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Part - B. Tpde
Part - B. Tpde
Part - B. Tpde
UNIT –I
FOURIER SERIES
2 ∑
Any function f(x) can be developed as a Fourier series + an cosnx + ∑ b n sin nx
n =1 n=1
where a0 , an ,bn are constants ,provided
(i) f(x) is periodic , single-valued and finite .
(ii) f(x) has a finite number of discontinuities in any one period .
(iii) f(x) has at most a finite number of maxima and minima.
2). State whether y= tan x can be expanded as a Fourier series . If so how ? If not why ?
tan x cannot be expanded as a Fourier series .Since tan x not satisfies Dirichlet’s
conditions.(tan x has infinite number of infinite discontinuous).
f(x) = +
π π 1.3 [
−1 2 cos 2 x cos 4 x cos 6 x
+
3.5
+
5.7
1
2 ]
+… .. + sin x .Deduce that
1
−
1
+
1
1.3 3.5 5.7
−… . ∞=
π −2
4
.
π
Put x = is a point of continuity.
2
−1 2 1
0 = π + π ¿] + 2
−1 2 1
= - ¿] +
π π 2
1 1 2
- = - ¿]
π 2 π
2
2-π/2π = - ¿]
π
1 1 1 (2−π ) π π −2
− + +… = - × = .
1.3 3.5 5.7 2π 2 4
f(x) = x-x3
f(-x) = (-x) –(-x)3 =-x+x3 =-(x-x3) =-f(x)
f(x) is an odd function.
Hence in the fourier series a0 =0 and an=0.
7) Find the constant term in the Fourier series corresponding to f(x)=cos2x expressed in
the interval ( - π , π ¿.
1+ cos 2 x
Given f(x)=cos2x¿
2
a0 ∞ ∞
W.K.T f(x)= +∑ an cosnx + ∑ bn sinnx
2 n=1 n =1
π π
1 2
To find a0 ¿ ∫
π −π
cos x dx ¿ ∫ cos x dx
2
π 0
2
π π
2 1+cos 2 x
= ∫ 2 dx = π1 ∫ ( 1+ cos 2 x ) dx
π 0 0
[ ]
π
1 sin 2 x 1 ( π + 0 )−( 0+ 0 )
= x+ = [ ] =1
π 2 0 π
{
2x
,−π < x <0 1+
π
8) In the Fourier expansion of f(x)= in(- π , π ¿ find the value of bn, the coefficient of sinnx.
2x
1− , 0< x < π
π
{
2x
1+
,−π < x <0
Given f(x)=
π
2x
1− , 0< x < π
π
=
{
φ1 ( x ) ,−π < x <0
φ2 ( x ) , 0< x < π
2X 2x
Here φ 1(x) = 1 + ,φ 2(X) = 1-
π π
2(−x) 2x
φ 1(−x) = 1 + =1- = φ 2(x)
π π
Given function is an even function.
Hence the value of bn =0
9) If f(x)=x2+x is expressed as a Fourier series in the interval (-2,2) to which value this
series converges at x=2.
[( )] [ ]
4
) (
4
sinπx −cos πx πx πx
= x −( 1 ) = x sin + cos 2
π π
2
0
π π 0
[ ] [ ]
= 0+
1
π
2 - 0+
1
π
2 = 0.
16) Find Half range sine series for f(x) = k in 0< x < π .
[ ]
π π
2 2 k −cos nx −2 k
π ∫
Where bn = k sin nx dx = = [ cos nx ] π0
0 π n 0 nπ
−2 k −2 k 2k
=
nπ
[ cos nπ −cos 0 ] =
nπ
[ (−1 )n−1 ] =
nπ [ 1− (−1 )n ]
= 0 when n is even.
4k
= when n is odd.
nπ
∞ ∞
4k 4k 1
f(x) = ∑ nπ
sin nx . ¿ =
¿ π ∑ n sin nx
n=odd n=odd
∞
4k
sin (2 n−1)x
=
π ∑
(2 n−1)
.
n =1
17) Write the formula for Fourier constants for f(x) in the interval (- π , π ¿.
π π π
1 1 1
a0 = ∫
π −π
f ( x ) dx . an = ∫ f ( x ) cos nx dx .
π −π
bn = ∫ f ( x ) sinnxdx .
π −π
18) Find the constant a0 of the Fourier series for the function f(x) = k , 0<x<2 π .
2π 2π
1 1 k 2 πk
a0 =
π 0
∫ f ( x ) dx . = ∫ kdx . = [ x ]0
π 0 π
2π
=
π
= 2k.
19) If f(x) = |x| expanded as a Fourier series in – π < x <π .Find a0.
π π π
1 1 2
a0 = ∫ f ( x ) dx . = ∫ |x|dx . = ∫ xdx . [ since| x| is an even function]
π −π π −π π 0
[ ]
2 π
=
2 x ⇒ a0 = π .
π 2 0
20) In the Fourier series expansion of f(x) = |sinx| in (- π , π ). What is the value of bn.
21) To which value , the half range sine series corresponding to f(x) = x2 expressed in
the interval (0,2) converges at x=2.
Given f(x) = x2.
X=2 is a point of discontinuity and also it is a point.
f ( 0 ) + f (2) 0+4
f(x) = = = 2.
2 2
The half range sine series corresponding to f(x) = x2 expressed in the interval (0,2)
converges at x=2 is 2.
At x=2 , the series converges to 0.
22) State parseval’s identity for the half-range cosine expansion of f(x) in (0,1).
1 2 ∞
2 a
∫ [ f (x ) ] dx = 0 + ∑ an2
2
10 2 n=1
1 1
Where a0 = 2 ∫ f ( x ) dx ; an = = 2∫ f ( x ) cos nx dx .
0 0
23) Find the root mean square value of the function f(x) = x in the interval (0,l).
√ √
b l
∫ [ f ( x) ] dx ∫ x 2 dx
2
R.M.S = in the interval (a,b). = Here a=0 , b=l.
a 0
b−a l−0
√[ ] √( ) √
3 l
= 1 x =
1 l3 = l2 = l .
−0
l 3 0
l 3 3 √3
24) Define root mean square value of a function f(x) in a< x< b.
√
b
∫ [ f ( x) ] dx
2
Let f(x) be a function defined in an interval (a,b) then is called the root
a
b−a
mean square value (or) effective value of f(x) and is denoted by y .
25) What do you mean by Harmonic Analysis?
The process of finding the Fourier series for a function given by numerical value is
known as Harmonic Analysis . In Harmonic Analysis the Fourier coefficients a 0 ,an and
bn of the function y= f(x) in (0,2 π ) are given by
a0 = 2 [ mean value of y in(0,2 π ¿ ¿
an = 2[mean value of y cos nx in (0,2 π ¿]
bn = 2[mean value of y sin nx in (0,2 π )].
UNIT-II - FOURIER TRANSFORMS
0
l f(x) l dx = 0
1. dx =
x =
ie) 0
f(x) dx is not convergent. Hence f(x) =1 cannot be represented by a Fourier integral
3. Define Fourier transform pair. (or) Define Fourier transform and its inverse transform.
1
2
The complex Fourier transform of f(x) is given by F(s) = f(x) eisx dx.
Then the function f(x) is the inverse Fourier transform of F(s) is
1
2
Given by f(x) = F(s) e-isx ds.
4. What is the Fourier cosine transform & inverse cosine transform of a function?
2
The infinite Fourier cosine transform of f(x) is defined by Fc[f(x)] = 0 f(x) cos sx dx.
2
The inverse Fourier cosine transform Fc[f(x)] is defined by f(x) = 0 Fc[f(x)] cos sx ds.
5. Find the Fourier cosine transform of f(x) = cosx if ,0 < x < a
0 if x ≥ a.
2 2 a
Fc (s) = 0 f(x) cos sx dx = 0 cosx cos sx dx
[ ]
a
2 1 a 1 sin( s+1) x sin(s−1) x
= 2 0
[cos(s+1)x + cos(s-1)x] dx = √ 2 π s+1
+
s−1 0
=3
2
0
e-2x sin sx dx =
3
2
π
¿¿
√
2 1 2 s 2 3s
0 ( s )
=3 s 4 = s 4
=3
2 2 2
4s
10. Find Fourier sine transform of 1/x
2
Fs[f(x)] = 0 f(x) sin sx dx
2
Fs[1/x] = 0 1/x sin sx dx
Let sx = ∞ . x → 0 => θ → 0
S dx = d θ x → ∞ => θ → ∞ .
2 s d 2 sin
=
0 sin θ s = 0 dθ
2
2
= = 2
11. Define Find Fourier sine transform and its inversion formula.
2
The infinite Fourier sine transform of f(x) is defined by Fs[f(x)] = 0 f(x) sin sx dx
2
The inverse Fourier sine transform of FS[ f(x)] is defined by f(x) = 0 Fs[ f(x)] sin sx ds
x sin mx
0 1 x 2 dx.
12.Find the Fourier sine transform of f(x) = e-ax , a> 0 and hence deduce that = 2 e- α .
2 2 s
Fs[f(x)] =
0 f(x) sin sx dx = 1 s 2
2 2 2 s
By inversion formula f(x) = 0 Fs[e-x] sin sx ds. = 0 1 s 2 sin sx ds.
2 s sin sx 2 s sin sx
0 1 s 2 0 1 s 2
ds. ds.
= = 2 f(x) = 2 e-x.
x sin mx
0 1 x 2 dx.
Changing x to & s to x we get = 2 e-m.
13. If Fourier transform of f(x) = F(s) then what is Fourier transform of f(ax)
Solution:
1
2
F[f(x)] = f(x) eisx dx.
1
2
F[f(ax)] = f(ax) eisx dx
Put t = ax x → -∞ => t → - ∞ .
dt = a dx x → ∞ => t→ ∞ .
1 1
2
2
= f(t) eist/a dt/a =1/a f(t) eis(t/a) dt
1
2
=1/a f(x)eis/ax dx = 1/a F[s/a]
1 1
2
2
F[f(ax)] = f(ax) eisx dx = f(t) eist/a dt/a
1 1
2
2
= -1/a f(t) eis(t/a) dt = -1/a f(x)eis/ax dx = -1/a F[s/a]
1
a
F[f(ax)] = F[s/a].
14.If Fourier transform of f(x) is F(s), P.T the Fourier transform of f(x) cosax is 1/2 [F(s-a) + F(s+a)].
1
2
F[f(x)] = f(x) eisx dx
1 1
2
2
F[f(x) cosax ] = f(x) cosax eisx dx = 1/2 f(x) [ei(s+a)x+ ei(s-a)x] dx
1 1
=1/2 [ 2 [ f(x) ei(s+a)x dx + 2 f(x) ei(s-a)x dx ] = 1/2 [F(s-a) + F(s+a)].
15 . P.T Fc[f(x) cosax] = 1/2 [Fc(s+a) +Fc (s-a)] where Fc denotes the Fourier cosine transform of f(x).
2 2
Fc[f(x) cosax] = 0 f(x) cosax cos sx dx. = 0 f(x) cossx cosax dx
2 2
=1/2 [ 0 f(x) cos (s+a)x dx + 0 f(x) cos(s-a)x dx]
16. If F(s) is the Fourier transform of f(x) then show that the Fourier transform of eiax f(x) is F(s+a).
1
2
F[f(x)] = f(x) eisx dx.
1 1
2
2
F[eiax f(x) ] = eiax f(x) eisx dx = f(x) ei(s+a)x dx = F(s+a)
17. If F(s) is the complex Fourier transform of f(x) then find F[f(x-a)].
1 1
2
F[f(x)] = f(x) eisx dx. and F[f(x-a)] = 2 f(x-a) eisx dx.
Put t=x-a x → -∞ => t → - ∞ .
dt = dx x → ∞ => t→ ∞
1 1
2
2
= f(t) eis(t+a) dt = f(t) eist eisa dt
1
2
=eisa f(t) eist dt =eisa F[f(t)] = eisa F(s)
18.Given that e- x2/2 is self reciprocal under Fourier cosine transform , find
2
x x2
(i) Fourier sine transform of x e (i) Fourier cosine transform of x e
2 2
and 2
x2 s2
F c[ e ]= e
2 2
d d
x2 x2 s2 s2 s2
Fs[x e 2
]= ds Fc[x e 2
] = ds [ e 2
] =- e 2
(-s) = -s e 2
d d
x2 x2 s2 s2 s2 s2
Fs[x e ] = ds Fs[x e ] = ds [s e ] = [s e (-s)+ e ] = (1-s2) e
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
=1/√x
If F(s) is the Fourier transform of f(x) , then F[f(x) cos ax] = 1/2 [F (s+a) +F(s-a)].
Solution:
Fc [xe-ax] = Fs [e-ax]
2
= [ 0 e-ax sin sx dx ]
2 s
= 1 s 2
2
=
UNIT:III
2) Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants a and b from Z=ax+by.
Given Z=ax+by ---------(1)
z
a
Differentiating (1) partially w.r.to ‘x’ we get x , ie) p = a
z
b
Differentiating (1) partially w. r.to ‘y’ we get y , ie) q = b.
Substituting in (1) we get the required p.d.e z=px+qy.
Given Z= (x+a)2+(y-b)2
z p z q
P = x = 2(x+a) , ie) x+a = 2 and q = y = 2(y-b) , ie) y-b = 2
2 2
p q p2 q2
(1) z
2 2 z = 4 4 4z = p2+q2
Which is the required p.d.e.
7) Find the p.d.e of all planes having equal intercepts on the X and Y axis. Intercept form of the plane equation is
x y z
1
a b c .
Given : a=b. [Equal intercepts on the x and y axis]
x y z
1
a b c ..------------(1) Here a and c are the two arbitrary constants .
1 1 z 1 1 1 1
0 0 p0 p
Differentiating (1) p.w.r.to ‘x’ we get a c x a c . a c .----------(2)
1 1 z 1 1 1 1
0 0 q0 q
Dff(1) p.w.r.to. ‘y’ we get a c y a c a c .--------(3)
1 1
p q
From (2) and (3) - c c p = q ,whih is the required p.d e.
8) Eliminate f from z = x+y+f(xy)
Given z = x+y+f(xy) -----------(1)
z
Diff (1) p.w.r.to ‘x’ P = x =1+f '(xy)y p-1 = yf ′( xy) ----------(2)
z
diff (1) p.w.r.to ‘y’ q = y =1+f ′(xy)x q-1 = xf ′(xy) -----------(3)
(2) p 1 y
(3) q 1 x Px-x = qy-y Px-qy = x-y is the required p.d.e.
y
f
9) Eliminate the arbitrary function f from z= x and form a partial differential equation.
y
f
Given z = x ----------------(1)
z f y y
2
Differentiating (1) p.w.r.to ‘x’ we get P = x = x x --------------(2)
z y 1
f
Differentiating (1) p.w.r.to y we get q = y = x x -----------------(3)
(2) p y
(3) q x px = -qy ie) px+qy = 0 is the required p.d.e.
10) Eliminate the arbitrary functions f and g from z = f(x+iy)+g(x-iy) to obtain a partial
differential equation involving z,x,y.
Given : z = f(x+iy)+g(x-iy) -------------------(1)
z z
P = x = f ′(x+iy)+g ′(x-iy) ----- (2) q = y =i f ′(x+iy)-ig ′(x-iy) ------- (3)
2 z 2z
2
t = y = -f″(x+iy)-g″(x-iy) --------- (5)
2
r = x = f″(x+iy)+g″(x-iy) ------- (4)
r+t=0 is the required p.d.e.
2z
2
11) Find the general solution of y = 0
2z z
0
Given
2
y = 0 ie)
y y
z z
Integrating w.r.to ‘y’ on both sides y = a (constants) ie) y =f(x)
Again integrating w.r.to ‘y’ on both sides. z =f(x)y+b
ie) z=f(x)y+F(x)
(or) z=y f(x)+F(x) , where both f(x) and F(x) are arbitrary.
12) Mention three types of solution of a p.d.e (or) Define general and complete integrals of a p.d.e.
A solution which contains as many arbitrary constants as there are independent variables is called a complete integral
(or)complete solution.(number of arbitrary constants=number of independent variables)
1) A solution obtained by giving particular values to the arbitrary constants in a complete
integral is called a particular integral (or) particular solution.
2) A solution of a p.d.e which contains the maximum possible number of arbitrary functions is called a general integral
(or) general solution.
Given :z = px+qy-2
pq
This is of the form z = px+qy+f(p,q) ,[clairaut’s form]
Hence the complete integral is z = ax+by-2 ab , where a and b are arbitrary constants.
15) Find the complete integral of the partial differential equation (1-x)p+(2-y)q =3-z.
Given (1-x)p+(2-y)q = 3-z p-px+2q-qy = 3-z z = px+qy-p-2q+3
This equation is of the form z = px+qy+f(p,q) , [clairaut’s type]
Hence the complete integral is z = ax+by-a-2b+3.
Given
p q =2x The given equation can be written as
p -2x= q
This is of the form f(x,p) = φ(y,q)
Let
p -2x= - q = a (say)
p =a+2x, q = -a P=(a+2x)2 , q=a2
(a 2 x) 3
Now dz = p dx- q dy = (a+dx)2 dx+a2 dy, z= 6 +a2y+b is the complete integral.
24) Solve
[ D 2 2 DD D 2 ] z=cos(x-3y).
Given
[ D 2 2 DD D2 ] z=cos(x-3y). The auxiliary equation is m2-2m+1=0 (m-1)2 = 0
m =1,1 C.F =f1(y+x)+xf2(y+x).
1 cos( x 3 y ) 1
cos( x 3 y ) cos( x 3 y )
= 1 2(3) 9
2 2
P.I = D 2 DD D = 16
1
The complete solution is Z = f1(y+x)+xf2(y+x)- 16 cos(x-3y) .
UNIT-IV
5.A rod 20cm long with insulated sides has its ends A and B kept at 30oC and 90oC respectively. Find the steady state
temperature distribution of the rod.
When steady state condition exists the heat flow equation is Uxx=0 i.e., U(x)=c1x+c2………… (1)
The boundary conditions are(a).u(0)=30 (b).u(20)=90
Applying (a) in(1),we get U(0)=c2=30…………………(2)
Substituting (2) in(1),we get U(x)=c1x+30…………………(3)
Applying (b) in (3),we get U(20)=c1×20+30=90
C1=90-30/20=6/2=3……………….(4) Substituting(4)in(3), U(x)=3x+30
Q=-KA(Ux)x Q=Quantity of heat flowing K=thermal conductivity A=area of cross section UX=temperature gradient
(The rate at which heat flows across an area A at distance x from one end of a bar is proportional to temperature gradient.)
7.State the two-dimensional Laplace equation.
Uxx+Uyy=0
8.In one dimensional heat equation ut = α2Uxx.What does α2 stands for?
α2=Thermal diffusivity.
10.Write the one dimensional wave equation with initial and boundary conditions in which the initial position of the string
is f(x) and the initial velocity imparted at each point x is g(x).
The one dimensional wave equation is Utt= α2Uxx
The boundary conditions are (i)u(0,t)=0 (ii)u(x,0)=f(x) (iii)u(l,t)=0 (iv)ut (x,0)=g(x)
11 .What is the basic difference between the solutions of one dimensional wave equation and one dimensional heat
equation.
Solution of the one dimensional wave equation is of periodic in nature.
But Solution of the one dimensional heat equation is not of periodic in nature.
12.In steady state conditions derive the solution of one dimensional heat flow equation.
When steady state conditions exist the heat flow equation is independent of time t. Ut=0
The heat flow equation becomes Uxx=0
13.In the wave equation Utt= c2Uxx,what does c2 stand for?
C 2=T/m=Tension/mass per unit length
14.Classify the partial differential equation Uxx+ 2Uxy+Uyy = e (2x+3y)
A=1, B=2, C=1 ∆=B2-4AC = 4-4 =0 p.d.e is parabolic.
(i)The sides of the bar are insulated so that the loss or gain of heat from the sides by conduction or radiation is negligible.
(ii)The same amount of heat is applied at all points of the face.
19.Classify the following second order partial differential equation (a)4Uxx+4Uxy+Uyy -6Ux-8Uy-16U=0
(b)UXX +Uyy= U2x+U2y
(a)A=4,B=4,C=1 B2-4AC=0 p.d.e is parabolic equation.
(b) A=1,B=0,C=1 B2-4AC=-4 <0 p.d.e is Elliptic equation.
20.The ends A and B of a rod of length 10 cm long have their temperature kept at 20◦C and 70◦C. Find the steady state
temperature distribution on the rod.
When steady state conditions exists the heat flow equation is Uxx=0 i.e., u(x)=c1x +c2……………(1)
The boundary conditions are (a) u(0)=20 (b) u(10)=70
Applying (a) in (1) , we get U(0)=c2=20
Substituting c2=20 in (1) ,we get U(x) =c1x+20 ………………(2)
Applying (b) in (2) , we get U(10)=c110+20=70
Substituting c1=5 in (2) , we get U(x)=5x+20
Here A=1 ,B=0 ,C=x B2-4AC= -4x (i)Elliptic if x>0 (ii)Parabolic if x=0 (iii)Hyperbolic if x<0
22. An insulated rod of length l =60 cm has its ends at A and B maintained at 30◦C and 40◦C respectively. Find the steady state
solution.
23.Write the solution of one dimensional heat flow equation , when the time derivative is absent.
When time derivative is absent the heat flow equation is Uxx=0.
24. If the solution of one dimensional heat flow equation depends neither on Fourier cosine series nor on Fourier sine series ,
what would have been the nature of the end conditions.
One end should be thermally insulated and the other end is at zero temperature.
UNIT – V
[] ()
∞ ∞ ∞ n
1 a a a 2
Z { a }=∑ a z
n n −n
¿∑a n n
¿∑ ¿ 1+ + +…
n=0 n=0 z n=0 z z z
[ ]
−1
a
¿ 1− [∵ ( 1−x )−1 =1+ x+ x 2 +…]
z
[ ]
−1
z−a z z
ie., Z [ a ] =
n
¿ ¿ , |z|>|a| if | z|>|a|.
z z −a z −a
4. State and prove initial value theorem in Z-transform.
If { f (t ) } =F ( z ) , then f ( 0 )=lim F (z ).
z →∞
∞
WKT , Z { f (t) } =F ( Z ) = ∑ f ( nT ) z −n −1
¿ f ( 0 T ) +f ( 1 T ) z + f ( 2 T ) z + …
−2
n=0
¿ f ( 0 )+
f (T ) f (2 T )
z
+ 2 +…
z
∴ lim F ( z )=lim f ( 0 ) +
z →∞ z →∞ [ f (T ) f (2T )
z
+
z
2
+…
] ¿ f (0)
ie., f ( 0 )=lim F (z ).
z →∞
[ n
W.K.T. Z a f (n) =F ] a
z
[] Here f(n) = n ∴ Z [ a n ] =[ Z [ n ] ]
n
z→
z
a
z z z
( ) ( ) ( )
¿
[ z
(z−1) z → a
2
] z
¿
z
a
−1 ( )
2
¿
a
( )
z−a
2
¿
a
(z−a)2
¿
az
( z −a )2
a a a
2
az
ie . , Z [ a n ] =
n
( z−a )2
7. State the Differentiation in the Z-Domain.
d
(i) Z [ nf (t ) ] =−z F [ z]
dz
d
(ii) Z [ nf ( n) ] =−z F [z ]
dz
8. Find Z [ n2 ]
d d
W.K.T. Z [ nf ( n) ] =−z F [z ] Z [ n2 ] = Z [ nn ] =−z Z [ n]
dz dz
¿−z
d
[z
dz ( z−1 )2 ] [ ∵ Z [ n ]=
z
( z−1 )2 ]
¿−z
[ ( z−1 )2 (1)−z [2(z−1)]
( z −1)
4
2
] ¿−z
[ z−1−2 z
(z−1)3 ] ¿z
[ ( z+ 1)
( z−1 )
3
] ¿
z2 + z
(z−1)3
z +z
ie . , Z [ n ] =
2
3
( z−1)
9. Find the Z-transform of (n+1)(n+2).
Z [ ( n+1)( n+2) ] =Z [ n +2 n+n+2 ] ¿ Z [ n2 +3 n+2 ]
2
[ ] [ ] [ ] ( z 2+ z ) +3 z ( z −1 )+ 2 z ( z−1)2
2
z +z z z
¿ Z [ n ] +3 Z [ n ] +2 Z [1] ¿ +3 +2
2
3 2 ¿
(z−1) (z−1) z−1 (z −1)3
10. State and prove Second Shifting theorem.
If { f (t ) } =F ( z ) , then Z [ f ( t +T ) ] =zF ( z )−zf ( 0 ) .
∞
W.K.T., Z { f (t) } =∑ f ( nT ) z−n
n=0
∞ ∞
∴ Z [ f ( t+T ) ] =∑ f ( nT + T ) z−n ¿ ∑ f [ ( n+1 ) T ] z−n
n=0 n=0
∞ ∞ −n ∞
z z
¿
z ∑ f [ ( n+1 ) T ] z −n
¿ z ∑ f [ ( n+1 ) T ]
z
¿ z ∑ f [ ( n+1 ) T ] z z
−n −1
n=0 n =0 n =0
∞ ∞
¿ z ∑ f [ ( n+1 ) T ]z −(n+1) ¿ z ∑ f (mT ) z−m where m=n+1
n =0 m =1
[ ]
∞
¿z ∑ f (mT ) z−m −f (0) ¿ zf ( z )−zf (0)
m=0
n =0 n=0
∞ ∞ −n ∞
z z
¿ ∑
z n=0
f ( n+1 ) z−n ¿ z ∑ f ( n+1 )
z
¿ z ∑ f ( n+1 ) z−n z −1
n =0 n =0
∞ ∞
¿ z ∑ f ( n+1 ) z −(n+ 1)
¿ z ∑ f ( m ) z−m where m=n+1
n =0 m =1
[∑ ]
∞
¿z f ( m ) z−m−f (0) ¿ zf ( z )−zf (0) ie., Z [ f ( n+ 1 ) ] =zF ( z )−zf ( 0 ) .
m=0
∞
Z { δ ( n ) }=∑ δ ( n ) z
−n
Now, ¿ 1+0+0+ …[∵(1)]
n=0
¿ 11 ie . , Z { δ ( n ) } =¿ 1
13. Find the Z-transform of unit step sequence.
∞
W.K.T., Z { x ( n ) }= ∑ x ( n ) z−nAlso W.K.T., δ (n) is the unit step sequence.
n =0
[ ] [ ]
−1 −1
1 1 1 z−1 z
¿ 1+ + 2 +… ¿ 1− ¿ ¿
z z z z z −1
14. State Final Value theorem.
If { f (t ) } =F ( z ) , then lim f ( t )= lim ( z−1 ) F ( z ) .
t⟶∞ z⟶1
(ii) Z[f(t)] = F(z) and Z[g(t)] = G(z) then Z{f(t) g(t)} = F(z).G(z)
[ ]
2
−1 z
16. Find z
( z−a ) (z−b)
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
2
z z z z z
z
−1
=z
−1
∙ ¿ z−1 ∙ z−1 n
¿ a ∗b
n
( z−a ) ( z−b ) z−a z−b z−a z−b
∑( )
n n n n m
1 a
¿ ∑ am bn−m ¿ ∑ am bn b−m ¿ b n ∑ am m
¿b
n
b b
[ ]
m=0 m=0 m=0 m=0
( ) −1 ∵ 1+ a+a + …+a
n+1
a
[ ( ) ( ) ( )] [ ]
n
a a 2
n a n
n b 2 n−1 a −1
¿ b 1+ + +…+ ¿b =
b b b
(b )
a
−1
a−1
[ ] [ ]
( ) ( )
[ ]
a n+1 a n+1−b n+1
−1
( )
n+1 n+1
a −b
b n+1 b n+1 n a
n+ 1
−b
n +1
¿b
n
¿b
n
b ¿
( a−b )
( )
a−b
b ( )
a−b
b
¿ bn
( a−b )
[ ]
2 n+1 n+1
−1 z a −b
ie . , z =
( z −a ) ( z−b ) ( a−b )
17. Form a difference equation by eliminating arbitrary constant from un = a 2n+1
Given, un = a 2n+1 ......(1) un+1 = a 2n+2 = a 2n+1 2 = 2a2n+1 …….(2)
| |
y n 11
Eliminating a and b from (1),(2)&(3) we get, y n +1 1 3 =0
y n +2 1 9
Yn[9-3]-(1)[9yn+1-3yn+2]+(1)[yn+1-yn+2] = 0 6yn-9yn+1+3yn+2+yn+1-yn+2 = 0
2yn+2-8yn+1+6yn = 0 yn+2-4yn+1+3yn = 0
[ ]
n
a
19. Find Z in Z-transform.
n!
[ ] [ ]
∞ ∞ −n
an an
W.K.T., Z { x ( n ) }= ∑ x ( n ) z−n ∴Z ¿∑
n! n=0 n !
z
n =0
[ ]
−n −1 2
∞
( a z−1 ) az
−1
(a z ) x x2
¿∑
−1
az x
¿ 1+ + +… ¿e ∵e =1+ + +…
n=0 n! 1! 2! 1! 2!
[ ]
a
a an
¿e z ie . , Z =e z
n!
20. Find Z [ e−iat ] using Z-transform.
Z [e ]=Z [ e−iat .1 ] ¿ { z [1]}z → z e
−iat
iaT [By Shifting property]
¿
[ ] z
z−1 z→z e iaT [ ∵ Z [ 1 ]=
z
z−1 ]
z eiaT z e iaT
ie . , Z [ e ]=
−iat
¿
z e iaT −1 z eiaT −1
21. Find the Z-Transform of n.
∞
W.K.T., Z { x ( n ) }= ∑ x ( n ) z−n Here x ( n )=n
n =0
[ ]
∞ ∞
n 1 2 3 1 2 3
Z [ n ] =∑ n z
−n
¿∑ ¿ + 2 + 3 +… ¿ 1+ + 2 +…
n =0 n=0 z
n z z z z z z
[ ][
−2
1 1
∵(1−x) =1+ 2 x +3 x + … ]
−2 2
¿ 1−
z z
[ ] [ ]
−2 2
1 z −1 1 z 1 z2 ¿
z
ie . , Z [ n ]=
z
¿ ¿ ¿ 2 2
z z z z −1 z ( z−1 ) 2
(z−1) (z−1)
22. Find the Z-Transform of cosnθ and sinnθ .
z
z ∴ Z [ ( e ) ]=
iθ n
W.K.T., Z [ a ] =
n
z −a z−e iθ
z z
⟹ Z [ cosnθ+isinnθ ] = ¿
z− [ cosθ+isinθ ] z −cosθ−isinθ
z ( z−cosθ ) +isinθ
¿ ×
( z −cosθ )−isinθ ( z−cosθ ) +isinθ
z [ ( z−cosθ ) +isinθ ] z ( z−cosθ ) zsinθ
¿ ¿ +i
2
( z−cosθ ) +sin θ 2
( z −cosθ ) +sin θ ( z−cosθ )2 +sin2 θ
2 2
[]
1
23. Find Z , n>0.
n
∞
1
W.K.T., z { f ( n ) } = ∑ f ( n ) z−n Here f ( z )=
n
n=0
[]
∞ ∞
1 1 1 1 1 1
∴Z =∑ z−n ¿∑ ¿ + 2 + 3 +…
n n=1 n n=1 nz
n z 2z 3 z
( ) ( z)
2 3
1 1
1 z
¿ +
z
+
2
+…
3
¿−log 1− ( 1z ) ¿−log ( z−1z ) ¿ log ( z−1z )
2
z
24. Find the inverse Z-transform of using convolution theorem.
( z−a)2
z
−1
[ z2
( z−a ) 2
] [(
=z
−1 z
∙
z
z−a z−a
n
) ( )]
n n
¿∑ a a ¿∑ a a a ¿∑ a
n n k n−k k n −k n
¿ a ∗a
k=0 k=0 k=0
n
¿ a n ∑ (1) ¿(n+1)a
n
k=0
25. Evaluate z
−1
[
2
z
z +7 z+ 10
.
]
z
f ( z )=
( z +5 ) ( z +2 )
f (z) 1 A B 1 −1
= = + ⟹ 1= A ( Z +5 )+ B ( Z +2 ) A= B=
z ( z +5 ) ( z+ 2 ) ( z +2 ) ( z +5 ) 3 3
f (Z ) 1 1 z z
∴ = − ⟹ f ( z )= −
z 3 ( z +2 ) 3 ( z +5 ) 3 ( z+ 2 ) 3 ( z +5 )
⟹ z {f ( z ) }=
z
−
z
3 ( z +2 ) 3 ( z +5 )
1
⟹ f ( z )= z−1
3
z
[ ] 1
− z −1
( z +2 ) 3
z
[ ]
( z+5 )
n
1 1 1 (−1) n n
¿ (−2 )n− (−5 )n
3 3
¿
3
[ (−1 )n ( 2n−5 n) ] ¿ [ 2 −5 ]
3
[ ]
n
z (−1) n n
z
−1
= [ 2 −5 ]
2
z +7 z+ 10 3
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~