) –
tãTt thaÃittha ‘¶ˆK¿ takmak iÃKá®∆.’
thickness; stoutness (n.) – eπakku thägamäga irukki˛athu
tãm˜ thaÃimaπ thirteen (n. or adj.) –
thief (n.) – pçΘ› pathimüπ˛u
çÃd˜ thiruÃaπ, thirteenth (n. or adj.) –
kÒv˜ kaµvaπ pçΘ®av∆
thin (adj.) – pathimüπ˛ävathu,
emLìy melliya pçΘ®aM
pathimüπ˛äm (adj. only)
think (v.t.); ponder –
¶B≈ e≈≈u thirty (n. or adj.) –
(¶Bb, ¶Bõ) …Pp∆ muppathu
think (v.t.); consider – thirtieth (n. or adj.) –
kÃ∆ karuthu …PptaŒ∆
(kÃt, kÃç) muppathävathu,
think (v.t.); remember – …PptaM
éwˆ niπai muppathäm (adj. only)
(éwˆKk, éwˆT∆) this (thing) (pron.), it –
think (of s.o., sth.) (pred.) – i∆ ithu
éwˆN∆ niπainthu this (adj.) –
third (n. or adj.) – iNt intha
Θ®av∆ müπ˛ävathu, thorn (n.) –
Θ®aM müπ˛äm (adj.) …Ò muµ, …Ò‹ muµµu
thirst (n.) – thorough (adj.) –
takM thägam Èrbmaˆ püra≈amäπa

152
thoroughness (n.) – threat (n.) –
ÈrbM püra≈am py…›TtL payamu˛utthal
those (adj.), that – threaten (v.t.); frighten –
îNt antha py…›T∆ payamu˛utthu
those (people) (pron.); they – (py…›Tt, py…›Tç)
îvRkÒ avargaµ three (n. or adj.) –
Θ› müπ˛u
those (things) (pron.); they –
îwv avai thrift (n.); economy; brevity –
though (even if) (conj.) –
âKkˆM sikkaπam
thrifty; economical; brief –
AˆaÕM äπälum,
¶òfiM eπiπum, âKkˆmaˆ sikkaπamäπa
thriftily; economically, briefly
AáÕM ägilum, âKkˆmak sikkaπamäga
AëfiM äyiπum throat (n.) –
though (nevertheless) (adv.) – etaBwd tho≈Ãai
AˆaÕM äπälum, through (across) (prep.) –
¶˜®aÕM eπ˛älum ¿›Kwk ku˛ukkai
thought (n.); intention – through (instr. suffix) –
¶BbM e≈≈am -AL -äl
thought (n.); idea; opinion – throughout –
kÃT∆ karutthu …‰óÕM mu˛˛ilum
thousand (n. or adj.) – throw (v.t.); hurl; toss –
AërM äyiram ¶ó e˛i (¶óy, ¶óN∆)
thousandth (n. or adj.) – throw (v.t.); put –
Aërmav∆ Epaƒ pöÃu
äyiramävathu (Epad, EpaDƒ)
thread (n.) – thunder (n.); stroke –
ËL nül iã iÃi

153
thunder (v.); smash – tiredly (adv.); boringly –
iã iÃi îÕPpak aluppäga
(iãKk, iãT∆) tiredness (n.); fatigue –
thunderbolt (n.), lightning – kw¬P» kaµaippu,
ꘈL miππal îÕP» aluppu
Thursday (n.) – tissue (living) (n.) –
ÉyazKázwm cVŒ savvu
viyä∑akki∑amai to (prep.), towards –
thus (in that way) – EnaKá nökki,
îPpã appaÃi -uK¿ -ukku (suffix)
tie (v.t.); bind; fasten – today (n.) –
kDƒ kaªªu (kDd, kDã) i˜› iπ˛u,
tiger (n.) – i˜w®K¿ iπ˛aikku
»ì puli toe (n.); finger –
tight (adj.) – ÉrL viral
i›áy i˛ugiya toe (n.) –
time (n.); season; era – kaL ÉrL käl viral
kalM kälam together –
times (number of) (n.) – ‡d küÃa,
…w® mu˛ai o˜®ak oπ˛äga
tin (metal sheet) (n.) – tolerable (fairly good) –
tkrM thagaram ◊marak sumäräga
tin (the element) (n.) – tolerance (n.); toleration –
IyM ïyam cáP»Tt˜wm
tire (become tired) (v.i.) – sagipputthaπmai
OY öy (Oy, OYN∆) tolerant (adj.) –
tired (adj.) – cáP»Tt˜wmÀÒ¬
kw¬Tt kaµaittha sagipputthaπmaiyuµµa

154
tolerate (v.) – tortoise (n.); turtle –
cá sagi (cáKk, cáT∆) Awm ämai
tolerate (v.t.); endure – torture (n.) –
epa› po˛u vwt vathai
(epa›Kk, epa›T∆) torture (v.t.); torment –
tomorrow (n.) – vwt ecY vathai sey
naw¬(K¿) näµai(kku) (- ecYy, - ecY∆)
tongue (body part) (n.) – toss (v.); throw –
naK¿ näkku ¶ó e˛i (¶óy, ¶óN∆)
tongue (language) (n.) – total (n.); the whole –
emaï mo∑i emaTtM mottham
too (also) (adv.) – touch (v.t.) –
‡d küÃa, etaƒ thoÃu
‡dEv küÃavë, (etad, etaDƒ)
EmÕM mëlum touch (n.) –
etadR» thoÃarbu
too (overly) (adv.) –
towards (adv.) –
êkŒM migavum
EnaKá nökki
tool (n.); instrument –
towel (n.); piece –
AÀtM äyutham ∆Bƒ thu≈Ãu
tool (n.) – town (n.) –
kÃÉ karuvi nkrM nagaram
tooth (n.) – trade (n.), commerce –
pL pal ÉyaparM viyäbäram
toothache (n.) – trade (v.) –
pL vì pal vali ÉyaparM ecY
top (of head, etc.) (n.); zenith – viyäbäram sey
uCâ ucchi (- ecYy, - ecY∆)

155
tradition (n.); generation – travel (n.), journey –
parMpíyM pärambariyam èryabM (pybM)
traffic (n.); transport – pirayä≈am (paya≈am)
EpaKkvrT∆ travel (v.i.), journey –
pökkavaratthu èryabM ecY
tragic (adj.) – pirayä≈am sey
∆Kkkrmaˆ (- ecYy, - ecY∆)
dhukkagaramäπa traveler (n.) –
train (teach) (v.t.) – èryaõ (pyõ)
pë‰â ekaƒ pirayä≈i (paya≈i)
payi˛chi koÃu treachery (n.) –
(- ekaƒKk, - ekaƒT∆) (EtcT)∆ErakM
training (n.); practice – (thësat)thurögam
pë‰â payi˛chi treason (n.) –
traitor (n.) – cç sathi
(EtcT)∆Eraá treasure (n) –
(thësat)thurögi éç nithi
transport (n.); traffic – treaty (n.) –
EpaK¿vrT∆ oPpNtM oppantham
pökkuvaratthu
transport (v.t.) – tree (n.); wood (substance) –
´‰óCecL 벲i-c-chel mrM maram
(-ecLl, -ec˜›) trial (n.); investigation –
trap (n.) – Écarwb visära≈ai
epaó po˛i trial (attempt) (n.) –
trap (v.t.) – …y‰â muya˛chi
epaówvT∆Pèã tribe (n.); clan –
po˛ivaitthu-p-piÃi ¿lM kulam, iˆM iπam
(-èãKk, -èãT∆)

156
trip (n.) – try (v.t.); see, look –
èryabM (pybM) paR pär (paRKk, paRT∆)
pirayä≈am (paya≈am) try hard (v.); strive –
troops (n.); army – …yL muyal
pwd paÃai (…yl, …y˜›)
trouble (n.); difficulty – Tuesday (n.) –
etaNtrŒ thontharavu, ecVvaYKázwm
kQdM kashªam sevväykki∑amai
trouble (v.) – turn (v.i.); return –
etaNtrŒ ecY çÃM» thirumbu
thontharavu sey (çÃMp, çÃMè)
(- ecYy, - ecY∆) turn (cause to turn) (v.t.) –
troublesome (adj.) – çÃP» thiruppu
etaNtrvaˆ (çÃPp, çÃPè)
thontharaväπa (one’s) turn (n.) –
true (adj.), truthful – …w® mu˛ai
uBwmyaˆ u≈maiyäπa, turn off (v.t.); switch off –
EnRwmÀÒ¬ nërmaiyuµµa îwb a≈ai
truth (n.); fact – (îwbKk, îwbT∆)
uBwm u≈mai, turtle (n.); tortoise –
cTçyM satthiyam Awm ämai
truth (n.); certainty – twelve (n. or adj.) –
éCcyM nicchayam p˜òrBƒ
trunk (box) (n.) – paππira≈Ãu
epDã peªªi twelfth (n. or adj.) –
trunk (of an elephant) (n.) – p˜òrBdav∆
∆çKwk thuthikkai paππira≈Ãävathu,
trust (v.t.); believe – p˜òrBdaM
nM» nambu (nMp, nMè) paππira≈Ãäm (adj. only)

157
twenty (n. or adj.) – understand (v.i.); know –
iÃp∆ irubathu îó a˛i
twentieth (n. or adj.) – (îóy, îóN∆);
iÃptav∆ etí theri
irubathävathu, (etíy, etíN∆)
iÃptaM understand (pred.) –
irubathäm (adj. only) »íyM puriyam
twice – don’t understand –
ià …w® iru mu˛ai »íya∆ puriyäthu
two (n. or adj.) – unique (adj.); unprecedented –
irBƒ ira≈Ãu, îÈRvmaˆ apürvamäπa
ià iru unite (v.t.); join –
‡ƒ küÃu (‡d, ‡ã)
U unite (v.t.); join –
umbrella (n.) – EcR sër (EcRKk, EcRT∆)
¿wd kuÃai join (v.i.); reach –
unable (aux. v.) – EcR sër (Ecr, EcRN∆)
…ãya∆ muÃiyäthu universe (n.) –
uncertain (adj.) – èrpücM pirapañjam
éCcym‰® nicchayama˛˛a university (n.) –
uncle (n.) – pLkwlKkzkM
mama mämä, palkalaikka∑agam
mam˜ mämaπ unless (conj.) –
under (prep.); underneath – oïy o∑iya, tÉr thavira,
≠Ez kï∑ë iLlaÉãL illäviÃil
under (subject to) – unravel (v.i.); be separated –
îãëEl aÃiyilë èí piri (èíy, èíN∆)

158
unripe (fruit) (adj.) – urgently (adv.) –
…çrat muthirätha îvcrmak avasaramäga
until, as far as – us (pron.) (acc.) –
vwr varai, ¶ıkw¬ e√gaµai (excl.),
vwrëL varaiyil, nMwm nammai (incl.)
vwrK¿m varaikkum us (pron.) (dat.) –
untrue (adj.) – ¶ık‹K¿
epaYyaˆ poyyäπa e√gaµukku (excl.),
unwell (pred.) – nmK¿ namakku (incl.)
îec¬Káymaˆ use (n.), usefulness –
asaukkiyamäπa upEyakM ubayögam
upon, on top of, above – use (v.t.) –
EmL mël, upEyaá ubayögi
EmEl mëlë (upEyaáKk, upEyaáT∆)
upper (adj.) – useful (adj.) –
EmL mël, upEyakmaˆ
Emlaˆ mëläπa ubayögamäπa
upstairs (n.); roof terrace – usefulness (n.) –
maã mäÃi upEyakM ubayögam,
upstairs (adv.) – py˜ payaπ
EmLmaãëL mëlmäÃiyil useless (adj.) –
upto (adv.) – upEyakm‰®
vwr varai ubayögama˛˛a,
urgency (n.); necessity – pyˆ‰® payaπa˛˛a,
îvcrM avasaram utvat uthavätha
urgent (adj.) – usual (adj.); common; public –
îvcr(maˆ) epa∆(maˆ) pothu(mäπa),
avasara(mäπa) vzKkmaˆ va∑akkamäπa

159
usually (adv.) – vicinity (n.); side; page –
vzKkM epal pKkM pakkam
va∑akkam pola vicious (adj.) –
V Emacmaˆ mösamäπa
valley (n.) – victim (sacrificial) (n.) –
pÒ¬TtaK¿ paµµatthäkku pì bali,
value (n.) – pìyaÒ baliyäµ (human)
mçP» mathippu victorious (adj.) –
valuable (adj.) – ev‰óÀÒ¬ ve˛˛iyuµµa
mçP» êKk mathippu mikka victory (n.); success –
vanguard (n.) – ev‰ó ve˛˛i
…˜ˆõ muππa≈i view (n.) –
vanguard (n.); futurity – paRwv pärvai,
¶çEr ethirë kaDâ käªchi
vegetable(s) (n.) – view (v.t.) –
kaYkó käyka˛i paR pär (paRKk, paRT∆);
vegetarian(ism) [adj. (n.)] – kaB kä≈ (kab, kBƒ)
wcv saiva village (n.) –
vehicle (n.) – áramM girämam
vakˆM vägaπam, village (n.); (home)town –
vBã va≈Ãi UR ür
very (adv.) – vine (n.); flag –
êk miga ekaã koÃi
much – violence (n.) –
êkŒM migavum v˜…w® vaπmu˛ai
very much – violent (adj.) –
êKk mikka, v˜…w®yaˆ
îçkmaˆ athigamäπa vaπmu˛aiyäπa

160
visible (pred.); perceived – vote (v.) –
etíÀM theriyum vaK¿ îñ väkku aµi
not visible, etc. – (- îñKk, - îñT∆);
etíya∆ theriyäthu vaKekƒ väkkeÃu
visit (v.), pay a visit – (-¶ƒKk, -¶ƒT∆)
vÃwk ta voter (n.) –
varugai thä vaKka¬R väkkäµar
(- tr, - tN∆) voting (n.) –
call on a person (v.) – vaKekƒP» väkkeÃuppu
ec˜› paR vowel (n.) –
seπ˛u pär uëR (¶¤T∆)
(- paRKk, - paRT∆) uyir (e∑utthu)
visit (n.) – voyage (by sea) (n.) –
cNçTtL santhitthal kd‰èryabM
visitor (n.) – kaÃa˛pirayä≈am
vÃwkya¬R varugaiyäµar vulture (n.) –
voice (n.) – k¤¿ ka∑ugu
¿rL kural W
volcano (n.) – wage(s) (n.) –
¶ímwl erimalai cMp¬M sambaµam
vomit (n.) – daily wage(s) (n.) –
vaNç vänthi (çˆK)‡ì (thiπa-k-)küli
vomit (v.) – waist (n.); half –
vaNçeyƒ îwr arai
vänthiyeÃu waist (n.); hip –
(-¶ƒKk, -¶ƒT∆) iƒP» iÃuppu
vote (n.) – waist (n.); middle –
vaK¿ väkku iwd iÃai

161
wait (v.i.); remain; be – wander (roam about) (v.) –
ià iru (iÃKk, iÃN∆) ◊‰› su˛˛u (◊‰®, ◊‰ó)
wait (v.i.) – want (aux. v.); desire; need –
kaTçà kätthiru EvBƒM vë≈Ãum
(-iÃKk, -iÃN∆) don’t want, don’t need –
wait (v.i.); endure – EvBdaM vë≈Ãäm
epa› po˛u want (v.) –
(epa›Kk, epa›T∆) ÉÃM» virumbu
wait for (v.); expect – (ÉÃMp, ÉÃMè)
¶çR paR ethir pär war (n.); battle –
(- paRKk, - paRT∆) EpaR pör
waiter (n.) – warm (heat-wise) (adj.) –
EmwcPpõyaÒ evPpmaˆ veppamäπa
mësai-p-pa≈iyäµ warmth (heat) (n.) –
walk (v.i.); behave; happen – evPpM veppam
nd naÃa (ndKk, ndN∆) warn (v.t.) –
go for a walk (v.) – ¶Ccí ecchari
nwd Epa (¶CcíKk, ¶CcíT∆)
naÃai pö warning (n.) –
(- Epak, - EpaY) ¶CcíKwk eccharikkai
walk (stroll); pace (n.) – wash (but not laundry) (v.t.) –
nwd naÃai k¤Œ ka∑uvu
wall (n.) – (k¤v, k¤É)
◊vR suvar wash (laundry by beating
wander (v.i.); move about – wet on rock) (v.t.); thrash –
îwl alai ∆wv thuvai
(îwly, îwlN∆) (∆wvKk, ∆wvT∆)
wanderings (travels) (n.) – wasp (n.) –
îwlCcL alaicchal ¿¬É kuµavi

162
waste (v.t.) – watch over (v.); take care of –
™bã vï≈aÃi paRT∆KekaÒ
(™bãKk, ™bãT∆) pärtthu-k-koµ
Don’t waste my time! – (-ekaÒ¬, -ekaBƒ)
¶˜ EnrTwt ™bãKkaEt! water (n.) –
eπ nëratthai vï≈aÃikkäthë ¥R nïr,
wasteful (adj.) – tB≤R tha≈≈ïr
™baˆ vï≈äπa water pot (n.) –
wastefully (adv.) – tB≤R ¿dM
™bak vï≈äga tha≈≈ïr kuÃam
wastefulness (n.); futility – wave (n.); wander (v.) –
™B vï≈ îwl alai
wastrel (n.) – (îwly, îwlN∆)
™b˜ vï≈aπ wave (v.) –
watch (n.), clock – îwlyaƒ alaiyäÃu
(â›) kãkarM (-Ad, -Aã)
(si˛u) kaÃigäram wavy (adj.) –
wrist-watch (n.) – îwlk‹Ò¬ alaigaµuµµa
wkKkãkarM way (n.); path –
kai-k-kaÃigäram vï va∑i
watch (v.t.); take care – pawt ä˛u
kvò kavaπi way (manner) (n.); kind –
(kvòKk, kvòT∆) vwk vagai,
watchfulness (n.) – maçí mäthiri
kvˆM kavaπam weak (adj.) –
watchman (n.) – t¬RNt thaµarntha,
kavLkar˜ emìNt melintha,
käval-käraπ vÕv‰® valuva˛˛a

163
weakness (n.) – week (n.) –
vÕɘwm valuviπmai, varM väram
¿w®paƒ ku˛aipäÃu weekly (adv.) –
wealth (n.), riches; money – varNEta›M
ecLvM selvam, väranthö˛um
pbM pa≈am weep (v.i.), cry –
wealthy (adj.), rich – î¤ a∑u (îz, î¤∆)
ecLvêKk weeping (n.) –
selva-mikka, î¤wk a∑ugai
pbM pwdTt weigh (v.t.) –
pa≈am paÃaittha é› ni˛u (é›Kk, é›T∆)
weapon; tool, instrument – weight (n.) –
AÀtM äyutham ¶wd eÃai
wear (v.t.); put on – welcome (v.t.); greet –
îõ a≈i vrEvL varavël
(îõy, îõN∆); (vrEv‰k, vrEv‰›)
uƒT∆ uÃutthu welcome (n.) –
(uƒTt, uƒTç) nLvrŒ nalvaravu,
weather (n.) – vrEv‰» varavë˛pu
kal éwl käla nilai welfare (n.); benefit –
weave (v.) – nlM nalam
enY ney (enYy, enY∆) well (of water) (n.) –
wedding (n.), marriage – áb› ki≈a˛u
çÃmbM thiruma≈am, well (nicely) (adv.) –
kLyabM kalyä≈am n˜¿ naπgu,
Wednesday (n.) – n˜®ak naπ˛äga
»t˜ázwm well-being (n.); good health –
buthaπgi∑amai ◊kM sugam, nlM nalam

164
west (adj.); high; above – when? –
EmL mël ¶PEpa eppö,
the west (n.) – ¶PEpa∆ eppöthu,
Em‰¿ më˛ku ¶Pepa¤∆ eppo∑uthu
wetness (n.), dampness – when (at the time which) –
IrM ïram epa¤çL po∑uthil
wet (adj.), damp – whenever (adv.); always –
Irmaˆ ïramäπa, ¶PEpa∆M eppöthum
nwˆNt naπaintha where? –
get wet (v.i.) – ¶ıEk e√gë
nwˆ naπai where (place at which) –
(nwˆy, nwˆN∆) ¶Nt idTçL
make wet (v.t.) – entha iÃatthil
IrmaK¿ ïramäkku wherever; everywhere;
(-AKk, -AKá); anywhere –
nwˆ naπai ¶ı¿M e√gum,
(nwˆKk, nwˆT∆) ¶ıEkÀM e√gëyum
what? – which? –
¶˜ˆ eππa ¶Nt entha
whatever; any, anything – which one?, which thing? –
¶∆vaáÕM ¶∆ ethu, ´∆ ëthu
ethuvägilum whichever –
what’s more – ¶∆ŒM ethuvum
îEtaƒ athöÃu which day? –
wheat (n.) – ¶˜› eπ˛u
Eka∆wm göthumai whichever day (every day,
wheel (n.) – forever) –
cKkrM chakkaram ¶˜›M eπ˛um

165
while (conj.) – wide (adj.) –
¶Nt epa¤çL îklmaˆ agalamäπa
entha po∑uthil widen (v.t.) –
a while (a period of time) – îklPpƒT∆
-epa¤çL -po∑uthil, agalappaÃutthu
EnrM nëram, (-pƒTt, -pƒTç)
Evw¬ vëµai width (n.), breadth –
white (adj.); whiteness (n.) – îklM agalam
evÒw¬ veµµai, wife (n.) –
evBwmyaˆ mwˆÉ maπaivi
ve≈maiyäπa (adj.) wild (adj.) –
whiteness (n.); purity – kaDƒ k䪪u
evBwm ve≈mai will (wish) (n.) –
who? – ÉÃPpM viruppam
yaR yär willing (ready) (adj.) –
whoever (pron.) – ÉÃPp…Ò¬
yaR . . . -uM yär . . . -um viruppamuµµa,
whole (adj.); entire – èíymaˆ piriyamäπa
…¤ mu∑u willingly (adv.) –
whole (n.) – ÉÃPpmak viruppamäga
¶LlaM elläm win (v.t.) –
the whole (n.); total – ev‰ó ep› ve˛˛i pe˛u
emaTtM mottham (- ep®, - ep‰›)
whose? – winner (n.) –
yaÃwdy yäruÃaiya, ev‰ó ep›v˜
¶vÃwdy evaruÃaiya ve˛˛i pe˛uvaπ
why? – window (n.) –
´˜ ëπ j˜ˆL jaππal

166
wipe (v.t); dry (by wiping) – within (in space or time) –
∆wd thuÃai uÒ uµ, uÒE¬ uµµë
(∆wdKk, ∆wdT∆) without (lacking) –
wire (n.) – iLla∆ illäthu,
kMè kambi iLlat illätha,
wisdom (n.) – iLlamL illämal
ùaˆM ñäπam,
witness (n.) –
ÉEvkM vivëkam caDâ säªchi
wise (adj.) –
woman (n.); girl –
ÉEvk…Ò¬ epB pe≈
vivëkamuµµa,
wonder (n.); miracle –
ÉEvk…wdy 剻tM a˛putham
vivëkamuÃaiya
wish (v.); want –
ACcíyM äcchariyam
ÉÃM» virumbu wonder (v.) –
(ÉÃMp, ÉÃMè) ACcíyM ekaÒ
wish (n.) – äcchariyam koµ
ÉÃPpM viruppam, (- ekaÒ¬, - ekaBƒ);
ÉÃP» viruppu ACcíymwd
äcchariyamaÃai
with (prep.) – (-îwdy, -îwdN∆)
Oƒ öÃu, wonderful (adj.) –
ud˜ uÃaπ 剻tmaˆ a˛puthamäπa
withdraw (money, etc.) (v.t) – wood (substance) (n.) –
è˜vaı¿ piπvä√gu mrM maram
(-vaık, -vaıá) wool (n.) –
wither (v.i.); dry; heat up – kMpñ kambaµi
kaY käy word (n.); saying; language –
(kay, kaYN∆) emaï mo∑i

167
word (n.) – worm (n.); maggot –
vaRTwt värtthai, »¤ pu∑u
ecaL sol worrisome (adj.) –
work, occupation; industry – kvwlÀÒ¬ kavalaiyuµµa
etaïL tho∑il worry (n.); concern, care –
worker (n.) – kvwl kavalai
etaïlañ tho∑iläµi worry (v.i.) –
work (n.); job – kvwlPpƒ kavalaippaÃu
Evwl vëlai, põ pa≈i (-pd, -pDƒ)
worse –
work (v.) –
Evwl ecY vëlai sey EmÕM Emacmaˆ
mëlum mösamäπa
(- ecYy, - ecY∆)
worst –
put to work (v.) –
Evwl ecYy wv êk Emacmaˆ
miga mösamäπa
vëlai seyya vai
(- wvKk, - wvT∆) worship (v.t.); bow to –
worker (n.) – ¿Mèƒ kumbiÃu
EvwlKkarR (¿Mèd, ¿MèDƒ)
vëlaikkärar (m. or f.), worship (v.) –
EvwlKkar˜ Èwj ecY püjai sey
vëlaikkäraπ (m.), (- ecYy, - ecY∆)
EvwlKkaí worship (n.) –
vëlaikkäri (f.) Aratwˆ ärädhaπai,
world (n.), earth – Èwj püjai
ulkM ulagam wound (n.); sore –
worldly (adj.) – »B pu≈
ulk ulaga, wound (injure) (v.t.) –
el¬≠kmaˆ »BpƒT∆ pu≈paÃutthu
laukïkamäπa (-pƒTt, -pƒTç)

168
wreck(age) (n.) – yellow (adj. [or n.]) –
îïpaƒ a∑ipäÃu mücÒ (é®[M])
wreck (v.t.) – mañjaµ (ni˛a[m])
iã iÃi yes –
(iãKk, iãT∆) Ama(M) ämä(m)
write (v.) – yes; fine; correct –
¶¤∆ e∑uthu cí sari
(¶¤t, ¶¤ç) yesterday (n.) –
writer (of prose) (n.) – En‰› n벲u
¶¤Tta¬R e∑utthäµar yet (adv.), still; more;
writing (n.) – furthermore –
¶¤T∆ e∑utthu i˜fiM iππum
wrong (n.); mistake – yet (till now) –
tv› thava˛u, i∆vwr ithuvarai
tPètM thappitham, yet (nevertheless) –
≥wm thïmai AëfiM äyiπum
wrong (adj.); mistaken – you (nom.) –
tvraˆ thavaräπa, ¥ nï (sing.),
tPètmaˆ thappithamäπa ¥R nïr,
wrongly (adv.); mistakenly – ¥ıkÒ nï√gaµ (pl.)
tvrak thavaräga, you (acc.) –
tPètmak thappithamäga u˜wˆ uππai (sing.),
uıkw¬ u√gaµai (pl.)
Y you (dat.) –
year (n.) – uˆK¿ uπakku (sing.),
vÃqM (vÃdM) uık‹K¿ u√gaµukku (pl.)
varusham (varuÃam), young (adj.) –
ABƒ ä≈Ãu iw¬y iµaiya

169
the young of some animals – Z
¿Dã kuªªi zenith (n.); noon –
your (possessive) (sing.) – uCâ ucchi
u˜ uπ, zero (n. or adj.) –
u˜fiwdy uππuÃaiya ÈJyM büjyam
your (possessive) (pl.) – zoo (n.) –
uıkÒ u√gaµ, êÃkKkaDâ cawl
uık‹wdy u√gaµuÃaiya mirugakkäªchi sälai
yours (singular) –
uˆ∆ uπathu,
u˜fiwdy∆
uππuÃaiyathu
yours (plural) –
uık‹wdy∆
u√gaµuÃaiyathu
yourself (reflex. pron.) –
¥Ey nïyë (familiar),
¥ıkE¬ nï√gaµë (hon.)
yourselves (reflex. pron.) –
¥ıkE¬ nï√gaµë
youth (n.); immaturity;
tenderness –
i¬wm iµamai
youth (young people) (n.) –
iw¬ùR iµaiñar

170
FOOD bitter-gourd –
pavKkaY päva-k-kay
Vegetables snake-gourd –
»dlıkaY puÃala√gäy
banana (green bananas used greens –
for cooking) – ≠wr kïrai
vawzKkaY vä∑ai-k-käy ladies’ fingers (okra) –
beans (butter beans) – evBwd(KkaY)
îvwrKkaY ve≈Ãai(-k-käy)
avarai-k-käy mushroom –
string beans – ka¬a˜ käµäπ
ekaTtvrıkaY onion –
kotthavara√gäy evıkayM ve√gäyam
beetroot – peas, green –
‘µD ÌD’ bïªrüª pCwc pDdaõ
brinjal (egg plant) – pacchai paªªä≈i
kTçíKkaY katthiri-k-käy potato –
cabbage – uÃw¬Kázı¿
EkaS gös uruµai-k-ki∑a√gu
carrot – sweet potato –
‘EkrD’ këraª cRKkwr vÒñKázı¿
cucumber – sarkkarai vaµµi-k-ki∑a√gu
evÒ¬íKkaY pumpkin –
veµµari-k-käy p®ıáKkaY
drumstick – pa˛a√gi-k-käy
…ÃıwkKkaY spinach (& greens in gen.) –
muru√gai-k-käy ≠wr kïrai
egg plant (brinjal) – tomato –
kTçíKkaY katthiri-k-käy tKkañ thakkäµi

171
 Fruit mango –
maMpzM mäm-pa∑am
apple – orange –
APèÒ äppiµ Arü◊ ärañju
banana – loosejacket orange –
vawzPpzM kmla Arü◊
vä∑ai-p-pa∑am kamalä ärañju
custard apple – papaya –
ØTtaPpzM pPpañ(PpzM)
sïtthä-p-pa∑am pappäµi(-p-pa∑am)
dates – pineapple –
Ep∏CcMpzM aâPpzM
përïccham-pa∑am aππäsi-p-pa∑am
figs – raisins –
îTçPpzM atthi-p-pa∑am kaYNt çraDwc
käyntha thiräªchai
gooseberry –
enLìKkaY nelli-k-käy sapota –
grapes –
cPEpaDda sappöªªä
çraDwc thiräªchai sweet-lime –
guava –
caT∆K¿ã sätthukkuÃi
ekaYya goyyä water-melon –
jackfruit –
tRÈS dharbüs,
plaPpzM palä-p-pa∑am tRPÈcõ
dhar-p-püsa≈i
lemon/lime –
¶ÕêCwc elumicchai, wood-apple –
¶ÕêCcMpzM ɬaMpzM
elumiccham-pa∑am viµäm-pa∑am

172
 Cereals & Grains rice (cooked) –
Eca› sö˛u, catM sätham
barley –
rice flour –
yvM (ywv) îíâ maŒ arisi mävu
yavam (yavai),
va‰Eka∆wm semolina –
vä˛göthumai rwv ravai
flour – wheat –
maŒ mävu Eka∆wm göthumai
grain – refined wheat flour –
taòyM dhäπiyam wmta maidhä
maize (U.S.: corn) – whole wheat flour –
mKkaCEca¬M Eka∆wm maŒ
makkä-c-chöµam göthumai mävu
millet (in general) – Legumes & Pulses
çwˆ thiπai bengal gram (split) –
a millet – kdwl pÃP»
kM» kambu kaÃalai paruppu
milo – bengal gram flour –
Eca¬m söµam kdwl maŒ kaÃalai mävu
rägi – black gram (split) –
EkZvr¿ kë∑varagu u‹TtM pÃP»
rice (unhusked) – uµuttham paruppu
enL nel green gram (split) –
rice (husked, but uncooked) – pyTtM pÃP»
îíâ arisi payattham paruppu
rice (parboiled) – split gram (pigeon pea) –
»¤ıkL îíâ ∆vrM pÃP»
pu∑u√gal arisi thuvaram paruppu

173
 Nuts & Oil Seeds Spices & Condiments
almonds – anise –
pataM pÃP» EcaM» sömbu
bädhäm paruppu asafoetida –
arecca-nut – epÃıkayM peru√gäyam
paK¿ päkku cardamom –
cashewnut – ´lKkaY ëla-k-käy
…NçíPpÃP» chilli –
munthiri-p-paruppu ê¬kaY miµagäy
coconut – cinnamon –
EtıkaY thë√gäy pDwd paªªai
groundnut (peanut) – clove –
(EvRK)kdwl áraM» kirämbu
(vër-k-)kaÃalai coriander –
linseed – ekaTtmLì kotthamalli
AñÉwt äµivithai cumin –
mustard seed – ØrkM sïragam
kƒ¿ kaÃugu curry leaf –
peanut (groundnut) – kóEvPèwl
(EvRK)kdwl ka˛ivëppilai
(vër-k-)kaÃalai fenugreek –
pistachio – evNtyM venthayam
èSta pisthä garlic –
sesame (gingelly) seed – ÈBƒ pü≈Ãu
¶Ò‹ eµµu ginger –
sunflower seed – iüâ iñji
‚íykaNç Éwt nutmeg –
süriya-gänthi vithai caçKkaY jäthi-k-käy

174
oregano – Other Foods
OmM ömam
bread –
pepper –
ꬿ miµagu eraDã roªªi
butter –
poppy seed –
kckca kasakasä evBebY ve≈≈ey
buttermilk –
tamarind –
»ñ puµi EmaR mör
coffee –
turmeric –
mücÒ mañjaµ kaPè käppi
vinegar – coffee beans –
kaã käÃi kaPèKekaDwd
käppi-k-koªªai
Flesh, Fowl, & Sea Food coffee powder –
beef – kaPèTÁÒ käppi-t-thüµ
maDƒKkó m䪪u-k-ka˛i cream –
chicken – Awd äÃai, ´ƒ ëÃu
Ekaï kö∑i
curds –
crab – tëR thayir
nBƒ na≈Ãu
fish – egg (chicken) –
∂˜ mïπ …Dwd muªªai
meat – ghee (clarified butter) –
kó ka˛i enY ney
mutton – milk –
ADƒKkó 䪪u-k-ka˛i paL päl
pork – sugar –
p˜óKkó paπ˛i-k-ka˛i cRKkwr sarkkarai
prawns – sugar-cane –
i®aL i˛äl kÃM» karumbu

175
îA îücamL añjämal
fearlessly (adv.)
îkç agathi îücawm añjämai
refugee (n.) fearlessness (n.)
îkraç agarädhi îüây añjiya
dictionary (n.) fearful (adj.)
îklmaˆ agalamäπa îü◊ añju (îüc, îüâ)
broad (adj.)
fear (v.), be afraid
îklM agalam
breadth (n.) îdKkmak aÃakkamäga
îKka akkä modestly (adv.), humbly
elder sister; older woman îdKkmaˆ aÃakkamäπa
îıEk a√gë, îı¿ a√gu modest (adj.), humble
there îdKkM aÃakkam
î◊Ttmaˆ asutthamäπa modesty (n.), humility
dirty (adj.), unclean îdK¿ aÃakku
î◊TtM asuttham (îdKk, îdKá)
dirt (n.) control (v.t.), restrain; oppress
îwc asai îdı¿ aÃa√gu
(îwcKk, îwcT∆) (îdık, îdıá)
move (v.t.), agitate, shake obey (v.i.), submit to;
îwc asai calm down
(îwcy, îwcN∆) îã aÃi (îãKk, îãT∆)
move (v.i.), move about hit (v.t.); ring; blow (wind)
îCckM acchagam îã aÃi
printing press base (n.), bottom; foot; step
îCcM accham îãKkã aÃikkaÃi
fear (n.) often
îücat añjätha îãPpwd aÃippaÃai
fearless (adj.) basis (n.)

1
îãPpwd(yaˆ) îBb˜ a≈≈aπ
aÃippaÃai(yäπa) elder brother
basic (adj.) îtˆaLta˜
îãwm aÃimai athaπälthäπ
slave(ry) (n.); devotee just because of that;
îƒT∆ aÃutthu that’s why; so
next (in time) îçk athiga
îƒP» aÃuppu extreme (adj.)
stove (n.), hearth îçkM athigam
îwd aÃai much, a lot of; excess
(îwdKk, îwdT∆) îçkarM athikäram
shut (v.t.), close; lock authority; command; chapter
îwd aÃai îçkarmak
(îwdy, îwdN∆)
obtain (v.i.); reach, approach athikäramäga
authoritatively (adv.)
îõ a≈i (îõy, îõN∆) îçkarmaˆ
wear (v.t.), put on
athikäramäπa
îõ a≈i authoritative (adj.)
ornament (n.); team îçkaí athikäri
îõL a≈il officer (n.); headman
squirrel (n.), chipmunk îçkawl
î≈ a≈u athikälai
atom (n.) early morning
îwb a≈ai îçcymak athisayamäga
(îwbKk, îwbT∆) miraculously, marvelously
turn off (v.t.), switch off; îçcymaˆ
put out; embrace athisayamäπa
îwb(KkDƒ) miraculous (adj.), marvelous
a≈ai(kkaªªu) îçcyM athisayam
dam (n.) miracle (n.), marvel

2
îçRQd…Ò¬ îpayM abäyam
athirshªamuµµa danger (n.)
lucky (adj.), fortunate îpaymaˆ abäyamäπa
îçRQdM athirshªam dangerous (adj.)
luck (n.), good fortune îPpã appaÃi
îçRCâ athircchi in that manner, that way
setback (psychol.); shock îPpa appä
îçRCâyaˆ father (n.)
athircchiyäπa îPpaL appäl
shocking (adj.) away, beyond, afterwards
î∆ athu îP»®M appu˛am
that (thing), it moreover; then, after
îEta athö îPEpa(∆) appö(thu),
there! look there! îPepa¤∆ appo∑uthu
îEtaƒ athöÃu then
what’s more îmRT∆ amartthu
(îmRTt, îmRTç)
îTtwˆ atthaπai hire (v.t.), lease
that many; so many; so much
îwm amai
îTta˜ atthäπ (îwmKk, îwmT∆)
elder sister’s husband settle (v.t.); construct; install
îTwt atthai îwm amai
aunt, older woman on (îwmy, îwmN∆)
father’s side become settled (v.i.); suit
îNt antha îwmCcR amaicchar
that, those (adj.) minister (of govt.) (n.)
îNéyM anniyam îwmç amaithi
that which is foreign (n.) calmness (political, mental)
îNéyR anniyar îwmçyaˆ amaithiyäπa
foreigner(s); stranger(s) calm (adj.); peaceful

3
îwmP» amaippu îíâ arisi
establishment, organization; rice (n.)
structure îÃ(M) aru(m)
îMpDd˜ ambaªªaπ precious (adj.); rare
barber (n.) îÃwm arumai
îMma ammä preciousness (n.); rarity
mother (n.); lady îÃÉ aruvi
îyla˜ ayaläπ waterfall (n.)
stranger (n.) îwr arai
îyL ayal (îwrKk, îwrT∆)
foreign (adj.) grind (v.t.)
îwr arai
îyLnaƒ ayalnäÃu (îwry, îwrN∆)
foreign country (n.) be ground (v.i.)
îyLnaDƒKkarR îwr arai
ayaln䪪ukkärar half (n.); waist
foreigner(s) îRTtM arttham
îrıkM ara√gam meaning (n.)
stage (theater) (n.) îl◊ alasu
îrc˜ arasaπ (îlc, îlâ)
king (n.) rinse (clothes, vessels, etc.)
îrcRK¿íy arasarkkuriya îl®L ala˛al
scream (n.), loud cry
royal (adj.)
îl› ala˛u
îrcaıkM arasä√gam (îl®, îló)
government (n.) scream (v.)
îrâyL arasiyal îÕP» aluppu
politics (n.) tiredness (n.)
îr◊ arasu îÕvlkM aluvalagam
kingdom (n.), royalty; govt. office (n.)

4
îÕvÕÒ¬ aluvaluµµa îv˜ avaπ
busy (adj.) he (pron.)
îÕvL aluval îÉ avi (îÉKk, îÉT∆)
work (office); business steam (v.t.); boil
îwl alai îÉ avi (îÉy, îÉN∆)
wave (n.); ripple be steamed (v.i.); be boiled
îwl alai îwv(kÒ) avai(gaµ)
those (things) (pron.)
(îwly, îwlN∆)
wander (v.i.), go about îVv¬Œ avvaµavu
îLl alla that much, so much
it is not (used attributively) îz¿ a∑agu
beauty (n.)
îLl∆ allathu
or, if not îzkaˆ a∑agäπa,
îvcrPpƒ avasarappaÃu îzáy a∑agiya
(-pd, -pDƒ) beautiful (adj.)
hasten (v.i.) îï a∑i (îïKk, îïT∆)
îvcrM avasaram destroy (v.t.)
hurry (n.), haste; emergency îï a∑i (îïy, îïN∆)
îvâyM avasiyam be destroyed (v.i.)
certainty (n.), necessity; îïpaƒ a∑ipäÃu
emergency wreck(age) (n.)
îvR avar îïŒ a∑ivu
they (pron.); she (respect.); destruction (n.)
he (respect.) î¤ a∑u (îz, î¤∆)
îvRkÒ avargaµ cry (v.), weep
they (pron.); she, he î¤wk a∑ugai
(v. respect.) crying (n.), weeping
îvÒ avaµ î¤Kkaˆ a∑ukkäna
she (pron.) dirty (adj.)

5
î¤K¿ a∑ukku îóÉ a˛ivi
dirt (n.), filth; dirty laundry (îóÉKk, îóÉT∆)
announce (v.t.); proclaim
îwz a∑ai
(îwzKk, îwzT∆) îóÉP» a˛ivippu
call (v.t.); invite announcement (n.)
îwzP» a∑aippu îóÉyL a˛iviyal
invitation (n.) field of knowledge; science
î¬ aµa (î¬Kk, î¬N∆) î›p∆ a˛ubathu
measure (v.t.) sixty (n. or adj.)
 aµavu î›ptaM a˛ubathäm
measure (n.), amount; limit, sixtieth (adj.)
extent; size î›ptav∆ a˛ubathävathu
îñ aµi (îñKk, îñT∆) sixtieth (n. or adj.)
give (v.t.), offer, render îw® a˛ai
îñTtL aµitthal room (n.)
supply (n.) îw® a˛ai
îó a˛i (îóy, îóN∆) slap (n.); beating
know (v.t.), understand îw® a˛ai
îóKwk a˛ikkai (îw®y, îw®N∆)
report (n.); notice slap (v.t.); smack; hit
îó…kM a˛imugam tmaˆ a˛puthamäπa
address (place) (n.) wonderful (adj.), miraculous
îó…kêLlatv˜ tM a˛putham
arimugamilläthavaπ wonder (n.), miracle
wanderer (n.); stranger îfipvM aπubavam
îóyat a˛iyätha experience (n.); enjoyment
ignorant (adj.) îfipv…Ò¬
îóyawm a˛iyämai aπubavamuµµa
ignorance (n.) experienced (adj.)

6
îfiP» aπuppu AwkyaL ägaiyäl,
(îfiPp, îfiPè) AwkëˆaL ägaiyiπäl
send (v.t.)
therefore
îfimç aπumathi
permission (n.), consent AcˆM äsaπam
seat (n.)
î˜pñP» aπbaµippu
gift (n.) AâíyR äsiriyar
 aπbu teacher (n.); author; editor
affection (n.), kindness, love AØRvç äsïrvathi
ekaÒ aπbu-koµ (AØRvçKk, AØRvçT∆)
(-ekaÒ¬, -ekaBƒ) bless (v.t.)
love (v.t.) AØRvatM äsïrvätham
Ҭ aπbuµµa blessing (n.)
loving (adj.); kind Awc äsai
î˜wˆ aππai desire (n.)
mother (n.) Awcyak äsaiyäga
passionately (adv.)
AÄ Awcyaˆ äsaiyäπa
A(¿) ä(gu) desirable (adj.)
(Ak, Aá/AY) ACcíymaˆ
be (v.i.); become äcchariyamäπa
AK¿ äkku wonderful (adj.)
(AKk, AKá) ACcíyM äcchariyam
create (v.t.), make; effect wonder (n.); miracle
AkEv ägavë Aƒ äÃu (Ad, Aã)
therefore; as a result dance (v.i.); move
AkayM ägäyam ADdM 䪪am
sky (n.) dance (n.)

7
Aƒ äÃu ATçrM ätthiram
goat (n.); sheep impatience (n.); irritation
Awd äÃai ATçrmak ätthiramäga
clothes (n.), garment(s) impatiently (adv.)
ADâ äªchi ATçrmaˆ ätthiramäπa
rule (n.), administration; impatient (adj.)
government; sovereignty ApT∆ äbatthu
Aõ ä≈i accident (n.), calamity; danger
nail (metal) (n.) Ama(M) ämä(m)
Awb ä≈ai yes
command (n.) Awm ämai
Awbëƒ ä≈aiyiÃu tortoise (n.); turtle
(-id, -iDƒ) AyTtM äyattham
command (v.t.) (ready) readiness (n.)
AB ä≈ AyTtM pB≈
male (n.); manliness äyattham pa≈≈u
ABdv˜ ä≈Ãavaπ (-pBb, -pBõ)
God (n.) prepare (v.t.)
ABƒ ä≈Ãu AërM äyiram
year (n.) one thousand (n. or adj.)
ABƒÉza ä≈Ãuvi∑ä Aërmav∆ äyiramävathu
anniversary (n.) thousandth (n. or adj.)
ABpaL ä≈bäl AÀtM äyudham
male gender (n.) weapon (n.); tool, instrument
AtrŒ ätharavu ArMpkalTçy
support (n.); protection;
patronage äramba-kälatthiya (adj./adv.)
early (beginning time)
Atí äthari ArMpM ärambam
(AtíKk, AtíT∆)
support (v.t.), sustain beginning (n.)

8
ArMè ärambi AÒ äµ
(ArMèKk, ArMèT∆) man (n.); person
begin (v.t.) A®aM ä˛äm
AraY äräy sixth (adj.)
(Aray, AraYN∆) A ®av∆ ä˛ävathu
examine (v.t.), investigate sixth (n. or adj.)
AraYCâ äräycchi A› ä˛u
research (n.), investigation six (n. or adj.); river (n.)
AEraKáymaˆ A› ä˛u (A®, Aó)
ärökkiyamäπa calm down (v.i.); heal
healthy (adj.) A›tlaˆ ä˛uthaläπa
AEraKáyM ärökkiyam comforting (consoling) (adj.)
health (n.) A›tL ä˛uthal
ARvmak ärvamäga comfort (consolation) (n.)
passionately (adv.) A‰
A‰› › 䲲u (A‰®, A‰ó)
ARvmaˆ ärvamäπa comfort (console) (v.t.)
passionate (adj.); enthusiastic AˆaL äπäl
ARvM ärvam but; if
passion (n.), great affection AˆaÕM äπälum
AlyM älayam however; even though
temple (n.); church
AÉ ävi
steam (n.); gas
i I
AzM ä∑am iıEk i√gë
the ‘deep’ (n.), sea, ocean here
AZNt ä∑ntha iwc isai
profound (adj.); heart-felt music (n.); harmony
AZN∆ ä∑nthu iQdM ishªam
deeply (adv.), intensely desired (thing) (n.); pleasure

9
iüâ iñji iNtaÃıkÒ inthäru√gaµ
ginger here! take it!
idıekaÒ iÃa√goµ iPpã ippaÃi
(-ekaÒ¬, -ekaBƒ) thus, in this way
occupy (space) (v.i.) iPEpa ippö
id∆ iÃathu iPEpa∆ ippöthu
left (side) (n.) iPepa¤∆ ippo∑uthu
idM iÃam now
place (n.); space iyKkM iyakkam
iã iÃi (iãKk, iãT∆) movement (n.), campaign
pound (v.t.), smash; thunder (i)yNçrM (i)yanthiram
iã iÃi machine (n.), engine
stroke (n.), blow; thunderbolt iyL iyal
iƒ iÃu (id, iDƒ) nature (n.); (Tamil) literature
put (v.t.); place iy‰wk iya˛kai
iƒP» iÃuppu nature (disposition) (n.)
waist (n.); hip iy‰wkyaˆ iya˛kaiyäπa
natural (adj.)
iwd iÃai
middle (n.); waist; interval irKkM irakkam
pity (n.), mercy; sympathy
iwdevñ iÃaiveµi irDâ iraªchi
space (between things) (n.)
(irDâKk, irDâT∆)
ityM (iÃtyM) protect (v.t.); save
ithayam (iruthayam) irBƒ ira≈Ãu
heart (bio.) (n.); soul two (n. or adj.)
i∆ ithu irBdaM ira≈Ãäm
this (thing) (pron.), it second (adj.)
iEta ithö irBdav∆ ira≈Ãävathu
here! look here! second (n. or adj.)

10
irŒ iravu iÃÒ iruµ
night (n.) darkness (n.)
iraTçí irätthiri ilKáyM ilakkiyam
night (n.) literature (n.)
ià iru (iÃKk, iÃN∆) ilvcM ilavasam
be (v.i.); stay; wait; remain the state of being cost free
iÃKá®∆ irukki˛athu ilvc(maˆ) ilavasa(mäπa)
there is (v.); it is; have free (of cost) (adj.)
iÃBd iru≈Ãa iwl ilai
dark (adj.) leaf (n.)
iÃDdaˆ iruªªäπa iLlamL illämal
dark (adj.) without; not having
iÃtyM (ityM) iLlawm illämai
iruthayam (ithayam) (state of) not having (n.)
heart (bio.) (n.); soul
iÃTtL irutthal iLlaÉDdaL
being (n.) (iLlaÉãL)
iÃptaM irubathäm illäviªªäl (illäviÃil)
twentieth (adj.) if not; without
iÃptav∆ irubathävathu iLwl illai
twentieth (n. or adj.) there is no; no
iÃp∆ irubathu ivÒ ivaµ / iv˜ ivaπ
twenty (n. or adj.) she (here)/he (here) (pron.)
iÃmL irumal ivR ivar
cough (n.) these (people) (pron.)
iÃ…w® irumu˛ai s/he (this person) (respect.)
twice ivRkÒ ivargaµ
iÃM» irumbu these (people) (pron.)
iron (metal) (n.) s/he (this person) (v. respect.)

11
iwv ivai iw®v˜ i˛aivaπ
these (things) (pron.) presiding male deity
iVv¬Œ ivvaµavu iw®É i˛aivi
this much, this many presiding female deity
iz i∑a (izKk, izN∆) iˆM iπam
lose (be unable to keep) kind (n.), sort, class
izNt i∑antha iò iπi (iòKk, iòT∆)
lost (adj.) be sweet (v.i.)
izP» i∑appu iòy iπiya
loss (in business, etc.) (n.) sweet (adj.)
i¤ i∑u (i¤Kk, i¤T∆) iòwm iπimai
pull (v.t.), drag; inhale; stretch sweetness (n.)
i¬wm iµamai iòwmyaˆ iπimaiyäπa
youth (n.), immaturity; sweet (adj.)
tenderness
iò iπi, iòEmL iπimël
i¬(M) / °(◊) (◊) iµa(m) / °(su) hereafter, henceforth
young (adj.); tender
i® i˛a (i®Kk, i®N∆) i˜pmfipÉ
die (v.i.) iπbamaπubavi
(-pÉKk, -pÉT∆)
i®K¿ i˛akku enjoy (v.t.)
(i®Kk, i®Ká)
bring down (v.t.); put down
i˜pmak iπbamäga
joyfully (adv.)
i®ı¿ i˛a√gu i˜pmaˆ iπbamäπa
(i®ık, i®ıá)
get down (v.i.), descend from joyful (adj.)
i›ç(ëL) i˛uthi(yil) i˜pM iπbam
last (at last) happiness (n.), joy
iw®Câ i˛aicchi i˜fiM iππum
meat (n.), flesh furthermore; still, yet, more

12
i˜eˆaà iππoru udEˆ uÃaπë
another (of the same) (adj.) immediately, right after
(after p.p.)
I Ï uƒ uÃu (uƒKk, uƒT∆)
wear (v.t.); put on
I ï
fly (insect) (n.) uƒT∆ uÃutthu
(uƒTt, uƒTç)
IcL ïsal wear (v.t.); put on
winged white ant (n.)
IyM ïyam uwd uÃai
(uwdKk, uwdT∆)
tin (the element); lead break (v.t.)
Irmaˆ ïramäπa uwd uÃai
wet (adj.), damp
(uwdy, uwdN∆)
IrM ïram be broken (v.i.)
wetness (n.), dampness
uDkaR uªkär
u U (uDkar, uDkaRN∆)
sit down (v.i.)
uıkÒ u√gaµ, ubR u≈ar
uık‹wdy (ubr, ubRN∆)
u√gaµuÃaiya feel (v.); realize, recognize
your (pl. or polite sing.) ubRCâ u≈arcchi
uCâ ucchi feeling(s) (n.), sensation(s)
top (of the head, etc.); ubvkM u≈avagam
zenith; noon (n.) restaurant (n.)
udM» uÃambu, ubŒ u≈avu
udL uÃal food (n.)
body (n.) ubŒ îñ u≈avu aµi
ud˜ uÃaπ (- îñKk, - îñT∆)
(along) with feed (v.t.), give food

13
uB u≈ (uBb, uBƒ) upEyakmaˆ
eat (v.t.); drink ubayögamäπa
uBda¿ u≈Ãägu useful (adj.), helpful
(uBdak, uBdaá) upEyakM ubayögam
become (v.i.) use(fulness) (n.)
uBdaK¿ u≈Ãäkku upEyaá ubayögi
(uBdaKk, uBdaKá) (upEyaáKk, upEyaáT∆)
create (v.t.); make use (v.t.)
uBƒ u≈Ãu (only form) uP» uppu
there is/are (v.i.)
salt (n.)
uBƒpB≈ u≈Ãupa≈≈u
(-pBb, -pBõ) uyrM uyaram
create (v.t.); make height (n.)
uBwm u≈mai uyR uyar,
truth (n.); fact uyRNt uyarntha
uBwmyaˆ u≈maiyäπa high (adj.)
true (adj.); actual uyRT∆ uyartthu
utƒ uthaÃu (uyRTt, uyRTç)
lip (n.) raise (v.t.); extol
utÉ uthavi uëí uyiri
assistance (n.), help creature (n.)
utÉya¬R uthaviyäµar uëÃd˜ uyiruÃaπ,
assistant (n.)
utÉ ecY uthavi sey uëÃÒ¬ uyiruµµa
(- ecYy, - ecY∆) alive (adj.)
help (v.t.) uëR uyir
utŒ uthavu (utv, utÉ) (uëRKk, uëRT∆)
help (v.t.) live (v.i.); breathe; evolve
ut› utha˛u (ut®, utó) uëR uyir
shake out (dust, water, etc.) life (n.); breath

14
uëR iLlat uÒ¬dK¿ uµµaÃakku
uyir illätha (-îdKk, -îdKá)
lifeless (adj.) include (v.t.); contain within
uíwm urimai uÒ¬aˆ uµµäπa
right (n.), claim, privilege; inner (adj.)
peculiarity u®ÉˆR u˛aviπar
uÿ urugu relative (kin) (n.)
(uÃk, uÃá) u®Œ u˛avu
melt (v.i.) relationship (n.); affinity
uÃK¿ urukku u›ç u˛uthi
(uÃKk, uÃKá) strength (n.); firmness
melt (v.t.)
u›ç ecY u˛uthi sey
uÃDƒ uruªªu (- ecYy, - ecY∆)
(uÃDd, uÃDã) confirm (v.t.); prove
roll (make roll) (v.t.)
u›çyak u˛uthiyäga
uÃvM uruvam strongly (adv.)
form (n.), shape, image; idol
ulkM ulagam u›çyaˆ u˛uthiyäπa
strong (adj.)
earth (world) (n.)
uElakM ulögam u‰pTç u˛patthi
metal (n.) production (indust. or
agric.); development
uwz u∑ai u˜ uπ, uˆ∆ uπathu,
(uwzKk, uwzT∆)
work (hard), toil; u˜fiwdy uππuÃaiya
last (to wear well) your (sing.)
uwzP» u∑aippu
labor (n.), hard work UÜ
uÒ uµ, uÒE¬ uµµë Uâ üsi
inside; within (space & time) needle (n.); inoculation

15
UâEpaƒ üsi pöÃu ¶ıEkÀM e√gëyum,
(-Epad, -EpaDƒ) ¶ı¿M e√gum
inoculate (v.t.) everywhere, wherever,
U∆ üthu (Ut, Uç) anywhere
blow (wind, etc.) (v.i.) ¶ıEkEya e√gëyö
UR ür somewhere; anywhere
hometown (n.); village; city ¶Ccí ecchari
U› ü˛u (U®, Uó) (¶CcíKk, ¶CcíT∆)
flow (v.i.); ooze warn (v.t.), caution
U‰› ü˛˛u (U‰®, U‰ó) ¶CcíKwk eccharikkai
pour (v.); cause to flow warning (n.), caution
U‰› ü˛˛u ¶CâL ecchil
spring (of water) (n.); source saliva (n.); saliva-contami-
nated substance
¶E ¶jma˜ ejamäπ
¶f¿ ehku lord (n.), master, boss
steel (n.); sharpness ¶ƒ eÃu (¶ƒKk, ¶ƒT∆)
¶ıkÒ e√gaµ, take (v.t.); pick up; remove
¶ık‹wdy e√gaµuÃaiya ¶Dƒ eªªu (¶Dd, ¶Dã)
our (exclusive) reach (v.); reach for
¶ı¿M e√gum, ¶DdaM eªªäm
eighth (adj.)
¶ıEkÀM e√gëyum
everywhere, wherever, ¶Ddav∆ eªªävathu
anywhere eighth (n. or adj.)
¶ıEk e√gë, ¶ı¿ e√gu ¶Dƒ eªªu
where? eight (n. or adj.)
¶ıEkyav∆ e√gëyävathu ¶B e≈
anywhere; somewhere number (n.)

16
¶BbM e≈≈am ¶çRkalM ethirkälam
thought (n.); intention future (n.)
¶B≈ e≈≈u ¶çRpaR ethirpär
(¶Bb, ¶Bõ) (-paRKk, -paRT∆)
count (v.t.); number wait for (v.t.); expect
¶B≈ e≈≈u ¶çRP» ethirppu
(¶Bb, ¶Bõ) objection (n.)
think (of) (v.t.); consider; ¶∆ ethu, ´∆ ëthu
regard
which one? which thing?
¶BebY e≈≈ey ¶∆ŒM ethuvum
oil (n.)
anything; whichever
¶BptaM e≈bathäm ¶Ttwˆ etthaπai
eightieth (adj.)
how many?
¶Bptav∆ e≈bathävathu ¶TtwˆEya etthaπaiyö
eightieth (n. or adj.) so many
¶Bp∆ e≈bathu ¶Nt entha
eighty (n. or adj.) which?
¶tav∆ ethävathu, ¶Ppã eppaÃi
´tav∆ ëthävathu how? (by what means?)
something; anything ¶PpãEya eppaÃiyö
¶çrak ethiräga somehow
against (adv.) ¶PpãEyfiM
¶çrañ ethiräµi, eppaÃiyëπum
¶çí ethiri anyhow (adv.)
enemy (n.) ¶PEpa eppö,
¶çR ethir, ¶çEr ethirë ¶PEpa∆ eppöthu,
opposite; before (in space); ¶Pepa¤∆ eppo∑uthu
futurity when?

17
¶PEpatav∆ ¶LlaM elläm
eppöthävathu all (things)
sometime, at any time ¶LlaÃM ellärum,
¶PEpa∆M eppöthum ¶LElaÃM ellörum
whenever, always all (people), everybody
¶PEpaEta eppöthö ¶wv evai
occasionally (adv.) which? what things?
¶í eri (¶íKk, ¶íT∆) ¶Vv¬Œ evvaµavu
burn (v.t.) how much? how many?
¶í eri (¶íy, ¶íN∆) ¶Vv¬Eva evvaµavö
burn (v.i.); glow so much; a lot
¶íepaÃÒ eriporuµ ¶¤ e∑u (¶z, ¶¤N∆)
fuel (n.) get up (v.i.); awake; emerge
¶Ã∆ eruthu ¶¤Nçà e∑unthiru
ox (n.) (-iÃKk, -iÃN∆)
¶Ãwm erumai get up (v.i.)
buffalo (n.) ¶¤P» e∑uppu
¶ì eli (¶¤Pp, ¶¤Pè)
make get up (v.t.), awaken
rat (n.); mouse
¶ÕêCcMpzM ¶¤M» e∑umbu
(¶¤Mp, ¶¤Mè)
elumicchampa∑am go up (v.i.), rise
lime (fruit) (n.)
¶¤∆ e∑uthu
¶ÕM» elumbu (¶¤t, ¶¤ç)
bone (n.) write (v.)
¶ÕM»K‡ƒ elumbukküÃu ¶¤T∆ e∑utthu
skeleton (n.) letter (of the alphabet)
¶Lla ellä ¶¤p∆ e∑ubathu
all, all kinds of seventy (n. or adj.)

18
¶¤ptaM e∑ubathäm ¶˜› eπ˛u
seventieth (adj.) ‘quote’, saying,
¶¤ptav∆ e∑ubathävathu expressing (thus)
seventieth (n. or adj.) ¶˜›M eπ˛um
forever, all the time
¶ñtak eµithäga ¶˜ˆ eππa
easily (adv.)
what?
¶ñtaˆ eµithäπa
easy (adj.) ´ Ë
¶ñ∆ eµithu
sth. easy (n.) ´õ ë≈i
¶ñwm eµimai ladder (n.)
simplicity (n.) ´tav∆ ëthävathu,
¶ñy eµiya ¶tav∆ ethävathu
simple (adj.), uncomplicated something; anything
¶ó e˛i (¶óy, ¶óN∆) ´∆ ëthu, ¶∆ ethu
throw (v.t.), hurl, toss which one? which thing?
¶›M» e˛umbu ´Eta ëthö
ant (n.) something; somewhat
¶ˆEv eπavë ´ma› ëmä˛u
therefore, hence (´ma®, ´maó)
¶˜ eπ be disappointed (v.i.)
my ´ma‰®maˆ ëm䲲amäπa
¶˜ eπ (¶˜ˆ, ¶˜›) disappointing (adj.)
say (v.), tell ´ma‰®M ëm䲲am
¶˜®aL eπ˛äl disappointment (n.)
if, if said so ´ma‰› ëm䲲u
¶˜®aÕM eπ˛älum (´ma‰®, ´ma‰ó)
even then, nevertheless cheat (v.t.)

19
´¤ ë∑u ´‰› 벲u (´‰®, ´‰ó)
seven (n. or adj.) raise (v.t.); pump (water, etc.)
´zaM ë∑äm ´eˆ˜®aL ëπeπ˛äl
seventh (adj.) because, for
´zav∆ ë∑ävathu ´˜ ëπ
seventh (n. or adj.) why?
´wz ë∑ai
poor person (n.) W AI
´wz mKkÒ ë∑ai makkaµ
poor people (n.) WNtaM ainthäm
´Zwmyaˆ ë∑maiyäπa fifth (adj.)
poor (adj.) WNtav∆ ainthävathu
´Zwm ë∑mai fifth (n. or adj.)
poverty (n.) WN∆ ainthu
´› ë˛u (´®, ´ó) five (n. or adj.)
climb (v.t.); ascend; get on to; WMptaM aimbathäm
enter (a vehicle); increase fiftieth (adj.)
´‰kˆEv ë˛kaπavë WMptav∆ aimbathävathu
before; already fiftieth (n. or adj.)
´‰pƒ ë˛paÃu WMp∆ aimbathu
(´‰pd, ´‰pDƒ) fifty (n. or adj.)
develop (v.i.); evolve; begin to
exist; be established Wya aiyä
´‰pƒT∆ ë˛paÃutthu sir (voc.)
(-pƒTt, -pƒTç) WEya aiyö
develop (v.t.); create; cause alas!
´‰paƒ ë˛päÃu
arrangement (n.); preparation oO
´‰paƒ ecY
ë˛päÃu sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) o o (oKk, oT∆)
arrange (v.t.) resemble (v.t.); be equal to

20
oDdkM oªªagam oÃTç orutthi
camel (n.) one person (f.)
oDƒ oªªu (oDd, oDã) oÃv˜ oruvaπ
stick (make adhere) to (v.t.) one person (m.)
oT∆KekaÒ otthukkoµ oÃvR oruvar
(-ekaÒ¬, -ekaBƒ) one person (f. or m., polite)
accept (v.) oÃEvw¬ oruvëµai
oT∆PEpa otthuppö perhaps
(-Epak, -EpaY) oEr orë
go for a compromise (v.)
only (one) (adj.)
oPpNtM oppantham oì oli (oìKk, oìT∆)
agreement (n.); contract
sound (v.t.), make sound
oPè oppi oì oli
(oPèKk, oPèT∆)
repeat/reproduce (from sound (n.)
memory) oVevaà ovvoru
oPèƒ oppiÃu each, one by one
(oPèd, oPèDƒ) oïy o∑iya
compare (v.t.); contrast unless
oPµƒ oppïÃu o¤¿ o∑ugu (o¤k, o¤á)
comparison (n.); contrast flow (v.i.); leak; ooze
oP»KekaÒ oppukkoµ o¤ıkak o∑u√gäga
(-ekaÒ¬, -ekaBƒ) orderly (adv.), neatly,
accept (v.t.) regularly; efficiently
oà oru o¤ıkaˆ o∑u√gäπa
a (art.), an; one (adj.) ordered (adj.); disciplined
oÃkaÒ orugäµ o¤ı¿ o∑u√gu
perhaps, maybe propriety (n.)

21
oñ oµi Oƒ öÃu (Od, Oã)
light (luminescence) (n.) run (v.i.)
oñyaˆ oµiyäπa ODƒ öªªu (ODd, ODã)
light (adj.), bright drive (v.t.)
o‰›wm o˛˛umai ODƒˆR öªªuπar
solidarity (n.); similarity driver (n.)
o˜ptaM oπbathäm Oba˜ ö≈äπ
garden lizard (n.)
ninth (adj.)
OY öy (Oy, OYN∆)
o˜ptav∆ oπbathävathu become tired (v.i.); cease
ninth (n. or adj.)
OYÉLlat öyvillätha
o˜p∆ oπbathu restless (adj.)
nine (n. or adj.) OYŒ öyvu
o˜®ak oπ˛äga rest (relaxation) (n.)
together (adv.) OrM öram
o˜› oπ˛u side (n.); corner; border; shore
one (thing) (n.) OÉyM öviyam
o˜›M iLwl art (n.)
oπ˛um illai OÉyR öviyar
nothing artist (n.)

O Ö
k KA
kK‡S kakküs
OdM öÃam latrine (n.); toilet
small boat (n.) kcPpaˆ kasappäπa
OãPEpa öÃippö bitter (adj.)
(-Epak, -EpaY) kcP» kasappu
flee (v.i.), run away bitterness (n.)
-Oƒ -öÃu kCEcí kacchëri
with concert (n.)

22
kQdM kashªam kãkaÃi (kãKk, kãT∆)
trouble (n.), difficultybite (v.t.); chew
küâ kañji kãkarM kaÃigäram
porridge (n.) clock (n.); watch
kd kaÃa (kdKk, kdN∆) kãtM kaÃitham
cross over (v.); pass letter (communication) (n.)
kdNt kaÃantha kƒwm kaÃumai
past (of time) (adj.)
harshness (n.); sternness;
kdNt kalM severity
kaÃantha kälam
the past (n.) kƒwmyak kaÃumaiyäga
harshly (adv.)
kdwm kaÃamai
duty (n.), obligation kƒwmyaˆ kaÃumaiyäπa
kdwmÀÒ¬ kaÃamaiyuµµa harsh (adj.)
dutiful (adj.) kƒKk˜ kaÃukkaπ
kdwl kaÃalai, earring (n.)
EvRKkdwl vërkkaÃalai kwd kaÃai
peanut(s) (n.) shop (n.); market
kdL kaÃal kwdâ kaÃaisi
sea (n.), ocean end; last, final
kdŒÒ kaÃavuµ kwdâyaˆ kaÃaisiyäπa
God (n.) last (adj.); farthest
kd‰kwr kaÃa˛karai kDâ kaªchi
seashore (n.) party (political) (n.)
kd˜ kaÃaπ kDdbM kaªªa≈am
loan (n.) fare (n.); fee
kd˜vaı¿ kaÃaπvä√gu kDdw¬ kaªªaµai
(-vaık, -vaıá)
borrow (v.t.) command (n.), order

23
kDdw¬ëƒ kBkaDâ ka≈gäªchi
kaªªaµaiyiÃu (-id, -iDƒ) exhibition (n.)
command (v.t.), order kBkaõ ka≈gä≈i
kDdayPpƒT∆ supervisor (n.)
kaªªäyappaÃutthu
(-pƒTt, -pƒTç) kBdM ka≈Ãam
enforce (v.t.) continent (geo.) (n.)
kDdayM kaªªäyam kBãPpak ka≈Ãippäga
certainty (n.); certainly (adv.) definitely (adv.)
kDdaymak kaªªäyamäga kBƒèã ka≈ÃupiÃi
certainly (adv.) (-èãKk, -èãT∆)
kDdaymaˆ kaªªäyamäπa find (v.t.); discover; solve
certain (adj.) kBƒèãP»
kDã kaªªi ka≈ÃupiÃippu
lump (n.), mass discovery (n.); invention
kDãdM kaªªiÃam kBbaã ka≈≈äÃi
a building (n.); construction glass (n.); eyeglasses
kDãL kaªªil kB≤R ka≈≈ïr
cot (without mattress) (n.) tear(s) (eye-water) (n.)
kDƒ kaªªu ktŒ kathavu
bundle (of sticks) (n.) door (n.)
kDƒ kaªªu (kDd, kDã) kwt kathai
bind (v.t.), tie; build story (n.)
kbv˜ ka≈avaπ kTç katthi
husband (n.) knife (n.)
kB ka≈ kTçí katthiri
eye (n.)
scissors (n.)
kB etíyawm
ka≈ theriyämai kTçíKkaY katthirikkäy
blindness (n.) eggplant (brinjal) (n.)

24
kT∆ katthu (kTt, kTç) kÃ∆ karuthu (kÃt, kÃç)
shout (v.) consider (v.); think
kPpL kappal kÃT∆ karutthu
ship (n.) thought (n.), idea; opinion
kPp‰pwd kappa˛paÃai kÃTtí karutthari
navy (n.) (kÃTtíKk, kÃTtíT∆)
kMpñ kambaµi become pregnant (v.i.),
blanket (n.); wool conceive
kM» kambu kÃTtíTt karuttharittha
stick (n.); cane pregnant (adj.)
kMmL kammal kÃÉ karuvi
earring (n.) instrument (n.); implement
kë› kayi˛u kÃwm karumai
string (n.); rope darkness (n.)
krã karadi kwr karai
bear (animal) (n.) border (n.); shore
krBã kara≈Ãi kl kala (klKk, klN∆)
spoon (n.) mix (v.t.); mingle
kí kari klKkmaˆ kalakkamäπa
coal (charcoal) (n.) disturbed (adj.); confused
kÃKekaÒ karukkoµ klKkM kalakkam
(-ekaÒ¬, -ekaBƒ) disturbance (psych.) (n.)
become pregnant (v.i.), klK¿ kalakku
conceive
(klKk, klKá)
kÃwb karu≈ai disturb (cause inconvenience)
mercy (n.), pity; sympathy
klı¿ kala√gu
kÃwbÀÒ¬ karu≈aiyuµµa (klık, klıá)
merciful (adj.) confer (v.i.)

25
klNtaYŒ kalanthäyvu kLÉ kalvi
conference (n.) study (n.), learning, education
klN∆ Ep◊ kalanthu pësu kLÉyñ kalviyaµi
(- Epc, - Epâ) (-îñKk, -îñT∆)
confer (v.), talk together educate (v.t.)
klPpaˆ kalappäπa kvwl kavalai
mixed (adj.) care (n.), concern, worry
klP» kalappu kvwlPpƒ
mix (n.), mixture kavalai-p-paÃu
klwvyaK¿ kalavaiyäkku (-pd, -pDƒ)
worry (v.)
(-AKk, -AKá)
mix (v.t.) kvwlÀÒ¬ kavalaiyuµµa
worrisome (adj.)
klaCcarM kaläcchäram
culture (n.) kvˆmak kavaπamäga
klaDda gal䪪ä carefully (adv.)
disturbance (n.), commotion kvˆmaˆ kavaπamäπa
kwl kalai / kwlùR careful (adj.)
art (n.) / artist (n) kalaiñar kvˆM kavaπam
kL kal care (n.), heed
rock (n.), stone; gem kvò kavaπi
kL kal (k‰k, k‰›) (kvòKk, kvòT∆)
study (v.t.), learn watch out (v.); notice
kLyabM kalyä≈am kÉ kavi / kÉwt kavithai
marriage (n.) poet (n.) / poem (n.)
kLyabPepB kÉZ kavi∑ (kÉz, kÉZN∆)
kalyä≈a-p-pe≈ overturn (v.i.)
bride (n.) kÉZ kavi∑
kLÓí kallüri (kÉZKk, kÉZT∆)
college (n.) turn over (v.t.)

26
kzkM ka∑agam k›Ppaˆ ka˛uppäπa
association (n.), party (pol.) black (adj.)
kz‰› ka∑a˛˛u k›P» ka˛uppu
(kz‰®, kz‰ó) black (adj.)
remove (clothes, etc.) (v.t.) k‰pwˆ ka˛paπai
kï ka∑i (kïKk, kïT∆) imagination (n.),
reject; spend (time); subtract inventiveness
kï ka∑i (kïy, kïN∆) k‰›Kekaƒ ka˛˛ukkoÃu
(-ekaƒKk, -ekaƒT∆)
pass (said of time, days) (v.i.) teach (v.t.)
kïT∆ ka∑itthu k‰w® (kTwt)
after (time) (preceded by acc.) ka˛˛ai (katthai)
k¤¿ ka∑ugu bundle (small) (n.); packet
vulture (n.) kˆM gaπam
k¤wt ka∑uthai heaviness (n.)
donkey (n.) kˆTt gaπattha
k¤T∆ ka∑utthu fat (adj.), corpulent
neck (n.) kˆŒ kaπavu
k¤Œ ka∑uvu (k¤v, k¤É) dream (n.)
wash (not laundry) (v.t.) kòmM gaπimam
k¬Œ kaµavu mineral (n.)
theft (n.) k˜› kaπ˛u
kw¬ kaµai (kw¬y, kw¬N∆) calf (n.); sapling
clean (grain with water)
kw¬T∆ kaµaitthu
ka KÄ
tired (adj.) kakM kägam,
kw¬P» kaµaippu kaKwk käkkai
tiredness (n.) crow (n.)
kó ka˛i kaátM kägitham
meat (n.) paper (sheet) (n.)

27
ka◊ käsu ka∆Ek¬at käthu-këµätha
cash (small change) (n.) deaf (adj.)
kaƒ käÃu ka∆Ek¬atvR
forest, any uninhabited land käthukëµäthavar
kaDâ käªchi deaf person (n.)
sight (n.); appearance; scene kaTçà kätthiru
(-iÃKk, -iÃN∆)
kaDƒ k䪪u wait (v.i.)
(kaDd, kaDã)
show (v.t.); point out kaPpa‰› käpp䲲u
(kaPpa‰®, kaPpa‰ó)
kaDƒ k䪪u protect (v.t.); rescue
wild (adj.)
kaP» käppu
kaB kä≈ (kab, kBƒ) bracelet (n.)
see (v.t.); find out
kayaˆ käyäπa
kaBè kä≈bi unripe (fruit, etc.) (adj.)
(kaBèKk, kaBèT∆) kaY käy
exhibit (v.t.)
unripe fruit (n.)
katõ kätha≈i kaY käy (kay, kaYN∆)
earring (n.) dry (v.i.); be heated
katl˜ käthalaπ kaY käy (kaYKk, kaYT∆)
lover (m.) (n.) bear (fruit) (v.t.)
katì käthali kaYkó käyka˛i
beloved (f.) (n.) vegetable(s) (n.)
katì käthali kaYCcL käycchal
(katìKk, katìT∆) fever (n.)
love (romantically) (v.t.)
kaY wv käy vai
katL käthal (- wvKk, - wvT∆)
love (eros) (n.) dry (v.t.)
ka∆ käthu karbM kära≈am
ear (n.) reason (n.), cause

28
karbM iLlat á KI
kära≈am illätha
baseless (adj.) ád kiÃa (ádKk, ádN∆)
karM käram remain (v.i.); lie around
spiciness (‘hot’) (n.) áwdK¿M kiÃaikkum
kaíyM käriyam obtainable
affair (n.), matter áwdKka∆ kiÃaikkäthu
kalPp¿ç kälappaguthi not obtainable
period (of time) (n.) áwdya∆ kiÃaiyäthu
kalM kälam not available
time (n.); season; era áDd kiªªa
kalvDdM kälavaªªam near (adv.); closer
period (of time) (n.) áDdTtDd kiªªatthaªªa
kaì gäli approximately (adv.)
empty (adj.)
áDƒ kiªªu (áDd, áDã)
kawl kälai get (v.t.); accrue
morning (a.m.) (n.)
kaL käl áb› ki≈a˛u
well (for water) (n.)
leg; foot; quarter (1/4)
kaL pakM käl pägam árkM giraham
planet (n.)
quarter part (n.)
kavL käval áramM girämam
police (n.) village (n.)
kavL∆w® kävalthu˛ai ázK¿ ki∑akku
police department (n.) the east (n.)
kaw¬ käµai ázKEk ki∑akkë
bull (n.) to/in the east
ka‰› k䲲u ≠Z kï∑
air (n.), wind eastern (adj.); below

29
ázı¿ ki∑a√gu ¿ KU
potato (n.)
ázwm ki∑amai ¿Câ kucchi
stick (short) (n.)
day (of the week) (n.)
ázv˜ ki∑avaπ ¿dM kuÃam
pot (any rounded vessel)
old man (n.)
ázÉ ki∑avi ¿ã kuÃi (¿ãKk, ¿ãT∆)
drink (v.)
old woman (n.)
áï ki∑i (áïKk, áïT∆) ¿ƒMpM kuÃumbam
family (n.)
rip (v.t.)
áï ki∑i (áïy, áïN∆) ¿wd kuÃai
rip (be ripped) (v.i.) umbrella (n.)
á¬P» kiµappu ¿Dã kuªªi
(á¬Pp, á¬Pè) young animal; small girl
start (a car) (v.t.); incite ¿Dwdyaˆ kuªªaiyäπa
á¬M» kiµambu short (adj.)
(á¬Mp, á¬Mè) ¿bM gu≈am
start (v.i.); rise; emerge quality (n.); character; health
á¬RCâ kiµarcchi ¿bPpƒT∆
excitement (n.) gu≈appaÃutthu
ᬛ kiµa˛u (ᬮ, á¬ó) (-pƒTt, -pƒTç)
excite (v.t.), arouse, provoke cure (v.t.)
áñ kiµi ¿bmaK¿ gu≈amäkku
(-AKk, -AKá)
parrot (n.) cure (v.t.)
≠ KÏ ¿ç kuthi (¿çKk, ¿çT∆)
jump (v.i.)
≠Z kï∑, ≠Ez kï∑ë ¿çwr kuthirai
eastern; below, down horse (n.)

30
¿T∆ kutthu (¿Tt, ¿Tç) ¿zNwt ku∑anthai
stab (v.t.) baby (n.); child
¿maí kumäri ¿zPpM ku∑appam
Miss (title) confusion (n.)
¿Mèƒ kumbiÃu ¿zP» ku∑appu
(¿Mèd, ¿MèDƒ) (¿zPp, ¿zPè)
bow to (v.t.); worship confuse (others) (v.t.)
¿ëL kuyil ¿zM» ku∑ambu
cuckoo (n.)
(¿zMp, ¿zMè)
¿rı¿ kura√gu be confused (v.i.)
monkey (n.)
¿rL kural ¿¤ ku∑u
committee (n.)
voice (n.)
¿ÃdR kuruÃar ¿¬M kuµam
blind person (n.) ‘tank’ (man-made irrigation
lake)
¿Ãdaˆ kuruÃäπa
blind (adj.) ¿¬É kuµavi
¿Ãƒ kuruÃu wasp (n.)
blindness (n.) ¿ñ kuµi (¿ñKk, ¿ñT∆)
¿ÃDƒ kuruªªu bathe (oneself) (v.i.)
blind (adj.) ¿ñPpaDƒ kuµipp䪪u
¿ÃÉ kuruvi (-paDd, -paDã)
bird (n.) bathe (someone) (v.t.);
wash (a cow, etc.)
¿wr kurai
(¿wrKk, ¿wrT∆) ¿ñyL kuµiyal
bark (v.i.) bath (n.)
¿wl kulai ¿ñyL îw®
(¿wlKk, ¿wlT∆) kuµiyal a˛ai
bark (v.i.) bathing room (n.)

31
¿ñR kuµir ¿w® ku˛ai
coldness (n.) (¿w®Kk, ¿w®T∆)
¿ñRCâyaˆ shorten (v.t.); decrease; cut off
kuµircchiyäπa ¿w® ku˛ai
cold (adj.) (¿w®y, ¿w®N∆)
¿ñRNt kuµirntha be short (v.i.); be cut off
cold (adj.) ¿w®Cclaˆ
¿Ò¬M kuµµam ku˛aicchaläπa
shortness (n.) insufficient (adj.)
¿ó ku˛i ¿w®CcL ku˛aicchal
mark (n.); sign insufficiency (n.)
¿ó ku˛i (¿óKk, ¿óT∆) ¿w®vaˆ ku˛aiväπa
mark (v.t.), denote deficient (adj.)
¿ó paR ku˛i pär ¿‰®…Ò¬ ku˛˛amuµµa
(- paRKk, - paRT∆) criminal (adj.)
aim (v.t.), to point at
¿óPèƒ ku˛ippiÃu ¿‰®…Ò¬v˜
(¿óPèd, ¿óPèDƒ) ku˛˛amuµµavaπ
specify (v.t.); mention criminal (n.)
¿óP» ku˛ippu ¿‰®M ku˛˛am
record (n.) fault (n.); crime
¿›áy ku˛ugiya ¿‰®M kaB ku˛˛am kä≈
short (adj.) (- kab, - kBƒ)
¿›klaˆ ku˛ugaläπa criticize (v.t.)
narrow (adj.) ¿‰®M caDƒ ku˛˛am s䪪u
¿›KEk ku˛ukkë (- caDd, - caDã)
across (prep. or adv.) accuse (v.t.)
¿w® ku˛ai ¿‰®vañ ku˛˛aväµi
lack (n.); flaw criminal (n.); culprit

32
‡ KÜ ‡Ddaˆ küªªäπa
collective (adj.); co-operative
‡d küÃa ‡Dƒ küªªu (‡Dd, ‡Dã)
with, along with; even; also gather up (v.t.); add; assemble
‡d
‡dP P Epa küÃappö ‡Pèƒ küppiÃu
(-Epak, -EpaY)
accompany (v.t.) (‡Pèd, ‡PèDƒ)
call (v.t.); shout
‡dM küÃam ‡ì küli
hall (n.); large room
daily wage (n.)
‡da∆ küÃäthu
mustn’t ‡› kü˛u (‡®, ‡ó)
state (v.t.); proclaim
‡ãCecY küÃi-c-chey
(-ecYy, -ecY∆)
co-operate (v.i.) ek KE
‡ƒ küÃu (‡d, ‡ã) ekƒ keÃu (ekd, ekDƒ)
join (v.t.), unite; gather; be damaged (v.i.), spoiled
assemble ekƒ keÃu
‡ƒ küÃu (ekƒKk, ekƒT∆)
nest (n.) damage (v.t.); spoil
‡ƒtL küÃuthal ekƒtL keÃuthal
excess (n.) damage (n.); harm; evil
‡wd küÃai ekƒtlak keÃuthaläga
basket (n.) harmfully (adv.)
‡DdM küªªam ekƒtlaˆ keÃuthaläπa
crowd (n.); meeting
harmful (adj.); evil
‡DdL küªªal
addition (in arithmetic) ekƒç keÃuthi
ruin (n.)
‡Ddak küªªäga
collectively (adv.); ekƒçyaˆ keÃuthiyäπa
co-operatively ruinous (adj.)

33
ekDd keªªa wkç kaithi / wk∆ kaithu
spoiled (adj.); bad prisoner / incarceration
ekDƒP Epa keªªa-p-pö wk∆ ecY kaithu sey
(- Epak, - EpaY) (- ecYy, - ecY∆)
be spoiled (v.i.), go bad arrest (take into custody)
ekDdv˜ keªªavaπ wkey¤T∆ kaiye∑utthu
bad man signature (n.)
ekDãKkar˜ keªªikkäraπ eka KO
clever man/boy
ekDãKkaí keªªikkäri eka◊ kosu
clever woman/girl mosquito (n.)
ekaücmak koñjamäga
Ek KË partly (adv.)
ekaücM koñjam
Ekƒ këÃu a little (n.), some
ruin (n.); misfortune ekaã koÃi
Ekì këli vine (n.); flag
joke (n.) ekaãy koÃiya
EkÒ këµ (EkDk, EkDƒ) cruel (adj.); harmful
ask (v.t.); listen; obey ekaƒ koÃu
EkÒÉ këµvi (ekaƒKk, ekaƒT∆)
demand (n.) give (v.t.), give away
ekaƒwm koÃumai
wk KAI cruelty (n.)
wk kai
ekaƒwmyak
koÃumaiyäga
arm (n.); hand cruelly (adv.)
wk tDƒ kai thaªªu ekaƒwmyaˆ
(- tDd, - tDã) koÃumaiyäπa
clap (v.) cruel (adj.)

34
ekawd koÃai eka¤ ko∑u
gift (n.) (eka¤Kk, eka¤T∆)
ekaBdaDdM grow fat (v.i.)
ko≈Ã䪪am eka¤Tt ko∑uttha
ceremony (n.) corpulent (adj.), fat
ekaBƒEpa ko≈Ãupö eka¤P» ko∑uppu
(-Epak, -EpaY) corpulence (n.)
take away (v.t.); take along ekaÒ koµ
ekaBƒva ko≈Ãuvä (ekaÒ¬, ekaBƒ)
(-vr, -vN∆) possess (v.t.); keep
bring (v.t.) ekaÒw¬ koµµai
ekaç kothi robbery (n.)
(ekaçKk, ekaçT∆) ekaÒw¬yã koµµaiyaÃi
boil (v.i.) (-îãKk, -îãT∆)
rob (grand larceny) (v.t.)
ekaç(KkPpDãÃ)
kothi(kkappaªªiru) ekaÒwk koµgai
(-iÃKk, -iÃN∆) policy (n.)
boil [v.i. (v.t.)]
ekaM» kombu Eka KÖ
horn (animal); branch (tree) Ekaã köÃi
ekaÕ◊ kolusu a crore (ten million)
anklet (silver) (n.) Ekawd köÃai
ekawl kolai summer (n.), hot season
murder (n.) EkabM kö≈am
ekawlyañ kolaiyäµi corner (n.); angle
murderer (n.) Eka∆wm göthumai
ekaL kol wheat (n.)
(ekaLl, eka˜›) Ekapmak köbamäga
kill (v.t.) angrily (adv.)

35
Ekap…Ò¬ köbamuµµa ek¬rvmaˆ
angry (adj.) gauravamäπa
EkapM köbam honorable (adj.)
anger (n.) ek¬rvM gauravam
Ekamañ kömäµi honor (n.)
joker (n.), clown
EkamañTtˆmak c SA
kömäµitthaπamäga cEkatr˜ sagötharaπ
comically (adv)
brother (n.)
EkamañTtˆmaˆ
kömäµitthaπamäπa cEkatí sagöthari
comical (adj.) sister (n.)
EkamañTtˆM cKkrM chakkaram
kömäµitthaπam wheel (n.)
comicalness (n.) cKç shakthi
EkaëL (Eka ÉL)
(Ek power (n.), energy; force
köyil (kövil) cıkdmaˆ sa√gaÃamäπa
temple (n.); church
embarrassing (adj.)
Ekaï kö∑i cıkdM sa√gaÃam
chicken (n.); fowl; hen
embarrassment (n.); trouble
Ekawz kö∑ai
coward (n.) cıkM sa√gam
association (n.), society
Ekawzyaˆ kö∑aiyäπa
cowardly (adj.) cı≠tM sa√gïtham
music (n.)
ek¬ KAU cDdM saªªam
ek¬rv gaurava rule (n.); law; condition
honorary (adj.) cDdÈ Rvmaˆ
cDdÈ
ek¬rvmak gauravamäga saªªapürvamäπa
honorably (adv.) lawful (adj.)

36
cDwd saªªai cNEtá santhëgi
shirt (n.) (cNEtáKk, cNEtáT∆)
cBwd sa≈Ãai doubt (v.t.)
fight (n.), quarrel cNwt santhai
cBwd Epaƒ market (n.)
sa≈Ãai pöÃu (- Epad, - EpaDƒ)
fight (v.) cNEtaqmak
cTtmak satthamäga santhöshamäga
noisily (adv.); aloud happily (adv.)
cTtmaˆ satthamäπa cNEtaqmaˆ
noisy (adj.) santhöshamäπa
cTtM sattham happy (adj.)
noise (n.) cNEtaqM santhösham
cTçyM satthiyam happiness (n.); pleasure
truth (n.)
cm sama,
cNç santhi (cNçKk, cNçT∆) cmmaˆ samamäπa
meet (v.)
equal (adj.); even, smooth
cNç(P») santhi(ppu)
junction (n.); crossing cméwlyaK¿
samanilaiyäkku
cNçr˜ chanthiraπ (-AKk, -AKá)
moon (n.) balance (v.t.); compare
cNEtkPpƒ cmM samam
santhëgappaÃu (-pd, -pDƒ) evenness (n.); equality
doubt (v.i.)
cNEtkmak santhëgamäga cmt¬maˆ samathaµamäπa
doubtfully (adv.) flat (adj.); smooth
cNEtkmaˆ santhëgamäπa cmt¬M samathaµam
doubtful (adj.) flatness (n.); smoothness
cNEtkM santhëgam cmyM samayam
doubt (n.) religion (n.); opportunity

37
cmrc ibKkM ecY cMp¬M sambaµam,
samarasa i≈akkam sey cMpaTçyM sambätthiyam
(- ecYy, - ecY∆) wage(s) (n.); salary
compromise (v.) cMpaç sambäthi
c∂pTçy samïbatthiya (cMpaçKk, cMpaçT∆)
recent (adj.) earn (v.t.)
c∂pM samïbam cMmtM sammatham
approval (n.); consent
proximity (in space or time)
crbwd sara≈aÃai
cÎkM samügam (-îwdy, -îwdN∆)
society (n.); community surrender (v.i.)
cwm samai crbwdtL sara≈aÃaithal
(cwmKk, cwmT∆) surrender (n.)
cook (a meal) (v.t.) crbM sara≈am
cwmyL samaiyal refuge (n.); shelter
cooking (n.) cí sari
cwmyLkarR correct; fine; yes
samaiyal-kärar cí ecY sari sey
cook (n.) (- ecYy, - ecY∆)
cwmyLkaí set right (v.t.); repair
samaiyal-käri cíPpƒT∆ sarippaÃutthu
kitchen maid (n.) (-pƒTt, -pƒTç)
set right (v.t.); repair
cMpNtmak
sambanthamäga cíyak sariyäga
in connection with accurately (adv.)
cMpNtM sambantham cíyaˆ sariyäπa
relationship, connection accurate (adj.)
cMpvM sambavam cíyaK¿ sariyäkku
(-AKk, -AKá)
event (n.) correct (v.t.)

38
cRKkwr sarkkarai caç (jaç) jäthi
sugar (n.) caste (n.), clan
cvaí saväri caTçymaˆ sätthiyamä≈a
ride (on animal, etc) (n.) probable (adj.)
còKázwm saπikki∑amai caTçyM sätthiyam
Saturday (n.) possibility (n.), probability
c˜ˆL (j˜ˆL) jaππal caT∆ sätthu (caTt, caTç)
window (n.) shut (the door, etc.) (v.t.)
caPpaƒ säppäÃu
ca SÄ meal (dinner) (n.); food
ca sä (cak, ecT∆) caPèƒ säppiÃu
die (of animals) (v.i.) (caPèd, caPèDƒ)
caDâ säªchi eat (have a meal) (v.)
evidence (n.); witness cama˜ sämäπ
catM sätham baggage (n.), luggage
rice (cooked) (n.) caMpL sämbal
catwˆ sädhaπai ash(es) (n.)
achievement (n.) caMpL é®M sämbal ni˛am
cata säthä gray (ash color)
plain (adj.), ordinary cayıkalM (caYNçrM)
catarbmak säya√gälam (säynthiram)
evening (4 p.m. till dark)
säthära≈amäga
usually (adv.), ordinarily caYmaˆM säymäπam
catarbmaˆ couch (n.)
säthära≈amäπa caR sär (car, caRN∆)
normal (adj.), usual depend on (v.t.)
catarbM säthära≈am caRNt särntha
the ordinary, simple (n.) dependent (adj.)

39
cawl sälai âl sila
road (n.), highway some (a few) (adj. or n.)
caÉ sävi âlEpR silapër
key (n.) a few (persons) (n.)
caŒ sävu âlR silar
death (n.); funeral a few (persons) (n.)
â SI âwl silai
statue (n.)
âKkˆmak sikkaπamäga âLlwr sillarai
economically, briefly (adv.) change (in coins) (n.)
âKkˆmaˆ sikkaπamäπa âvP» sivappu
economic, brief (adj.) red, redness (n.)
âKkˆM sikkaπam â® si˛a (â®Kk, â®N∆)
economy, brevity (n.)
excel (v.); be distinguished
âıkM si√gam
lion (n.) â®Nt si˛antha
best (adj.), most distinguished
âEnát˜ sinëgithaπ
friend (m.) â®P» si˛appu
âEnáç sinëgithi excellence (n.)
friend (f.) âóy si˛iya
âN∆ sinthu (âNt, âNç) small (adj.), little
spill (v.t.) â›Twt si˛utthai
âí siri (âíKk, âíT∆) leopard (n.)
smile (v.i.); laugh â›wm si˛umai
âíPpaˆ sirippäπa disgrace (a ‘belittling’) (n.);
comic (adj.) meanness (‘smallness’)
âíP» sirippu â›vR si˛uvar
smile (n.); laughter little ones (children) (n.)

40
âw®(Ccawl) ◊ƒ suÃu (◊d, ◊Dƒ)
si˛ai(cchälai) burn (v.i.); get hot
jail (n.), prison ◊ƒ suÃu (◊d, ◊Dƒ)
â‰pM si˛pam shoot (with a gun, etc.) (v.)
sculpture (n.)
≛Bã si˛˛u≈Ãi ◊ƒ tB≤R suÃu tha≈≈ïr
hot water (n.)
snack(s) (n.)
☈ siππa ◊tNçrmak
small (adj.), little suthanthiramäga
freely (adv.), independently
Ø SÏ ◊tNçrmaˆ
ØKármak sïkkiramäga suthanthiramäπa
free (adj.), independent
quickly (adv.)
ØKármaˆ sïkkiramäπa ◊tNçrM suthanthiram
quick (adj.) freedom (n.), independence
ØKárM sïkkiram ◊Ttmaˆ sutthamäπa
quick(ness); soon clean (adj.)
ØP» sïppu ◊TtM suttham
comb (n.) cleanliness (n.), purity
ØRçÃTtM sïrthiruttham ◊TtM ecY suttham sey
reform (n.), improvement (- ecYy, - ecY∆)
◊ SU clean (v.t.)

◊kmak sugamäga
◊marak sumäräga
fairly (moderately) (adv.)
comfortably (adv.)
◊kmaˆ sugamäπa ◊maraˆ sumäräπa
comfortable (adj.) fair (moderate) (adj.)
◊kM sugam ◊maR sumär
comfort (n.); well-being approximately (adv.)

41
◊Mma summä ◊›◊›Ppaˆ
just (because); su˛usu˛uppäπa
for no particular reason busy (adj.)
◊rıkM sura√gam ◊‰ó su˛˛i,
mine (geological) (n.) ◊‰óÕM su˛˛ilum
◊ÃKkmak surukkamäga around
briefly (adv.) ◊‰› su˛˛u (◊‰®, ◊‰ó)
◊ÃKkmaˆ surukkamäπa surround (v.t.)
brief (adj.) (◊‰›C)‚zL (su˛˛uc)chü∑al
◊ÃKkM surukkam environment (n.)
brevity (n.)
◊ÃKkM surukkam
‚ SÜ
summary (n.) ‚daˆ süÃäπa
◊ÃK¿ surukku hot (temp., not weather)
(◊ÃKk, ◊ÃKá) ‚ƒ süÃu
shrink (make smaller) (v.t.) heat (n.), warmth
◊Ãı¿ suru√gu ‚íy˜ süriyaπ
(◊Ãık, ◊Ãıá) sun (n.)
shrink (v.i.); wrinkle; frown ‚Zéwl sü∑nilai
◊lpmak sulabamäga circumstance (n.), situation;
easily (adv.) atmosphere
◊lpmaˆ sulabamäπa ec SE
easy (adj.)
◊lpM sulabam ecıkL se√gal
easy, easiness (n.) brick (n.)
◊vR suvar ecã seÃi
wall (n.) plant (bot.) (n.)
◊wv suvai ecTt settha
taste (n.), flavor dead (adj.)

42
ecT∆PEpa setthu-p-pö ecLvaK¿ selväkku
(-Epak, -EpaY) influence (n.)
die (v.i.) ecÉdR seviÃar
ecP» seppu deaf person (n.)
copper (made of) (adj.) ecÉdaˆ seviÃäπa
ecM» sembu deaf (adj.)
copper (n.); water pot ecVvaYKázwm
ecyla¬R seyaläµar sevväykki∑amai
secretary (of an organization) Tuesday (n.)
ecyla‰› seyal䲲u ec˜› paR seπ˛u pär
(-A‰®, -A‰ó) (- paRkk, - paRT∆)
execute (carry out) (v.t.) call on a person (v.t.)
ecyL seyal Ec SË
action (n.)
ecY sey (ecYy, ecY∆) EcR sër (EcRKk, EcRT∆)
join (v.t.); unite; admit;
do (v.t.); make collect; assemble
ecYç(kÒ) seythi(gaµ) EcR sër (Ecr, EcRN∆)
news (n.); matter(s) join (with) (v.i.);
ecÃP» seruppu reach; assemble
slippers (n.); sandals EcvL sëval
eclΠselavu rooster (n.)
expense (n.)
ecÕT∆ selutthu wc SAI
(ecÕTt, ecÕTç) wcv(M) saiva(m)
drive (a vehicle) (v.t.) vegetarian(ism) [adj. (n.)]
ecL sel (ecLl, ec˜›)
go (v.i.); follow eca SO
ecLvM selvam ecaDƒ soªªu
wealth (n.), riches particle (n.); drop(let)

43
ecaT∆ sotthu j JA
wealth (n.); property
ecaNt sontha jŒñ javuµi
own (adj.) textile(s) (n.)
ecaNtKkarR sonthakkärar ja
relations (relatives) (n.)
JÄ
jaç jäthi
ecaL sol caste (n.), clan
word (n.)
ecaL sol (ecaLl, ecaLì) jû JU
say (v.), tell jûrM/ejarM
ecaLìKekaƒ sollikkoÃu juram / joram
(-ekaƒKk, -ekaƒT∆) fever (n.)
teach (v.t.)
ecaLìTta sollitthä ej JE
(-tr, -tN∆) ejpM jebam
teach (v.t.)
prayer (n.)
Eca SÖ ejpM ecY jebam sey
(- ecYy, - ecY∆)
Ecatwˆ ecY pray (v.i.)
söthaπai sey
(- ecYy, - ecY∆) eja JO
examine (v.t.); test ejarM / jûrM
EcaMEpó sömbë˛i joram / juram
‘lazybones’ (n.) fever (n.)
Ecañ chöµi
bodice (worn with saree)Eja JÖ
Eca› sö˛u Ejaã jöÃi
rice (cooked) (n.) pair (n.); couple

44
ùa ÑÄ tıwk tha√gai,
tıkCâ tha√gacchi
ùapkPpƒT∆ younger sister (n.)
ñäbagappaÃutthu
(-pƒTt, -pƒTç) tCc˜ thacchaπ
recollect (v.t.), remember carpenter (n.)
ùapkM ñäbagam tdwv thaÃavai
recollection (n.), memory turn (n.); occasion
ùa뉛Kázwm tƒ thaÃu (tƒKk, tƒT∆)
ñäyi˛˛ukki∑amai bar (to block) (v.t.)
Sunday (n.) tDƒ thaªªu
ùaˆM ñäπam plate, dish; tray; stroke (blow)
wisdom (n.), knowledge tDwd thaªªai
flatness (n.); smoothness
t THA tDwdyaˆ thaªªaiyäπa
tkrM thagaram flat (adj.); smooth
tin (metal) sheet (n.) tBdwˆ dha≈Ãaπai
tka∆ thagäthu punishment (n.)
improper (pred.), unsuitable tBã dha≈Ãi
t¿çya¿ thaguthiyägu (tBãKk, tBãT∆)
(-Ak, -Aá) punish (v.t.)
be proper (v.i.); be suitable tNwt thanthai
t¿Nt thaguntha father (n.)
proper (adj.), suitable tpaL thabäl
t¿M thagum mail (post) (n.)
(is) proper (pred.), suitable tPpaˆ thappäπa,
tıkM tha√gam tPètmaˆ thappithamäπa
gold (n.) mistaken (adj.), wrong
tı¿ tha√gu (tık, tıá) tPètM thappitham
stay (v.i.), remain mistake (n.), wrong

45
tP» thappu tÒ‹ thaµµu (tÒ¬, tÒñ)
mistake (n.), error push (v.t.); move away; move
tMè thambi t‰kalM tha˛kälam
younger brother contemporary period (n.)
tyaR thayär t‰ecylak tha˛cheyaläga
ready, readiness accidentally (adv.)
tëR thayir t‰ecylaˆ tha˛cheyaläπa
curds (n.) accidental (adj.)
twl thalai t‰ecyL tha˛cheyal
head (n.) accident; chance happening
twlvR thalaivar tò(Ey) thaπi(yë)
headman, leader; chairman sole; unique; (alone)
twlvì thalaivali tòTtòEy thaπitthaπiyë
headache (n.) separately (adv.)
tvw¬ thavaµai tòPpDd thaπippaªªa
frog (n.) private (adj.), personal
tv› thava˛u t˜wm thaπmai
fault (n.), mistake nature (n.); quality; condition
tÉr thavira
besides, except ta THÄ
tÉR thavir ta thä (tr, tN∆)
(tÉRKk, tÉRT∆) give (v.t.)
avoid (v.t.); abstain from takM thägam
t¬M thaµam thirst (n.)
floor (n.); pavement taK¿ thäkku (taKk, taKá)
tÒñPEpaƒ thaµµippöÃu attack (v.t.)
(-Epad, -EpaDƒ) taK¿tL thäkkuthal
postpone (v.t.) attack (n.)

46
taıkÒ thä√gaµ taZT∆ thä∑tthu
you (pl./hon. sing. refl. pron.) (taZTt, taZTç)
taı¿ thä√gu humiliate (v.t)
(taık, taıá) taZNt thä∑ntha
sustain (v.t.); endure; afford low (adj.)
taã dhäÃi taòyM dhäπiyam
beard (n.) grain (n.)
tamtmak thämathamäga
delayingly (adv.) ç THI
tamtmaˆ thämathamäπa
delayed (adj.) çK¿ dhikku
tamtM thämatham direction (compass) (n.)
delay (n.); late çıkDázwm
tamtM ecY thi√gaªki∑amai
thämatham sey Monday (n.)
(- ecYy, - ecY∆) çwc thisai
delay (v.t.) direction (compass) (n.)
tamç thämathi ç±R thiÃïr
(tamçKk, tamçT∆) sudden (adj.), abrupt
delay (v.) ç±er˜› thiÃïreπ˛u
taM thäm suddenly (adv.)
they themselves; he himself çƒKრthiÃukkiÃu
(polite) (refl. pron.) (çƒKád, çƒKáDƒ)
ta˜ thäπ be startled (v.i.), alarmed
himself/herself/itself çDdêƒ thiªªamiÃu
taY thäy (-id, -iDƒ)
mother (n.) design (v.t.)
taZ thä∑ (taz, taZN∆) çDdM thiªªam
descend (v.i.); become humble plan (n.), scheme

47
çDdvDdmaˆ çÃMè va thirumbi vä
thiªªavaªªamäπa (- vr, - vN∆)
definite (adj.) return (v.i.), come back
çrDƒ thiraªªu çÃmç thirumathi
(çrDd, çrDã) ‘Mrs.’
gather (v.t.), collect çÃmbM thiruma≈am
çrvM thiravam marriage (n.)
liquid (n.), fluid çÃmbM ecY
çraDwc thiräªchai thiruma≈am sey
grape(s) (n.) (- ecYy, - ecY∆)
çà thiru marry (get married) (v.)
sacred (adj.); ‘Mr.’ çÃÉza thiruvi∑ä
çÃd˜ thiruÃaπ festival (n.)
thief (n.) ç® thi˛a (ç®Kk, ç®N∆)
çà thiruÃu (çÃd, çÃã) open (v.t.)
steal (v.t.) ç®wm thi˛amai
çÃTtM thiruttham skill (n.); efficiency
correction (n.), amendment ç®wmyak thi˛amaiyäga
çÃT∆ thirutthu skilfully (adv.); efficiently
(çÃTt, çÃTç) ç®wmyaˆ thi˛amaiyäπa
correct (v.t.), amend
skilful (adj.); efficient
çÃPç thirupthi
satisfaction (n.) çˆ/M dhiπa/m
çÃPçyaˆ thirupthiyäπa daily (adj.) / day (n.)
satisfying (adj.) çˆcí dhiπasari
çÃP» thiruppu ‘daily’ (newspaper) (n.)
(çÃPp, çÃPè) 爅M dhiπamum
turn (cause to turn) (v.t.) daily (adv.)
çÃM» thirumbu ç˜ thiπ (瘈, 瘛)
(çÃMp, çÃMè) eat (said of animals);
turn (v.i.); return snack (said of humans)

48
≥ THÏ ≥RP» thïrppu
judgment (n.)
≥ thï ≥RP»K ‡› thïrppu-k-kü˛u
fire (n.) (- ‡®, - ‡ó)
≥K¿Câ thïkkucchi pass judgment (v.)
match (stick) (n.) ≥Rmaˆmak thïrmäπamäga
≥PepDã thï-p-peªªi decisively (adv.)
matchbox (n.) ≥Rmaˆmaˆ thïrmäπamäπa
≥ı¿ thï√gu decisive (adj.)
harm (n.); evil ≥RmaˆM thïrmäπam
≥wm thïmai decision, resolution; motion
harm (n.)
≥Rmaò thïrmäπi
≥wmy‰® thïmaiya˛˛a (≥RmaòKk, ≥RmaòT∆)
harmless (adj.) decide (v.t.)
≥wmÀÒ¬ thïmaiyuµµa ≥Ér thïvira
harmful (adj.); cruel intense (adj.)
≥y thïya ≥Érmak thïviramäga
harmful (adj.); evil intensely (adv.)
≥Y thïy (≥y, ≥YN∆) ≥Érmaˆ thïviramäπa
be burnt (v.i.) intense (adj.)
≥Y thïy (≥YKk, ≥YT∆) ≥ÉrM thïviram
scorch (v.t.) intensity (n.); radicalism
≥R thïr (≥RKk, ≥RT∆) ≥Œ thïvu
resolve (a problem) (v.t.) island (n.)
≥R thïr (≥r, ≥RN∆)
be finished (v.i.)
≥RPpñ thïrppaµi
∆ THU
(-îñKk, -îñT∆) ∆KkM dhukkam
judge (v.t.) suffering (n.); grief

49
∆wd thuÃai ÁKáLEpaƒ thükkilpöÃu
(∆wdKk, ∆wdT∆) (-Epad, -EpaDƒ)
wipe (v.t.); dry execute by hanging (v.t.)
∆wdPpM thuÃaippam ÁK¿ thükku (ÁKk, ÁKá)
broom (n.) lift (up) (v.); carry; weigh
∆õ thu≈i Áı¿ thü√gu (Áık, Áıá)
cloth (n.); clothes sleep (v.i.)
∆wb thu≈ai Áâ thüsi
help (n.), assistance dust (n.)
∆rT∆ thuratthu Áâ pãNt thüsi paÃintha
(∆rTt, ∆rTç) dusty (adj.)
chase (v.t.), pursue ÁB thü≈
∆wr thurai pillar (n.)
boss (n.) ÁBƒ thü≈Ãu
∆ErakM dhurögam (ÁBd, ÁBã)
betrayal (n.), treachery excite (v.t.); stimulate;
∆Eraá dhurögi motivate
traitor (n.); cheat ÁBƒtL thü≈Ãuthal
stimulation, motivation
∆ñ thuµi
droplet (n.); particle ÁtR dhüthar
ambassador (n.)
∆w® thu˛ai Á∆K¿¤ dhüthukku∑u
department (n.); sector;
branch (discipline) delegation (n.)
Ár dhüra
Á THÜ away (adv.)
ÁKkmak thükkamäga Ármaˆ dhüramäπa
asleep (adv.) distant (adj.), far
ÁKkM thükkam ÁrM dhüram
sleep (n.) distance (n.), far

50
et THE Et THË
etYvM dheyvam EtıkaY thë√gäy
God (n.), deity coconut (n.)
etí theri (etíy, etíN∆) EtãPpaR thëÃippär
know (v.); understand; see (-paRKk, -paRT∆)
etíÀM theriyum hunt (search for) (v.t.)
visible; known (pred.) Etƒ thëÃu (Etd, Etã)
etíya∆ theriyäthu seek (v.t.), search; look for
not visible, not known Etç thëthi
etíÉ therivi date (day) (n.)
(etíÉKk, etíÉT∆) EtY thëy (EtYKk, EtYT∆)
make known (v.t.); express rub (sth. against sth.) (v.t.)
età theru EtY thëy (Ety, EtYN∆)
street (n.) wear away (v.i.)
etñvak theµiväga EtRtL thërthal
clearly (adv.) election (n.)
etñvaˆ theµiväπa EtRNetƒ thërntheÃu
clear (adj.); evident (-¶ƒKk, -¶ƒT∆)
etñŒ theµivu choose (v.t.); select; elect
clarity (n.) EtRŒ thërvu
et‰¿ the˛ku examination (acad.); choice
the south (n.) Etwv thëvai
et˜ theπ need (n.); necessity
southern (adj.) Etwvyaˆ thëvaiyäπa
et˜wˆ(mrM) necessary (adj.)
theππai(maram) EtÒ thëµ
coconut tree (n.) scorpion (n.)

51
Et› thë˛u (Et®, Etó) etaı¿ tho√gu
pass (an exam) (v.t.); qualify (etaık, etaıá)
Et›tL thë˛uthal hang (be suspended) (v.i.)
comfort (n.), consolation etadı¿ thoÃa√gu
Et‰› th벲u (Et‰®, Et‰ó) (etadık, etadıá)
comfort (v.t.), console begin (v.i.)
Etæ thëπï etadR thoÃar
honey bee (n.) (etadr, etadRN∆)
Et˜ thëπ pursue (v.t.); continue;
honey (n.) take up
etadRCâ thoÃarcchi
wt THAI continuation (n.)
wt thai (wtKk, wtT∆) etadRCâyaˆ
sew (v.t.), stitch thoÃarcchiyäπa
wtyLkarR thaiyal-kärar continual (adj.)
tailor (n.) etadR» thoÃarbu
wtíymak dhairiyamäga contact (n.), relation
boldly (adv.) etaƒ thoÃu
wtíymaˆ dhairiyamäπa (etad, etaDƒ)
bold (adj.) touch (v.t.)
wtíyM dhairiyam etaƒ thoÃu
courage (n.), boldness (etaƒKk, etaƒT∆)
connect (v.t.); string (beads,
eta THO flowers, etc.)
etawk thogai etaBwd tho≈Ãai
amount (n.); anthology throat (n.)
etaıkɃ tho√gaviÃu etaBÊ®aM
(-Éd, -ÉDƒ) tho≈≈ü˛äm
hang (v.t.), suspend ninetieth (adj.)

52
etaBÊ®av∆ eta˜wm thoπmai
tho≈≈ü˛ävathu antiquity (n.)
ninetieth (n. or adj.) eta˜wmyaˆ
etaBÊ› tho≈≈ü˛u thoπmaiyäπa
ninety (n. or adj.) ancient (adj.)
etaNtrΠthontharavu
trouble (n.), inconvenience Eta THÖ
etaPè thoppi Etaƒ thöÃu
hat (n.) ear stud (n.)
etawl tholai EtaDdM thöªªam
(etawlKk, etawlT∆)
ruin (v.t.); lose garden (n.)
etawl tholai Etaõ thö≈i
(etawly, etawlN∆) (rowing) boat (n.)
be ruined (v.i.); die; be lost EtaBƒ thö≈Ãu
etawl(Œ) tholai(vu) (EtaBd, EtaBã)
distance (n.), faraway place dig (v.t.)
etaL thol EtaL thöl
ancient (adj.), old skin (n.); hide; leather
etaLwl thollai EtaL thöl (Eta‰k, Eta‰›)
nuisance (n.) be defeated (v.i.), lose
etaïla¬R tho∑iläµar EtaLÉ thölvi
worker(s) (n.); Labor defeat (n.)
etaïL tho∑il Etazwm thö∑amai
work, occupation; industry friendship (n.), companionship
etaïLcawl tho∑il sälai Etaz˜ thö∑aπ
factory (n.) friend (m.)
etadM tho∑i˛ küÃam Etaï thö∑i
company (business) friend (f.)

53
EtaÒ thöµ n◊ı¿ nasu√gu
shoulder (n.); upper arm (n◊ık, n◊ıá)
Eta‰kã thö˛kaÃi get crushed (v.i.)
(Eta‰kãKk, Eta‰kãT∆) nQdM nashªam
defeat (in competition) (v.t.) loss (n.)
Eta‰›É thö˛˛uvi nü◊ nañju
(-ÉKk, -ÉT∆) poison (n.)
evolve (v.t.); create; cause nd naÃa (ndKk, ndN∆)
Eta˜› thöπ˛u walk (v.i.); behave; happen
(Eta˜®, Eta˜ó)
appear (v.i.); seem ndT∆ naÃatthu
(ndTt, ndTç)
n NA manage (v.t.); direct
ndTwt naÃatthai
nkM nagam behavior (n.); conduct
finger (or toe) nail; claw ndvãKwk naÃavaÃikkai
nkR nagar (nkr, nkRN∆) behavior (n.); conduct
move aside (v.i.) ndˆmaƒ naÃaπamäÃu
nkRT∆ nagartthu (-Ad, -Aã)
(nkRTt, nkRTç) dance (v.)
move (v.t.); shift (sth.) ndˆM naÃaπam
nkL nagal dance (n.)
copy (n.), duplicate
nã naÃi (nãKk, nãT∆)
nwk nagai act (v.); dance
jewelry (n.); ornament
nãkR naÃigar
nwkC◊wv nagaicchuvai actor (in drama) (n.)
humor (n.)
n◊K¿ nasukku nƒ naÃu (nd, nã)
(n◊Kk, n◊Ká) plant (a tree, seedling) (v.t.);
crush (v.t.) fix (a pole, post, etc.)

54
nƒ naÃu, nM» nambu (nMp, nMè)
nƒEv naÃuvë, believe (v.), trust
nƒÉL naÃuvil nymaˆ nayamäπa
middle (n.), center nice (adj.), pleasant
nƒK¿ naÃukku ní nari
(nƒKk, nƒKá) jackal (n.); fox
make tremble (v.t.) nlM nalam
nƒı¿ naÃu√gu health (n.); welfare; benefit
(nƒık, nƒıá) nLl nalla
tremble (v.i.) good (adj.)
nwd naÃai nLl∆ nallathu
walk (stroll) (n.); pace a good thing (n.)
nwd ep› naÃai pe˛u nLlv˜ nallavaπ
(- ep®, - ep‰›) good man (n.)
happen (v.); take place nLvrΠnalvaravu
nDcTçrM naªchatthiram welcome (n.)
star (n.); constellation n‰Ep› na˛pë˛u
nBpkL na≈bagal luck (n.), good fortune
noon (n.), mid-day n˜¿ naπgu,
nBp˜ na≈baπ n˜®ak naπ˛äga
friend (m.) well (adv.)
nBwm na≈mai n˜wm naπmai
goodness (n.) benefit (n.); welfare
nmK¿ namakku n˜ó naπ˛i
us (incl.) (dat.) thanks (n.)
nMwm nammai
us (incl.) (acc.) na NÄ
nMèKwk nambikkai naK¿ näkku
hope, faith; belief; confidence tongue (n.)

55
nadkM näÃagam na‰®M n䲲am
drama (n.), play stink (n.), stench
naƒ näÃu na˜ näπ
country (n.); inhabited land I (pron.)
naƒ näÃu (nad, naã) na˜kaM näπgäm
seek (v.t.); approach; opt for fourth (adj.)
naDƒ n䪪u (naDd, naDã) na˜kav∆ näπgävathu
establish (v.t.); install fourth (n. or adj.)
naY näy na˜¿ näπgu
dog (n.) four (n. or adj.)
naL(Õ) (na˜¿) é NI
näl(lu) (näπgu)
four (n. or adj.) ékZCâ
niga∑cchi
na¬˜w®K¿ näµaπ˛aikku function (performance); event
day after tomorrow (n.) éCcyM nicchayam
naw¬(K¿) näµai(kku) certainty (n.); truth
tomorrow (n.) éCcyM/-Ak
naÒ näµ nicchayam/-äga
day (24 hours) certainly (adv.), definitely
na› nä˛u (na®, naó) éCcymaˆ nicchayamäπa
stink (v.i.) certain (definite) (adj.)
na‰kaì nä˛käli étaˆmak nithäπamäga
chair (n.) in a measured way (adv.)
na‰ptaM nä˛pathäm étaˆmaˆ nithäπamäπa
fortieth (adj.) measured, self-controlled
na‰ptav∆ nä˛pathävathu étaˆM nithäπam
fortieth (n. or adj.) self-control, composure (n.)
na‰p∆ nä˛pathu éç nithi
forty (n. or adj.) treasure (n.); finance

56
épNtwˆ nipanthaπai élKkí nilakkari
term (condition) (n.) coal (mineral) (n.)
é»bT∆vM élM nilam
nipu≈atthuvam ground (n.); agricultural land
expertise (n.) élKkdwl nilakkaÃalai
é»bR nipu≈ar ground-nut (n.), peanut
expert (n.) éla nilä
éêdM (éêqM) moon (n.)
nimiÃam (nimisham) éwl nilai,
minute (n.); moment
éwlwm nilaimai
érNçrmaˆ niranthiramäπa state (n.), condition; situation
endless (adj.), everlasting
érP» nirappu éwlyM nilaiyam
place (n.); station
(érPp, érPè)
fill (v.t.) éL nil (é‰k, 阛)
érM» nirambu stop (v.i.); stay; stand
(érMp, érMè) é®M ni˛am
be filled (v.i.) color (n.)
éÌè nirüpi é› ni˛u (é›Kk, é›T∆)
(éÌèKk, éÌèT∆) weigh (v.t.)
prove (v.t.) é›T∆ ni˛utthu
éRvakM nirvägam (é›Tt, é›Tç)
management, administration stop (v.t.); arrest
éRvabmaˆ nirvä≈amäπa é›vˆM ni˛uvaπam
nude (adj.), naked institution, establishment
éRvabM nirvä≈am 雌 ni˛uvu (é›v, é›É)
nudity (n.) base (v.t.); establish as a fact
éyê niyami éw® ni˛ai
(éyêKk, éyêT∆) (éw®Kk, éw®T∆)
appoint (v.t.) fill (v.t.)

57
éw® ni˛ai ¥ã nïÃi (¥ãKk, ¥ãT∆)
(éw®y, éw®N∆) extend (time) (v.); last
be full; become filled; abound ¥ãP» nïÃippu
éw®Nt ni˛aintha extension (of services, etc.)
full (adj.) ¥Dƒ n着u (¥Dd, ¥Dã)
éw®y ni˛aiya extend (v.t.)
much; too much ¥Bd nï≈Ãa
éw®Œ ni˛aivu long (adj.)
fulfilment (n.) ¥ç nïthi
éwˆ niπai justice (n.)
(éwˆKk, éwˆT∆) ¥çpç nïthipathi
think (v.); remember judge (n.)
éwˆŒ niπaivu ¥çm˜®M nïthimaπ˛am
thought (n.); recollection law court (n.)
éwˆŒpƒT∆ ¥N∆ nïnthu (¥Nt, ¥Nç)
niπaivupaÃutthu swim (v.i.)
(-pƒTt, -pƒTç)
remind s.o. of sth. (v.t.) ¥R nïr, tB≤R ta∫∫ïr
water (n.); liquid
¥ NÏ ¥RmM nïrmam
¥ nï fluid (n.), liquid
you (sing.) ¥Rmymaˆ nïrmayamäπa
¥ıkÒ nï√gaµ liquid (adj.)
you (pl.) ¥lM nïlam
¥K¿ nïkku (¥Kk, ¥Ká) blue (n.), dark blue
dismiss (v.t.) ¥¬mak nïµamäga
¥ı¿ nï√gu (¥ık, ¥ıá) protractedly (adv.)
cease (hunger, illness) (v.i.) ¥¬ma¿ nïµamägu
¥CcL nïcchal (-Ak, -Aá)
swimming (n.) be protracted, lengthened

58
¥¬maK¿ nïµamäkku en NE
(-AKk, -AKá)
lengthen (v.t.), protract enY ney
¥¬maˆ nïµamäπa ghee (clarified butter) (n.)
lengthy (adj.), protracted enÃKkã nerukkaÃi
¥¬M nïµam crisis (n.)
length (n.) enÃKkã éwl
nerukkaÃi nilai
« NU critical time (n.), emergency
«wz nu∑ai enÃKkãyaˆ
nerukkaÃiyäπa
(«wzKk, «wzT∆) critical (adj.)
make enter (v.t.)
enÃK¿ nerukku
«wz nu∑ai (enÃKk, enÃKá)
(«wzy, «wzN∆) squeeze (v.t.), press
enter (v.i.)
enÃı¿ neru√gu
Ë NÜ (enÃık, enÃıá)
approach (v.t.)
ËlkM nülagam enÃP» neruppu
library (n.) fire (n.)
ËL nül enL nel
thread (n.); book rice (in field or unhusked)
Ë®aM nü˛äm en‰ó ne˛˛i
hundredth (adj.) forehead (n.)
Ë®av∆ nü˛ävathu
hundredth (n. or adj.) En NË
Ë› nü˛u Enâ nësi (EnâKk, EnâT∆)
hundred (n. or adj.) love (v.t.)
ˉ®aBƒ nü˛˛ä≈Ãu EnrM nëram
century (n.) time; length of time (n.)

59
 EnaŒ növu
Eníy nëriya, EnR nër ache (n.), pain
straight (adj.); honest
EnRwm nërmai p PA
straightness (n.); honesty p¿ç paguthi
EnRwmyaˆ nërmaiyäπa part (n.), portion; area, region
straight (adj.); honest pwk pagai
En‰› n벲u enmity (n.)
yesterday (n.) pKkM pakkam
side (n.); vicinity; page
ena NO pKkTçL pakkatthil
ena›K¿ no˛ukku near (in space)
(ena›Kk, ena›Ká) pKkT∆ pakkatthu
crush (v.t.) neighboring
ena›ı¿ no˛u√gu pı≠ƒ pa√gïÃu
(ena›ık, ena›ıá) distribution (n.)
get crushed (v.i.) pı¿ pa√gu
portion (n.); share
Ena NÖ pcıkÒ pasa√gaµ
Ena nö (Enak, enaN∆) children (n. pl.)
ache (v.i); hurt pâ pasi
EnaKkM nökkam hunger (n.)
aim (n.), purpose, goal pâ pasi (pâKk, pâT∆)
EnaKá nökki be hungry (v.i.)
to; towards p◊ pasu
Enayañ nöyäµi cow (n.)
(medical) patient (n.) pCwc pacchai
EnaY nöy green; fresh; cool (re. water)
disease (n.), illness

60
pCwcT tB≤R pƒT∆ paÃutthu
pacchai-t-tha≈≈ïr (pƒTt, pƒTç)
fresh (cool) water (n.) cause to feel or suffer (v.t.)
pü◊ pañju pwd paÃai
cotton (n.) army (n.), troops; force
pd¿ paÃagu pDdM paªªam
boat (n.) kite (plaything) (n.)
pdM paÃam pDdM paªªam
picture (n.); cinema; map an honor (n.); a degree
pã paÃi (pãKk, pãT∆) pDãò paªªiπi
read (v.t.); study starvation (n.)
pã paÃi pDãòëà paªªiπiyiru
step (n.); degree; level (-iÃKk, -iÃN∆)
starve (v.i.)
pã paÃi pDãyL paªªiyal
in order to, so that
list (n.), inventory
pãPpãyaˆ pDƒ paªªu
paÃippaÃiyäπa silk (n.)
gradual (adj.), ‘step by step’
pDƒPÈCâ paªªu-p-pücchi
pãyaL paÃiyäl silk-worm (n.)
because, as, on account of
pbM pa≈am
pãEy paÃiyë money (n.), wealth
as, in accordance with pbKkarR pa≈akkärar
pƒ paÃu (pƒKk, pƒT∆) wealthy person(s) (n.)
lie (down) (v.) põ pa≈i
pƒ paÃu (pd, pDƒ) service (work) (n.)
experience (v.i.); feel (after n.) põ ecY pa≈i sey
pƒKwk paÃukkai (- ecYy, - ecY∆)
bed (n.); couch serve (v.t.)

61
pBãwk pa≈Ãigai pçˆa®aM pathiπä˛äm
festival (religious) (n.) sixteenth (adj.)
pB≈ pa≈≈u pçˆa®av∆
(pBb, pBõ) pathiπä˛ävathu
do (v.t.); make sixteenth (n. or adj.)
pBwb pa≈≈ai pçˆa› pathiπä˛u
farm (n.) sixteen (n. or adj.)
pBpaƒ pa≈bäÃu pçˆa˜kaM
culture (n.) pathiπäπgäm
pBpa¬R pa≈bäµar fourteenth (adj.)
cultured person (n.) pçˆa˜kav∆
ptÉ pathavi pathiπäπgävathu
fourteenth (n. or adj.)
post, position, rank, station
pçˆa˜¿ pathiπäπgu
pçΘ®aM pathimüπ˛äm fourteen (n. or adj.)
thirteenth (adj.)
pçeˆDdaM pathiπeªªäm
pçΘ®av∆ eighteenth (adj.)
pathimüπ˛ävathu pçeˆDdav∆
thirteenth (n. or adj.)
pathiπeªªävathu
pçΘ› pathimüπ˛u eighteenth (n. or adj.)
thirteen (n. or adj.) pçeˆDƒ pathiπeªªu
pçlak pathiläga eighteen (n. or adj.)
instead (adv.) pçEˆzaM pathiπë∑äm
pçL pathil seventeenth (adj.)
anwer (n.), reply pçEˆzav∆
pçL pathil pathiπë∑ävathu
instead of seventeenth (n. or adj.)
pçŒ pathivu pçEˆ¤ pathiπë∑u
recording (n.), registration seventeen (n. or adj.)

62
pçwˆNtaM pTtav∆ patthävathu
pathiπainthäm tenth (n. or adj.)
fifteenth (adj.) pT∆ patthu
pçwˆNtav∆ ten (n. or adj.)
pathiπainthävathu pTeta˜ptaM
fifteenth (n. or adj.) patthoπbathäm
pçwˆN∆ pathiπainthu nineteenth (adj.)
fifteen (n. or adj.) pTeta˜ptav∆
pçEˆaraM pathiπöräm patthoπbathävathu
eleventh (adj.) nineteenth (n. or adj._
pçEˆarav∆ pTeta˜p∆
pathiπörävathu patthoπbathu
eleventh (n. or adj.) nineteen (n. or adj.)
pçeˆa˜› pathiπoπ˛u pN∆ panthu
eleven (n. or adj.) ball (n.)
pTta∆ patthäthu pyıkrmak paya√garamäga
insufficient (adj.), not enough fearfully (adv.)
pTçrmak patthiramäga pyıkrmaˆ
safely (adv.); carefully paya√garamäπa
fearful (adj.)
pTçrmaˆ patthiramäπa pyıkañ paya√gäµi
safe (adj.), secure
coward (n.)
pTçrM patthiram pybM (èryabM)
safety (n.), security
paya≈am (pirayä≈am)
pTçrM patthiram travel (n.), journey
document (n.) pyõ (èryaõ)
pTçíwk patthirikai paya≈i (pirayä≈i)
newspaper (n.); magazine traveler (n.); passenger
pTtam patthäm pyM payam
tenth (adj.) fear (n.)

63
pyNçà payanthiru píEcaç parisöthi
(-iÃKk, -iÃN∆) (píEcaçKk, píEcaçT∆)
be afraid (v.) check (v.t.), examine
pyêLlat payamillätha pímaóKekaÒ
fearless (adj.) parimä˛ikkoµ
py˜ payaπ (-ekaÒ¬, -ekaBƒ)
profit (n.); reward; usefulness exchange (v.t.)
pëíƒ payiriÃu píma› parimäru
(-id, -iDƒ) (píma®, pímaó)
farm (v.t.) serve (food) (v.t.); exchange
pëR payir píma‰®M parim䲲am
crop(s) (n.) exchange (n.)
pë‰â payi˛chi pÃN∆ parunthu
training; exercise; practice common kite (bird) (n.)
prP» parappu pÃm˜ parumaπ
(prPp, prPè) thickness, bulkiness (size)
expand (v.); spread
prP» parappu pÃvM paruvam
expanse (n.) stage (of develop.); season (n.)
prMpíyM parambariyam pl pala
tradition (n.); generation many (adj.)
prvaëLwl paraväyillai plkarM palagäram
never mind, no matter snacks (n.), savories
pí◊ parisu plwk palagai
prize (n.), reward plank (n.), board
píEcatkR parisöthagar plM balam
examiner (n.) strength (n.)
píEcatwˆ parisöthaπai plmaˆ balamäπa
inspection; check-up (med.) strong (adj.); serious

64
plPpƒT∆ balappaÃutthu pï pa∑i
(-pƒTt, -pƒTç) blame (n.), fault; revenge
strengthen (v.t.) pï pa∑i (pïKk, pïT∆)
plR palar blame (v.t.), find fault
many (persons) (n.)
pïK¿Ppï vaı¿
plÉtmaˆ pa∑ikkuppa∑i vä√gu
palavithamäπa (- vaık, - vaıá)
of many kinds (adj.) take revenge (v.t.)
pl˜ palaπ p¤ pa∑u (p¤Kk, p¤T∆)
produce (n.); result; gain ripen (v.i.)
pì bali p¤∆paR pa∑uthu-pär
sacrifice (n.) (-paRKk, -paRT∆)
pìëƒ baliyiÃu fix (repair) (v.t.)
(pìëd, pìëDƒ) pwzy pa∑aiya
sacrifice (v.)
old (adj.); mature
pL pal
tooth (n.) pÒñ(K‡dM)
paµµi(-k-küÃam)
pLkwlKkzkM school (n.)
palkalaikka∑agam
university (n.) p® pa˛a (p®Kk, p®N∆)
fly (v.); move swiftly
pLì palli
gecko (wall lizard) (n.) p®wv pa˛avai
bird (n.)
pzKkM (vzKkM)
pa∑akkam (va∑akkam) p‰ó pa˛˛i
custom (n.); habit about, concerning
pzwm pa∑amai p‰óy pa˛˛iya
antiquity (n.) which concerns
pzM pa∑am pò paπi
ripe fruit (n.) dew (n.); fog, mist

65
p˜ó paπ˛i patM pätham
pig (n.) foot (n.)
p˜òrBdaM paç päthi
paππira≈Ãäm half
twelfth (adj.) paç päthi (paçKk, paçT∆)
p˜òrBdav∆ affect (v.t.)
paππira≈Ãävathu pawt päthai
twelfth (n. or adj.) path (n.); way
p˜òrBƒ paππira≈Ãu paTçrM pätthiram
twelve (n. or adj.) story character; metal pot (n.)
paM» pämbu
pa PÄ snake (n.)
padkR päÃagar paY päy
singer (n.); musician mat (n.)
padM päÃam paY päy (pay, paYN∆)
lesson (n.) jump (v.i.), leap
padL päÃal paraDƒ pär䪪u
song (n.); poem, verse congratulations (n.)
paƒ päÃu (pad, paã) paraDƒ pär䪪u
sing (v.) (paraDd, paraDã)
paDd˜ p䪪aπ congratulate (v.t.)
grandfather (n.) paR pär (paRKk, paRT∆)
paDã p䪪i (familiar), look (v.t.), see; try
paDãyaR p䪪iyär (formal) paRT∆ ¶¤∆ pärtthu e∑uthu
grandmother (n.) (- ¶¤t, - ¶¤ç)
copy (in writing) (v.t.)
paDƒ p䪪u paRT∆KekaÒ
song (n.), singing
pärtthu-k-koµ
patıkÒ pätha√gaµ (-ekaÒ¬, -ekaBƒ)
feet (n. pl.) watch (over); take care of

66
palM bälam èã piÃi
bridge (n.) grip (n.); a handful
pawl(vˆM) èãK¿M piÃikkum
pälai(vaπam) likeable, pleasing
desert (n.), arid land èãKka∆ piÃikkäthu
paL päl not pleasing
milk (n.) èTtw¬ pitthaµai
pavM pävam brass (n.)
sin (n.); misfortune; alas! èNç pinthi
pavawd päväÃai late (in time) (adv.)
skirt (n.), petticoat èNçy pinthiya
paw® pä˛ai later (adj.), latter
large rock (n.), hillock èrkacmak pirakäsamäga
paw®yaˆ pä˛aiyäπa brightly (adv.)
rocky (adj.) èrkacmaˆ pirakäsamäπa
pawˆ päπai bright (adj.)
pot (clay) (n.) èrkacM pirakäsam
brightness (n.)
è PI èrCcarM piracchäram
èCwc picchai propaganda (n.); preaching
alms (n.) èrtmR pirathamar
èCwcKkar˜ prime minister (n.)
picchai-k-käraπ èrEtcM piradhësham
mendicant (n.); beggar territory (n.)
èCwc EkÒ picchai këµ èrpücM pirapañjam
(- EkDk, - EkDƒ) universe (n.)
beg (v.) èryacM (èryawc)
èã piÃi (èãKk, èãT∆) pirayäsam (pirayäsai)
seize (v.t.), catch, grab; like try (n.), striving, exertion

67
èryabM (pybM) 访 pi˛agu
pirayä≈am (paya≈am) afterwards, (and) then, after
travel (n.), journey è®P» pi˛appu
èryaõ (pyõ) birth (n.)
pirayä≈i (paya≈i)
traveler (n.); passenger è‰pkL pi˛pagal
èí piri (èíKk, èíT∆) afternoon (n.)
separate (v.t.); divide è˜ piπ, 蘻 piπbu,
èí piri (èíy, èíN∆) è˜Eˆ piππë,
be separated (v.i.); be 蘈aL piππäl,
divided; unravel; depart 蘈aEl piππälë
èíŒ pirivu after; back, back side
division (n.) è˜etadR piπthoÃar
èíymak piriyamäga (-etadr, -etadRN∆)
affectionately (adv.) chase (v.t.); follow
èíymaˆ piriyamäπa è˜vÃá® piπvarugi˛a
affectionate (adj.) following (adj.)
èíyM piriyam
affection (n.), love » PU
èíyM iLwl »kìdM
piriyam illai pugaliÃam
not liked refuge (n.)
è¬ piµa (è¬Kk, è¬N∆) »kzaRvM puga∑ärvam
split (v.t.) ambition (n.)
謌 piµavu »kzaˆ puga∑äπa
split (n.), crack popular (adj.); esteemed
èÒw¬ piµµai »k¤Ò¬ puga∑uµµa
child (n.) famous (adj.), renowned
è® pi˛a (è®Kk, è®N∆) »kZ puga∑
be born (v.i.); be issued fame (n.), renown

68
»kZ puga∑ (»kz, »kZN∆) »∆wm puthumai
praise (v.t.), glorify newness (n.), novelty
»kZCâ puga∑cchi »∆wmyaˆ puthumaiyäπa
praise (n.), glorification novel (adj.); modern
»¿ pugu (»k, »¿N∆) »wt puthai
enter (v.) (»wtKk, »wtT∆)
bury (v.t.)
»wk pugai »TtkM (»StkM)
smoke (n.)
putthagam (pusthagam)
»wk pugai (»wky, »wkN∆) book (n.)
emit smoke (v.i.) »Tç(mç) buddhi(mathi)
»wk èã pugai piÃi advice (n.)
(- èãKk, - èãT∆) »ylaˆ puyaläπa
smoke (a cigarette, etc.) (v.t.) stormy (adj.)
»dwv puÃavai »yL puyal
saree (n.) storm (n.)
»Dã puªªi »rDâ puraªchi
bottle (n.) revolution (n.); transformation
»B pu≈ »rDâkrmaˆ
wound (n.); sore puraªchigaramäπa
»BpƒT∆ pu≈paÃutthu revolutionary (adj.)
(-pƒTt, -pƒTç) »rDƒ puraªªu
wound (v.t.) (»rDd, »rDã)
»t˜ázwm overturn (v.t.)
buthaπgi∑amai »rÒ puraµ (»r¬, »rBƒ)
Wednesday (n.) be overturned; revolve (v.i.)
»çy puthiya »íya∆ puriyäthu
new (adj.) don’t know or understand
»∆ puthu »íÀM puriyum
new (adj.) know, understand

69
»ÃvM buruvam »‰› EnaY pu˛˛u nöy
brow (eyebrow) (n.) cancer (n.)
»lMpL pulambal »òtmaˆ puπithamäπa
mourning; bemoaning holy (adj.), sacred
»lM» pulambu »òtM puπitham
(»lMp, »lMè) holiness (n.), sacredness
mourn (v.i.), lament
»lwm pulamai È PÜ
scholarship (n.)
»lvR pulavar È pü
flower (n.)
poet (n.); scholar
»l˜ pulaπ Èıka pü√gä
park (n.)
sense (one of the Five)
»ì puli Èwj püjai
worship (n.)
tiger (n.)
»L pul Èwj ecY püjai sey
grass (n.) (- ecYy, - ecY∆)
worship (v.)
»¤ pu∑u ÈJyM büjyam
worm (n.), maggot
zero (n. or adj.)
»¤KkM pu∑ukkam
hot, humid (weather, etc.) (n.) ÈCâ pücchi
insect (n.)
»ñ puµi
sour, sourness (n.); tamarind ÈDƒ püªªu
lock (n.)
»Òñ puµµi
dot (n.), spot; point ÈDƒ püªªu (ÈDd, ÈDã)
lock (v.t.)
»®Ppƒ pu˛appaÃu
(»®Ppd, »®PpDƒ) Èê bümi
start, set out earth (planet) (n.)
»®a pu˛ä Èrbmaˆ püra≈amäπa
dove (n.), pigeon thorough (adj.)

70
È rbM püra≈am epÃK¿ perukku
thoroughness (n.) (epÃKk, epÃKá)
Èwˆ püπai increase (v.t.); multiply
cat (n.) epÃwm perumai
greatness, reputation; pride
ep PE epÃwmÀÒ¬
perumaiyuµµa
epDã peªªi proud (adj.)
box (n.) ep› pe˛u (ep®, ep‰›)
epB pe≈ get (v.t.), receive
woman (n.); girl ep› pe˛u (ep®, ep‰›)
epBpaL pe≈bäl bear (give birth to) (v.t.)
feminine gender (gram.) ep‰E®aR pe˛˛ör
epBwm pe≈mai parents (n.)
femininity (n.), femaleness
epBwmyaˆ Ep PË
pe≈maiyäπa Ep◊ pësu (Epc, Epâ)
feminine (adj.) speak (v.i.), talk
epyR peyar EpC◊ pëcchu
name (n.); reputation speech (n.), talk
epY pey (epYy, epY∆) Ep(R)Tç pë(r)tthi
rain (v.i.) granddaughter (n.)
epíy periya EprK¿zNwt
big (adj.); important përakku∑anthai
epíyvR periyavar grandchild (n.)
adult (n.); elder Epr˜ përaπ
epÿ perugu grandson (n.)
(epÃk, epÃá) EpraâíyR përäsiriyar
increase (v.i.); multiply professor (n.)

71
EpR për epaMwm bommai
person (n.), people doll (n.)
Ep˜ pëπ epaY poy
louse (insect) (n.) lie (n.), falsehood
epaYy˜ poyyaπ
wp PAI liar (n.)
wp pai epaYyak poyyäga
bag (n.) falsely (adv.)
wpTçyKkar˜ epaYyaˆ poyyäπa
paitthiyakkäraπ false (adj.)
madman (n.) epaÃDkaDâ
wpTçymaˆ poruªkäªchi
paitthiyamäπa exhibition (n.)
crazy (adj.); foolish epaÃTtmaˆ
wpTçyM paitthiyam porutthamäπa
insanity (n.); foolishness suitable (adj.); proper
wpy˜ paiyaπ epaÃN∆ porunthu
boy (n.) (epaÃNt, epaÃNç)
be suitable (v.t.); be proper
epa PO epaÃÒ poruµ
epaã poÃi meaning (n.); matter; goods
powder (n.) epa¤∆ po∑uthu
epaãyaK¿ poÃiyäkku a while (period of time)
(-AKk, -AKá) epa®awm po˛ämai
pound into powder (v.t.) envy (n.), jealousy
epa∆(vak) pothu(väga) epaó po˛i
usually (adv.), ordinarily trap (n.)
epa∆(vaˆ) pothu(väπa) epa› po˛u
public (adj.), common; (epa›Kk, epa›T∆)
usual; ordinary endure (v.i.); tolerate; wait

72
epa›Tçà po˛utthiru EpaDã pöªªi
(-iÃKk, -iÃN∆) competition (n.), contest
depend on (v.i.) EpaDãëƒ pöªªiyiÃu
epa›P» po˛uppu (-id, -iDƒ)
responsibility (n.) compete (v.), contest
epa›P»Ò¬ po˛uppuµµa EpatkR pöthagar
responsible (adj.) priest (X’ian), pastor
epa›wm po˛umai Epata∆ pöthäthu
patience (n.) is not enough
epa›wmyak Epa∆M pöthum
po˛umaiyäga is enough
patiently (adv.) EpaY vÃáE®˜.
epa›wmyaˆ pöy varugi˛ëπ
po˛umaiyäπa “I’ll go and come.” = goodbye
patient (adj.) EpaY vÃáE®aM.
epa˜ poπ pöy varugi˛öm
gold (n.) “We’ll go & come.” = goodbye
EpaY vaÃıkÒ.
Epa PÖ pöy väru√gaµ
Epa pö (Epak, EpaY) “Go and come.” = goodbye
go (v.i.) Eparaƒ pöräÃu
EpaK¿ pökku (Eparad, Eparaã)
course, direction; behavior (n.) struggle (v.t.); fight
EpaK¿vrT∆ EparaDdM pör䪪am
pökkuvaratthu struggle (n.); agitation
transport (n.), traffic EpaR pör
Epaƒ pöÃu (Epad, EpaDƒ) battle (n.); war
put (v.t.); throw; prepare; Epal pöla, EpaL pöl
give birth (animals) like (similar to), as (if)

73
Epaì pöli mDƒM maªªum
deception (n.) until, as far as
Epaìyak pöliyäga mbPepB ma≈appe≈,
deceptively (adv.), falsely mbmkÒ ma≈amagaµ
Epaìyaˆ pöliyäπa bride (n.)
deceptive (adj.), false mbmk˜ ma≈amagaπ
bridegroom (n.)
m MA mbmKkÒ ma≈amakkaµ
mkÒ magaµ bridal couple (n.)
daughter (n.) mõ ma≈i
mk˜ magaπ jewel; bell; hour (of the day)
son (n.) mB ma≈
máZ magi∑ (máz, máZN∆) earth (soil) (n.)
be happy (v.i.), rejoice mBwd Oƒ ma≈Ãai öÃu
máZCâ magi∑cchi skull (n.)
happiness (n.), joy mçP» mathippu
máZÉ magi∑vi value (n.); regard; estimation
(máZÉKk, máZÉT∆) mTçy matthiya
cheer up (someone) (v.t.) central (adj.)
mKkÒ makkaµ mTçyaˆM matthiyäπam
people (n.) midday (n.)
mücÒ mañjaµ mTçëL matthiyil
yellow (color) (n.); tumeric between (prep.)
mã maÃi mNtmaˆ manthamäπa
lap (n.) dull (adj.); stupid
mwdy˜ maÃaiyaπ mNtM mantham
fool (n.) dullness (n.); stupidity
mDƒM maªªum mNtarmaˆ manthäramäπa
only, alone cloudy (adj.)

74
mNçí manthiri mÃmkÒ marumagaµ
minister (of govt.) (n.) daughter-in-law
myKkM mayakkam mÃmk˜ marumagaπ
confusion; delusion; fainting son-in-law
myK¿ mayakku mRmM marmam
(myKk, myKá) mystery (n.); riddle
confuse, charm (others) (v.t.)
mlR malar
myı¿ maya√gu flower (n.)
(myık, myıá)
be deluded (v.i.) mlR malar (mlr, mlRN∆)
myıá ɤ maya√gi vi∑u flower (v.i.), bloom
(- Éz, - ɤN∆) mìvaˆ maliväπa
faint (v.i.) cheap (adj.)
myıá ɤtL mìŒ malivu
maya√gi vi∑uthal cheapness (n.)
fainting (n.) mwl malai
mëR mayir hill (n.)
hair (body – general) mLìwk malligai
mëL mayil jasmine (n.)
peafowl (n.), peacock, peahen
mwz ma∑ai
mrbM mara≈am rain (n.)
death (n.)
mrM maram m® ma˛a (m®Kk, m®N∆)
forget (v.t.)
tree (n.); wood (substance)
míyawt mariyäthai m› ma˛u (m›Kk, m›T∆)
respect (n.); propriety refuse (v.t.); deny
mÃT∆vR marutthuvar m› ma˛u, m‰® ma˛˛a
medical doctor (n.) another; next
mÃN∆ marunthu m›naÒ ma˛unäµ
medicine (n.) next day

75
m›pãÀM ma˛upaÃiyum m˜ò maππi
again (m˜òKk, m˜òT∆)
m›P» ma˛uppu excuse (v.t.), forgive
denial (n.); protest m˜òP» maππippu
m›emaï ma˛umo∑i forgiveness (n.)
answer (n.), reply m˜òP» EkÒ
mw® ma˛ai maππippu këµ
(mw®Kk, mw®T∆) (- EkDk, - EkDƒ)
make disappear (v.t.); hide ask forgiveness (v.), apologize
mw® ma˛ai
(mw®y, mw®N∆) ma MÄ
disappear (v.i.); be hidden maıkaY mä√gäy
mw®Œ ma˛aivu unripe mango (n.)
disappearance (n.); death macM (matM)
m‰® ma˛˛a mäsam (mätham)
other (adj.), the other month (n.)
m‰› ma˛˛u maã mäÃi
other, otherwise upstairs (n.); roof terrace
m‰›M ma˛˛um maƒ mäÃu
yet (another); and cattle (n.), ox(en)
mˆ∆ (mˆM) mabvR mä≈avar
maπathu (maπam) student(s) (m. or f.)
mind (n.); heart; will mabv˜ mä≈avaπ
mòt˜ maπithaπ student (m.)
man (n.), person mabÉ mä≈avi
mwˆÉ maπaivi student (f.)
wife (n.) matM (macM)
m˜ˆ˜ maππaπ mätham (mäsam)
king (n.) month (n.)

76
maçí mäthiri maŒ mävu
manner (n.), way flour (n.)
maçí mäthiri ma®ak mä˛äga
as, like against, as opposed to
maTçrM mätthiram ma› mä˛u (ma®, maó)
only, for one purpose change (v.i.)
maTçwr mätthirai ma›tL mä˛uthal
pill (n.); tablet change (n.), transformation
maPèÒw¬ mäppiµµai ma‰®M m䲲am
change (n.), transformation
bridegroom (n.)
mamˆaR mämaπär ma‰› m䲲u (ma‰®, ma‰ó)
change (v.t.); exchange
father-in-law (n.); uncle
mama mämä ma˜ mäπ
deer (n.)
uncle (n.); father-in-law
maê mämi
aunt (n.); mother-in-law
ê MI
maêcM mämisam êk miga
very (adv.), extremely
meat (n.)
maêyaR mämiyär êkŒM migavum
mother-in-law (n.) much
maMpzM mäm-pa∑am ê¿ migu (êk, ê¿N∆)
mango (ripe fruit) (n.) increase (in size/number) (v.i.)
maR» märbu ê¿ç miguthi
chest (of torso) (n.) plenty (n.)
mawl mälai ê¿çyaˆ miguthiyäπa
necklace, garland; evening plentiful (adj.)
mavDdM mävaªªam êKk mikka
district (n.) very much

77
êt mitha (êtKk, êtN∆) ∂ç mïthi
float (v.i.) excess (remainder) (n.)
êtKk wv mithakka vai ∂∆ mïthu
(- wvKk, - wvT∆) on, on top of; for
float (v.t.) ∂ˆv˜ mïπavaπ
êtP» mithappu fisherman (n.)
elation (n.), euphoria ∂˜ mïπ
êtmak mithamäga fish (n.)
moderately (adv.)
êtmaˆ mithamäπa … MU
moderate (adj.)
…kM mugam
êtM mitham face (n.); mouth (river);
moderation (n.) entrance (harbor)
êÃkKkaDâ cawl …kví mugavari
mirugakkäªchi sälai address (residence) (n.)
zoo (n.)
êÃkM mirugam …Káy mukkiya
important (adj.), chief
animal (n.)
ê¬kaY miµagäy …KáyM mukkiyam
importance (n.); the chief,
chillies (n.), red pepper primary thing
ꬿ miµagu …ã muÃi
pepper (black) (n.)
hair (on head) (n.); crown
ê˜(carM) miπ(säram)
electricity (n.) …ã (…ãC◊)
muÃi (muÃicchu)
ꘈL miππal knot (n.)
lightning (n.)
…ã muÃi (…ãKk, …ãT∆)
∂ MÏ finish (v.t.), complete
∂BƒM mï≈Ãum …ã muÃi (…ãy, …ãN∆)
again (adv.) finish (v.i.), end

78
…ãya∆ muÃiyäthu …TtM muttham
is not able, can’t kiss (n.)
…ãÀM muÃiyum …T∆ mutthu
is able, can pearl (n.)
…ãvaˆ muÃiväπa …NtanaÒ munthänäµ
complete (adj.) day before yesterday
…㌠muÃivu …Nçy munthiya
decision (n.); end before hand, pre-, former
…DdaÒ muªªäµ …PptaM muppathäm
fool (n.) thirtieth (adj.)
…DdaÒtˆmaˆ …Pptav∆
muªªäµthaπamäπa muppathävathu
foolish (adj.) thirtieth (n. or adj.)
…Dwd muªªai …Pp∆ muppathu
egg (n.) thirty (n. or adj.)
…tL muthal …yL muyal
first; beginning; principal hare (n.); rabbit
…tlaM muthaläm …y‰â muya˛chi
attempt (n.); effort
first (adj.)
…tlav∆ muthalävathu …rd˜ muraÃaπ
ruffian (n.)
first (n. or adj.)
…Lwl mullai
…tlañ muthaläµi ‘Arabian’ jasmine (n.)
master (n.), boss; employer …¤ mu∑u
…∆¿ muthugu entire, whole (adj.)
back (of body) (n.) …¤∆M mu∑uthum
…Ttêƒ mutthamiÃu completely (adv.)
(-id, -iDƒ) …¤wm mu∑umai
kiss (v.t.) completeness (n.), wholeness

79
… v∆M mu∑uvathum …˜Eˆ‰paƒ muππë˛päÃu
whole (n.); entirety preparation (n.)
…w¬ muµai …˜Eˆ‰®PpƒT∆
sprout (n.), shoot; peg muππ벲a-p-paÃutthu
…Ò (…Ò‹) muµ (muµµu) (-pƒTt, -pƒTç)
thorn (n.) improve (v.)
…w® mu˛ai …˜Eˆ‰®M muππ벲am
improvement (n.), reform
order (n.); (one’s) turn
…w®(wm) mu˛ai(mai) Î MÜ
manner (n.); method ÎK¿ mükku
…˜ muπ, …˜» muπbu, nose (n.); beak
…˜Eˆ muππë, ÎC◊ mücchu
…˜ˆaL muππäl, breath (n.); life
…˜ˆaEl muππälë ÎC◊Ƀ mücchuviÃu
before; in front of; formerly (-Éd, -ÉDƒ)
breathe (v.)
…˜pbM muπpa≈am Îãëà müÃiyiru
advance (money) (n.)
(-iÃKk, -iÃN∆)
…˜pKkM muπpakkam be closed (v.i.); be covered
front (side) (n.) ΃ müÃu (Îd, Îã)
…˜»®M muπpu˛am close (v.t.); cover
front (n.) ÎDwd müªªai
…˜ˆtakEv sack (n.); bundle (cloth)
muππathägavë ÎTt müttha
early (before time) eldest (adj.)
…˜ˆaL muππäl ÎRTç mürtthi
formerly, before figure (n.), image
…˜Eˆ muππë ÎlM mülam
formerly, before (in space) origin (n.); root; original text

80
Îwl mülai emLìy melliya
corner (n.); angle thin (adj.)
ÎZkã mü∑gaÃi em˜wm meπmai
(-åãKk, -åãT∆) softness (n.), tenderness
drown (v.t.); submerge
ÎZ¿ mü∑gu (ÎZk, ÎZá) Em MË
submerge (v.i.); drown; sink EmkM mëgam
Îw¬ müµai cloud (n.)
brain (n.) Emwc (Emwj)
Θ®aM müπ˛äm mësai (mëjai)
third (adj.) table (n.); desk
Θ®av∆ müπ˛ävathu EmY mëy (Emy, EmYN∆)
third (n. or adj.) graze (v.i.); eat (grass, etc.)
Θ› müπ˛u EmY mëy (EmYKk, EmYT∆)
three (n. or adj.) graze (v.t.); feed (cattle, etc.)
em ME EmÕM mëlum
moreover, besides
em∆vak methuväga
slowly (adv.); softly; gently EmL mël, EmEl mëlë
em∆vaˆ methuväπa above, upon; high; west
slow (adj.); gentle Em‰¿ më˛ku
emYPè meyppi the west (n.)
(emYPèKk, emYPèT∆)
prove (v.t.) wm MAI
emìNt melintha wm mai
weak (adj.) ink (n.)
emL mel (emLl, em˜›)
chew (v.) ema MO
emLl mella emaTtM mottham
gently (adv.), softly total (n.); the whole

81
emaï mo∑i
word; saying; language
y YA
yNçrM yanthiram
Ema MÖ engine (n.), device

Ema mö (EmaN∆, p.p. only) ya YÄ

smell (sth.) yarav∆ yärävathu
Emacmaˆ mösamäπa anyone, anybody
bad (adj.); vicious yaÃM yärum
EmacM mösam anyone, everyone
bad situation (n.) yaÃM iLwl
EmatL möthal yärum illai
clash (n.) nobody
EmaçrM möthiram yaEra yärö
ring (on finger or toe) someone
Ema∆ möthu (Emat, Emaç) yaR yär
clash (v.) who?
EmaN∆ paR mönthu pär yawˆ yäπai
(- paRKk, - paRT∆) elephant (n.)
smell (sth.) (v.t.)
EmaR mör ÀYU
buttermilk (n.) ÀKç yukthi
device (n.); trick
em¬ MAU
em¬ˆmak mauπamäga Eya YÖ
silently (adv.) Eyacwˆ yösaπai
em¬ˆmaˆ mauπamäπa advice (n.)
silent (adj.) Eyaâ yösi
em¬ˆM mauπam (EyaâKk, EyaâT∆)
silence (n.) consider (v.); ponder; think

82
r RA ÃâÀÒ¬
tasty (adj.)
rusiyuµµa
rkâymaˆ ragasiyamäπa
private (adj.); secret era RO
rkâyM ragasiyam eraDã roªªi
privacy (n.); secrecy
bread (n.)
râ rasi (râKk, râT∆) eraMp
enjoy (v.) romba
very, much
rTtM rattham
blood (n.) l LA
rTtM vã rattham vaÃi lDcM laªcham
(- vãy, - vãN∆) lakh (1,00,000)
bleed (v.i.)
rT∆ ecY ratthu sey la LÄ
(- ecYy, - ecY∆) lapM läbam
cancel (v.t.) profit (n.); gain
rÉKwk ravikkai lapM ep› läbam pe˛u
saree blouse (n.) (- ep®, - ep‰›)
profit (v.); gain
ra RÄ
raja räjä el¬ LAU
king (n.) el¬≠kmaˆ laukïkamäπa
raõ rä≈i worldly (adj.)
queen (n.)
v VA
à RU v¿ vagu (v¿Kk, v¿T∆)
Ãâ rusi divide (v.t.); classify
flavor (n.); taste v¿P» vaguppu
Ãâ paR rusi pär division (n.); class(ification)
(- paRKk, - paRT∆) vwk vagai
taste (v.t.) division (n.); portion; kind

83
vK≠L vakkïl vbKkM va≈akkam
lawyer (n.) hello, greetings; goodbye
vıá va√gi vbı¿ va≈a√gu
bank (financial) (n.) (vbık, vbıá)
vcçyak vasathiyäga bow (v.); worship
conveniently; comfortably vBã va≈Ãi
vcçyaˆ vasathiyäπa car(t) (n.); vehicle
convenient (adj.); comfortable vBƒ va≈Ãu
vcNtM vasantham beetle (n.)
spring (season) (n.) vwt vathai
vâ vasi (vâKk, vâT∆) cruelty (n.); torture
live (dwell) (v.) vN∆ EcR vanthu sër
vücwˆ vañjaπai (- Ecr, - EcRN∆)
deceit (n.); cunning arrive (v.i.)
vücwˆ ecY vy∆ vayathu
vañjaπai sey age (years of age) (n.)
(- ecYy, - ecY∆) vyL vayal
deceive (v.t.); betray
field (esp., paddy field)
vüâ vañji
(vüâKk, vüâT∆)
vë› vayi˛u
cheat (v.t.) stomach (n.)
vd vaÃa vrla› varalä˛u
northern (adj.) history (n.)
vdK¿ vaÃakku vrEv‰» varavë˛pu
the north (n.) reception (n.)
vDdmaˆ vaªªamäπa ví vari
circular (adj.), round tax (n.); line
vDdM vaªªam vÃwk varugai
circle (n.); region arrival (n.)

84
vÃdM (vÃqM) vï va∑i
varuÃam (varusham) way (n.), path; via (prep.)
year (n.) vïkaDã va∑i-k䪪i
vÃtL varuthal guide (n.); leader
arrival (n.) vïkaDƒ va∑i-k䪪u
vÃTtM varuttham (-kaDd, -kaDã)
sorrow (n.), sadness guide (v.t.); lead
vÃmaˆM varumäπam vïyak va∑iyäga,
income (n.) vïyaL va∑iyäl
vwr varai by, by way of, through
measure (n.); limit v¬M vaµam
vwr varai, fertility (n.)
vwrK¿M varaikkum, v¬R vaµar (v¬r, v¬RN∆)
vwrëL varaiyil grow (v.i.)
until, upto v¬R vaµar
vl vala (v¬RKk, v¬RT∆)
make grow (v.t.); raise
right (side) (adj.)
v¬RCâ vaµarcchi
vl∆ valathu development (growth) (n.)
right side (n.)
vw¬yM vaµaiyam
vì vali earring (n.)
ache (n.), pain
vw¬yL vaµaiyal
vì(wm) vali(mai) bangle (n.)
strength (n.), power
vìwmyaˆ valimaiyäπa va VÄ
strong (adj.) va vä (vr, vN∆)
vzKkM (pzKkM) come (v.i.)
va∑akkam (pa∑akkam) vakˆM vägaπam
habit (n.); custom vehicle (n.)

85
vaK¿Kekaƒ väkkukkoÃu vaÀ väyu
(-ekaƒKk, -ekaƒT∆) gas (air, steam, etc.)
promise (v.t.) vaY väy
vaK¿ØDƒ väkku-ch着u mouth (n.)
ballot (n.); vote varNEta›M väranthö˛um
vaK¿›ç väkku˛uthi weekly (adv.)
promise (n.) varM väram
vaı¿ vä√gu (vaık, vaıá) week (n.)
buy (v.t.); get; receive
vacL väsal vaRTwt värtthai
word (n.)
doorway, entrance; gateway
vacwˆ väsaπai vaL väl
smell (n.), fragrance tail (n.)
vaâ väsi (vaâKk, vaâT∆) vawz vä∑ai
read (v.t.); study banana (n.); banana tree
vaâP» väsippu vawzPpzM
reading (n.); learning vä∑ai-p-pa∑am
banana (the ripe fruit)
vatM vätham
argument (n.); debate vaZ vä∑ (vaz, vaZN∆)
prosper (v.i.); live
vataƒ väthäÃu
(vatad, vataã) vaZk vä∑ga
argue (v.) long live!
vaT∆ vätthu vaZKwk vä∑kkai
duck (n.) life (n.), living
vaNç vänthi vaZT∆ vä∑tthu
vomit (n.) (vaZTt, vaZTç)
vaNçeyƒ vänthiyeÃu congratulate (v.t.)
(-¶ƒKk, -¶ƒT∆) vaZT∆ vä∑tthu
vomit (v.) congratulation(s) (n.)

86
vañ väµi Ƀtwl viÃuthalai
bucket (n.) liberation (n.), freedom
vaˆM väπam Ƀç viÃuthi
sky (n.) lodge (n.)
Ƀ…w® (naÒ)
É VI viÃumu˛ai (näµ)
Écarwb visära≈ai holiday (n.)
investigation (n.); trial ÉwdecaL viÃai-sol
Éâó visi˛i (-ecaLl, -ecaLì)
fan (electric & hand) (n.) answer (verbally) (v.)
É◊vac…Ò¬ ÉBevñ vi≈veµi
visuväsamuµµa outer space (n.)
loyal (adj.); faithful Éç vithi
É◊vacM visuväsam fate (n.); rule
loyalty (n.); trust Éwt vithai,
ÉqM visham ÉT∆ vitthu
poison (n.) seed (of a plant) (n.)
Éd viÃa ÉTçyacM vitthiyäsam
compared to, than difference (n.), distinction
Éã viÃi (Éãy, ÉãN∆) ÉéEyakM viniyögam
rise (as sun); dawn (as day) distribution (n.)
ÉãyL viÃiyal ÉpT∆ vibatthu
dawn (n.) accident (n.); calamity
Éãy‰kawl ÉprM (ÉvrM)
viÃiya˛kälai vibaram (vivaram)
daybreak (n.), early morning details (n.); amplification
Ƀ viÃu (Éd, ÉDƒ) ÉmRck˜ vimarshagaπ
leave (v.t.); release; abandon critic (n.)

87
ÉmRcˆM vimarshaπam ÉÃN∆ virunthu
critical review (n.) feast (n.); food for a guest
ÉmRâ vimarshi ÉÃPpmaˆ viruppamäπa
(ÉmRâKk, ÉmRâT∆) desirable (adj.)
criticize (v.t.) ÉÃPpM viruppam
ÉmaˆéwlyM desire (n.), liking, wish
vimäπanilaiyam ÉÃMèy virumbiya
airport (n.) desired (adj.)
Éyaç viyäthi Éwr virai (Éwry, ÉwrN∆)
sickness (n.), disease rush (v.); hurry
ÉyaparM viyäbäram
trade (n.), commerce Éwrvaˆ viraiväπa,
Éyapaí viyäbäri ÉwrŒ viraivu
merchant (n.) express (fast); speed
ÉyazKázwm ÉEratM virötham
viyä∑akki∑amai enmity (n.)
Thursday (n.) ÉEraç viröthi
ÉrL viral enemy (n.)
finger (n.); toe Éwl vilai
Éí viri (ÉíKk, ÉíT∆) price (n.); cost
spread out (v.t.) ÉL vil (ɉk, ɉ›)
Éí viri (Éíy, ÉíN∆) sell (v.t.)
expand (v.i.); open; extend ÉvkarM vivahäram
ÉívaK¿ viriväkku issue (n.); dispute
(-AKk, -AKá) ÉvcayM vivasäyam
expand (v.t.); improve agriculture (n.), farming
Éívaˆ viriväπa Évcaë vivasäyi
expansive (adj.) farmer (n.)
ÉíŒ virivu Évrmaˆ vivaramäπa
extensiveness (n.), expansion informative (adj.)

88
ÉvrM vivaram ɬKkmak viµakkamäga
details (n.); amplification lucidly (adv.)
Éví vivari ɬKkmaˆ viµakkamäπa
(ÉvíKk, ÉvíT∆) lucid (adj.)
describe (v.t.) ɬKkM viµakkam
ÉvatM vivätham explanation (n.)
argument (n.), debate ɬKkŒwr åñ
Évaç viväthi viµakkavurai aµi
(ÉvaçKk, ÉvaçT∆) (- îñKk, - îñT∆)
argue (v.), debate comment (on) (v.)
ÉEvkmak vivëkamäga ɬK¿ viµakku
wisely (adv.) lamp (n.); illumination
ÉEvkmaˆ vivëkamäπa ɬK¿ viµakku
wise (adj.) (ɬKk, ɬKá)
explain (v.t.), elucidate
ÉEvk…Ò¬ vivëkamuµµa
wise (adj.) ɬı¿ viµa√gu
(ɬık, ɬıá)
ÉEvkM vivëkam be clear; renowned; flourish
wisdom (n.); discrimination
Éza vi∑a Éw¬yaƒ viµaiyäÃu
(Éw¬yad, Éw¬yaã)
festival (n.); celebration play (v.)
ɤ vi∑u (Éz, ɤN∆) Éw¬yaDƒ viµaiy䪪u
fall (v.i.) fun (n.), play
ɤı¿ vi∑u√gu É®¿ vi˛agu
(ɤık, ɤıá) firewood (n.)
swallow (v.t.), gulp down
ɉpwˆ vi˛paπai
ɤN∆ ena›ı¿ sale
vi∑unthu no˛u√gu
(- ena›ık, - ena›ıá) Ɉaã viπäÃi
fall down & smash (v.i.) second (1/60th of a minute)

89
™ VÏ ev VE
™ƒ vïÃu ev¿mç vegumathi
house (n.) reward (n.)
™DƒKkar˜ v着ukkäraπ ev¿maˆM vegumäπam
husband (n.); householder reward (n.)
™b˜ vï≈aπ evıkayM ve√gäyam
wastrel (n.) onion (n.)
™bã vï≈aÃi evã veÃi
(evãKk, evãT∆)
(™bãKk< ™bãT∆)
waste (v.t.) burst (v.t.), explode
™baˆ vï≈äπa evãP» veÃippu
wasteful (adj.) burst (n.)
™B vï≈ evDkM veªkam
modesty (n.); shame
wastefulness (n.); futility
evDƒ veªªu
™tM vïtham (evDd, evDã)
rate (n.); ratio cut (v.t.); chop
™ç vïthi evDƒ veªªu
street (n.) cut (n.); chop
™rPepB vïra-p-pe≈ evBebY ve≈≈ey
heroine (n.) butter (n.)
™rmaˆ vïramäπa evBwm ve≈mai
brave (adj.), courageious whiteness (n.); purity
™rM vïram evPpM veppam
bravery (n.) heat (temp.) (n.)
™r˜ vïraπ evëL veyil
hero (n.) sunshine (n.); sun’s heat

90
evL vel (evLl, ev˜›) ev› ve˛u
conquer (v.t.); win (ev›Kk, ev›T∆)
evñ veµi hate (v.t.); dislike
external (adj.); foreign ev›P» ve˛uppu
evñKkaDƒ veµikk䪪u hate (n.), hatred
(-kaDd, -kaDã) ev›wm ve˛umai
express (v.t.); show outwardly blankness (n.); emptiness
evñnaDƒKkarR ev›wmyaˆ
veµin䪪ukkärar ve˛umaiyäπa
foreigner(s) (n.) blank (adj.); empty
evñyaˆ veµiyäπa ev›M ve˛um
external (adj.); foreign blank (adj.); empty; mere
evñëƒ veµiyiÃu ev‰ó ve˛˛i
(-id, -iDƒ) success (n.); victory
publish (v.t.)
ev‰ókrmaˆ
evñEy veµiyë ve˛˛igaramäπa
out, outside successful (adj.); victorious
(evñEy Epa¿M) vï Ev VË
(veµiyë pögum) va∑i
exit (n.) Ev vë (Evk, evN∆)
evÒ¬M veµµam be boiled (v.i.); fried; burnt
flood (n.) Evkmak vëgamäga
evÒñ veµµi quickly (adv.); intensely
silver; Venus (planet); Friday Evkmaˆ vëgamäπa
evÒñKázwm fast (adj.); intense
veµµikki∑amai EvkM vëgam
Friday (n.) speed (n.); intensity
evÒw¬ veµµai Evd˜ vëÃaπ
white; ignorance hunter (n.)

91
EvDƒv˜ v몪uvaπ EvwlKkar˜ vëlaikkäraπ
hunter (n.) worker (m.)
EvDwdKkar˜ EvwlKkaí vëlaikkäri
v몪aikkäraπ worker (f.)
hunter (n.) Ev¬aBwm vëµä≈mai
EvDwdyaƒ v몪aiyäÃu agriculture (n.), farming
(-Ad, -Aã) Ev› vë˛u
hunt (animals, etc.) (v.t.) other, different, what’s more
EvBdat vë≈Ãätha Ev›pƒ vë˛upaÃu
undesirable (adj.); (-pd, -pDƒ)
unnecessary differ (v.i.), be different
EvBdaM vë≈Ãäm Ev›pƒT∆ vë˛upaÃutthu
is not wanted; not needed (-pƒTt, -pƒTç)
EvBãy vë≈Ãiya differentiate (v.t.)
desirable (adj.); necessary Ev›paƒ vë˛upäÃu
EvBƒEkaÒ vë≈Ãuköµ difference (n.)
request (n.), appeal Ev‰›wm v벲umai
EvBƒM vë≈Ãum difference (n.)
is desired, wanted; needed wv VAI
EvR vër wv vai (wvKk, wvT∆)
root (of a plant) (n.) put (v.t.); keep; prepare; serve
EvRkdwl vërkaÃalai wvT∆KekaÒ vaitthukkoµ
peanut(s) (n.) (-ekaÒ¬, -ekaBƒ)
Evì vëli keep (v.); imagine
fence (n.) ev¬ VAU
Evwl vëlai ev¬vaL vauväl
work (n.); job bat (animal) (n.)

92
FOOD i®aL i˛äl
prawn(s)
åA u U
åTçPpzM atthi-p-pa∑am
uP» uppu
fig(s)
salt
îíâ arisi uÃw¬Kázı¿
husked, uncooked rice uruµai-k-ki∑a√gu
îvwrKkaY potato(es)
avarai-k-käy u‹TtM pÃP»
butter beans
uµuttham paruppu
aâPpzM black gram
aππäsi-p-pa∑am
pineapple ¶ E
¶ÕêCcMpzM
A Ä elumiccham-pa∑am
Awd äÃai, ´ƒ ëÃu lime(s) or lemon(s)
cream ¶Ò‹ eµµu
ADƒK kó 䪪u-k-ka˛i sesame (gingely) seed
mutton
Arü◊ ärañju
´ Ë
orange(s) ´ƒ ëÃu, Awd äÃai
AñÉwt äµivithai cream
linseed ´lKkaY ëla-k-käy
cardamom
i I O Ö
iüâ iñji OmM ömam
ginger oregano

93
k KA kó ka˛i
meat
kckca kasakasä
poppy seed kóEvPèwl
ka˛ivëppilai
kdwl kaÃalai curry-leaf
peanut(s) (groundnut(s))
kdwlPpÃP» ka KÄ
kaÃalai-p-paruppu kaã käÃi
bengal gram (split) vinegar
kdwl maŒ kaPè käppi
kaÃalai mävu coffee
bengal gram (flour) kaPèKekaDwd
kƒ¿ kaÃugu käppi-k-koªªai
coffee beans
mustard seed
kaPèTÁÒ käppi-t-thüµ
kTçíKkaY coffee powder
katthiri-k-käy
brinjal (egg plant)
kaYkó käyka˛i
vegetables
kmla Arü◊ kaYNt çraDwc
kamalä ärañju käyntha thiräªchai
loosejacket orange(s) raisins
kM» kambu
a millet á KI
kÃP»KkDã áraM» kirämbu
clove(s)
karuppu-k-kaªªi
jaggery ≠ KÏ
kÃM» karumbu ≠wr kïrai
sugar cane greens; spinach

94
Ek KË ca SÄ
EkZvr¿ kë∑varagu catM sätham
rägi (a maroon colored millet) cooked rice

eka KO caçKkaY jäthi-k-käy

nutmeg
ekaTtmLì caT∆K¿ã sätthukkuÃi
kotthamalli
coriander sweet-lime(s)
ekaTtvrıkaY Ø SÏ
kotthavara√gäy
string beans ØTtaPpzM
sïtthä-p-pa∑am
Eka KÖ custard apple(s)
Eka∆wm göthumai ØrkM sïragam
wheat cumin
Eka∆wm maŒ
göthumai mävu ‚ SÜ
whole wheat flour ‚íy kaNç Éwt
Ekaï kö∑i süriya gänthi vithai
chicken sunflower seed
EkaS gös
cabbage Eca SÖ
c SA EcaM» sömbu
anise
cRKkwr sarkkarai
sugar Eca¬M söµam
cRKkwrvÒñK ázı¿ milo
sarkkaraivaµµi-k-ki∑a√gu Eca› sö˛u
sweet potato(es) cooked rice

95
t THA en NE
tKkañ thakkäµi enY ney
tomato(es) ghee (clarified butter)
tëR thayir enL nel
curds
unhusked rice
tRÈS dharbüs
tRPÈcõ dharppüsa≈i)
(tRPÈcõ enLìKkaY nelli-k-käy
gooseberry
water-melon
ta THÄ p PA
taòyM dhäπiyam pCwc pDdaõ
grain pacchai paªªä≈i
green peas
ç THI
pDwd paªªai
çraDwc thiräªchai cinnamon
grape(s)
çwˆ thiπai pPpañ(PpzM)
millet (in gen.) pappäµi(-p-pa∑am)
papaya
∆ THU pyTtM pÃP»
∆vrM pÃP» payattham paruppu
thuvaram paruppu green gram
split gram (dhäl)
p®ıáKkaY
Et THË pa˛a√gi-k-käy
EtıkaY thë√gäy pumpkin
coconut(s) plaPpzM palä-p-pa∑am
n NA jackfruit
nBƒ na≈Ãu p˜óK kó paπ˛i-k-ka˛i
crab(s) pork

96
pa PÄ Ep PË
paK¿ päkku Ep∏CcMpzM
areca nut për-ïccham-pa∑am
pataM pÃP» dates
bädhäm paruppu
almonds
m MA
paL päl mKkaCEca¬m
makkä-c-choµam
milk maize (U.S.: corn)
pavKkaY päva-k-käy mücÒ mañjaµ
bitter-gourd
turmeric
è PI
ma MÄ
èSta pisthä
pistachio maDƒK kó
» PU m䪪u-k-ka˛i
beef
»dlıkaY puÃala√gäy ma∆w¬
snake-gourd
mäthuµai
»¤ıkL îíâ pomegranate (fruit & tree)
pu∑u√gal arisi maMpzM mäm-pa∑am
parboiled rice
mango(es)
»ñ puµi maŒ mävu
tamarind
flour
È PÜ
ÈBƒ pü≈Ãu ê MI
garlic ê¬kaY miµagäy
ep PE chilli(es)
epÃıkayM peru√gäyam ꬿ miµagu
asafoetida pepper

97
∂ MÏ era RO
∂˜ mïπ eraDã roªªi
fish bread
… MU va VÄ
…Dwd muªªai vawzKkaY vä∑ai-k-käy
egg (chicken’s) green banana (for cooking)
…ÃıwkKkaY vawzPpzM
muru√gai-k-käy vä∑ai-p-pa∑am
drumstick(s) (ripe) banana(s)
…NçíP pÃP» va‰Eka∆wm
munthiri-p-paruppu vä˛göthumai
cashewnut(s) barley
wm MAI É VI
wmta maidhä ɬaMpzM viµäm-pa∑am
refined wheat flour
wood-apple(s)
Ema MÖ
ev VE
EmaR mör
buttermilk evıkayM ve√gäyam
onion(s)
y YA evBwd(KkaY)
yvM yavam ve≈Ãai(-k-käy)
ywv yavai)
(ywv ladies’ fingers (okra)
barley
evBebY ve≈≈ey
r RA butter
rwv ravai evNtyM venthayam
semolina (cream of wheat) fenugreek

98
evÒ¬íKkaY
veµµari-k-käy
cucumber(s)
ev‰ówl ve˛˛ilai
betel leaf

Ev VË
(EvRK)kdwl
(vër-k-)kaÃalai
peanut(s), groundnut(s)

99