T H E F I RS T BO O K

O F T HE

H I S T O R Y O F T H E G ER M A N S

B A R BA R I C P ER I O D .

BY T H O M A S G R EEN WOO D , ESQ .

, M . A .
,

B A I
RR STE R AT L AW, AN D FE LL OW AND I
RB \ DBR I N H ST O RY A T
-
. I I
T HE U N VE RS T Y O F DU RH m .

LONDON

L O N G M A N, R EES, O R M E, A N D C O .
, P A T ER N O S T ER R O W -
.

M D CCC X X X V I .
 LO N DO N
Pri med by W x L L u x 0 1mm: an d So x s.

S t a mford S t ree t
.
 T H E RI G H T RE V E REN D T HE BI S H O P ,

I I
V S TOR

TH E R I G HT R E V E R E N D AN D T H E R E V E R E N D TH E D E AN A N D C H APT E R ,

G OV ERNO R S

A ND TO

T H E WA RD E N M A S T E R S AN D
, , S C H O L A RS ,

T H E UN I V ER SI TY O F D U R H A M ,

T HIS H I ST O RY

WI T H T HEI R PERMI SS I ON , RE S PECTFUL LY D ED I CATE D ,

T HEI R O BLI G E D A ND H UMBL E S ERVANT ,

T HE A UT H O R .
 S YN O P T I C A L AND C HRO N O L O G I CA L I ND EX .

PA GE
C H AP . I .
T eut onic Belgi an s
1 Bellovac i,
.

E A R LY H I S T O RY or G ERMA N Y D O W N TO THE 2 N erv n,

.

I N V A S I O N S or D RUSU S . 3 Ad ua t ic i,
.

4 T reviri,
—100
.

S ec tion i —B C 1 03 5 Morini
Clt
.
. . . .

PA GE Th eir successes again st the e o

-
Gallic
n a t ion s
Ge ogra ph i cal limit s of Germany
P ow er of Rome 6 Disput es b etw een t h e fEdui and Sequa n i
1 1 3 T euton es and . Cimbri 7 Ariovist us an d t h e Suevi in va de Gaul, an d
T heir appearan ce an d h abi ts ih oppress G alli c n at ion s
t he
u
.

They overrun G aul 8 J uli s Caesar in Gaul

Sue for t h e alli a n ce of t h e Roman s ih .
Migra t ion of t h e Helvet i i
1 1 0 Defeat t h e Con suls Sil an us an d L Cassms . 9 Caesar opposes t h em; t h ey march in t o G a ul
Alarm of t aly I ih .
He defeat s th e T ig urin i
1 0 6 Destruc t ion Roman of the mies of Caepio
ar ,
Ba t tle of Bi bra ct e, an d t ot al defeat of th e

Man li us, an d Sc aurus Helvet ii

1 03 Sep arat i on of th e Cimb ri an d T eut on es ; D emean our of th e Galli c n a t ion s aft er th e

Cimb ri move t owards taly

t he I b at tle of Bih ra ct e
M arius Opposes t h e T euton es Caesar an d Ariovi st us
Ariovistus rej ect s Caesar s proposals
’
H e rest ores di scipli n e an d con fiden ce among
the Roman t roops C ae sar det ermin es upon w a r ; his reasons
He d efea t s an a t t a c k upon his ca mp Advan ce of Cwsar .

Bat t le of A q u ae Sex ti aa His con feren ce with Ar iovist us .

Cae sar b rea k s off th e con ference ab ruptly

n

D est ruct ion of t h e T eut on es .

T he C imb ri defeat t h e Con sul Cat ulus in Mili t ary Op erat i on s .

I ufly Caesar forces Ari ovi st us t o fi gh t

J un c t ion of M arius an d Catulus T ot al d efea t of Ariovistus
Bat t le of Vercellae, an d t ot al defea t of t h e His deat h , an d fat e of his fa ily m
c m “
—
Sect ion iii . Bc. . 58 .

Sec tion 10 0—58 .

58 Caesar quart ers h i s legion s in Gaul
His design s upon G aul
German ic n at ion s set t led in G aul Con fed eracy of t he C elti c an d t h e T eut onic
K elvet uan d 130 11 Belgian s
VO L . I .
 SY N O P T I C A L AN D C H R ON O LO G I C AL I N DE X .

PA GE D C
k t he Eburon es ; — esca pe of Am
.

C i srhen ane Germa ns ; limit s b et w een t he He at tac s

Germa n ic a n d C elt ic Belg ia n s b lOl ’

lX —t h e people ret ire t o t he f rest s o

C isrhen ane G erman y co mprises an d mps s wa

Morin i , T h e Sica mb ri cross t h e Rhin e a n d a t t ack ,

2 . N ervii, t h e c a mp O f Q Cicero a t Ad ua t ic a.

3 . Ad ua t ic i,
4 . M en a pii ,
Reduct ion of t he Eb uron es an d esc a pe of

5 . C on dr usi, Amb iorix

6 . Eb uron es ,

7 . C eesa rn , S ect ion i v .

8 P re ma n i
German ic fron t ier of Ga ul ;
.

St a t e of the
D issen sion s a mon g t h e c on federat es
Roma n c olon ies of T reves, Sp ire, an d
Ba t t le of t he Ais n e
T he Celt ic Belgian s sub mi t
W orms
Cisrh en an e Germany
P a c ifi c at ion of
Cae sar a n d t h e Ner vn
V ipsan ius Agripp a in G a ul
Bat t le on th e Sa mbre
Removal of t h e bii U
Ca
e
’
sa r s d an ger a nd ult ima t e vi c t or
y
G erman t roops in t h e servi c e of Rome
Caesar in vest s an d ta ke s Ad ua t ica
27
His un suc cessful op era tion s a
ga in st the
or Ca rin a s defeat s t h e Suevi
Men a pu a n d M orin i 26
M igra t ion of t h e U sipet es an d T en ch t eri P roj ect August us for t he subj ugat ion of
of

Cae sar opposes t h em G erman y

His t rea ch ery — d est ruc t i on of t he e mi He sub dues t h e P an n on ian s a n d t he Sala s
si an s

T he Sica mbri —
C aesar crosses t h e Rhi ne ih .
Rhaet ia an d V in delicis ; —b oun daries
‘

He t h row s a b ridge over t he ri ve r . fi b erius a n d Drusus sub due t h e Rh aat ian s

r

T he Sicamb ri retrea t -
th e Suevi defy h im ib . an d Vin delician s
He ret rea ts i n t o G a ul . ih .
August us re organ iz es t h e provin ce of G aul ;
-

T he Treviri —C in get orix an d I n d uciomarus fresh d ist rib ut ion of t roop s an d post s
Cmsar in va des Br1 t ain on t h e G erman i c fron t ier

Ret urn s t o G aul an d disperses his ar my in D isturb an ces i n G erman y

h i
.
,

w in t er -
qua rt ers T he Praefect L olh us d efea t ed b y t e S
Sit ua t ion of Sa bin us C ot t a ; t h ey are
and c a mbri

a ttac k ed by th e Eburones un der Am August us in G aul t h e Rhine a n d t he—

b i orix Da n ub e t h e b oun d aries of t h e empire
A leg ion an d fi ve coh ort s c ut to pieces b y
Amb iorix . 49
Amb iori x at t a c k s th e quart ers of Q . C icero ih .

C ic ero repels h i s assa ult s 50

T he G erman s d efea t ed b y Caz sar ; — li f re e
C HA P . II .

of C ic ero ROMA N S RE S OLV E U P O N THE C O N Q U ES T or

C msa r q uells t he N erv m Sen on es
, ,
an d C ar G ER MA N Y —I N T E R N AL A N D E X T E R N A L ST A T E O F
.

T H E G ER MA N I C N A T I O N S i t : THE A E S O F C
un t es 52 G E SA R .

L ab ien us d efea t s an d k ill I n duc iomarus ih A N D T AC I T U S

s .
.

S ub mission of t h e T reviri 53
red uces t h e M en ap n ih Motives for t h e G erman y
c on q uest of
Caesar .

Superior h y sical p ow ers of t he b a r

H e c rosses t h e Rh in e for t h e secon d t ime 54 1 .
p
He dec lin es pursui n g t h e Suevi, an d ret ires b a ri an s,
2 Recollec ti on of past d an gers
i n t o G a ul
C Q
.
.
 SY N O P T I C AL AND C H RON OLO G I C A L I N D E X . ii i

PA GE BC
. PA GE

3 . P osit ion of Roman s as con querors,

t he Civil a n d milit ary offi ces ; n at ion al a ssem
4 . P resen t d an ger t o t h e tran quillit y Of b li es .

the e mpire .
Matt ers cogn iz able b y t he n at ion al a sse m
Warlik e ch ara ct er G erman s , p osi b li es c ivil t rib un als ;
‘

of the ofl en ces

t ion of b ot h p arties Milit ary associat ion s Geleit e

Milit ary h a bit s ; love of ex ci temen t
S ect ion i . Arms ; order of b at t le ; milit ary or an i z a
g
t ion
St ren gt h , a ct ivi t
y , an d en d uran ce of the
G erman ic n a t i on s ; —t h eir sen se of
p er
son a l superiorit y over th e Roman s S eclion iii .

T hey d erive t h eir ori

gin from t h e god T uist o
an d h is son M an n . Moral h abit s a n d reli i on
g ; priesth ood ; di
Con fusion 1D t h e geography of a n cien t G er vin iti es .

T uist o, T eut ; Wod en , or O d in T h or

or

Suevi c n a ti on s P olyth eism of t h e an cien t G erman s sa n

1 Suevi Semn on es, guin ary rit es

Md
.

2 . M arcoma nn i Herth a , th e Alces ; t h er of t h e gods ,

3 . Ale m ann i sort ilege an d s uperst it ion s
Suevi , a gen eric n ame compreh en di n g all M odes of d ivin a t ion 5
p roph et esses
t h e cla n s or c an t on s of cen tr al Germa n y Form of oa t h , an d n ot ion s Of th e D ivin e
M at tia ci , Usip
T en ch t eri Ch at t i
et es, , n at ure
Ch amavi , An ri varii , M arsi , Bruc t eri, Frisn ,
g
Bat avi , C a n in efa t es, Ch auci
Cherusci , C imb ri
Hermun duri, Q ua di , Osi Got in i, Lygn , , h
Arii Burgun di an s an d V an d als
,

Soil an d cli ma te of G erman

y
Houses of th e G erm a n s —villa es
g C HA P 1 11
M ode of enj oyi n g an d cropping th e l an ds
. .

T he ac quisiti on of la n d n ot favoured b y t h e
D RUSUS ,
V A RUS , AN D G ER MA N I C US 1N GE RM A NY .

Trade an d ulture ;
a gri c — food of the

p eople
—product ion s - f
mean s of sub C on di t ion of theG erman n a t ion s ; dis
si st en ce
un ion mi lit ary associat ion s
Arti cles 0 1 commerce
Fea th ers amb er ;
Art s an d man ufa c tures
slaves

—l c oth in g
S ection i .
—B C . . 12 —5 .

Ca mp a ign s f D rusus i n Germa n y

o

S ect i on 11 .
Drusus comman ds t he armies of t h e Rhin e
ustoms
Soc ia l, p oli ti ca l, a n d mili tary c Crosses th e Rhin e ; in decisi ve camp aign
M arriage ; p olygamy ; b ridal c st oms ;
'

u Drusus at t ack s t h e n orth ern G erman s b y

ad ul t ery
p erson al a n d domesti c h ab it s sea

Hospit ali ty ; vi ces ; fun eral cust oms ; t rea t His secon d campai gn
men t of slaves ; freedmen in t ern al t er His t hird camp aign
“

r i t orial divi sion s His ret reat

Dist in ct ion of ran ks He b ui lds ca st les an dest abli s es mi lit ary h
1 . K in g s or chi efs, st ati on s i n W est ph ali a an d Hessi e

2 . N obles, Augustus b uild s fi ft y forts alon g th e b an k s

3 . Freemen or co mmon s of th e Rh i ne
 SY N O P T I C A L AND C H RON OLO GI C AL I N D E X .

S ect ion iii .

—A D . 10 — 1 7 .

F o urt h ca mpa 1 gn of Drusus

He a d va n ces fa r a s t h e Elbe hi s re
PA OP
.

Campai gn s German ic us,

as
-

of th e son of
t rea t a nd dea t h
Da n ger of t he G ermans —ab sen ce of c it ies
— Appreh en sion s of t he Roman s ; g rief of
a n d t ow n s — desu o y
lt r w a rfa re p0 8 t 9 , August us ; ex t raordin ary prepara tions
c olon ies, an d b rid ges of t h e Rom an s
Germa n ic us t ak es t h e c omman d w it h eigh t
T ib erius in c omman d on t h e Rh in e — b ad
legi on s ; h e ga rrison s t h e fort s of D rusus
fa it h of Aug ustus
Accession of T i b erius t o t h e empire
Coun t ry b etw een t h e Elb e a d t he Weser h F i rst ex pedi t ion of G erma n icus
subd ued t h e Sicamb ri t ra nsferr ed t o
He surprises an d sla ugh t ers t h e M arsi
-

Ret rea t of German ic us

Secon d ex pedi t ion of G erman ic us ; Caecia s
S ec t ion ll .
—
B C . . 5 —A D. . 10 . det ach ed ag ain st t h e Ch erusc i an d M arsi;
G erman icus a tt a c k s t h e Ch a t t i
Domit ius Ah enob arb us co mman ds on t he Capt ure of T husn eld a , wife of Armin i us
Rh i n e b ase Roman s
con duct O f t h e

Armin i us a n d I n gui omarus ex t en d t he Ger

T ib erius resumes t h e comman d , a n d est a
man ic c on federa cy
blish es a Roma n i n fl uen ce in German y 1 05
A D
. .
Thi r d ex pedi t ion of G erman icus ; Caec ina
an d Pedo marc h b y lan d, G erma n icus by
5 The M arcoman n i un der M arb od occupy
Boh emi a h e organ iz es an army of vari sea

ous n a t ion s offen ds t h e Roma n s He p erforms t h e Ob se quies of t he V aria n

6 T ib erius a dv an ces a ga i n st h im — g en eral legi on s ; march es a

gain st Armin ius an d

in surrect ion of th e I lly i r an t ribes ; peace is re

pulsed
wi t h M a rbod D isast rous ret rea t of Caecina
10 Suppression Of t he I lly i r an reb ellion Caecin a ex tr ica t es himself t h rough t h e p re
ci pi t an cy of t h e Germa n s
Q uin c t ilius V arus ta k es t h e co mman d of
Retreat of G erma n icus
or
t he Roma n que st s in W est ph al ia
Fourt h ex p ed it ion of G erman i cus ; h e fi t s
con

J ud ic ious c on d uc t of t he precedin g go out a fl eet

v ern or s He march es to t h e Weser —A mi r ni us, and

I mp r uden t an d oppressi ve c on duc t of t he his b rot h er Flavius

n ew
govern or T he Roman s cross the Weser i n t h e face
Armin ius ; his con spira cy of German s ; posit ion of Armin i us,
th e
Hi s desig n b et ra yed by Segest es, b ut V arus an d an x iet
y of G erman ic us
discredi t s t h e a cc usat ion ; h e a dvan ces Bat tle Id ist avi sa
of

w it h t h ree legion s in t o t h e i n t erior Armin ius w oun d ed ; th e G erman s rallv

T he c on sp ira t ors surroun d h im; b e de ta e k up a n ew p osi t ion ; d espera t e con

stro s
y h is b aggage, an d a t t empt s t o re fl 1c t

t reat t h rough t h e forest of T e ut ob urg D oub t ful issue —G erma n ic us erect s a

10 He i s killed , an d h is w h ole ar my is de t rophy, and retrea t s d isp ersion and

st ro
yed b y t h e G erman s ; —fa t e of t he wr ec k of t he Roma n fl eet
Roman c ivil offi cers Losses of Roman s ; b arren
t he vict ories ,

T h e Roma n s ab an don t h eir T ran srh en an e T iberi us rec alls G erman icus
c on quest s T ri umph of G erman i c us
 SY N O P T I C AL AND C H RON OLO G I C AL I N DE X .

C H AP . IV .
S ect ion i ii .
—A D . . 68 .

A D
Roman emperors — ero,
. .

ROM E A BA N DO N S HER S C H E M E O F CO N Q UE S T ; F 0 68 Suc cession of N

M E N T S D I S CO R D I N GER MA N Y A N D SU PP RE SSE S A , G alb a , O th O, V i tellius, V espasia n
G R E A T i N S U R R EC T roN O F THE BA T A v rA N s .
Con t est b et ween V i t ellius an d V esp as1a n
Ill t rea t men t of t h e tribut ary G erman s
S ect ion i .
—A . D . 19 .
Cla udi n s Civili s ex cit es h is coun t ry
’

men Ba t avi t o a ven ge th eir w ron gs 1 48

th e
War b et w een Armi n ius
,

Marbod ;
,
an d
He ex p els t h e Roman s from Ba t avia 1 49
M arb od d efea t ed
Defeat s t h e legat e L upercus, an d b esieges
H e t h row s hi mself up on the prot ec ti on of
himi n C ast ra V et era , b ut wi th out succ ess 1 50
Ti b erius
H e bloc k a des V et era
He is d et ain ed pri son er till hi s deat h
a
V ict or, t h e ne h ew of Ci vili s , defeat s V 0
p
Ca tu
alda , his ex ile an d d et en t ion
cu
l a, t h e li eut en an t of V esp a sia n
T he M ark man n en set t le i n n ort h ern H un
.

19
‘

V ocula reli eves t h e garrison of V et era , b ut

it is g
i n vest ed b y Ci vilis
a ain
D ea t h of Ar mini us
Con spiracy of t h e Ba t a vi an s an d T revi ri t o
Empire of t e G ul ’

1 9—68
h
S ect ion ll —A D
erec t an a s

Roman legion s
'

Disafl ected Of th e
. . . .

st a t e
x

Con duc t of Augustus an d T ib erius t oward s V ocula i s d esert ed b y t h em i n a secon d

‘

t h eirGerman allies a t t empt t o relieve V et era ih

l
.

Reb ellion of th e T reviri an d ZEdui i n G au

l Surren der of V et era ; t h e prop h et ess V el eda 1 54
In t ern a l wars of t h e G erman s D issen sion s amon g t h e con federat es ; C O
Olen n ius o
pp resses t he Frisian s —in sur lon ia Agrippin a sa ved from d est ruct ion
rec t i on an d defea t of the p roprie tor b y Civih s a n d V elleda
A pron ius 70 Civi li s defea ts L ab eo, an d t h e wh ole of
W ar w i th t h e M arsi an d Ch a tt i in t he T euton i c Belgium ac ced es t o t h e Bat a
rei
gn of C laud ius v ian l ea gue

I n t ern al w a rs of t h e Ch eruscan s t h ey so T h e G allic con gress d i ssolves it self — P et i

li cit I t alus, t h e son of Fla vi us, for th eir li us Cerialis is a pp oin t ed t o t h e c omma n d
chief ; Claudiu s con sen t s i n G aul ; h e d efea t s t h e T reviri
T he Ch an ci in va de t h e provin ce of L ow er T ak es T reves, an d collec t s t h e Roman mut i
G erman y, b ut are re elled
p b y D omi t ius n eers h e p ardons t h em
C orb ulo Sub mi ssion of th e Treviri
'

G an n a scus—h e i s a ssa ssin a t ed at t h e in st i Supin en ess of C eri alis

ga t ion o f Corb ulo Civili s Cla ssicus surprise him in h i s
an d

Corb ulo reca lled b y Claud ius C he—

the c amp a t T reves d an ger Of Ceri a li s ; h e
usci
r a t ta ch t h e selves t o m Rome ; t h e retrieves t h e b a t tle, a n d repels t h e a s

Ch a t ti p ersevere in t h eir h ost ili t

y
T h e c olon y of Colon ia Agri ppin a foun ded Massacre German s a t Colon ia
Of t he

Civi lis an d Classic us ret rea t t o C astra V e

Dearth of i n cident b et ween t h e ears 4 7
y t era ; Ceri alis a t t ac k s t h em t h ere, b ut is
an d 68

T reat men t of the Frisian p rinces V errit Secon d b at tle at V et era C i vili s a b an don s

an d M alori ch hi s posi tion , an d retrea ts in t o th e isla n d

Avi t us an d Boj ok al
Result of t h e p olicy of T ib erius an d C la u i
St a t ion s C eri alis Civi l s at t ack s
of the m ,

di us i n t ern al dissen si on s in G erman b ut wit h out success

— V a n n i us —V a ngio an d Sid o
y
N a va l w a rfare on t h e ri ver W aal

I n fl uen c e of Rome in German y d efeat of — T h e Roman s un dermin e t h e i n fl uen ce of

t h e Ch a t t i b y t h e H ermun duri Civilis his disa ppearan ce
 SY N O PT I C AL A ND C H R ONOLO G I CAL I N D E X .

C HA P . V .

Caracalla an d t h e Germans ; first not ice of

RO M E A N D G E R MA NY IN T HE S E CO N D A ND T H I R D C EN th e Aleman n i
T un i s s —G R M A N I c Assoc i T I O N s
e A —FR A N K S
Ma x imin inva des G erma n y
. . .

A L E MA NN I —S Ax 0 Ns —G O T II S
He d efea t s th e G erman s
. . .

S ect ion i —A D 88— 1 80 He marc h es t h rough t h e h eart of German y

—
. . . .

He i s murd ered b y h is soldiers G erman

D omit ian t riumph s over t h e Germa n s body guards O f t h e emperors ; an d j ealousy
T h e Cherusca n s st i ll in c onn ex ion w it h of the Praz t orian s
Rome G ordian suc ceeds M a x imin —fi rst a
ppear
a n ce of
IVars w i t h t h e Getae, t he Ma rkma n n en ,

a nd t he Q ua di
I n t est i n e w ars a mon g t h e Rh en ish G erman s
9 8 T ra j a n succeed N erva s h e st ren gth en s t h e
Rhen ish fron t ier an d c on quer s Da cia
1 1 7 Defen sive w or ks of Hadria n on t he G er
ma n b order —Ag i D r ec u ma t es Sec t ion 1 11 .

—
’
Six t y years peace
1 6 1 A cc ession of Marc us Aurelius
I . Origin of t h e Fra n ks a federa t e n ot a

den omin at ion ; in cludes Bruct eri ,

-

n a t ion al
G erman , Sa rma t ian , a n d Scy thian in sur
C h a ma vi , An sib arii, Ch erusci, Ch auci ,
rec t ion ,
gen eral from t he Rhin e t o t he Sicambri, U sipet es, an d T en ch t eri
T a n a is
N at re of u th e Fran k ish a ssoc ia t ion
—limit
}
1 66 T h e con federa t e n a t ion s in va de P an n on ia
Origin of th e name s of an c ien t
1 67 p ell ed b y M Aureli us
t hey are re .

1 6 9 Ren ewed in va sion s of Pa nn on ia an d llyria ; I 11 Alema n n i first ment ion m

of t h e
to I
d an ger of t aly ; t h e c on federat es a gain
Earliest
.

loc ality
1 73 pulsed re
Aleman n i c un ion ; n ame an d domicile
1 7 4 C a mp aign of M Au reli us a ain st t h e Q u
g a di
I I I Sax ons ; origin ; en croa chmen t s ;
.

h e defeat s t h em
.

t radi t ion s of W it ich in d

M a k es pea ce ; t he b a rb arian s ren o n ceu
IV Goths ori gi n al settle men t s ; earliest
t h eir league urren der t h eir pri
.

an d s

— n ot ice of the m
son ers ; pern ic ious mili t ary policy of O pin ion of P rocopius on t h e Goth s
t he e mpire
T ra diti on s of J orn an d es
1 7 5 Ren ewal of t h e w ar
Early migra t ion s of t h e Got hs
1 80 Dea t h of M Aurelius ; Commodus ma k es
T ac it us m
.

J orn an des and on th e G ot h s co

a d i sgra ceful peace wi t h t he D a n ubian
b arb aria n s p ared
Th eir supposed id en tity wi t h t h e Getse of
Herodotus
Sect ion 11 .
—A D . . 1 80 —23 5 .
Sett lemen t s of t h e Goth s on t h e P alus
1 80 Mee ot is an d Gothic un ion
the Eux ine ;
to Roman emperors fromt h e year 1 80 t o 23 5 1 84 Old an d n ew milita ry a ssocia t ion s of t he
23 5 German s c ompare d an d iden t ifi ed
 SYN O PT I C AL AND C H RON OLO GICAL I N D EX . VII

S ec t ion ii .
— A D
. . 270 an d
CHA P . VI .
PA GE

N umb ers of G ot h ic league t h eir rela

th e
FI RS T C O N F L I C T E T W E E N THE
B G O T HI C AND t i on t o t h e mon arch y of t h e G ot h s .

ROMA N P O W E RS .
Royal families of t h e G ot h s ; An ses ; Amali
a n d Balt hi

S ection i — A . . D . 244—27 4 .
N ati on al d ist in ct ion s an d di vision s
PA GE I. T h e V an d alic ra ces Burgun dian s
Rapid ex t en sion of the
G ot h ic p owers L on gob ard i, Heruli, & c .

t hey are sub sidiz ed b y t h e Roman s Th ey app roa ch t h e Rhin e

244 Accession of th e emperor P hi li p II C auses of th e great in vasion
. of P an
O st rogoth a, t h e Got hic k in g, in va des M oesia n on ia , N ori c um, an d It
y, b y t h e V an
al

h e is opposed b y Decius ; retreat s d als, i n t h e reign of Aurelian

Th e Gepidae i n v ade h is t errit ori es T h ey pen et rat e in t o It al

y ; disperse in quest
Ost rogoth a —
an d F ast id a
great confl ict plun der
of

b et ween t h e Got h s an d Gep idae . Rome i n d an ger ; Aureli an d efea t s an d

Kn iva, t h e suc cessor of Ostr ogot h a , in va des sca t t ers m;

t he h e d efea t s t h em a
gain
t h e Dan ub i an provi n ces defea t s Deci us on the D an ub e
dea th Of D ecius
2 51 He is u
s cceeded b y G allus, wh o mak es S ec t ion lll .
—A D . 27 5 —368 .

pea ce Wi th t h e G oth s, and sub si diz es

P rob us d efea t s t h e Sarma ti an s in l llyricum 23 0
t h em
Repeoples M oesia an d Thra ce wi t h b arb a
Th e b arb aric neighb o rs ofu Rome n ot to be
ri a n colon i st s 23 1
b oun d by common c ompac t or t rea t y
Crimin al n eglig en ce of t h e Roman govern
D efea t s t h e Van dals of t h e U pp er D an ub e 2 3 2

men t ; — G oth i c in road s W ars b etw een th e G oth s an d V an dals ,

2 53 Emi li an us rep els t h em an d , a ss umes th e th e Heruli
ur
p p l e —murder of G allus
St ress of G ot hic pow er; progress of t h e
the
V a leri an us distresses of t he e mpire
V isigot hic ki n gdom
Aurelian an d Prob us rep el th e b arb ari c
I t s con n ex ion w i t h Rome

F i rst mariti me ex p edi t ion of t h e Got h s 3 6 7 Rup ture Wi t h t h e emperor V alen s ; rest ore
t ion of in tercourse
Secon d maritime ex pedition of t h e Goth s
Th ey plun der t h e coast s of Asi a M in or

G reat in vasion of Asia Min or b y t h e Got h s

of t he Eux in e
Thi r d marit ime p edi ti on of t h e G oth s ;
ex C HAP . V II .

t h ey rav a ge Greec e, an d b urn t h e t emple

of Dian a a t E H I ST O RY O F T HE F R A N K S SAx O N s A N D A L E MA NN I
ph esus 217 , , ,

Th ey p en etrat e in t o t h e in t eri or provi n ces F ROM THE RE I G N or M A X I M I N T o THE I RRU P T I O N

of Asi a M in or O F THE HU N S .

Fourth mari ti me ex p edit ion of t h e Got h s

T h ey mb ark i n 200 0 lan d in
Difli cult ies of arra n ge men t
e vessels ;
M a cedon i a ; b esiege T h essalon ica an d
Section i — 9—3 54
,
A D
d efea t ed b y t h e mperor Claudius at
. . . .

are e

N ai ssus i n M oesia T h e Agri D ecuma tes i n th e fi rst cen t ury ih .

Di spersi on of t he
Got hic fl eet C are b est owed upon t heir d efen ce b y t h e
Aureli an —Roman t riumph s Roman govern men t in t h e n ex t follow
D ebili t y of t h e Roman govern men t in g
ges a

Aureli an ab an don s t he provin ce of Da ci a 25 3 T h ey are in vad ed b y th e Aleman n i

v iii SY N O P T I C AL AN D CH RON OL OG I C AL I N D E X .

T he Fra n k s
quire n a utical sk ill
ac Aban don men t of t he Agri Dec uma t es to
Post h umius t ran qu lliz es G a ul i . the Alema n n i
Evil effect s of ba rbaric colon iz at ion
Roma n milita ry
l
to
efen c e

usurp ers
of Ga ul b y the
Roma n legi on s composed of G erman s , m
co

2 73 1 ma n ded b y M a g nen t ius a Germa n

T h e thi rty ty ra n t s , —A urelia n
,

He put s C on sta n s t o d ea t h
A ft er h i s dea t h t h e F ran k s overrun G aul, Assumes t hepurple ; c ivil w a r b et w een
a n d seiz e six t
y of th e prin c ip al c it ies C on st an t ius a n d M agn en t ius h is d efeat
P rob us rec overs t h e m; rest ores t he Roman at M ursa in Pa n n on ia
i n fl uen ce i n T ra n srh en a n e G erma n y His death
Roma n ulit a ry t en ures
rr Th e b a rb arian merc en a ries con tra ct the
Erron eous opi ni on s respec t in g th em vices of t h e Roman s

T he e mperor Carus represses th e Rh en ish

t ribes Sec t ion 11 . —A . D . 3 54 —360 .

D ioclet ia n a nd M ax imia n —t h e lat t er te 3 54 War of Con sta n t ius against t he Fran k s an d

Bui gun dia n s Her u
li ( V an Aleman n i 2 56
p els t he an d

d a ls ) , F ran ks , and Aleman n i Arbet io a ga in st t h e L en t ien sia n Aleman n i 2 5 7

Sylvan us a gain st th e Fra nks an d Sax on s
I ncrea sin piri t of ma ri t ime a d ven t ure
g s 2 58
a mon g t h e b arb ari a n s Court i n t rigue a gai n st h im; h e i s p ut t o
C ara usius put s h imself a t t h e h ea d of t e h d ea t h b y Con st an t ius
F ra n ki s h an d Sa x on sea rovers, an d
-

p os 3 56 C on st an t ius sen d s h is ne
ph ew J ulian in to
sesses himself of t h e h arb ours of t he G aul —ravages of th e Aleman n i an d of
Rh in e an d Sc h eld t the F ran ks
M ax imian h umbles the Rhen ish G erman s Dest ruc tion of t he ci t ies L ower G er
of

he a t t ac k s Carausius , but wi t hout s uccess man y ; — J uli an b esieged b y t he Ale

C on st a n ti us Chlor as di slod ges C a ra usius, man n i in Sen s
t h e pira t es dis He is rein forced ; t h w arted b y Barb et io a t
t he i n st iga t ion of Con stan t ius rep els t h e
pers ed
He d efeat s t he Aleman n i n ea r L an gres Aleman n i
Aga in n ear V i n d on issa V ex at ious c on d uc t of Barb et io ; h is d efea t
Barb aria n Colon iz at ion con t in ued b y Con b y t h e Aleman n i —Chn odomar an d t h e
st a n t i us —p ea ce wi t h th e G erman s Aleman n i c c on federa t es

Con st an t in e th e G rea t Julian march es again st the m; h is p erfi di

Baga ndaa ; — Fra n kish i n road s ; severit y of ous gem
st ra t a

C on st an t in e t ow a rd s h is pri son ers 3 5 7 Ba t tle of St rasb urg ; d efea t of t h e Ale

,

T h e Alema n n i t h rea t en G aul ; a d ven t ure man n i ; Chn od omar is t ak en prison er 26 4

O f C on sta n t in e O pera tion s agai n st th e Aleman ni c t erri t ory 2 6 5
II i s cruelty ; systemof in ti midati on resort ed Fran kish in vasion on th e Lower Rhin e
t o aga in st t h e preda t ory b order t rib es of J ulia n secures t h e free n avi ga t ion of th e
G erma n y Rhin e, t h e Meuse, an d t h e Sch eld t
He b uilds a bridge a n d sta ti on s fl eets upon 3 59 Ob ta in s supplies from Brit a in ; h e c rosses
t h e ri ver , plac es t h e fron t ier in sec uri t y an d t h e Rhin e, a n d c omp els t h e Alema n n i t o
C on st an ti n e sole em eror ; h e en cou 3 60 rebuild t h e cit ies t h ey h a d d est royed
p ra ges

b arb a rian c olon iz at ion , a n d in creases t h e He a tta ck s an d b rea k s up th e con fed eracy
umb ers of t h e b a rb a rian
n mercen aries in of t h e Alema n n i

t he Roman armies He ch a stises t h e refractory prin ces ; t hey

His d ea th s ue for p eac e

Con st a n s —
t he F ra n k s ag a in in va de G a ul ;
T he ar my
p roclai m J ulian emperor
He reduces t h e At t uaria n Frank s
Ch arac ter of J ulian
 Y
S N OPT CAL AN D C HRO I N OLOG I CAL I N D EX . x iii

Con st an tius Aleman n ic p ri n ce

ex cit es the 3 74 M a cri an us on th e Rhin e ; con feren ce of

V ad omar a ga in st J ulian —V a don1 ar i s V alen tin ian w i t h Macrianus p eace

en sn ared an d b an ish ed 3 7 5 V alen ti n i an in Pan n on i a h e ret ali at es t h e
Juli an march es again st Const an t ius death ra va ges of t he Q uadi
of C on st an t iu —th e successes of Julian His in firmit ies ; c ruelt y ; ira scib ili t y
—G
s

a ga in st t he Germa n s D eat h of V alen tin ian ra t ia n an d V alen

t in ian II mp
. e erors

S ect ion iii — A D

. . 361 —3 7 5 .

3 63 Dea t h of Julian h e is succeeded by V alen

ti n ia n I . an d V alen s ; F alarmin —
g st at e of
th e e mpire CHAP V II I . .

3 64 Miscon duct of t he Roman govern men t

the Aleman n i deman d arrears of sub SU R V E Y OF THE CA U S E S w n rc n L ED T O THE D E
3 66 sid ; t h e
y y are refused ; t h ey a gain i n CL I NE on THE PO L I T I CA L A N D M I L I T A RY N S T I I
va de G aul T UT I O NS OF ROM E , A N D THE D E CA Y O F A N C I E N T
Valen t in ian devotes hi mself t o t he defenc e Cl VI L IZ AT I O N .
—G E N E R AL M I G RA T I O N OF THE
of G a ul T E U T O N I C NA T I O N S .

Aleman n i defeat several Roman armies

J ovi n us defea t s an d dri ves t h em b a c k N ecessi t
y of a ret rospecti ve vi ew of t he

T he c oast s of G a ul an d Brit ain ravaged by c a uses of dec ay in the uc t ure

str of

ms of Sax on a n d Fran kish Ro man societ y 2 90

sw ar
pirat es ;
Valen tin i an a t ta c k s t h eir h aun ts an d t e
Th e Roman s forfeit t h eir an cien t lib erty 29 1
,

Outlin e of t h e chief in t ern al causes wh ich

p resses t h eir in road s .

Th e Aleman n ic ch iefs, Ran do an d V ith ica b ; led t o t h e d own fall of t he mpire

e

—
mu d r er of V i t hi cah , son of V adomar
3 68 V al en t in i an crosses t h e Rh in e
I . Th e step s by w hi ch the Caesa rs suc ceed ed i n

Bat tle of Soli cin ium a n d fruit less vi ct or

en rossin
g g a ll the p owers of the Sta te .

y
of V alen t in ian August us ass umes th e trib un i tian power;
Roman men t s upon
en croa ch th e t errit ory of h e becomes perpet ual tr ibun e
t h e n eut ral Aleman n i He re models th e it wit h his
sen at e ; fills
T h eir reven ge own n om in ees, b ut respects i t s dign it y 2 94 .

3 69 Dist ra ct ed st at e of Gaul —robb ers an d He accepts t h e t itle of P rin ceps

pira t es T h e sen at e n o longer an i n depen den t legis
h
o 0 0 s

3 7 0 Coast s of G aul i n fest ed b y t e Sax on s la t ure . 2 95

con duc t of N an n en u s an d Severu s August us t a k es t h e comman d o f th e a rmy 2 96
Th e Aleman n i prepare t o in vade G aul Separa tion of i n t erest s an d sympat hies in
V alen t in ian calls in t he Burgun di an s to t h e differen t ra n k s of soci et y i t s effect ib .

his a ssi st an c e

He deceives t h em, b ut ch ec ks t he Ale II . Progress f the Governmen t

o towa rd s a

mili tary d esp oti sm .

Mac ri an us , k in g of h Al m
t e e an n i V alen T h e governmen t amuses an d feeds t h e
ti n i an at t e mpt s t o surpri se h im b ut fails ih p eople ; c on nives a t th e vi ces of t h e
—
, .

Fort ified Roman s ;

public spirit b ecomes
lin es of the en t ren ch high er classes
men t s on th e Dan ub e again st the Quadi ex tin ct b y t he disuse of
p opular asse m
—b ase murder of Gabin ius k in g of t he , bli es
Q uadi b y t h e Roma n s
, Det eriorati on in t emoral arid physical
h
The Q uadi u Pan n oni a, of t h e army it i s gradually
overr n an d defeat ch ara ct er
t wo Roman ar mies 0 0 0 0 0 0 con vert ed in to a mere mercen ary force
V OL . I .
0
X IV S YN OPT I CAL AND CHRO N OLOGI CAL I N DE X .

P AG E AD
. .

T he rules of disciplin e relax ed t o con c ilia te Proprietors allow t heir lan d s t o lie i n w a ste ;
t h e soldiery —
t h e legion s assume perma —
ex c ise d ut ies a n d lic en ces ( vec t ig alia ) ,

n en t st at ion s ; t a k e t o mech a n ical occ u opera t e t o th e ruin of t ra de an d i n d ustry 3 0 9

p a t ion s ; b ec ome lux urious an d mut in ous

Con st an t in e t h e Grea t red uces t h e st ren gt h
VI . The d eca y f
o t he M un i cip a l I n sti tut ion s
mon g
.

of t h e legions ; b a rb aria n s en rolled a

T he c it y magist rat es sh ri n k from t h e b ur
t he m b ecome t h e fa vouri t e b ody g uard s -

t h en some a n d od ious dut ies ca st upon

,

of t h e prin ce

The P r aetor i a n g uard i n t rod uced in t o t h e t h em ; —D ecurion s

The privileges of t h e cit ies an n ih ila t ed ; t h ey

c ity ; d epose a n d set u p emperors ; re
are d esert ed, a n d fa ll in t o
c eive en ormou s d on a t ives su ersede t he
p p overt y a n d
d ecay —t est i mon y of Z osimus aga in st
ri
gh t s of t h e sen at e
allow an ces ;
Con st an t in e t h e G reat
Severus i ncreases t h eir p ay a n d
t h ey are disb an ded b y Con st an t in e t h e
G rea t ; t h e n ew guard an d t h e army in V II . Genera l mora l a nd
poli ti ca l d ecrep i tude
gen eral comes t o con sist almost w h olly a ri si n
g from t hese ca uses of d eca
y .

of b arb ari an mercen aries V en al an dprofl iga t e con duct of th e offi cers
of t h e ala ce —c h a rac t er of t h e i m eria l
p p
I II . T he degra d ed c ha ra cter o
f t he Ex ecut i ve gen t s ( agen t es i n reb us )
a

Ofl i cers a nd M ag istra tes . T h ey b ecome a b ody of privileged spies, in

formers, a n d ea vesdroppers t h ey feed
The sen a t e loses almost a ll se mb lan ce of
t h e a ppreh en sion s of t h e prin ce
a ut h orit y
Con di t ion of t h e lower ord ers
The Roma n la wyers d educe t he pow er of
G en eral st a t e of the people
t h e prin ce from t h e ab solut e resi n a t ion
g
Con clusion
of sen a t e an d
p eople in h is favour
Th e qfii ce of c on sul ab roga t ed ; t h e na me
is ret ain ed —d ec a
y of t h e anc ien t n ob i S ec t ion i . A O . . 3 70 —39 5 .

T h e G ot h s
T he praet orian prefec t b ecomes t h e chief
O st rogot h s an d Visigot h s ; t h eir con di t ion
j ust iciary of th e empi re ; four p raet orian
prefect s un der Con st a n t in e dissen sions — co mpared
G overn men t, p at riarch al an d federa t ive
b etw een th e ci vil a n d milit ary govern ors
Con duct of th e Goth ic mon arch s t owards
of t h e provi n ces
t h eir ubj ec t allies
s

Rox ol a n i —Alan i — rumours of t h e Hun s ;

IV T he corr up t and i n efiici en t Admi n i st ra tion
t heir rep ulsive a ppearanc e fi lt h y h abit s
.

, ,

f J usti ce
o .

no madic life
The p ract ic e of t h e law , perfec t in theory , Ex t raordin ary t a ct ics of t h e Hun s — oh

b ut replet e w ith corrupt ion an d h ard sh ip j ec t s of drea d t o th e Goth s, w ho b elieve

i n t h e p ra c ti c e t h em t h e off sprin g of un clean spiri ts
T ort ure applied t o t h e person s of Roman Th eir fi rst appeara n ce on t h e con fin es of
cit iz en s —
crimen [68 sec m aj esta t is Europe —t h ey a t t a ck t h e Alani
Herman rich opposes t h em wit h out suc

V The opp ressive systemof Reven ue c ess —

h is d ea t h 321
and Tax a ti on
Alan i z —t h e A L an N a
.
.

Note upon t he of

}
- -
3 20
U n der t he fi rst Caesars t he It alian s are the
C hin ese 321
ex e mpt from ta x a t ion St ruggle b et w een t h e O st rogoth s an d t he
T he Roma n fi sc al law , un cert ain , oppres Hun s — ki n g V it himer i s k illed in b at tle ;
sive, an d liable t o evasion —th e Ostrogoth s ret rea t t o t he Da n ast er 3 22
 YN O PT I CAL
S AND C HRO N OL OGI CAL I NDEX .

P AG E PAG E

A t h an arich , kin g of th e V isigoth s , i s driven 3 7 9 Th e e mperor s

G rati an eleva t es Th eodosiu
i nt o th e Ba st arn i an moun t ain s . to the p urple, with t h e govern men t of
Th e fugiti ve G oth s retrea t t o t he b an k s of the East
b
.

t h e Dan ub e, a n d peti t ion t h e emperor Th e G ot h s are un a le t o ret ai n t h eir h old

V alen s for lea ve t o set tle on t h e w ast e upon t h e coun t ry, from i n abil it y t o cap
la n ds of M oesia, a s vassals of t he e mpire ih . t ure t h e w alled t ow n s
Roman sch e me fb r Got hs
en tra ppin g th e The eleva t ion of Th eodosius i mpart s courage
i n t o servit ude —
tr ea ch erous an d li cen t o t h e people
t ious c on duc t of t h e i mperial ofii c ers Massacre of th e G oth ic h ost ages collect ed

T heir sch eme is frustra t ed b y t h eir own in th e c it i es of Asia Min or 3 39

rapa ci t y a n d w an t of ca ut ion Successes of Th eodosius ag ain st t h e G ot hs ih .

Pa ssag e of t h e D an ub e b y t h e Got h s 3 80 G rat i an con cludes a t rea t y ofp ea ce w it h

Th ey det ec t t h e design of t h e Roman s theOst rogot h s un der A la th eus an d Sa
t rea ch ery of L upi cin us a t M arcian opolis ; ph rax ; h e cedes t o t h em t h e w h ole of
—b reach b et ween t h e Roman s an d t he M oesia an d a part of Pan n on ia as mi li
Got h s t a ry v assa ls of t h e e mpire —Th eodosius

Th ey p ass t h e Haemus lay siege t o con cl udes peace with the Visigot hs
‘

-
a

Hadrian ople —reduce Th race t o a desert ih . upon similar t erms

War in Moesia 3 28 3 81 Ath an arich visi t s Con stan tin ople; hi s dea t h
Th e G oth s t ak e post n ear M arcian opoli s ; his subj ect s at t ach t h emselves t o t h e em
— Fridigern ih .
p ire a s milit ary va ssals
Bat tle of M arcia n opoli s in decisive result 3 29 3 83 Max imus reb els, a n d put s t h e emperor
Fridigem ret urn s in t o Th race ; h e d et ach es Grat ian t o death —
T heodosius d efeat s
F arn ob ius a gai n st th e Roman a ux 1 li aries an d k ills him; rest ores V alen t in ian II . ih .

un der Fri gerid Th e Roman s un der Q uin ti n us are repulsed

Famobius is d efeat ed, an d t h e en tire de i n an in vasion of th e Fran k ish t erri t ory 3 42
t ach men t k
t a en prison ers 3 89 Arb ogast es, t he guardian of t h e min or
V alen s i s det ain ed in Asia ; — Fridigern V alent in ian II
aven ges t h e defea t of

main t ain s himself in T hrace —Grat i an Q uin t in us

at t ac k s an d h umbles th e L en tien sian He murders t h e emperor V alen t inian II .

Alemann i He eleva t es Eugen ius t o t h e purple ; march es

V alen s arrives in Con st an t inople from t h e a gain st Th eod osius —Eugen ius is t aken
East —st at e of th e ar my -
refor ms of pri son er an d put to deat h —A b r o a st es
g
Seb ast ia n , h is un popularit y . dies b y h i s own h an d
V alen s det ermin es t o give b at tle t o t e h 3 95 Dea th of Theodosius th e Great
—
Goth s , remon st ran ces of Seb asti an a n d
of t h e emp eror G ra ti an rej ect ed
S ecti on 11. —A D . . 395 —409
Fri digem draws V alen s an d t h e Roman
.

army in t o t h e n eigh b ourh ood of Hadri Arca dius an d Hon orius emperors —Ru
anople fi n us an d Stilich o
Fridi gem delay s th e b att le b y n egociati on M ut ual riva rl
y an d h atred of Rufin us an d

t ill h e h as collect ed all hi s troops St ilich o

Bat tle Of Hadrian ople —t ot al defeat of the Rufin us allies h imself wi t h t h e V isigot hic
Roman s —
dea t h of V alen s ch ief Alaric, an d bet rays Th essal y, A ch aia ,
Fridigem b esieges Ha drian ople ; h e is re an d Pelopon n essus in t o h i s h an ds
Sti -

p ulsed ; h e advan ces t o th e gat es of Con lich o ex pels Alaric from P eIOponn essus
st an t in o
ple He con spires with G ain es, chi ef of t h e
He retires ; a gain v
o err n su Thrace an d Ostrogoth ic fed erates, agai n st t h e life of
lllyri cumto t h e Julian Alps
x vi SYN OPT I CAL AN D C HRO N OLOGI CAL I N DEX .

PAG E

G a ines h is Goth s put Rufin us t o

an d dea th 3 48 Appearan ce of t h e Alan i I n G a ul an d Spa in
3 9 9 G ain es an d St ilich o are d isappoin t ed b y t h e i s diffi c ult t o a ccoun t for —Ala n i or
eleva t ion of E ut ropius — ruin a n d dea th Alba n i , a gen eric n ame for t h e n omadic

of E ut ropius ; —
Arcad ius surren ders h im t rib es d wellmg t o t h e n ort h w ard of t he

s Got h s —t h e c iti z en s
self t o t h e mut i nou
C a spian
of C on st a n t n o i upon t h e G oth s,
ple rise
T he Alan i , a b ran ch of t h e great I ndo -
G er

a n d ma ssacre a ll wi t h in t he walls
man ic ra ce of cen t ral Asia

Ret rea t a n d d ea t h of G a ines effec t of t h e — Progress of t h e Alan i west w ard

ma ssacre of t he Got hs in C on st an t i nople T he Suevi , V an dals, an d Ala n i divid e
Ala ri c his ch ara c t er a n d eleva t ion he Spain a mon g t h em .

a ssu mes t h e a t t it ude of a n i n d epen den t

soverei wi t h out w h olly relin quishi S ect i on 1 11 A D 40 4 —4 1 2

g
. .
n
. .

gn
h is c on n ex ion w it h t h e mp ire
e
St ilich o t reat s wi th Alaric for re an n ex in g -

He c on vert s t h a t con n ex ion in t o an in stru t he East ern moiet y of l llyri cum t o t h e

men t for gra t ifyi n g a n d a t t a chin g hi s West ern empire
p eople a t t h e ex p en se of t he empi re Ala ric emb races t h e proposal
D i scon t en t an d arrogan c e of t he G ot hs T h e en t erpriz e is i n terrupt ed b y th e in va
t h ey despise t h e Roman ar ms , an d t rea t
sion of Ra da ga isu s an d t h e i rru t ion of
p,

t h e p ret en sion s of the govern men t wit h t h e b arb aria n s i n G aul

c on t em t
p .
Alaric ma k es t h e t reat y wit h St ilich o t h e
M ario i s crea t edi mperial presiden t of lly I foun da tion of ex orbit an t deman d s upon
ri c um —St il1ch o i s p rocla imed a public
the empire th e sen a t e
gran t s four
40 3 en em — Ala ric in va des I t al
y y t h ousan d p oun d s of gold t o purch ase
Hon orius sh ut s h imself up i n Raven n a .

w it h him
peace
St ilich o w it hdr aw s t h e i mperi al armies from
Arc adius d ies
t he fron t iers for t h e d efen ce of It al
T h e min d of H on orius b ecomes est ran ged
40 4 Bat tle of Pallen t ia —Al aric
y
i s w orst ed ; h e from St ilich o ; h is frien d s d esert him an d
evac ua t es I taly , b ut ob t a in s West ern Il he i s put t o dea th a t Ra venn a
lyri c um from t h e Roma ns
T he Ro man soldiery murder t h e w ives an d
40 5 Fresh i n vasion s of t aly b I
y t h e V a n dalic ch ildren of t h e G erman a u x ili ari es th e
trib es un der Ra d a ga isus .

la t t er t h row t h emsel ves upon t h e prot ec

M ovemen t s of t h e Van dalic t rib es .
ti on of Alaric . .

C a uses of t he general migr a t ion of t h e T eu Alaric un dert a k es t o procure t h em redress

t on ic n a t ion s t h eir disposit ion g rad ual h e proposes compen sa t ion ; h is pr0 posa l
ch an ge of view s 3 59 is rej ec t ed b y t h e court
Not i mpelled b y y p ow er from b eh in d 3 60
an
H e i n vades It y ; h e block ades Rome ;
al
40 7 Grea t mig ra tion —G a ul overrun a t on ce b
y redu ces t h e c ity t o d ist ress ; t h e Roma n s
V an d als, Burgun dian s, Suevi, A la n i , He
n e ot i a t e w i th h i m he rep els t h eir a d
g
ruli, Ge pidze , a n d Sax on s .

They dest roy t h e w alled c it ies a n d dep pu O Ren ew al of t h e n egot iati on s

la t e t h e prov in c e
T h e Roma n s ran som t h e c it y
.

Revolt in Brit a in
T he emp eror Hon ori us refuses to n o min a te
T h e usurper Const an t ine is a ck n owled ed
g Alaric t o t h e co mman d of t he Roman
i n Brit a in , G a ul, an d Spa in
4 0 9 T h e Roman gen eral G eron t in e
pen s t h e o
Ren ew al of t h e w ar —
Olympi a s in t ercept s
passes of t h e P yr en ees t o t h e b arb arian s 3 62 t h e Got hi c ch ief At a ulf J ovi na t h e — —
T he V an dals, S uevi, a n d Ala n i overrun
c ou rt of Raven n a n e ot ia t es w it h Ala ric
g
Spai n
b ut w it hout success
Directi on of th e b arb aric migra t ion s Alaric march es a gai n upon Rome ; h e mo
 S YN OPT I CAL AN D CHRON OL OGI CAL I NDEX . x vi i

P AG E
derates his deman ds Honorius p eremp an d Seb a sti an t o t h e ven gean ce of Hon o
t orily rej ec t s t h em ri us
Alaric b esieges Rome , "
set s up Att alus as T he e d eman ds t h e surren der of
mperor
emperor Placidia from At aulf, b ut h e repli es b y a
I napt it ude Att alus ; h e rej ect s t e a
of h d magn ificen t celebrat ion of hi s n upti als
van ces of t h e cou r t of Ra ven n a dis with t he imp eri al prin cess

l a ses t he Rom a n s an d disgust s Alaric ih At aulf goes in t o Spa in , w h ere h e is assas

—
p e .

Al ari c again commun i ca t es with t h e court sin at ed h e i s succ eeded b y Siegerich ,

of Raven n a ; h e d eposes At t alu s n ego t h e brot h er of hi s en emy Sarus — Siege

t ia t es w it h Honorius rich i n su l t s t h e queen Placidia he is

The defect ion of t h e Gothi c c iefi ain s n s h ai deposed ; Wallia succeeds

encoura ges Hon orius to set Alaric at d e W allia ma k es peace wit h Rome surren
fi an ce ders Pla cidia con quers a great p art of

march es t o Rome an d t ak es th e city

Alari c
‘
Spain from t h e Alan i ; ret urn s t o G aul
,
an d ma k es T houlouse h is c apit al
by st orm
Wallia dies ; he 1 s succeeded by T h eodorich
.

He quit s Rome an d reduces t h e south ern

I —th e n ew k in g reduces t he wh ole of
,

p rovin ces Of It aly .

He proj ect s th e quest of Africa

con
Spain —t h e V a n dals migra t e in t o Africa 1 h .

D eat h of
Alari c —
conj ec t ural rea son s wh y
T h e Burgun dians a dvan ce in t o n oti ce 3 95
Gun ti ar, a chief of t h e Burgun dian s, ma rch es
-

n eit h er Alari c h is u Ataulf

J ovi nus —
n or s c cessor

t h ough t fit t o erec t a kin gdom in I taly 3 85 t o th e a ssi st a n c e of th e Bur

St at e of t h e G erman ic in vaders of t he em gun dians ob t ain a formal gran t of t h e
386 Roman provin ces of
pper G erman y ;
U
pire
P oli cy of At aulf, th e broth er in law - -
of Alaric 3 87 Arian s
He is rai sed t o t h e t hron e of t he Goth s 3 88 T he Fran k s en croach upon t h e re
gion s
He marries Placidia , t h e sist er of Hon orius, lyin g b et ween t he L ower Rhin e an d t h e

wh om Al aric h ad det ain ed as a h ost age Sein e

fromt h e Roman s —resen t men t of Hon o Before th e close of t h e t h ird cen tur
y th e
rius Fran k s
p ossess th emselves of t h e Bat a
At aulf evacuat es It al
y an d march es in t o vi an d ist ri c t s
Gaul Fran k ish offi cers an d troops in t h e Roman
servi ce

mperor M agn en tius a Fran k —Arbo

—
T he
m
e

S ecti on iv . A D . . 41 2 4 27 — .
gast es t h e Roma n s
dress an d customs
imic b arb ari c
3 98
Kings of the Fra n ks—Marcomer ih .

Sta t e of G aul a t t hi s poin t of ti me Ph aramun d his hist ory 3 99

U su rp ati on an d d ea th of C on st an t in e 1 11
Obj ec t ion s a gainst it 40 0
T he Fran ks h ave n o sale kin g t ill Chlodwi g ih .

T h e b arb arian s support th e pret en der J o U n successfu l att a c k upon t h e Fran k s by

vin n s, wh o allies himself wi th At a l f, but u CaSti nus
break s w ith him aft er his arrival in G au l
4 1 2 At aulf sur ri ses an d kills h i s en em Saru
Ex t en s1on of th e Fran k ish t erri t ories t o t he
p
—h
y s

e delivers up t h e pret en ders J ovi na s

x vin S YN OPT I CAL AN D CHRO OLOG CALN I I N DE X .

Balamir in vades Th oesia a nd co mpels t he

C HAp _ IX .
e mperor Theodosius t he Grea t p ay h im
to

a st ipen d of n inet een poun ds of gold

3 99
RI S E 2 P R OG R E SS AND DO W N F A L L OF THE POW E R
1 h e Hun s L Ow er Pa n n oma un der Uldm ih
HU N S , THE F IN A L ES TA BL I SH M E N T “1
THE
3
.

OF AND
4 5
OF T H E G E R MAN I C N T I O N S U PO N THE RU IN SA

TH E RO M A N EMP IR E O F THE WE ST Mun dj fik Act ar an d Roas, kin gs of t h e

Hun s ; —t h ey pilla ge
OF .
, ,

the I lly i r an pro

vin ces

Con t in ued con n ex ion of th e hist ory of t h e

At t 1la an d Bleda , the son s of Mun dj fik ,

German s w it h th at of Rome j oin t kin gs of t h e Hun s

The Byz an tin e sti pen d raised t o th ree h un

Se ct ion i . A D. . 422 —452 .

dred p oun ds of gold b y Act ar a n d Roas
i t i s furt h er rai sed b y At t ila t o seven
h un dred poun ds
423 Deat h of Honorius an d a c cession of Va
—regen cy T he Hun s ex t end t h eir domin ion s n ort h
to len tin ia n III of Pla cidia,
ward t o th e Balt ic
.

brawls b et ween t h e -

42 5 widow of At a ulf ; a ft erw ards of Con st an

—Bon ifacius an d Aé t ius ; min isters Roman traders an d t h e Hun s
t ius
The bish op of M argus b etray s t h e c it y in to
4 29
to
Rivalry b et ween Bon ifa cius a n d Aé ti us
Bon ifacius in t roduces t h e V an da ls i n t o
the h an ds of t h e Hun s —At til a murders
43 5 Afri c a — cession of
Africa t o t h e V an dals
his b rot h er Bleda ; h e overr n s u I ll yri

Th e Brit on s an d Armori can s reb el —S et

cu m , Thrac e, an d T hessa ly ; dest roy s

t lemen t s of t h e Fran k s an d Got h s —dis

th e cit ies a n d t ow n s a s far as t h e Pro

membermen t Of G aul p on t is
He d efeat s t h ree Roman mies ;
Self ab an don men t of t h e G allic R
ar be en
oma n s
-

Ac ti n s gen eral of t h e W est ern empire h is

ca mps b efore t h e walls of
Con stan t i
en ormous trib ut e from
c on n ex ion with th e Hun s h e is b ani sh ed,
no
ple ; ex t orts an
an d B on ifa ci us i s rest ored to favour
Th eodosius , an d II . retires

He i n vades It al
y
—d eat h of Boni facius
At t ila re ards
g T h eodosius II . as a vassal

—
Aé t iu s restored
pow er to
43 5 He rep resses t he Burgun di an s, an d reduces He c omp els himt o sub mi t t o th e most irre

t h e Am erican s t o obedi en ce gu lar an d c apricious ex t ortion s

43 6 Rupt ure wi t h Th eoderich , k i n Of t h e is

g Vi He fi n ds fresh grievan ces, an d sen ds en voys
—t he min ist ers
got h s of Sept ima n ia , d efea t of L i to — t o co mpl a in of T heodo
rius; —
th e alar ming report s of t he ad
sius t a mper wi t h t h e en voys for t h e mur
d er of At tila t h e plot is disclosed ;
van ce of th e Hun s un der At til a put an

en d to t h e w ar
reb uk e Of At tila
At t ila accept s th e apologi es of t he court
C h ara ct er an d c a
pacit y of Aé t ius
Ch aract er a n d d esign s of At tila
His ex perien c e
Ex t en t his domin ion —t he
of East ern em
Retrosp ec tive vi ew f the history f t he
Ha ns
o o
pire is reduced t o vassalage— t h e West
di sgui ses t h e tribut e p a id him un der th e
Not e upon t h e origin of t h e Hun s a ccordi n ch arac t er Of a n offi cial salary
g .

to th e a n n a ls of t h e C h in ese ; t h e Buns The proj ects of A t tila In a grea t degree de

a re n ot th e Hi oun g N ou of t h e C hi n ese ;
termin ed by t h e in t erest s an d in cli n a
t h ey are of t h e O rien t a l Finni c ra ce 409 —41 4
t ion s of his G erma n i c vassals
3 7 0 Th eir k in g Balamir leads themi n to Europe ,
—
The Ostrogoths a n d Gep i dce t h eir history
an d esta blish es t he m b et ween the ri vers
t h ey b ecome vassals of th e Hun s
D on an a ieper
 SYNOPT I CAL AND C HRO N OL OGI CAL I NDEX . x ix ;

A D
‘ ‘ PA G E PAG E
4 00 Win ith ar and Hun n imun d k in gs of th e Os Arderich , k in g of th e Gepidae slays Bllac ,

trogot hs ; Win i th ar reb els an d i s k1lled of At t ila

—Th
, son

b y Bala mir ; oris mun d — his son He ex pels th e Hun s from P an n on ia an d

Berismun d k
t a es refuge at t h e c ourt of Hun gary
W alli a in G aul . D i ssoluti on f o t he
A t t
e la — n ew
mpire of i
41 5 Wallamir T heodemir
, , an d Widemir are politi cal an d t erritori al disposition s result
elect ed j oin t kin gs of t h e O strogoth s in g from i t
—
.

—G l g y f th Am li 424 1 The Gep i d ce in Hun gary

—
N ot e
. en ea o o e a .

Berismun d a t t h e court of T h eoderi ch I 42 5 2 Ostrogoths i n Pan non ia

—i
.
.

At t ila favours h i s German allies ih .

3 . Ala ni n Scyt h ia M in or and

Gieserich , k ing of th e Afric an V an d als, so L ower Mcesia 43 9

licit s h im t o i n vad e t h e Visigoth s Of G aul 426 4 . Cema n dri— in Da cia Rip ensis ih .

Att ila prepares for t h e invasion of G aul an d 5 . Gothi M in ores—in Sout h ern Moesia ih .

I t aly ; h e d eman d s t h e h a n d (if Hon oria , I n terior of Ger ma ny

t he sist er of V alen t i n i an III .
; he sen d s 6 Suevi
.
—i n Swab ia , Suevic Alema nn i ih :
for t h e arrears of t rib ut e due fr om t he ower

East ern mperor M arcia n t h e lat ter

e ort h

u
ref ses —Act ins rej ect s th e deman d for
t h e h an d of Hon oria 10 . Ba va l i a n s—th eir
'
ori
gi n
Arti fices of At t il a t o d issolve t h e league Bou and Baj oarn
b et ween t h e Visi goth s a n d Roman s Biowaren
Theoderi ch an d Aé t ius prepare for w ar 427 T h en c eforward c alled Ba varian s
Attila crosses t h e Rhin e ; overwh elms th e 1 1 T hu. rin gi a n s—t h eir origin ; t hey

Burgun dia n s ; d est roy s T reves an d ot h er occ upy t h e cen t ral region s of Ger
cit ies man y
12 Sa x — th e set t le at th e mouth s
He a dvan ces Orlean s, an d b esieges t he
to . on s y
cit y ; b ut i s c ompelled t o ret rea t b y of the Elb e Weser
, , an d Ems
Aet ins an d Th eoderi ch h e ret ires t o
t h e M arne ; h esit at ion an d sup erst it ion
At tila
of . S ect ion iii .
— A D . . 4 53 — 493 .

T he b a tt le array of b oth part ies .

4 5 1 Batt le of t h e Ca t alaun ian plain s de at h of I The Ostrogoths of P an n on ia

.

T h eoderi ch I .
T h e Hun s i n vade t heir t erri t ory, but are
D efeat an d dan ger of At tila . defeat ed b y Walamir
Policy Of Ae t ius h e preven t s t h e t ot al de Fin al ex pulsion of t h e Hun s
u
st r c t ion of t h e ar my of At t ila . T he O st rogot h s d eman d sti pen ds from the
Ret rea t of Attila e mperor M arcian t h ey t ak e offen ce a n d ,

in va de l llyricum; M arci an appeases

t h em — pea ce

S ect ion 11 .
—A D . . 4 53 .
T h eoderich ( aft erwards u
s rn a med the

G reat ) is sen t to Con st an t in ople as a

Att ila ret ires i n t o Pan n on i a h ost age

I
He i nvad es t aly ; destroys t h e cit ies of
War of th e Ostrogoth s an d Suevi ; th e
L omb ardy ; — di stress of t h e Hun s
-

gue of Hun n imun d

T he b ish op of Rome, L eo t h e G reat , goes
t o t h e c a mp of At t ila , a n d persua des him D efeat of th e league b y T heodemir an d

to from t aly ; his

ret ire I retreat Widemir
D ea t h Of At t ila T h eodemir in va des t h e t errit ory of t h e Suevi
T h e German i c vas sa ls of th e Hun nic e m His son T h eoderi ch i s rest ored t o h im
p ire th row ofl
’
th eir dependen ce G allan t con du ct of T h eoderich
 SYNOPT I CAL AND C HRO N OLOGI CAL IN DEX .

PA G E AD
. . PA G E
T he Goth s b rea k t h e t rea t y w it h t h e empire 4 52 4 7 6 T h e b arb arian s deman d a t hird of t he lan ds
4 7 4 T heodemi r a n d T heoderi ch migra t e in t o of the It alian s —O rest es h esit ates an d
—
,

l llyricum Widemir i n va des t aly ; h e I i s p ut t o dea th — O dovaker, a Rugian ,

dies ; his follow ers un it e w it h t h e V isi ob t ain s t h e comma n d of t h e mercen aries 46 1

got hs of Aq uit a in e He d et ermin es to uppress th e imperial

s

T he emperor Z en o gran t s ex t ensive d is t it le ; d eposes August ulus, a n d a ssumes

t ric t s i n M acedon i a T h essaly t o t h e
an d t h e t it le of ki n g f I ta ly
o

O st rogot h s of T h eodemir a n d T heod e He is recogn iz ed by Z en o

rich , w i th a sti pen d of 2 COOlb s of gold, . 487 He reduces C isalpine G aul an d Sicily ;
h on ours, an d dist in ct ion s in vad es N oric u m
—T h h
0 0 0 0 0

4 7 5 Dea t h of T heodemir , eoderic resides

Z e o ; —restlessn ess of III f Nori cum Rugia n s Herulz d

'

at t h e c ourt of n
. Sta te o , , , an

the G ot h s ; t hey quarrel w it h t h e prior L on g oba rd i .

G ot h ic settlers in Moesia Rugi a ns—Severi n us

4 8 1 Th e fait hless p olic y of Zeno un it es t h em; Roman colon ies in N oricum t h eir wea k
Z eno ppeases t h em b y con cession ;
a n ess an d d a n ger
T heoderich ret urn s t o t he court —dis Severin us en deavou reli
rs to rest ore gion
c on t en t of th e G ot h s a mon g t h em —his reput at ion for san ct it y 466
M iraculous powers at tri b ut ed t o him —his
arden t a n d b en evolen t ch ara ct er
II Con di tion f t he Western Emp ire
o
—Fla ccith eus k in g
.
.

His p olit ic al in fl uen ce ,

454 Murder of Ae t ius b y Valen t in ian II I . of Rugian s, h is frien d

th e

He is h imself put t o dea t h b y M ax imus ; His p roph ecy t o Odovaker

t h e empress Eudox i a in vit es G ieseri ch , His miracles
k in g of the V an d als, t o in va de It al
y He is persecut ed b y G isa, t h e Arian queen
lan di n g G ieserich —dea t h of M ax i
of of th e Rugia ns
mus —Rome cap tured a n d plun dered He restores c h urch disc iplin e la ys up
b y t h e V a ndals st oresfor t he poor, an d provi des fun ds

4 5 5 Avi tus ra ised t o th e t h ron e b y t he i n fl uen ce for t h e redemp tion of ca pt ives, a n d for
T h eoderich
of II
; d eposed b y t h e se
. t h e relief of t h e sic k an d t he dest it ut e 4 70
45 7 n ate ; i s s ucceeded b y Maj oria n At h is request , G ib old, k in g of t h e Ale
46 1 Maj oria n i s d eposed b y t he Suevi c capt a in mann i , withdra ws h is ar my , an d releases

gen eral Rich imer th e Roman prison ers subversion of -

Richi mer p romot es Severus , An t h e III . Ba t ava ( Pa pa n) b y Hun n imun d , k in g of

mius ,
an d Olybri us, u
s ccessivel
y t o the t h e Suevi
47 2 ur le ; d ies an d tra n smi t s t h e c omman d T he Heruli i n vade N ori cum, a n d sub vert
p p
i n ch ief of t h e army to t h e Burgun di an
-
t h e Roman cit y of J uvavum ( Salz burg) 4 72 .

ki n g Gun d ob ald Severin us collect s t h e i nh ab it a n t s of t he

4 7 3 G un dob ald ra ises G lyc erius t o t h e t h ron e, su b vert ed c olon ies in L auriac um
an d quit s I t aly The inh ab it an t s of L a uria c um are removed
4 7 4 Glycerius i s de posed, a n d ulius epos i s J N b y Feva , kin g of t h e Rugi an s
i n vest ed w it h t h e purple — Orest es, a Th e h ealt h of Severin us decli n es —h e ex
Pa nn on ian Ro man , comman d s t he a rmy ih h orts h is followers t o emigra t e in t o taly ; I
—
.

L ife a nd a d ven t ures of O rest es ; h e be h e foret ells t h e destruc t ion of t h e re

co mes t he l eader of t h e b arb arian mer ma in in g Roman t own s
cen ari es ; ch ara ct er of th ose mercen aries 460 482 He dies —O d ovaker p ut s an en d t o t he
T hey b ecome discon t en ted w ith N epos, an d 487 Rugian k in gdom of Feva
compel O rest es t o depose h im —
O rest es Dispersion of t h e Rugian s
raises his ow n son August ulus to t h e The Heruli
t h ron e Heat hens —
t h eir savage cust o ms -
t hey
 SYN OPT I CAL AND C RONOL OGICAL IN DEX . xx i

PA G E A D
. . P AG E
.

duce t h e Ch ristian L on gob ardi t o subj ec His foreign p olicy 4 86

t ion H is in t ern al govern men t —
p eace in It al
y 48 7
The Heruli a tt ack t h e L on gob a rdi with out
provoc ation , b ut are defea t ed an d dis
persad
The Longobardi
G ain strength occupy Pan n on ia from t h e
fron t ier of Hun gary t o t h a t of t aly I
CHAP . x .

Sec t ion iV . 488 t o 49 8 .

EST A BL I S H M E N T on THE F R A N K I S H D OMIN I O N I N

488 T h e O st rogot h s in l llyri cum; t h eir uneasy GAU L A ND G Et A NY

con di t i on ; t h ey c a l mour for c h a n ge

T he mp eror
e Zen o q uarrels wi th Odovaker , Subj ect s of th e Ch apt er .

an d t ran sfers t h e k i gd om of I t aly t o

n

T h eoderi ch an d t he O st rogot h s S ect i on i —A D . . 453 t o 49 6 .

Th eoderi ch march es
.

489 I
i n t o t aly ; h e defea t s
Od ovaker at V eron a I Th e Vi sogoths in G aul
h e sh ut s h im
. .

49 0 Sec on d defea t of Od ovaker

self up i n Ra venn a — Theoderich a c Th orismund abreaks wit h t h e Ro man s a fter
k n owledged k in g of I t aly — Odovaker d e Cat a laun ian pla in s
t h e b att le i n t h e
4 53 He i s murdered b y h i s b roth er Th eod eri ch
fen ds h imself for th ree years i n Raven n a
an d Fred erich —Th eoderich k in g II
h e surren d ers, i s put t o deat han d
.

493 Th eoderi ch g oes t o Rome ; h i s b en efa c ti on s

He elevat es A vit us t o t h e empire , makes
w ar up on h i s suc c essor M aj ori an
'

p lari ty
an d p o u

He umes t h e dress
ass of t h e Caesa rs, and n idius, govern or gen eral -
of G aul, ma kes
hi mself in dep en d en t
a do t s t h e Roman form of govern men t
p
He a ssign s t h e t ert ias or t hirds alrea dy
46 He ab an dons t h e N arb on en sian p rovin ces
an t o Th eoderi ch II an d retires t o Armo
ppropriat ed by O dovaker t o h i s own
.
a
ri ca and cen t ra l Ga ul
ubj ec t s 46
h
s

His govern me n t 466 T heoderich II is murdered b y is brot her

.

T h e G ot h s form t h e military forc e of th e Euric , wh o overrun s an d c on quers almost

stat e, a n d are ex e mpt ed from all d ut ies
an d b urt h en s b ut t h ose of mili t ary servi ce 4 69 He d efeat s t h e Bret on s Armori ca ; oh of

Con sti t ut ion of th e civil an d crimin al tri t ain s t h e w h ole of Aquit ain e south of

b un als, est ablish ed b y Th eod eri ch his t h e L oire —t h e emp eror e os surren
p N
ders Auvergn e him; M arseill es an d
Ex t en t h is d omin i on s — milit ar Arles are added t o his domin ion s
of
y divi
sion s ; — allian ces 47 6 T ot al subj uga tion of Spain ; deat h of Euri c ;
Marri ages of hi s femal e rela ti ves h i s ch aract er ; laws
His si ster Amala frida t o T hrasi mun d,
1 .

Weakn ess of th e O st rogot h ic ki n gdom c aus s e

k in g of t h e V an d als of Africa .

of w ea k n ess
2 . His d a ugh t er Th eudigot h a to Al a ri c
k in g of t he V i sig oth s of Sep 1 Th e p rogress of t h e Fran k i sh power
.

t imarii a 2 Religi ous discord

Ch
.
.
.

His d augh t er O strogoth a t o kin g Si Euric resen t s t h e opposit ion of t h e at oli c

clergy t o t h e progress of Ariani sm
—
gismun d of Burgun dy
t e

li gious st rife —p ersecut ion —alien at ion

.
.

4 His ni ece Amal ab erga t o Hermen e

-

frid , king of T hurin gia of t he Roman popula t ion

I
l

BO OK .
x x ii S YN OPT I CAL AND C HRO N O LOGI CAL IN DEX .

PAG E A D PA G B
—on e
. .

II . The Burg un di a ns .
48 1 C h old wig s uc ceed s h im of ma n y
4 3 2 T hey ob ta i n
g ra n t s in Ga ul f1 om th e e mpe prin ces a mon g w h om t h e n a t ion i s divi
ror V a len t in ian III .
d ed ; h e put s a n en d t o t h e Roma n k ing
4 52 King G un dic ha r peri sh es in t h e at te mp t to d om of So isson s b y t h e defea t a n d d ea t h
a rrest t he ro ress of A t t 1 la —t h ey elec t
g p of S a riu
y g s, t h e son of
n ridius
G un dieuc h ,
a V isi ot h ic
g p rin c e, for t h eir 4 86 Relig l on of t h e a n c ien t Fra n k s —Odin
k in g ; —c h t a in a n ex t en sion of t errit ory ib .
Freya
T h or ;
c ir

}
T he Son s of G un d 1 euch sh are t h eir fa t h er’s
.

T h ey sacri fi ce an imal s occasion ally h uman

47 2 domin ion s vi c t i ms 50 5
G un dob a ld b ecomes c omman der in —c hie f of No order of d amon g t h e Fra n k ih
p i r est h oo
-

s . .

t h e Roma n armies ; h i s retiremen t from No s st em of reli ious doc t rin e 50 6

y g
that of
fi ce N ure of t h e
at reli
gi ous Opin ion s of th e G er
Bet“ ec T h e Burgun dian s my a de L iguria, an d man s ; t h eir in firmit y ; —a d va n t ages of
476 an c arr
y a way ma n y of t he in h a b i t a n t s t he C hrist ia n priest h ood
4 93 slaves
as .
Bet w ee an s, a n d
Epiph an ius , bish op of Pa via , ob t a in s t he A D
. . 48 k
t a es Pa ri s ; ex t en sion of his do
relea se of t h e c a p t ives an d 49 min ion s
Cha rac ter of G un dob a ld : he red uces t h e T he F ran ks plun d er t h e ch urc hes , Remi
c ust o mary la w of Burgun dian s
gius, arch bish op of Rh eims, in
th e to fa vour
w it h C hlodwig — Aurelian , a Roma n fa
w rit in g
H e i s c h arged w i th t h e murder of h i s t wo
v ou rit e of t h e k i n , un it es w i t h Remigius
g
b rot h ers C h ilperich an d G odomar ;
,
for his c on version
p rob a b ili ty of t h e ch arg e 49 3 Aurelian p roc ures h is marriage w it h Clo
Sedeleub a an d Ch lot h ildis, d a ugh t ers of
t hild is, th e mece of G un dob a ld i n g of k
Chilperich
Burgun d y
Sigismun d , of G un dob ald , marries ib
Remigius
son .

an d th e n ew queen lab our t o con

O st rogot h a , d augh t er of T h eoderi ch t h e
vert C h lod wig
G rea t
W ar w ith t h e Alema n n i ; b a t t le of T olb ia c
III The Alema nn i — Chlod w i
g i n peri l , p rays t o t h e G
od
. .

M emb ers of the g rea t Suevi c race of t he Ch rist ian s an d o b ta in s t h e vic tory
Rhin e ab out th e middle
,

T h ey p a ss t h e of
His con version an d b a p t ism
t h e fi ft h c en t ury , and upy
oc c a
p a rt of T h e Alema n n i pla c e t h emselves un der t h e
the Roman G erman ia Pri ma , an d t he
rot ec t ion of T h eode rich t h e G rea t
p
n orth ern d i stric ts of mod ern Swi tz erla n d 49 9
Chlod w ig a ssist s G odegisel, k in g of t h e
Burgun di a n s, t o ex pel h is b rot h er G un
S ect ion 11 .
—A . D . 456 —5 1 1 .

d ob ald —defea t of G un dob ald he sub

St a t e of Ga ul wh e n Chlod wig, th e son of mit s t o C h lod wi g
Ch ilderic h , asc en d s t h e t h ron e He a a in u taa rms ; —G od egi sel i s
k es
g p
An c est ors of th e M erwin gia u, or M erovin —
k illed G uudob ald t hrow s off th e Fra n k
gi an ra ce of F ra n h 1 sh k ings . i sh vassal age a n d un it es t h e wh ol e of
C hlodio —M eer ig , or —Chil
d ar c i h ; —h
w e is c arried
M eroveus
aw a by th e
Burgun dy un der h is pt re sce

He h old s t h e b ala nce b et ween t h e O rth odox

y
H un s ; ret urn s an d t h e Aria n s ; c ollec t s t h e c ust om ar
y
Childen c h s ex c esses ; h e is e x pelled from Burgun di ans in t o a c od e
’
la w of t he
h is kin gdom; is rein st a t ed ; marries C hlod wig is regard ed as t h e ch a mpion of

Basi n s t he wi fe of Basin us k in g of ort h odox

y m G a ul
h
.
,

T h ur in gia T h e Ca t h olic subj ec ts of t h e V isigot s

Chlod wig b orn of t ln s irregular marria ge suffer persecut ion
C hildcrich ex t en ds his t erri tory 4 84 Alaric su cc eeds Eu ric —t l e orth odox
II . i
 S YN OPT I CAL AN D C HRO N O LOG I CAL INDEX . XX I1 I

PAG E A D
. .
PA G E
c lergy in t rigue w i t h Chlodw ig —V olusi 5 2 3 At t he i n st ig a t ion of Chlot hildis, h er son s

an us is put to d eat h —impen din g rup a t t acBurgun dy ; —Ch lodomer d efea t s

k
t ure b et w een Chl odwig a n d t h e V i sigot h s 51 6 S igismun d , t ak es hi m p ri son er, a n d put s
T h eoderi ch t h e G rea t i n t erferes t o preven t h im a n d all h is fa mily t o dea t h
t h e w ar — con feren c e b et ween Al ari c II 5 24 G odomar defen ds t h e k ingdom; —C hlodo
an d Ch lodwig mer is k illed in b a t t le
Fresh rel i
gious d 1st urb an ces
—
Chlodwi g T heoderich Grea t t a k es a p art in th e
t he
‘

resolves t o ex
p el t h e V isig ot h s fromG a ul 5 1 8 53 3 w ar —di smemb ermen t of t h e k i ngdom
He march es a
g a i n st Alari c —sig n s an d or of Burgun dy ; —T h eod erich t h e G reat
miracles 53 4 ob t a in s P roven ce an d Dauphin e
Bat t le of V ougle —d f e eat an d d eat h of Chlot hildis a ssu mes t h e guardi an sh ip of the
Alaric -
C hlod w ig ex t en ds his d omin ion s min or son s of Ch lod omer ; —C hilderich
t o th e M edit erran ean an d t he G aron n e 5 20 an d Chlot h ar get p ossession of t he t wo
T he emperor An a st asius in vest s him wit h children , an d put t h em t o d eat h Wi t h
t h e d ign i ty of t h e c on sula t e poli cy of
— t h eir own h a n ds
t h e i mperial c our t wi t h referen ce to t i tles G rief an d reti re men t of Chlot hildis
and h on ours con ferred on b arb aric sove Theud eri ch of Austrasi a ma k es w a r upon
reign s an dprin ces t h e T h urin gian s
‘

Chlod wig sweeps a way t h e pet t y k in gs of The T hurin gian s govern ed b y t w o b roth ers ,

t h e Fran k s, Sigib ert , a n d Chloderich Balderi ch an d Hermen efrid ; t h e la t t er

‘

Ragn a ch ar, Rich ard , an d Rign omer a llies h imself w ith T heuderi ch to dis
Ex ti rpa t es th eir famili es possess hi s b rot h er -
Balderi ch is
D eath an d ch ara c ter of Chlodwig sla in — He1 men efri d brea k s his com a ct
p
w i th T h euderi c h
T heud eri ch an d C hlot h ar in v d e T hurin gia a ,

S ecti on i ii .
-
A D
. . 5 1 1 —542 . an d defea t H ermen efri d ; h e defen d s
h imself i n t h e c ast le of Sch ei din g on th e
Chlodwi g leaves four son s —
Th eud eri ch Un st rut t
hi s son by a con cu
p bin e, ri or to his mar P ea ce ; — Hermen efrid is d ecoyed i n t o t h e
ria e
g
—
b y Ch lot hildis h e leaves Chlodo pow er of T h euderich , an d put t o dea t h
mer Childebert , an d Ch loth ar
,
d own fall of t h e T h uri n gi an k in g dom;
Divi sion of t h e k in gdom amon g th e four T h eud erich a n n ex es i t ,toget h er wit h Ale
son s o f Chlodwi g —Sh are of T heuderi ch man uia an d Ba vari a, t o Aust ra sia .

Austrasi a an d N eust ri a T h eud eri ch red uc es t h e cust omary laws of

T h euderi ch Aust rasi a ; Childeb ert ,
ob t ain s t h ese n a ti on s in t o w rit in g .

N eustria C hlodomer, Orlean s ; Chlo 53 4 D eath of Th euderi ch , — h is son T h eud eb ert

t h ar, Soisson s is recogn iz ed a s k in g of Austrasi a
D ea t h G un d ob al d of Burgun dy
of 53 7 Childebert an d T heudeb ert co mb in e a gain st
He is suc ceeded b y hi s son s Sigi smun d an d Ch lot h ar of Soisson s —civil w ar — mira
Go domar —
Sigi smun d put s h is son Si c ulous i n t erferen c e of St M art in .

g erich t o death 542 Rec on cili a t i on of C hildeb ert an d Chlot h ar

Reven ge of Chloth ildi s up on t h e famil y of t h ey inv a de Spa i n
G un dob ald for t h e imput ed murder of h er Ch aract er of t h e Fran k ish n ati on at t h is

paren t s p eriod
x x iv S YN OPT I CAL AN D CHRO N OLOGI CAL IN DEX .

C HAP XI Pub !

ma rch es t o Rome —Belisarius pre

. .

V 1t iges
D oW N M LL or r un O sr a oc o r n rc D O M IN I ON m p ares t o sust a in a siege
I T Y ; —FR N K
AL A S A N D L O N G onA a n r ; CL o ss — on Si ege of Rome —Vit ig es con vert s t he siege
THE BA R BA RI C M I G R A T I O N S .
i n t o a b loc k a de —
d ist ress in t h e cit y
b a t t le a n d ret rea t of Belisarius —arrival
of a relievin
g force on t h e coast
Subj ect s of t his c h apt er st ated —
Fa min e a n d disease in th e Gothic army re

in forc emen t s a n d supplies en t er Rome

Sect ion I .
-
A D. . 5 ] 1 — 552 .
V 1 t iges ob t a in s a t ruce fro m Belisarius 5 52
He c on tri ves t o bloc k ade th e G ot h s in t h eir
T h eoderich t he G rea t d eth ron es G iselic, own ca mp an d provok es t h em t o b rea k
an d govern s t h e V isigot hi c ki ngdom i n t he t ruce
th e n a me of h is ra n d son Amala ri ch Opera t ion s of Belisari us in th e rear of t h e
g
He re un ites th e G ot hic n a t ion s ; fa ils in G ot h s —Vit iges ret ires from Rome ; b e
effec t in g a si mi lar un ion b et ween h is sie es
g Rimin i —Revolt of G en oa an d

Got h ic an d It alia n su j
b ec t s ; he curb s Milan —Belisarius t ak es An con a
t he C a th oli c p art y ; his t yra n n y a nd Arri val of N arses wit h rein force men t s ;
d ea t h Belisarius an d N a rses relieve Rimmi
Religi ous d 1 ti eren c es un dermin e t h e fab ric
'

Vit iges ret ires to Rav en n a —t he G oth s

of t h e G ot h ic mon archy in t a ly I rec over M ilan an d L igur i a ; -
rec all of

T h eoderich i s suc c eed ed b y A t h alaric h , son N a rses

his d augh t er Amalasuin t h a , b y t h e

of V iti g es ppli es t o t h e L on gob ardi for a s
a

Amala n Eut h aric sist an ce —sen d s a n emb assy t o K hosru,

Amala rich d 1es —Amalasui n t a marries h k in g of P ersia

T h eod at , w h o i s p rocla imed k in g D eclin e of G ot h ic aff a irs in t aly
th e I ,

Th eod a t imprison s h er a n d c a uses h er t o Belisa rius bloc k a d es Ra ven n a — t h e

b e put t o dea t h Fran k s t hreat en t aly — I
b ot h part ies re
Sch emes of t h e Byz govern men t
a n ti n e aft er
gard t h em as alh es
the d ea t h of T h eoderich T h eud eb ert p a sses t h e Alps w it h
J usti i
n an
p repares t o a t t ac k t h e O st rogot h s men
of I ta ly —Belisarius c on quers t h e V a n Arms equipmen t s
, , an d milit ary t act i c s of

dal kin gdomin Afric a ; h e recovers Sic ily t he Fran k s

from t h e G ot h s ; —T heod at offers t o re Treach ery of t h e Fran k s ; t h ey ma k e w ar
s1
gn for a pen sion ; h e is over
t h e crow n alik e up on G ot h s a n d Roman s

rea ch ed b
y J ust in ian n t emp era n c e of t h e Fra n k s ; t h e a rmy is
I
He n egoc ia tes w i th t h e Fran s, b ut i s k c on su med
b y disea se t h e i r ret rea t 56 1
forest alled b y J ust in ian —t h e Fran k s O simo an d Fiesole surren der t o t h e Ro man s ih .

p t p resen t s from b ot h p art ies

a cc e Belisarius in vest s Ra ven n a ; —t h e Fran k s
Belisa rius con quers C alabri a a n d Ca mpa offer a llia n ce w it h t h e G ot h s

n ia; h e t a k es a
p les ;
— N
t he G ot h s d e Belisarius t h w art s t h eir p j
ro ec ts —t he
p ose T h eod a t an d p ut h im t o d ea t h G ot h s declin e th e allian ce of t h e Fra n k s 56 3
eleva t ion of V it ig es T h eir desperat e con d i t ion —t h ey offer the
— wh o
Crit ic al posit ion of th e Got h s b etween t h e c rown t o Belisarius p ermit s t hem
Fra n k s an d th e imperialist s —V it iges t o b elie ve in h is d i sposit ion t o a cc ept
c on c il ia t es t h e Fran k s, w ith dra w s t h e it —Ra ven n a ca pi t ula t es upon h on our
G oth ic forc es from P roven c e a n d Dan a b le t er ms
ph in e, an d un it es t h e en t ire mili t arv Rec all of Belisarius —th e G ot h s import un e
st ren
gt h of t h e n a t ion a t Ra ven n a h im t o a c cept t h e crow n — his lo a lt
y y
Rome surren ders t o Belisa rius b e quit e It al
y
 SYNOPT I CAL AN D C HRO N OL OG I CAL IN DEX . X XV

P AG E

T h e aff ai rs of t h e empire declin e Sk irmish es —a dvan t ageous posi tion of

D isun ion a mon g t h e G ot h s death of .

-
N arses — man oeuvres of b ot h armies

-
V raj a ; Eleva t ion a n d murder of I ldeb ald Ba t t le . of Bust a Gallorum; —defeat . an d

an d E urarich d eath of T ot ila

T ot ila is ra ised t o t h e th ron e ; h e d efeat s T eia s is rai sed t o t h e t hron e he ret ires to

t he Roman s on t he Po an d i n T usca ny Pa vi a -
N arses recovers Rome an d Tus
recovers
~
t he so uth of I t aly can y ; T eias march es i n t o C ampa n ia
Ret ak es C umae an d N a
ples h is st at ion on the Sarn o —N arses get s
Charact er of T ot ila possession of his fl eet
He summon s Rome Bat tle of t h e M on s L act arius —dea t h of
Belisarius ret urn s t o t aly b ut w it out I , h T ei as
su ffi c ien t force h e t a rries at Raven n a . Submission of th e Goth s ; th ey are per
T ot ila prepares for t h e siege of Rome mit t edt o d ep art w i th t h eir ar ms an d

close block ade —th e cit y is b etrayed t o property ; th ey d isperse

Aligern , b rot h er of T ei as, main ta in s h im
He resolves to raz e th e ci t y to t h e g round self i n C umae ; — b y t he .
conn i van c e of

he empt ies it of its i n h ab it an t s, an d T heudeb ald of Aust rasia , Frank s an d

d estroys on e t hird of t h e w alls — Al ema nn i un der L eut h ar an d But elin

grave
-

mon st ran c e of Belisarius

re
prep are t o in va de t aly I 588
h
.

T ot ila desist s from h is design ; h e quits T h ey are j oin ed by t h e T ra n spa da n e Got s 5 89

Rome —Beli sarius reoccupies t h e di s
_

L euth ar an d But elin subdue t h e n ort h of

man tled cit y h ast ily repairs t h e fortifi It aly, an d d efea t Fulcas a t Parma —Na
r
-
r

c at ion s -
T ot ila ret urn s ; b ut fails in an ses ta k es L ucera block ades Cumae ;
a ssa ul t upon t h e n ew defen ces Aligern surren ders t he place
N arses con c en t rat es h is forc es i n Cam

T he war l an guish es — Belisarius is recalled pan a i —But elin

a n d L eut har separa t e in
,

Samn i um ; desolat e t h e sout h ern pro

T ot il a a
gain b esi eges Rome ; t h e cit y is vi n ces of I
t aly ; L euth ar ret ires
a gai n b etrayed in t o his h an ds But elin remain s z—L eut h ar an d hi s ar my
He —
rec overs Sicily c ut off b y pest ilen ce posit ion of But eli n
He ma k es a dvan ces for p eace ; J ust in ian on V ult urn us
th e
j
re ect s t h em Operat i on s of arses N —b at tle of th e Vul
Prepara ti on s of J ustin i an for the recon t umus ; —t ot al d estruct ion of the ar my
quest of It al
y;
—T ot ila b esieges An con a of But eli n
D efeat of t heGot hi c fl eet b efore An con a T he re mn an t of t he G ot hic n at ion sub mit s
th e Goth s relin quish the si e e — J ust i to N
g ; arses

n i an recon quers Sic ily

t erms t o J u t in ian
’
T ot ila a
g ai n ofi ers s wh o
t h em; —th e comman d 525—568
,

j
re ec t s of th e in Section iii . A D
. . .

va din g ar my i s in t rust ed t o N arses

Causes of migra tion in uth ern
so an d cen

S ection 11 . A D . . 552 —554 . tr al Europe

W eak n ess of th eOst rogot hic mon archy
I Origin the Scla vi
Mean s con fided t o arses for t h e prosecu N
. of .

t ion of t he war Scyt hian s an d Sauroma tae

N arses marc h es in t o I t aly roun d t h e h ead Sar mat ian s, Rox alan i , Jaz yges , 81 0 .

of t h e Adria t ic occup ies U mbri a an d ,

How t h ese n at ion s were affect ed b y t he
en coun t ers T oti la at T a in ae i n t h e U m
g Gothic an d Hunn ic con quest s
b rian Apen n i n es Sarmat ian Scla vi —V en edi an d An t es
 S YN OPT I CAL AN D C HRO N OL OG I CAL IN DEX .

P AG E A D
.

\Vest eruor V en edic Scla vi i n G erman y G enera l dissa t isfac t ion , a ggra va t ed by
5 49 East ern Scla vi or Scla vin i in va de t h e e m sc arc i t
y an d d isea se
to pire Alb oi n resol ves t o migra te in t o I t ly
a

5 5 1 T hey recede from t h e Da n ub e, a n d esta b lish T h e emp eror J ust in sup ersedes N e ar s s, wh o
t hemselves in Polan d and Pr ussia en t ers in t o c orres
pon d en ce w i th t he L on
gob ar di
—
h e dies a t Rome
II . Orig i n o f t he A vfirs .
Alb oin y ields up Pan n on ia t o his allies t h e
4 87 Avars h e is j oin ed b y Sa x ons
to O gour trib es in vade t h e e mpire a n d ot h er a d ven t urers, an d crosses t h e

Alps
Division s of t hese tr ib es He overrun s an d c on quers I taly wit h li t tle
Khoun n it es an d Oufir K houn n it es
-
af resist an ce —Pavi a h old s out for t h ree
k n own b y the me of A va rs 60 4 —t h e east ern Roman s sh ut m
}
c 1r t erw ard s na ea rs th e
y
in Ra ven n a 3—Alb oin
.

55 8 T hey b ear dow n t h e Sc la v ic A n t es an d selves np mak es

ot h ers, a n d set t le fr om t h e D an ub e t o t h e Pa via h is ca pit al
V ist ula He marr ies Rosamun da t h e d a ugh t er of
K un imun d ; compels h er t o pledge him
III . Lon g oba rdz and Gep i daP .

in a dra ugh t from t h e sk ull of h er fa

P rimi ti ve govern men t Rosamun da
’
of t he Lon gob ard i t h er ; s reven
ge
t h ey a d opt a c orrup t Chr ist ian it y Sh e retir es, w i t h h er p aramour Helmi ch is,
Aft er t h eir vic t ory over t h e ir O ppressors t h e t o L on gin us, ex arch of Ra ven n a ; t h ey
’
H eruli t h ey set t le in P a n n on ia , d be die b y ea ch ot h er s h and s
—Th
an

co me st ipen diary va ssa ls of t h e empire 60 6 I n ter reg n um . e L on gob ard i resolve n ot

Kin gs—T at o Wacco ; Walt h ari ; Aud oi n ih .

t o fill up t h e t hron e
N a t ion al h ost ili t y b et ween t h e L on gobardi
I . Ci vi l and M i li ta ry D i vi si on s of t he
an d Gepidae
L omba rd N a tion
Hildech is
.

pret en der t o t h e t h ron e of t h e

a
Faras of th e Lomb ards
,

L ongob ardi , is support ed b y t h e Gepidze Clan s or

T h ey divide t h e lan d in t o provin ces, an d

and b
y J ust in ian
t h ese ag a in i n t o d uc hi es —duk es of t h e
Us t rigoth , t he h eredi tary my of T h ori
—subdi vision s
en e

k in g of t h e Gepidm i s p ot ected b y
sen d, r
L omb ards
,

Audoin king of t he L ongob ardi II S t a te L a n ded P rop efl y

, . o
f .

C h ivalrous ad ven t ure of Alb oin , t h e f

T h e L omb ard s t a k e t h e t hi rd
son o
of t h e reve
Audoi n
nu e of all lan d
Dea t h of J ustin ia n -
Kun imun d suc ceed s
No (tron n —
l d an s a re reserved
T horisen d t h e t h ron e of th e G ep idae ih
T h e old Roman propri et ors gra dually sw ept
on .

A lboin u
s cceeds h is fa t h er Audoin ih
a w ay
.

He c on trac ts alli a n ce w i th t he k han of t h e

T he T ert iae or t hirds disappear w i t hin
Avars Bessarab ia a n d W a llach ia for
of
ei
gh t y ye ars a ft er t h e c on uest , an d th e q
t h e destr uc t ion of t h e Ge idae
p dist in ct ion b et ween Roma n a n d L on go
T he Av fir s an d
Lon gobardi i nvade t he t er
b a rdic propriet ors d isa ppears alt oget h er
rit or of t h e G e idaa —t ota l d efea t of t h e
y p
G ep idm; d ea t h of t h eir las t k in g Kun i
mun d —t he G epidae cease t o ex ist S ect i on V A D - 53 4 — 581
as a

n at ion 1 . I n ter nal St a te of t he Fra n kish

fi l ona rchy .

-
S ect ion iv . A D . . 568—5 7 3 .
534
to Theudeb ert reign s fourt een years
Evils of t he By z an t in e govern men t in I taly 61 2 5 48
 YN OPT I CAL
S AN D CHRO N OL OG I CAL IN DE
X . x x vii

AD .
PAG E

5 48
—Child eb ert 62 6
n a of Alb oin
’
s ar my ma k e an ir
to T h eud eb ald ; an d Chloth ar
rup t ion in t o G aul
5 54
5 58 Chlothar I . .
, last s ur vrvmg s on of Chlodwig, M ummolus d efea t s t h em, and
pa sses t h em
an d sole
g ki n Fran k s ; —Sax on war
of t h e r ib . i n t o G erman y
5 6 1 Deat h of C hlot h ar —t h e k in gdomis di vided T he L omb a rd d uk es in vad e south ern Bur
mon g Ch arib ert , G un
his four un d ; th e a re a ai n driven b ac k b y
, a son s, g y y g
, C th ra m
hilp eri c h , an d Sigibert M ummolus
5 7 3 Death of Ch arib ert ki n g of P aris — Ch il pe
rich k in g of Soisson s seiz es Paris III St a te th e Ba va ri a n P eop le
f
o
G un t hram an d Sigib ert p el him from
. .

574 ex

t h e usurped t erri t ory Ba vari a —eu appendage of the Fran k ish

L ea gue of G un th ra ma n d Ch ilperich a gain st kin gdom of Austra sia
.

Sigib ert k in g of A ustrasia — Sigib ert .

Duk e G arib ald o f t h e ra ce of Ag ilolf con

defeat s t h em, a n d compels Ch ilperi ch t o n ec ts h imself w i th t h e L omb ards .

ut h imself up in T ourn ay
sh

Sigib ert marries Brun ehild is, daugh t er of

The L ongobmd i
Ath an a gild k in g of Spain Ch ilperi ch — IV . .

marries an ot h er d augh t er n amed G al Rome

°

T h ey rava ge t h e t errit ory of

s ui n th a The mperor
e T ib eri us II solic it s Ch ild e
—Brun eh ildis
.

Galsuin t h a dies a t t rib ut es b ert II . t o in va de It aly — t he L omb ards

h er deat h t o p oison a dmin i st ered b y Fre ra i se Aut h ari the son of Cleph t o t h e
degun dis t h e con cub ine of C hilperich t hron e

T h e Fra n k s in va de t aly —
.

5 7 4 Sigib ert d et ermin es t o put Ch ilperich t o I

Aut h ari w it h
d ea t h ; b ut is h imself murdered b y t h e dra w s t h e p eople in t o th e walled t own s ;
p ro c u rem e n t of F re d eg un d i s —
5 Ch ilpe t h e Fra n k s are desert ed by t h e G reek s,
rich rec overs h is ki ngdom an d t a esk a n d ret rea t .

Brun eh ildis p rison er Auth ari recovers t h e east ern d uch ies of t h e
C omplain t of G regory of T ours kin gdom from t h e G reek s
Brun eh ildis esca pes; b ecomes t h e regen t Aut h ari is disappoin t ed of a Frank ish
of Austra sia duri n
g t h e mi n ori t y of h er b rid e ; —t h e Fran k s a ain i n vad e t aly, g I
son Childeb ert II . an d a re Auth ari
t otally defea t ed b y
G un th ram of O rlean s adopt s Childeb ert as Auth ari sues for t h e h a n d of T h eudelin da ,
h is successor d augh t er of G arib ald of Ba varia n
—t he
5 8 7 Con ven t ion An d ela n t o put an en d t o
f
o Fran k s in va de Ba varia .

disord ers, an d settle t h e rela t ion s of th e T h ey ex pel Gari b ald —T h eudelin da mar
'

Ben e ficiaries an d L eudes t o th e c rown 63 1 ries Aut h ari

T h e Fra nk s, i n alli an ce w it h t h e empire,

II Ex tern a l History of the F ra n ki sh ki ng! a
g a in in vade L omb ardy
.

domdow n to the Con ven ti on of An dela n .

A ut h ari a ga in w i th draws t o t h e walled
56 2 town s t h e G reek s a ga in d esert t h eir
-

to I n roads of t he Avarie Huns allies —t h e Fran ks wa st ed b y fever an d ,

5 69 dysen t ery break up an d ret ire

,

T h e Avars i n va d e Ger man y , Si ibert of

g
G un t hra m Burgun dy media tes a p ea ce
of

Austrasi a en t ers in t o alli an ce wit h t h e b et ween t h e Austrasian s an d th e L om

empire b ards — deat h of Auth ari 3 T h eude —
wh o is proclai med
‘

lin d a marri es Agiln lf

Th e Lombards in vade Proven ce an d Dan ,

or
hi ne; t h ey are d efea t ed b Mummolus
k in g
p
peacewi t h t he Fran k s
57 1 y .

He c on cludes
x x vii i S YN OPT I CAL AN D C HRO N OLOGI CAL IN DEX .

P ac e

C HAP . XII .
1 . I n T rust e,
2 I n Host e
—t h
.

G E R M AN Y F R A N C E U ND E R THE M s a w mc rx u
A ND 3 At t en dan t s and followers eir a dvan

K t s—O a rc m o r THE FE U D A L S Y S TE M —RE

.

t ag es

n e ron s Soc ra n A N D P O L I T I C A L C o n n rr x o n o r
, ,
Trea ty o f An d ela u
r n s G ea ma mc N a r ro n s m r a n SE V E N TH C EN Obj ec ts of t he t rea t y .

roa r . Rela tes on ly to fi scal or b en eficiary lan d s .

Ben e fices, origin a lly , con di t ion al an d re

P relimin ary re mark s sumab le est ates
S ect ion 11
S ec t i on
.

1 .

Succ ess of Ch ilperich an d Fredegu dis ; n Moral an d reli

gious sta t e of the Fran k s
d ea t h of Chilperic h un der t h e Merwmgi an s
Con spiracy in A ust rasia discovered an d An cren t reli gi on , mere superst1 t 1 on
p un i shed T hey a dop t C hrist ian it y wit h out ren oun cmg
Con ven t ion of
An dela n for set tlin g di sputed t h eir supersti ti on s
b oun dari es, a n d fi x i n g t h e d ut ies of grea t Root ed b eh ef 1 11 SOTCCI
'

Y, i n can ta t i on s, an d

offi cers, va ssa ls, a n d b en e fic iaries

Con ti n ue to pay di vin e h on ours to t h eir for

Ra nks a nd Con d i ti on s a mong t he F ra n ks .
mer divini ti es ; t he Christ ian priest hood
I . In rela t i on to the la n d infect ed wi t h h ea t hen p ra vi t y
1 . Roman propriet ors Complian ces of th e churchmen sain t Wor - -

P rin ciple of p art iti on a mong t he Fran k s psh i

l Roman i con vivaa regis Moral doctrin e of t he priest hood

—
. .

2 Roman i possessores Reli g ious c on scien ce it s man ifesta tion s

—m
. .

3 . Roma ni t rib ut ar n eri t s of t he sai n ts

2 . Fran k s Pra n oua I n gen uus

-
hi s c on W ealt h of t h e ch urch —resen tmen t of t he
di tion an d d ut ies clergy ag a in st C h ilp eri ch of Sois son s for
T he an cien t Gelei t —i t s rela t ion to t he cur t ail in g t h eir a c quisi tion s 68 2
more recen t Leudes ih .
V ices of t h e clergy —t h eir w arlik e hab it s 6 84
Source of the feuda l i n sti tut ion 6 55 Episcopal elec t ion ; C on sen sus ; P rie
3 . L eudes —
t h eir origin an d a tt rib ut es 6 56 cept io —lay ppoin t men t s
a

Th e grea t n obili ty en rol th e mselves amon g I mmu it i n es of t h e b ish ops an d inferior

t h e L eudes c ler
gy
4 Simp le Freeme n
. Ecclesi a st ica l j udi catures —foun da t ion of

A t trib ut es of personal freedom amon t h e t h e t empora l aut h orit of t h e ch urch

g y
German ic n a t ion s ih C la ims of ex empt ion
en —t h eir c on di t ion —
.

5 Serf s a n d Bon dsm

.
66 0 An arch y in s ub ordin a t ion — weak n ess of
Degrees of servi t ude —sources of servit ude 6 6 1 t h e govern men t in main t ain in
g soc ial
Inc iden t s of servi t ude 663 order

V i llain servi ces 664 Religious ex tra vagance k eeps pace w it h

1 . Househ old service, public cri me
2 . Predi al servi ce N a t ion al ch ara cter of h F ks
t e ran at t h is

6 . F1 eed me n .

Mafl uml ssv n

S ec t ion 111 — A D 5 93 —6 40
II In relanon to governmen t
. . . .

:
—d
.

1 P roce rei , or nobles II G un t hram in Bur

a van ta
ges a fforded 593 Childeb ert succeed s
.
.

t he m
—fii gun dy
.
. .

2 An tr ustions
. o cers of t he kin g Chlot h ar II . in N u
e st ri a
 SYN OP T CAL AN D C HRO I N OLOG I CAL IN DEX . x x ix

P AG E AD
. . P AG E
5 9 6 Death of C hildeb ert II . hi s son s Th eude Disturb ances in N eust ria an d Burgun dy
b ert II . an d T h euderich II . in Aust rasia —R adulf of Thurin gia re

Transacti on s in N eust ria —death of Fred e b els

Bat t le of th e Un strutt ; defeat of t he

Power of Brun ehi ldi s in Austra sia Ra dulf ma k es h imself in depen den t
W ar b et ween b rot h ers Th eu
612 Theuderich ; dea t h
the deb ert
of Th eudeb ert
an d

an d
S ecti on iv — A D 640 —7 24
}
. . . .

613 Th eud erich C on n ex ion of t h e h ist ories of Fran ce an d

—
.

Sigib ert II — . reb elli on cruel death of G erman y —b oun dari es

Brun eh il dis C hlot h ar III . in N e stria u —Eb ui r n, maj or
Elevat ion of Chloth ar II . of N eustria t o t he dom u —usurp
s Grimoald in Aus a ti on of
uni t ed ki n gdoms t ra si a —
Ch ilderi ch ,
k in g
—Th eude II .

Ri se of the p ower of the M aj ores D omfis ri ch II I

in Aust rasi a h e i s deposed ,
.

P ubli c a ssemblies of t he Fra n ks murder of Childerich II .

In t roduction of th e churchmen in to the n a Civil w ar b et ween t h e Austrasian s an d

t ion al coun cils Neu t s ri an s —
maj or
‘

domfi s Ebruin de
6 1 5 St a tute of P a ris M ar t in an d Pippin of Herist al
fea t s
Alt eration s in t en ures —remedy of ecclesi murder of M art in — death of Eb ruin
asti cal
grievan ces W arado an d Berch er maj ores ,
domfi s in
Remedy of civil gri evan ces .
Neustria
Appoin tmen t of j udges —clerical app ea s l Battle of T ex tri —Pippi n of Heri stal ,
sole
b efore l ay t ribun als proh ibit ed maj or d omfi s Fran ln sh kin g
'

of t he
.

6 22 Dagob ert , son of Chlot h ar, d eclar ed k in g of doms ; death — of Th euderi ch III .

Chlodwig III . 0 0 0 0 0 0

Arn ulf of M etz , an d P ippin of L an den C h ild eb ert I V

—
.

regen t s Grimoald, maj or domfis of eustri a the N

Territorial disput e Frisian s un der Radb od Pippin defeat s —
628 Dea th of Chloth ar II .
-
Dagob ert I . sole t h em
St at e of G ermany
St a te f
o Tra n srhen ane Ger ma n y at the P ower an d c haracter of Pippin of Herist al
close of t h e six th cen t ury ; a dva n ce of Da gbo ert III .

th e Sclavi D eath of Pippin

T h eudoald, d omfis un der th e guardi
maj or

”
th e Avfirs an shi
p of Plec tr udis, wi dow of Pippin
K arl, or C harles, illegit imat e son of Pippin ,
Samo, ki n g of t h e
T h e Sclavi an d Avars -

i mp ir son ed .

Sclavi C hilperich II . Raganfred maj or domus l n

63 1 His quarrel wi th Dagob ert N eust ri a
I n vasion an d re
pulse of Dagob ert Escape of ( aft erwards called Mar
Ch arles
63 2 Sclavi rava e
g G erman y ; —t he Sax on s t el) his achievemen ts h e defeat s t h e
Th e Austr asi a ns deman d a k in g eleva — N eu t s ri an s at Vin cy
t i on of Sigib ert I I I , son of Dagob ert ; .
Ex pels Plectrudis , a n d co mpels Eudo , duk e
Radul f mad e Duk e of Thurin gia
_

ofA qui t ain e, t o give up th e k in g , Chil

6 3 5 D ea t h of Dagob ert ; he is ucceeded b y II
peri ch
.
s .

his
C hlodwigson in II . N eust ria a n d Ch loth ar I V .

Burgun dy Th euderich IV
E ga, maj or domfi s —Pippin , maj or domfis
.

Ti tula r kings
640 in Austrasia his deat h St at e of soc iety in France
V on I .
 S YN OPT I CAL AN D C HRO N OL OGI CAL IN DEX .

P AG E
from t h e of C hlod wig
C HAP . XIII .
ge a

Ch a rles Mart el
ST A TE or G E RMA N Y I N TH E Erc n r n C E N T U RY .
I . Alema n n i —D uk es
L euth a r an d But elin ,

I n tern a l st a t e —German ic law codes ;

L eud efrid an d Un cilin us,
Rob ert ,
s ubj ect s of t his ch ap t er
L eut har II ,

554—7 2 5
.

S ect i on i — A . . D . . G ot fried an d W illich ar

T h eodeb ald an d N eb n s
N a t ion s domi c iled upon t h e soil of a n cien t
Th e ducal di gn it y d ivi sib le
G erman y
Govern men t
I . Thuri n g i a n s ,
II .Ba va ri a n s— D uk es
2 . Ba va ri a n s ,

3 Alema n n i ,
‘

G arib ald, ex pelled b y Childeb ert II . 7 52

4 . Sa x on s

Aspec t of t he c oun t ry
T assilo I .

G arib ald II .

Soci a l Sta te o
f t hese Na tion s T heodo I St Emmeramm -

—
.
. .

680 T h eodo 1 1 St Rupert

I Ra n ks an d con di ti on s
nhi
.

II
.

c ir T heodo divi des hi s d uch y b et wee

}
s
1 Ad eli n ge, a birt h n ob ilit
. .

y
-
.

7 12 t hree son s
2 F reemen ,
.

G rimoa ld —St
Corb in ian
3 Se rfs a n d non
freemen
.

Govern men t — duc al di gn i t y di visib le ;

-
.

I n ciden t s of servi t ude

con fi n ed t o t h e Agilolfi n gi an family
4 L i ti , or Aldi ones —mitig a t ed servi
Aleman ni
.

7 22 Re duc t ion of t he b y Ch arles

t ude
—b arb aric M artel
11 Ci vi l la ws o f t he Germa n s
7 2 5 He d eposes Grimoald i n Bavaria ,
.

an d
codes

1 . P rop erty i n la n d —Alodium places Hugib ert on t h e t h ron e

Rise of lan d ed property
2 . L a ws of in h erita n ce S ec tion 11 .
—A . D . 7 25—749 .

1 11 . Cr imes an d
p un ishmen ts ; c ri mi n al
la w Arab c on quest of Spa in .

1 . G en eral n ot ion min al legisla

of cri T h e Sara cen s i n Spa in
t ion a mon g t he G erman s Abderra hh man cl G a feki in vades Aquit ain e
W ehrgeld s Ba t tle of T ours —dea th of Abderrahh
2 . Progress in leg islat ion man — ret reat of t h e Saracen s
3 . Inj uries t o t h e erson
p Ch arles M art el re
pels an d defea t s t he Fri
4 . I jui
n r es to
property un der Poppo
sia n s

D wellin gs of t h e G erma n s ; He ch ast ises t h e Sax on s

Domest ic an imals He ex pels t h e Sa ra cen s from Sept iman ia
IV . Court s f
o la w , an d
forms of ad mi He divid es t h e k in gdom b et ween h is son s

n i steri n
g j usti ce : C arlman an d P ippin O O O O O O O O
Con sti tut ion an d ch aract er of the His dea t h
court s Heredita ry succession
Ma llum gen eral
or ca n ton a l, an d C on duct of Carlman an d P ippin t o t heir
—
,

ot h er assemb lies rocess b rot h er Gri fo con federacy of t he Aq ui

p
-

t an ian s, Ale mann i , an d Bavaria n s, again st

Hi story o
f the Ale ma n n i and Ba va r i a n s Carlman an d Pipp in
 Y I
S N OPT CAL AND CHRO N OL OG I CAL IN DEX . xx x i

III . Ri se o
f Roman A scen d a n cy
t he over

7 44 Th ey reduce Al emann ia an d Bavari a ; t he West ern Churches .

su b mi ssion of d uk e Odil o ,

7 47 Garlman ret ires in t o a con ven t Gregory t h e Great an d Augustin e

Reb ellion of Grifo Ob edi en ce an d di scipline of t he An glo
7 49 Grifo in Sax on y an d Bavaria Sax on church es

D efeat of the Bavarian s Grifo sub mit s — An glo Sax on missi on s —E gb c ert of I on a ;
Wilfrid of Y kpor reach es t o th e Fri sian s
M ission of Wicb ert
S ecti on i ii M ission of Willibrord prea ch i ng of Willi
.

b rord —t h e mission ari es set t le a t t rech t U

Chri sti a n i ty i n Germa ny
Success of Willibrord
Religion of t he S ax on s an d Frisian s
Sa cri fi ces —l t a ars
Radb od destroys t rech t U
—t riumph
Rest orat ion of t h e mi ssion aries
Id olat r
y
Reli gi on of the h a lf -
con verts
of Chr isti an it y in Frieslan d 79 1

A lema n n i a ddi c t ed t o th e magic up erst i

mon g the
s
IV P rog ress fChri sti a n i ty
,
o a
Ba va ri a n s L om
.

ti on s ; so al so th e an d
Thurin gi a n s .

ba rds
Ig n ora n ce an d s upersti tion of th e Chri st ian cir
. I i h mi
r s ssi on s of Killian , Coloman n , an d

6 86 T otmann —superstition s
7 75
Reform, earn estly
desired b y t h e h igh er Th ey preach at Wurz b ur
g t h eir mart yr
orders of t h e cler
gy
Origin a t es in rel an d I Success of Chri st ian i ty — mpli co an ces of

t h e clergy
‘

I i Rep ubli ca ti on of Chri sti a n i ty mong

t he Alema n n i .
a
S ect ion i v .
— A D . . 7 49— 7 52 .

5 75 Columb an us an d Ga ll Effect s of t h e An glo Sax on mission s in

prea ch
-

in Al e
man ma G ermany
P ersecuti on of t h e mi ssion ari es Win fred in -
G erman y
Columb an us ret ires Gall remain s — an d
H e goes t o Rome assumes t h e n ame of
foun ds an abb e Bon iface ; ret urn s a n d preach es i n
y
Hessie
lab ours u
an d s c cess ; his d ea t h He cut s down t h e Oak of T h or
Hi s reforms i n T hurin gia
~

Mi ssion ari es from En glan d j oin him th ere

II Restor a ti on Chri sti a n i ty i n Ba va ri a

He b uilds ch urch es an d con ven t s
f
o
He i s mad e p ap al legat e i n German y
.
.

c ir St Emmeramm; ms
}
. . h is refor h e i s put t o He visits Bavari a his reforms t h ere
6 52 dea t h bish opri cs
68 0 St Rupert ; his reforms ;
.
rest ores th e city Bon iface goes t o Fran ce t o a ssist in refor m
of Sal z b ur ;
g erect s mon ast eries an d in g t h e ch urch es t h ere
sc h ools
He a sse mbles s n ods
y in Fran ce an d G er
7 1 8 St Corbini an t h e avowed emi ssary of P ope
.
man y —syn ods of Salz burg an d L ep
Gregory II .
t in es —can on s
He rebuk es Grimoald and Pilitrudi s ; hi s He est a blish es t he met ropolit an an d lega
i n solen ce —reven ge of t h e duch ess t in e powers in Fran ce
H e ret ires from Bava ri a ; ex communicat es His success
G rimoald an d Pili trudis Bon iface Archbishop of M ayn t z
7 2 5 Grimoald d eposed by Ch arles M art el
o Schismat ic bi shops
Deat h of Corbin i an He foun ds t h e abb ey of Fulda
x x x ii S YN OPT I CAL AND CHRON O L O GI CAL I N D E X .

P AG E AD .

7 50 P ippin the Sh ort sounds t h e Fran k ish st at es 6 7 0 Dea th of G rimoald

wi t h a vi ew t o usurp t h e c rown Rest orat ion of Bert arid .

Part ic ipat ion of Bon iface an d t h e p ope 6 88 K un ib ert—h e 1 8 dist urb ed b y t h e Aria n s
7 52 Bon iface crown s him as pa pa l lega t e un der Alachis d uk e of T ren t
Ch ilderich III , t h e la st of t h e M erwi n gi an s, T riumph of ort h odox y amon g t h e Lorr i
—
.

deposed an d immured in a con ven t b ards Rest ora t ion of M on t e Cassino 8 1 7

—
7 0 0 L uit pert ; Ragimb ert ; —Aripert 81 8
7 0 2 G isulf duk e of Ben even t um —claimof per
petual n eut rality set up b y t h e p ope
7 1 2 An spran d deposes Aripert —L uit pran d ,
L omb ard govern men t
_

Weak n ess Of t he crown

C HAP . XIV .

Not e — L ist of t h e du k es of Ben even t um

an d Spolet o 8 1 9, 8 20
P RO G R E SS O F THE T E M POR A L A N D SP IRI T U A L PO W ER
O F THE POP E D U R I N G THE SE V E N TH A N D E xc n r n Ch urch t errit ory —emb arrassmen t s of th e

C E N T U RI E S—A L L I A N C E B ET W EE N TH E F R AN KI S H p op e
K I N G S A N D TH E P A PA C Y —D O W N F L L OF THE 7 1 7 L eo t h e sauri a n emperor —siege of Con
I
—
A

L O M BA RD K rN G D O M O F I T L Y —EST A BL I S H M E N T A st an t inople b y t h e M oslem images of

OF THE N EW D YN A ST Y I N F R A N C E ND G ER A . t h e virgi n an d sai n t s —
Leo a verse from
MA NY .
i mage w orship
-

D est ruc tion of ima ges in t h e east ern church es

Subj ect s of t h is ch apt er b y order of t h e c aliph Yez id
I
Heresy of t h e con oclast s ; i t s origin L eo —
S ecti on i— 59 1 —7 44 p rohi b it s image worsh ip
-

. A D . . .

Con troversy
L omba rds Edi ct s a gai n st imag es
5 9 1 Agilulf k s th e Greek s — Gre Fin al b an ish men t of ima ges from t h e
a t t ac
gory th e 73 0 ea st

G reat p ersuades h im t o ret ire ern ch urch es

Religi on of t he Lomb ards —persecut ion of 7 26 T h e L a t i n un der pope G reg ory

church II .

t he Cath oli cs — T h eudelin da con d emn s t h e edi ct s

—t h e pope suSpen ds
Reign of Agilulf ; hi s moderat e an d p acifi c t h e vec t igali a

6 16 poli cy ; h is dea t h T h e L omb ards t ak e p a rt w it h t h e i ma ge

6 26 His son Adalwald d eposed w orshippers —t h ey a t t ac k t h e Bx ar
Arioald —
Rot ha ri ; h e collec t s t h e Lom c h a t e — Lui t pran d t ak es Ra ven n a
6 45 b ard law s ; success agai n st t h e Greek s Al arm of th e p op e —duk e U rsus recovers

dea t h Raven n a
65 2 Rodoald .
G regory II
opposes th e reb ellious d esig n s
.

Aripert of t h e Ra ven n at i n es b ut deta ch es Rome

Bertarid an d Go dib ert j oint k in gs t h ey an d a les from t h ei r ob ed ien ce t o L eo
N 82 8
p
—
-

are ex pelled b y G rimoald of Ben even 7 3 1 D eat h of G regory 1 1 G regory III . 8 29 .

t um —murder of Godib ert 7 3 9 L ui t pran d red uces Spolet o

C h ara ct er of G rimoald . Pope Z a ch ary an d t h e L omb a rds ; —L uit
Sta te of taly —t h e L om
I b ard s, Byz a n t in es,
p ran d red uces t h e Ben even ti n es t o Ob e
an d th e pope d ien ce h e block ades Ra ven n a
6 5 4 T he M on oth elit e con troversy —C on st an s I n t erferen ce of Zach ary ; —suc cess of t he
II . a n d P op e M arti n
pope a t Pa via
6 6 1 C on sta n s I I . in Ity ; defea t ed b y G rimo
al 7 44 Dea t h of Lui t pran d ; h is ch ara ct er an d go
668 a ld ; plun d ers Rome ; i s murd ered in vern men t
Sicily
 S YNOPT I CAL AN D C HRO N OLOG I CAL I N DEX . x x x iii

—A D 7 44—7 60
PA G E
S ect ion
III —
11
I
. .
. .

Dea t h of St eph en Paul h e resent s

. .

D an ger of th e p ap acy t h e eff ort s of Desiderius t o reduce t h e re

Remedy Hildebran d
-
his deposit ion h ellion s d uchies

Ra ch i s ch osen k in g Coalit ion Of th e Greek s an d L omb ards t o

7 50 Ra ch is in vades T usc an y -
in t erferen ce of rec over Ra ven n a
Zach ary —Ra ch is ret ires in t o a D esiderius delays t h e surren der of Bo
logn a
p
po e
con ven t an d some oth erpla ces claimed by t h e
Accession of Ai ulf h ost ilit y of Aist ulf
st pop e
—t h e G reek s di st urb th e ch urch in
z ach ary t h row s hi mself up on t h e pro t h e p ossession o f Ra ven n a
t ect ion of P ippi n ; h en ce t h e facili ty of Pippin in t er feres an d co mpels th e surren d er
Zach ary in h is reply t o Pippin s appli
’
o f t h e citi es, &c .
—pea ce in I taly
c a ti on regardi n g t he Fran kish crow n

Close un i on b et ween t h e p apa cy an d t h e

7 55
"

S ect ion 1 11
i A D
n ew k in g of t he Fran k s
. . .

7 52 Deat h of Z ach ary — St eph en ; h e con III . St Bon iface goes as a mission ary t o Fries
.

7 53 elu des a t reat y wit h A ist 111f ; Ai st ulf -

l an d his succ ess
b reak s t h e t reaty , an d i n vad es t h e Ro 7 5 5 His martyr dom; his ch aract er
man t errri tory D isappearan ce of t h e in depen den t n ob ilit y
RemOn st ran ces of th e p ope t h e co mmen cemen t of th e reign of
'

at

Aist ulf t a k es Ra ven n a C h arles t h e G reat ; t h e V a ssa ti cum

’
.

St eph en goes t o P avi a — Aistulf refuses to T a ssilo, duk e of Bavaria , a minor ; h e i s

rest ore Raven n a ed uca t ed b y P ippi n ; h e t a k es t h e oa t h

Th e pop e goes in t o Fran ce —h is recept ion of V a ssalage

b y Pippi n an d his court 7 60 W ar again st Waifa r, duk e of A quit ain e
C on feren ces of P on t yon —Pippin , Charles 7 6 5 T assilo desert s t h e Herib an
a n d C arlma n promi se t o b ec ome t h e 7 6 7 C on quest of A qui t ain e
p rotect ors Of t h e c hurch , an d t o proc ure 7 68 Sick n ess of P ippi n
resti t ut ion of Raven n a , & c , from t h e . D ivi sion of t h e k in gdom b et ween Ch arles
L omb ards an d Ca rlma n

C oron a tion of P ippin an d his t wo son s b y D eat h Of P ippin — law of succession un der
— oli t ic al effect s of t h is a ct
thep ope p 840 goes n o c h a n ge, in con sequen ce of t h e
Pippin de m an ds, Aist u lf refuses, sa t isfac ge of dyn ast y
c h an

t ion for t h e i n j ur ies don e t o t h e ch urch 8 41 7 6 9 Reb ellion in A quit a in e disagreemen t b e —

P ippin i n v ad es It al
y; h umilia t ion of t ween Ch arl es an d C erl man

Ai stul f 7 70 I n t erferen ce of t h ei r mot h er Bertrad a

7 54 Aist ulf b reak s t h e t reat y com l ain t s of h er sch e me for t h e est ablish men t of peace
p
-

St eph en —c on d uc t of t he p ap acy in it s wi t h T a ssilo t h e L omb ard s a n d t h e

, ,

dealin gs w it h i t s sec ular a llies 842 ch urch

7 55 Aist ulf b esieges Rome ; — defen ce of th e c it y
~
ih .
7 7 1 Her sch e me i s frust ra ted b y t h e dea t h of

Pippin h a st en s t o th e a ssi st an c e of t h e p ope Garlman

— Aist 1 11f retreat s from Rome — h e i s His widow G erb erga , ,
w it h h er t wo son s,

co mpelled t o surren d er t h e di sputed t erri ta ke uge a t t h e c ourt of D esiderius

s ref

t ori es, & c . Ch arles is a ck nowledged sole k in g Of t h e

P ippin ma k es t h em over t o t h e ch urch Fran k s

7 56 D ea th of Ai st ulf ; — D esid erius is ra ised t o He d ivorces I rmen ga rda , th e d augh t er Of

t h e t h ron e of th e Lomb ard s b y t h e as Desi deri us

sista n ce of the p o
pe St a t e of th e
p p y a ac , duk e of epi,—T ot o N
St eph en mpt s
a t te t o Wi th draw t he duchies ma k es h is b rot h er Con st antine (a layman )
of Ben even t um d Sp olet o from t h eir
an
p op e
—Con st an t in e i s d eposed b y the
ob edience t o D esid erius ri est s, Ch rist oph er a n d Ser iu
g s
p
x v r iv SYN OPT I CAL AND CHRO N OLOGI CAL IN DEX .

PA G E A D .
PAG E
T h e L omb ard pa rt y eleva t es Ph ilip t o t he rin s w h o w it hdraw s fr om t he Roman
pa pac y ;
—
t h e O rt h odox c h oose St eph en fron t ier
IV ; murder
. of P hili p ; —ill usa ge
-
of Ch arles d et ermin es t o en force t h e righ t s of

C on sta n t in e t h e c h urc h ; h e p roposes eq uit able t erm s

Desiderius goe s t o Rome ; d ecoys St eph en to Desid erius

i n t o hi s
power ; procures t h e ruin of
C h ristopher a n d Serg ius 11 bera t ion of
T he t erms are rej c oted —Charles crosses the
— Al ps ; d isperses t h e a rmy of D esiderius
an d sh ut s h im up in P a vi a —t he w id ow
,

Stephen
1 11 d ign a t ion of St eph en at t he marri age of an d ch ildren of C arlman a re s urren d ered
C h arles w it h I n n en ga rda ; his le tt er t o t o him
C harles and C arlma ii He persuad es t h e Fran k s t o c on t in ue t h e

Dea t h of Steph en , an d eleva t ion of Ha sie e of

g P avi a t h rough t h e wi n t er
d ri a n I C h arles goes t o Rome ; his recept ion ; h e
D esideri us k
as s his fri en dship ; b ut su d ra t ifies t h e t rea ti es of Pon t on an d St
y .

d en ly ch an ges his min d an d a t t ac k s the Den is ; h e mak es a n ew d on a ti on a n d

t errit ories of t h e ch urc h -
Hadrian re a dds the duchies of Spolet o a n d Ben even
mon st ra t es m t o t he p a tri mon y of t h e c h urch
tu
T h e L ombard s march t ow ards Rome , Formal delivery of t h e deed of d on a t ion
Hadr ian claims t h e prot ect ion of Ch a rles Pope Ha drian I . ac k n owledges Charles as

h e prepares for h is d efen ce ki g of t aly

n I
He t h reat en s t o ex commun ica te Deside Surren der of Pavia u
conc l sion

C HRO N O L OG I CA L T ABL ES .

I . Chron ologi c al T able of t h e Kin gs of t h e Fran k s , t o t h e c lose of

M erwin gia n family .

C h ron ologi ca l T ab le of t h e An cest ry of Ch arles t h e G rea t

C hronologic al T ab le O f t h e Kin gs Of the L omb ards, & c .

C hron ologic al T ab le of t h e D uk es of t h e Aleman n i .

Chronologic al T ab le of t he Duk es of Bavari a .

 TH E F I RST B O O K

O F T HE

H I S T O R Y O F T H E G ER M A N S .

INTRO DUCTI O N .

T H O U G H w e oft en d erive i mp ort a n t i n st ruc t i on from t h e fi c ti on s b en ea t h

w hi c h t h e p ri mi t i ve a n n a l s of ma n ki n d a re ve il e d y et a s t h e i n q ui ri e s ,

t h ey g ive ri se t o a re n ot t h e subj ec t of n a rra ti ve t h e h i st ori a n c a n n ot b e

'

c a ll e d u on t o d o more t h a n n oti c e t h e resul t s ob t a i n e d by t h e l a b ours of

‘

p
t h ose p a t i en t a n d i n g e n i ous men of l e t t ers w h o h ave d evot e d t h e i r t i me
a n d t a l en t s t o t h a t S ec i e s of re se a rc h
p .

Wi t h referen c e t o t h e subj ec t of t h e foll ow i n g hi st ory i t ma y b ,

O b serve d t h a t t h e en d ea vours t o t ra c e t h e grea t T e ut on i c b ra n c h of t h e

p resen t p op u l a t i on Of Europ e b ey on d t h e p eri od of i t s fi rst c on fli c t s w i t h

t h e Roma n s h a v e b ee n p roduc t i ve of resul t s few er i n n umb er a n d of
, ,

more un c ert a i n va l ue t h a n most ot h er i n ve st i ga t i on s of t hi s n a t ure .

E ven t h e i n defa t i g a bl e c uri osi t y a n d i n dust ry of G erma n sc h ol a rs

h a ve hi t h ert o fa il e d t o d o more t h a n c on fi rm a n O p i n i on l on g si n c e
e n t ert a i n e d by hi st ori c a l a n t iquari es t h a t t h e a n c est ors of t h e G er
,
.

ma n s i n c ommon w i t h t h ose of t h e C i mmeri a n C el t i c a n d S c la vic

, , ,

fa mili e s mi g ra t e d ori g i n a lly from t h e v a st l e ve l s w hi c h en c omp a ss t h e

,

C a sp i a n S ea ex t en di n g from t h e re c esses of t h e C a uc a si a n a n d M edi a n

,

Al p s t h roug h T ra n sox i a n a t o t h e s t epp es of t h e Ura l a n d t h e V ol g a

, , .
l

All t h e se n a t ion s were k n ow n t o t h e G re ek hi st ori an s a n d g eogra p h ers

'

by t h e c ommon n a me of S cy thia n s Not t h a t t h e n a me w a s eve r a d op t e d

.

by t h ese ra c e s t h emselves ; n or i s i t even i n our p ower t o st a te wi t h

2
,

cou
1

rse o f
”
Se e th e w ork o f D r Hallin g n ow i n t he
.

p ublica ti on , en t itled ,
S c yt h ia n s a nd G erman s, vol i
,

Hist o ry of t he
Berlin , 1 83 5
. .

T his Book is full o f in forma t ion up on t he p rimi

.
i t is
t ory .
ra t her a n historical di squisit ion t ha n

See t he d eriva t ion i n H a llin g , vol i p 7 3

C o n f G rimm Deut sche G ra mm vol i p 56 8
. . .
.

.
.
a

.
.
h is

t ive hist ory of t h e C a ucasia n ra ces ; b ut , lik e t he A lso H er od lib iv c . cu not Gren z er i n
. . . m .

N
j ustly celeb rated work s O f ie buh r a n d Mfi ller, ’

Herod vol 1 1 p 728 4

. . . . .
 [Book
0
I NT RO D UCT I O N . I .

d f u ra c y t o w h a t p a rt i c ul a r b ra n c h e s of t h e
an
y e g r e e o a cc , g re a t
n oma di c fa mily i n h a bi t i n g t h e re g i on s j ust d esc rib e d i t w a s a p p li e d by ,

t h e a n c i e n t s t h emsel v es I n g e n era l h owev er i t ma y b e sa id t h a t t h e

.
, , ,

n a me of S c y t hi a n s w a s use d t o d esi g n a t e t h a t n umerous a sse mbl a e of

g
t a ll rob ust fa i r h a i re d a n d bl ue e y e d n a t i on s w hi c h t ill w i t hi n n o l on g
, ,
-
,
-

eri od ri or t o t h e bi rt h O f C h ri st st ill c on ti n ue d t o oc c u y t h e v a st
p p , p
l i f t h O x u a n d I a x a rt es a n d t o S rea d t h e mse l v es ove r t h e
p a n s o e s p ,

summi t l e v e l of c e n t ra l A si a
-
from t h e C a sp i a n t o t h e g rea t w a ll of
,

C hi n a a n d fro m t h e Hi ma l a y a t o t h e Al t a i
3
.
,

A ft er ma t urely w ei g hi n g t h e t est i mon y of t h e w ri t ers of c l a ssi c a l a n t i

u i t a n d c omp a ri n g t h em w i t h t h e a n n a l s of t h e g re a t er A si a t i c
q y ,

n a t i on s t h ere se e ms n ow t o rema i n ve ry li tt l e d oub t t h a t t h e G erma n s

,

a re li n e a lly d esc e n d e d from on e of t h e most n umerous a n d p ow erful of

t h ose t rib es I n p oi n t of p erson a l a p p ea ra n c e c ust oms a n d l a n gua g e

.
, , ,

t h e y exhibi t st riki n g a n a l og i es w i t h t h e un d oub t e d d esc e n d a n t s of t h e

sa me st oc k T h e n oma di c h a bi t i s a l w a y s t h e l a st t o yi eld t o t h e p ro
.

s o f c i v iliz a t i on ; a n d t h a t h a bi t a dh ere d t o t h e a n c i en t G erma n s for

g res

ma n y a g es a ft er t h e ir fi rst i n t roduc t i on t o our n ot i c e ; a n d w h en i n t h e ,

c ourse o f t h e i r hi st ory w e fi n d w h ol e n a t i on s mi g ra t i n g w i t h t h e i r
, ,

n umb erl e ss h erd s of c a t t l e t h e i r w i ves a n d c hild ren a n d move a bl e

, p ro ,

p ert y from t h e re mot est re g i on s w i t h n o more di ffi c ul t y t h a n i s n ow

, ,

e n c oun t ere d i n e q ui p p i n g a n e x e di t i on or i n se n di n ou t a c ol o y we
p g n ,

a re forc ibly c a rri e d b a c k t o t h a t a n c i en t n oma di c c on di t i on w hi c h b ot h

hi st ory a n d t ra di t i on c on c ur i n a scribi n g t o t h e fa i r ski n n e d n a t i on s of -

c en t ra l A si a .

W e v e n t ure n o furt h er i n t o t h e l a by ri n t h of a n t iqua ri a n i n qui ry I n .

t hi s B ook w e t a k e up t h e c l ue w h ere i t fi rst p resen t s i t sel f i n a di scern

a bl e sh a e an d ro ose t o t ra c e t h e re ss of t hi s re a t a n d rema rk a bl e
p p p p g ro g
p eopl e from a st a t e of semi n oma di c b a rb a ri sm t h roug h t h e c h a n g e s a n d
-

revol ut i on s O f n i n e c e n t u ri es t o t h e c on di t i on O f a s e t t l e d a ri c ul t ura l
, g , ,

an d
p rop ri e t a ry ra c e .

I t must b e ob se rv e d t h a t t h roug h out t h e wh ol e of t hi s ex t en d e d p eri od

, ,

b a rb a ri sm — i n t h e e a rli er a n d rud er a ge s b ord e ri n g up on t h e sa vag e

s t a t e —i s t h e
, ,

romi n e n t fe a t ure i n t h e soc i a l c o n di t i on of t h e G erma n s

, p .

But t hi s b a rb a ri sm i s c l e a rly di st i n gui sh a bl e from t h a t un i mprov a bl e

fi x e d n ess w hi c h c h a ra c t eriz e s ma n y ot h er b ra n c h es of t h e h uma n ra c e .

T h e susc e p t ibili t y for c i viliz a t i on ma n i fe st s i t sel f fi rst of a ll i n a k e en a n d

e a er a
g pp e t i t e fo r n e w a t i fi t i s o f t h e s e n ses — i n a s t i rri n g c uri osi t y
g r c a o n ,

t o b eh old a n d t o osse ss t h e e n o men t s w hi c h c i viliz a t i on a fford s t h oug h

p j y ,

3
See part icularly Klapr oth , in t he T a b] de l’A sie p 1 6 1 . , .
—1 86 ; from t he C hinese a n n a ls.
Book I .
] I N T R O DU CT I ON .
3

w i t h out ani mm e di a t e wi sh t o i mi t a t e t h e c on d uc t or t o a d op t t h e h a bi t s
y ,

of c i v iliz e d li fe T h e first t h oug h t i s a l wa y s h ow t o O b t a i n a n d t o e nj oy ;

.

a t a l on g er i n t erva l fo ll ow s t h e d e si re t o re t a i n a n d t o i mp rove I f th e .

se mi n oma di c G erma n ma y n ot b e sa id t o h a ve b e e n ori g i n a lly sen sibl e

of t h e a d v a n t a g es of a st a bl e oc c up a n c y i t i s c l e a r t h a t h e v ery soon
,

b ec a me so ; n or w ill i t w e t hi n k a p p ea r a n i mp rob a bl e supp osi t i on t h a t

, , ,

t h e e a rli e st of t h ese mi g ra t ory t rib es t h e Teut on e s an d C i mb ri t h em

-

se l ves —w ould h a ve a n t i c i p a t ed by fi v e c e n t uri e s of t i me

,

,
t h e fort un e s ,

w hi c h a w a i t e d t h e i r p ert i n a c i ous suc c e ssors i f t h e i r c a reer h a d n ot ,

b ee n a rre st e d by t h e c ol ossa l p ower a n d g re a t mili t a ry ex p eri en c e of t he

Roma n s .

N evert h el e ss t h e se quel of ev e n t s p rove d t h e p erma n en c e of t hi s

,

n a t i o n a l t en d en c y A ft er a st ruggl e of un ex a mp l e d d ura t i on a n d ob st i
.

n acy , t h e y out h ful v i g our of T eut on i c b a rb a ri sm a c hi eve d a si g n a l

t ri ump h ov er t h e n erve l e ss c i viliz a t i on O f t h e a n c i en t w orld T h e out
w a rd form a n d for t h e most p a rt lik e w i se t h e i n w a rd str uc t u
.

, , re of
,

E urop e a n soc i et y un d e rwe n t a t ot a l revol ut i on T h e n ew a n d t h e old .

ma t eri a l s O f t h e e difi c e b ec a me bl e n d e d t og e th e r i n on e g rote sq ue y et

c h a ra c t eri st i c g rou — a ssi ve a n d rud e—i rre gul a r a n d roomy —
,

p m c ou ve

n i e n t b ec ause t h e c re a t i on of root e d h a bit s s on t a n eously a n d i n st i n c

, p
t i vely a c c ommod a t i n g t h emsel ve s t o t h e c i rc umst a n c e s o f t h e i r out w ard
c on di t i on —a n e difi c e i n fi n e w h i c h w a s d est i n e d t o b e c ome t h e ea rli est
, ,

d omi c il e of i n fa n t c i v iliz a t i on a n d t h e n ursery of t h ose i n sti t ut i on s

,

up on w hi c h t h e e xi st i n g st a t e of soc i e t y in t h e c i v iliz e d w orld i s ma i n ly

foun d e d .

A ft er a ll t h a t c a n b e a n d a ll t h a t h a s b een urg ed w i t h so muc h

, ,

j ust i c e a n d prop ri e t y t o en g a g e our sy mp a t hi es on b e h a l f of t h e c l a ssi c a l

n a t i on s of a n t iqui t y—
,

t h e i r e x t ra ordi n a ry susc e p t ibili t y for refi n emen t

e

t h e p uri t y of t h e i r t ast e—t h e i r i n t e ll e c t ua l a c ut e n ess a n d g en era l c a a

p
c i t y for i m rovemen t i n ev ery sh a e t h e fa c t t h a t t h e Te ut on i c ra c e
p p
-

h a s e vi n c e d i t se l f t h e ma st er fa mily O f ma n ki n d c a nn ot n ow b e di s
-
,

p ut ed T h e t h ree or four c en turi e s of G rec i a n p rosp eri t y t h e t h o

. usa n d ,

y ea rs of Roma n a sc en d an cy a re ec li p se d by t h e p erma n e n t t ri ump h of

,

t h a t st ron g a n d h e al t hy root w hi c h w a s n ouri sh e d i n t h e sw a m s a n d

p
fore st s of a n c i en t G erma ny F ourt ee n c en t uri es a l rea dy a t t e st t h e
.

st a bili t y of i t s d omi n i on ; a n d t h e st a t e s of T eut on i c ori g i n still c on

4
.

st it ut e b ut o n e rea t fe ll ow shi o f n a t i on s un i t e d by a c ommon re li i on

g p ,
g ,

by a mul t itud e of c ommon h a bi t s by on e a c kn owl e dg e d syst em O f i n t er

,

n a t i on a l la w a n d by a va ri e t y of rec i roc a l sy m a t hi e s a n d i n t erest s

, p p ,

Reck on i ng from t h e year of t he g reat mig ra t ion , A D 40 7

. . .
4 I N T RO D UCT I O N .
[Book I .

w hi c h , n ot w i t h st a n di n g fre q uen t st ri fe a n d ma n i fold i n t e rn a l c h a n g e ,

must st ea dily t h oug h g ra d ua lly a d va n c e t h e i n t ere st s of p e a c e a n d

g o o -
d w ill ; a n d w hi c h — i f un c h e c k e d by i n fid e li t y i n reli g i on a n d li c en
t iousn ess i n p oli t i c s —p romi ses i n t h e e n d t o c e me n t t og e t h e r t h e p O p u
,

l a t i on of Europ e i n t o on e g rea t c on fed era c y for t h e p romot i on of mo

ra li t ood g ov ern me n t c ommerc e c i v iliz a t i on a n d l e a rn i n
g a mo n g
y g
, , , , ,

t h e w h ol e h uma n ra c e .

But a t t he v ery bi rt h n o l ess t h a n t h roug h out t h e g row t h of t hi s

,

re ma rk a bl e st a t e of soc i e t y w e fi n d t h e h a n d of reli g i on a c t i vely

.

a t w ork . A n d i n d ee d eve n i f i t w e re a l w a y s p ossibl e it i s v e ry ra rely

, , ,

a d v i sa bl e t o a t t e m t t h e se p a ra t i on of t h e reli g i ous from t h e

p p oli t i c a l
a n n a l s of ma n ki n d T h e subj ec t of t h e foll ow i n g n a rra t i ve rep udi a t es
.

t h e di st i n c t i on more p osi t i vely t h a n a n y p eri od of h i st ory t h a t c ould h a v e

b e e n sel e c t e d R eli g i on n o t on ly mi n gl e d w i t h t h e ma ss of i mp ul ses
.

from w hi c h t h e mov e men t ori g i n a t e d ; sh e fre que n t ly t ook up on h ersel f

t o d e t ermi n e t h e re c i p roc a l rel a t i on s o f t h e di ffe re n t p o wers of t h e st a t e ;
sh e st a m e d h er ow n e c uli a r i m re ss u on t h e mot i v es a n d c on d uc t of
p p p p
t h e a g e n t s a t a l mo st ev ery st a g e O f t h e p rogress ; sh e g a v e a d ec id e d
di re c t i on a n d i mp a rt ed a d egree of v i gour t o t h e p ri n c i pl e of mot i on
,

ra rely ara ll el e d i n t h e hi st ory of t h e h uma n ra c e

p .

T h e c omma n di n g i n fl ue n c e w hi c h C h ri st i a n i t y ex e rt e d ov er t h e c ourse
o f e v e n t s from t h e fi rst t o t h e l a st of t hi s
grea t proc e ss i s p ri mar ily ,

i mp ut a bl e t o i t s o w n p ow e rful d og ma t i c c h a ra c t er ; a n d n ex t t o t h e ,

p oli t i c a l bi a s w hi c h i t v ery soon a c q ui re d A c c ordi n gly a n a t t en t i ve

.
,

e x a mi n a t i on o f t h e v i e w s a n d di s osi t i on s o f i t s mi n i s t ers i s i n d is e n
p p
sa bl e t o t h e erfec t c om re h en si on o f t h e
p p g rea t seri es of e ven t s w e
h a ve un d ert a k e n t o re c ord .

T h e ri se of F e ud a li sm a n d t h e e st a bli sh men t of t h e sp i ri t ua l p owe r

”
,

of R ome a re i n t rut h t h e b ea c on s by w hi c h our c o urse must b e di re c t e d

, , , .

Th ese a re t h e e l e me n t s of t h e hi st ory of E urop e n o l ess t h a n o f t h a t o f

,

G e rma n y t h roug h out t h e p eri od usua lly d esi g n a t e d a s t h e D a rk a g e s

, .

I t w ill b e our t a sk t o e x hibi t t h e m some t i me s i n c ombi n a t i on —oft en er

,

i n c on fl ic t — w i t h e a c h ot h er ; a n d w e sh a ll h a ve t o sh ow t h roug h out t h e ,

e n t i re s e ri es O f e ve n t s h ow t h e y c on t rib ut e d t o e n e ra t e t h ose sy m a
, g p
t hi e s by w hi c h t h e v a ri ous me mb e rs of t h e rea t mod e rn c ommon w ea l t h
g
o f n a t i on s h a ve b ee n d ra wn i n t o t h a t re ma rk a bl e un i on w hi c h so a d v a n

t a g eously di st i n ui sh e s t h e more re c e n t hi st ory of E uro e from t h a t of

g p
an
y ot h er p eri od i n t h e a n n a l s of ma n ki n d .
 C HAP . I .

EARL Y H I ST O RY O F G ERMA NY D O WN T O T HE IN V ASI ON S OF

D R U SU S .

S EC . I . B . C . 1 03 —1 0 0 .

Geogra p hica l limi ts f G erma ny —O igi f th e G m aw —

C imbfi a nd T eut on es —D f e ea t
f
—
o r n o o

Ca rbo, S i la n us, Cassius a n d C azp io Ba t t le of A gn es Sar i ta: an d Vi ctory of M a ri us D ef ea t

—
.

a tulu s by t he Ci mb i D t u ti
f the Ci m b ri by Ma rius a n d Ca tulus a t Veroellaa
o
f C r es r c on o

D isp ersi on of the Cimbri c Tri bes .

T H E g e og ra p hi c a l limi t s of t h e v a st reg i on kn own t o t h e a n c i e n t s b y G eographi cal

limi t s of
t h e n ame of G erma n y ar e v ery i mp erfe c t ly i n di c a t e d t o us I n g e n era l G erman y .
,

h y d d t h Rhi d t h e Al s as c e rt a i n b oun d a ri es t o t h e w e st
t e re g ar e e n e a n
p
Wa rd an d t h e sout h ward T h e fa bul o s river E rid a n us t h e y b eli eve d t o
‘
. u
b e t h e nort h ern ; t h e und efi n e d reg i on of S a rma t i a t h e ea st ern li mi t .

Th ey w ere ign ora n t of t h e e xi st en c e of t h e B a l t i c Se a t ill t h e p rogress of

R oma n c on quest revea l e d i t t o t h em a n d en a bl e d t h em t o c oll ec t a few
,
.

i mp erfec t n ot i c e s reg a rdi n g i t s p osi t i on a n d ex t en t C ommerc e w ith .

G erma n y w a s a l most c on fi n e d t o t h e t ra d e i n a mb er ; b ut t h e d ea l ers

'

w h o sold i t t o t h e G re eks a n d R oman s w ere un w illi n g t o di sc l ose t h e

sourc e of t h e i r g a i n s ; so t h a t ev e n t he d esi re t o p ossess t h at p rec i ous
Commodi ty (e qua l i n va l ue t o i t s w e i g ht i n g old) c on t rib ut e d li t t l e t o
e x t e n d t h e a c qua i n t an c e o f t h e an c i en t s w i t h t h e c oun t ri e s from w hi c h i t

Wa s obt a i n ed .

T h e o ri
g I n o f t h e t r ib e s w hi c h in h a bi t e d t h e G e rma n
y of t h e G ree k s O ig i
m
r n of th e
G er an ic n a
tron s

—C
.

1 But t h ese were limits, sin ce t he

arbit rary S ch eld t P li n Hist N at lib iv c 28,
. . . . . . . a 'sar,

G erman s h ad a t various p eriods overrun an d d e Bell G all lib ii 0 4

. . . . . .

coloniz ed n early t he w h ole of Belg iu m betw ee n 9

P li n Hist N at lib x x x v uc 1 1 ,
. . . . . .

t h e Rhin e, t h e V o sges, t he Ardenn es, an d t h e

V OL . I .
(i OR G I IN O F T HE G ERMA NS .
[Book I .

Roma n s is i n vol ve d i n s t ill g re a t er ob sc uri t y T a c i t us i s i n c li n ed t o

an d .
“

reg a rd t h e m a s a n i n di g e n ous ra c e un mi n g l e d w i t h a n y fore i g n st oc k ,

e i t h e r of c on q ue rors or c ol on i st s
4
Th ey t h e mselves d e ri ve d t h e i r ori g i n .

from t h e g od Tn isto t h roug h h is son Ma ri na s a n d a d op t e d t h e n a t i on a l

5
,

N me T un / a ll a t i ve of T u i ones or T euton es t h e d e sc e n d a n t s o f T ui st o or T eut

h g
a
pp
e e a st
T ls O Q , , ,

g dg h ti wh e n ce t h e mod ern n a me Teutz sch or T eutsch s b v o us y d er1 ve d

? ’
0
6
l
, 0

o n a on I o r , , .

“ ame n
A g a i n ; T a c i t us i n forms us t h a t w h e n t h e T un g ri a G erma n i c t rib e
’
8
, , ,

i n va d e d t h e n ort h ern G a ul t h e n a t ive s a p p li e d t h e n a me of Wehrma nnen , ,

w h i c h d esi g n a t e d t h e wa rriors only t o t h e w h ol e t rib e so t h a t t h e y w ere ,

some t i me s c a ll e d by t h e n a t i on a l a ell a t i o n T un g ri a n d some t i mes by

pp , ,

t h a t of t h e most h on oura bl e a n d di st i n gui sh e d b ody a mon g t h em Wehr

w a rri ors —
,

momm a i n t h e G a lli c p ron un c i a t i on G erma n nen or G ermanen

,
9
, , ,

t h e G erma m of t h e R oma n s
lo ‘

B C 1 00 . .
Ab out a c e n t ury b efore t h e bi rt h of C h ri st t h e v a l our a n d d 1 sc rp 11 n e of
.

P fR
h gfi i a i j t h e R oma n a rmi e s h a d sw e t a w a y a l most e v ery ob st a c l e t o un I ve rsa l
o ri e
t eie
p
gwg m
7
e
p i re C a rt h a g e t h e st
. ron
g e st b ul w a rk o f t h e i n d e e n d e n c e of n a t i on s
p , ,

h a d fa ll en ; t h e p oli sh ed a n d w a rlik e G reek s h a d yi e ld e d t o t h e w e ll

di re c t e d p ow er a n d t h e fa i t hl e ss p oli c y of t h e grea t rep ubli c A l a rg e .

p or t i on of G a ul lyi n g b e t w ee n t h e Al p s a n d t h e r i ve r Rh on e t h e W h ol e ,

of S a i n a ll of A fri c a t h a t w a s w ort h h a v i n
p , g h a d b ec ome t h e p rov i n c es ,

or d e e n d e n c i es of R ome ; a n d A si a Mi n or S yri a a n d E gyp t w ere

p , , ,

sh ort ly t o b e a b sorb e d i n t h e sa me i rresi st ibl e v ort e x of c on que st .

3
D e Mor G erm c 2 . . . . T he G erma n g ene alog ists an d an t iq ua ries
L a den , G eschich t e d es d eut schen V olk es, en d ea vour t o t rac e t he d escen t of T u i st o or
vol . i p 12. . . T eut t o t h e p at riarch s, w h o peopled t he w orld
5
T he orig in al man , t he fi rst b orn of t he afl er t he fl oo d See A ven t i n i , A n n Boiei
—
-
. . .

Bucelli n us, G en eal G erm N

’
c re at in g p ower Uckert s G eog ra p hic d er G rie
. lib i c 5
. . . . ot it ia , . .

c hen un d ROmer, vol i p a rt ii S t r uvi us, i n h is C orp Hist G erman iae,

p 29 8 p 6

”
. . . . . . . . .

j
T he a d ec t ive L ud en , G esch de s d eut sch . . . vol i p 2 , en umera t es t h ese v a riou
. . . s scheme s, an d
k
V ol es, vol i p 59 7 n 2 2 . . . . . .
g ives i t a s his ow n i mp re ssion t ha t t h e T u i st o of
also, Clur erz us s lea rn ed et molo ies t he G erman s w as t h e A d a m o f Scrip t ure , sin ce
’
7 See
’

,
y g
an d illust ra t ion s, selec t ed from all t he T eut on ic he w a s st rict ly t he T erran fi lius of T ac it u
“

”
s ;
d ia lect s G e rm A n t iq ue, lib i pp 80 , 8 1
. . But . . . . M a n n us he ide nt ifi es wi t h oah, from w hose N
it must b e Ob served t ha t t he w ord T eutsch , as t h ree son s, S hem, H am, an d J a p h et , every
a p li e d t o t h e w hole n a t ion , d oe s n ot a n a t ion on e art h is d escen d ed He b ri n gs t he
p pp ear i n .

an y re cord ea rlie r t ha n t he n in t h cen t ur ab ori in a l G erman s from t he pla in s of A sia

y .
g
8
D e M or G e rm c 2 . . . . t hroug h S cy t h ia , t o t h e b a n ks of t h e Elbe , t he
rom t he old T eut on ic Were, G u
F Rh in e , a n d t he D an ub e S ee h is argume n t , sup
9
ere, G ere . .

L a t A rma Hen ce W eren , d efen d ers , cust od ire ,

'

p orted b y a n ob se rv a t ion of G rot ius ( Proleg ad

”
. . .

ob servare
( a rmi s) T hus i n O t fried of Weissen . Scr G ot h p . in pp 3 an d 4 of t he C orp
. . .
.

b urg s met rica l t ra n sla t io n of t h e G os els, d e Hist G erm , vol i I t i s useless t o en cumber
’

p ( . . . .

d ica t ed t o K in g L ouis of G erman ab out t h e t his w ork w i t h t he ma n y fa n ciful e t ymolog ies of

y
year lib ii c 1 1 v 5 6 . . . . . . t he w ord s G erma n ia an d G erman i Wit h ~

Z i w eri t hoh g i fi a n i
g w hic h t he old writ e rs h ave a muse d t h emselves
A rma h ie a rri pe i et — See t he m a ll collected
'

See S kill erz , T hes ‘

. . an d w e a ri ed t he
p ublic .

q
Ant i T eut vol iii p 8 47 an d ex amin ed wi t h grea t erudi t ion b y S t r u vi u
’

L a d en , G esch ic h t e
‘

. . . . . . s ,

d es d eut schen V ol es, vol 1 p 59 6 n 2 1 k . . . . . . ub i supra .

 ] TE TO
U N ES AND CI M BR I
’

C hap I See I
. . . . .
7

I n t h e mid st of th is c areer of prosp eri t y an d v i c tory , t h e very e xi st en c eThe {l imbri sp

m Now
of t h e c ol oss al
p ow e r w hi c h h a d a c hi ev e d i t w a s sudd en ly e n d a n g ere d by 533
an en emy w h ose n a me w a s t h en h ea rd for t h e fi rst ti me
11
T owa rd s t h e .

c l ose of t h e se con d c e n tu r y b efore C h ri st , T eu t ones a n d Cimbri, t w o 13

0 f 0 34 2
13
1; s
-

G erma n i c t r ib es, a p peare d i n v a st swa rms up on t h e Al p i n e fron t i er of of f’ p zriug

é

c m
a
i '
"
I t a ly 12
I n p érson al a pp e ar a n c e t h ese st ra n gers w ere rep orte d t o b e
' ’

un usual ly t al l an d muscul a r w i t h bl ue e y es, re d h a i r, a n d a fi erce Th eir person al ,

a n ce a n d
e x ress i on of c oun t e n a n c e :
p t h e i r w ea p on s of offen c e , a sword , a sh ort iiiigi
”
sp ear, a n d a formid a bl e c lub ; t h eir ord e r of b a t tl e , a d ee p we d g e sh a p e d -

co lumn ; d e fen sive armour mere ly a l arge h oll ow shi e ld ma d e

t h e ir ,
.

of ra w hid e s st re t c h e d u on a wood en frame ; t h e i r w a r c r t e rrifi c ;

p y
-
,

th e ir st ren g t h a l most sup erh uma n ; an d suc h t h e i r c on temp t of d a n g er

an d d e a t h t h a t t h e y n ev er c oun t e d t h e n umb ers of t h e i r e n emi e s

”
‘

.
,

T h e B oii a n d t h e T a urisc i N oriCa n n at i on s i n h a bi t i n g t h e mod ern At t k th B u

"

,
ac e o

a t “ Tm “
c irc l e of B a v ar i a an d t h e c oun t y of Tyrol w ere t h e fi rst b ord er t rib e s ,

a tta c k ed by t h ese formid abl e b a rb ari a n s T h e T auri sc i c l a i me d t h e .

13

p ro t ec t i o n of t h e R o m a n s a s a lli e s of t h e re u
p bli c ; t h e c on sul P a
py ri us Th c ul e on s
0“
C arb o sp ee dily oc c up i e d t h e p a sses of t h e Al p s a n d a dva n c e d i n t o t h e i r 5 33532 ,

imt t h
c oun t ry for t h e ur ose o f w a t c hi n g t h e mot i on s of t h e b a rb ari a n s
e“
To
a a
g
p p
-
.

t h e C i mb ri wh o i t see ms w ere n ot in a t t en ti ve t o t h e mot i on s of t h e

‘

, , ,

Con sul h e g a ve as a re ason; for t hi s a d va n c e t h a t t h e T a uri sc r w ere t h e

'

, ,

u m ors from t h e C im ri me t N g i ti
"4
u bli t f t h ubli A b assa d b

”
p c g e s s o e re
p c . e oc a on ,

h im on h is ma rc h w h o d ec l a re d t h a t t h e ir p eop l e were i g n oran t of

,
.

t h e r i g h ts of h osp i t a li t y e xi st i n g b e t ween t h e Roma n s an d t h e T a urisc i ,

y w ould t h enc e forwar d a b st a i n from mol esti n g t h em

‘

an d t h a t t he .

Th e c on sul p ra i se d t h e i r mode ra ti on a n d di smi sse d th em wi t h g uid es

"

t o c on duc t t h emt o t h e i r fri en ds But t h e g uid es w ere p riva t e ly i n s truc te d h .

h y atc er .

t o l ea d t h em by a c i rc ui t ous route w hil e h e hi msel f a dva n c e d by t h e ,

sh ort est roa d a n d w i t h t h e ut most s e e d t o a t t a c k t he b a rb a ri a n s W h om

p ,

h e e x p e c t e d t o fi n d un p re p are d But t h e surp ri se w a s i n c omp l e t e ; t h e .

C imb ri fl ush e d w i t h rec e n t vi c t ori e s soon re st ore d t h e fort un e of t h e d a y

, , ,

an d C a rb o w a s i n t h e en d t ot a lly de fea t e d
15
This first c on fli c t be tween d d f t f . an e ea o

t h e G erman i n va d ers a n d t h e R oma n s i s supp ose d t o h a v e ak e n p l a c e a t $2375th

o t , e
d
p t a ll e d Nore I a I n t h e mod ern duc hy of C a rn i ol a a t n o gre a t
C
o o
ar
a S o c .
, ,

from Aqui l e i a t h e most v ul n era bl e

16
di t art of t h e I ta li a n fron t i e r B c 11
A U 0 6a
s a n c e
p
. . .

, .

1l 1
Th e Roman army ra lli e d a t t h e di st a n c e of three d a ys j ourn e y from t h e

Ta o de . Mor Germ c . . . 37 . Orosius, lib . v . J f M uller, Bell . C imbricum, Works , vol.

c,16 x ii p 27 1
P la t in M ario —P lutarch says t h ey w ere
. . . .

'
‘
3
. .
fe uo z .

comp ut ed a t w arriors an d a muc h larg er , A pp i a n , Ed Schweig h aus er, t om i p 85

. . . . .

number of w omen , children , & c .

1°
St ra bo, G eog r lib v p 2 1 4 . . . . .

B 2
 T EUT O N ES AN D C I MBRI OV ERRUN G A U L .
[Book I .

fi eld of b a tt l e But t h e C i mb ri did n ot p ursue t h e i r suc c esses ; t h ey

.

v a n i sh e d from thi s fron t i er o f t h e rep ubli c n o o n e k n e w w h ere fore or ,

w hi t h er ; b ut t h e t e rror w hi c h t h e d e fe a t of C a rb o i n sp i re d re ma i n e d
l on g a n d sun k d ee p i n t o t h e mi n d s of t h e R oma n govern me n t a n d p eop l e
,
.

D uri n g a p eri od of four y e a rs t h e movemen t s of t h e C i mb ri a re li t t l e

more t h a n c onj ec t ural ; b ut a t t h e ex p i ra t i on of t h a t p eri od b ot h C i mb ri
17

m
,

a n d T eut on es st ren g t h en e d by t h e T oy g en e s a n d T i g uri n i c rosse d t h e

ga j gfi
e
, ,

Rhi n e i n overw h el mi n g n umb ers a ft er d e fea t i n g a n d d ri v i n g b ac k t h e

v n

H el vet ii w h om t h e y foun d se t t l e d b et w een t h a t rive r a n d t h e M a yn e

, .

T h e g rea t er p a rt of G a ul w a s n e x t overrun w i t h li t t l e resi st a n c e from ,

t h e i n h a bi t a n t s ; fi rst o n e t hi rd of t h e l a n d s a n d a ft e rwa rd s a sec on d w a s

-

, ,

a pp rop ri a t e d by t h e c on q uerors ; t h e c oun t ry w a s d e p opul a t e d fa r a n d

w id e ; i mme n se b oot y fell t o t h e c on q ue rors ; t h e i n h a bi t a n t s w ere

”
t re a t e d w i t h e x t reme se ve ri t y a n d t h e p a rt i a l resi st a n c e e n c oun t ere d w a s ,

u n i sh e d w i t h un re l en t i n g c rue l t y
18
p .

“ d b e di “
I t i s n ot i mp rob a bl e t h a t t h e di sp ositi on ev i n c e d by t h e b a rb a ri a n s t o
s

p m t
os on o
tt l t h se t t l e I n G a ul a a I n drew u on t h e m t h e a t t e n t I on o f t h e Roma n s W h o
se e ere .

g p , ,

c ould n o t overl ook t h e d a n g er of ermi t t i n g suc h n e i g hb ou rs t o a c q ui re

p
st re n g t h a n d c on si st en c y u on t h e b ord ers of t h e i r re c en t a c q ui si t i on s i n
p
t h a t c oun t ry T h e c on sul S il a n us w a s t h erefore sen t w i t h a c ousi
.

d era b le army t o b e i n t h e n e ig hb ourh ood of t h e i mp ort a n t e ven ts w hi c h

w ere p a ssi n g i n G a ul a n d (a c c ordi n g t o t h e ordi n a ry ma xi m of R oma n
,

p oli c y) t o t a k e a dv a n t a g e o f t h e m for t h e a g gra n di semen t of t h e rep ubli c

i f a fi t O pp ort un i t y sh ould p re sen t i t sel f 19
.

I t seems p rob a bl e t h a t t h e c on fe d era t e d b a rb ari a n s h a d n o p resen t

d esi g n up on I t aly ; t h e st e p t h ey t ook a t t h e ap p roa c h of S il a n us
i n di c a t es t h a t t h e y did n ot y et fe el t h emselves i n se cure p ossessi on of t h e
c oun t ri es a l rea dy c on quere d a n d th a t t h e y d esi re d ti me t o c on solid a t e ,

e i r n e w se t t l emen t s
5233 15 th Th e y se n t e n voy s t o t h e c on sul w h o re ferre d
0
3 3
.
,

R m t h em a n d t h e i r messa g e t o t h e sen a t e a t R ome Thi t h er t h ey p roc e e de d

”
o e .

t h at the m
,

and
p re ferre d a re q uest a le o M a rs w ou ld ra n t th e m a
p f g ,

sma ll t ra c t of l a n d by w a
y of st i p en d i n re t urn for w hi c h t h e i r a rms a n d :
servi c es sh ould b e a t t h e i r a b sol ut e d IS os a l T h e se n a t e rej e c te d
2°
p .

t t h e i r sui t a n d t h e y resol v e d t o Ob t a i n by t h ei r a rms t h a t w hi c h h a d

”
but th e sen a e
,

’
7 S ee t hem ably d iscussed in L a den , G esch . quasi um; cet erum ut vellet man ib us
st ip en di
d es d eut sch V ol es, vol i p 3 4
. k . . . . a t q ue a rmis suis ut eret ur Florus, lib iii c 3
. . . . .

P l ut in M a rio C ws de Bell G al l lib i T ha t t hey sh ould ha ve compla in ed t o t he se n a te

‘9
. . . . . . .

c 33
.
p 3 1 e d V arior 1 6 5 1
. . . . . of b ein g ex clud ed from S p a in a n d G a ul i s i n
L ud en G esch d es d eut sch V olk vol 1 p 3 5
, . . . . . . . co n sist e n t W it h t he fac t t h a t t hey w ere t hen in
T he vehe me n t host ilit y of t h is ot herw ise ex cellen t p ossession of t he g rea t er p art o f t he la t t er coun
w rit er t ow a rd s t he Ro ma n s re n d e rs i t n ecessa r
y t ry. T he n a rra t ive of Florus himself b e t ra ys t he
t o ob serve some ca ut io n in usin fut ilit y or false hood of t he complain t , if it w as
g him as a g uide .

9°
U t Mart i ns p op ulus ali uid sib i t errae d a ret q ever ma d e .
Chap

been d en i ed
. I .

,
Sec I ]

th ei r r e quest
. .

to
T HE

th e m t h e y fell up on t h e on ly Roma n forc e W i th i n rea c h Wt h w a s c om t i i d d

Y
L ea vi n g t h e i r h e a vy b a g g age b ehi n d j f th i
.
”
D EF EAT T HE ROMA

lu t T h y
NS .

,
re ec s

re

s ac . an
'
s .
e r
9

e
e-

man d ed by t h e c on sul S il an us a n d c on si st e d of a si n gl e l eg i on on ly B , .

T h e Roma n a rmy w a s d i sp erse d a n d a l most a n n i h l la t e d ; t h e c on sul A U c 645

. . . . .

h i mse l f e sc a p e d by fl i g ht a n d t h e en t i re R oma n p rovmc e of G a ul w a s l 133 d

G C M 0
. .

, a,
f" 54 m C m
o verrun a n d l a i d w a st e
2 0 “

T h e b a rb a ri a n s did n ot re ma i n l on g i n t h e p rovi n ce ; t h e y a pp ea r t o A ft th i i er e rv c
Q t y th C b
ha ve b een more a n x i ous t o sec ure t h e p ossessi on of t h e i r a c q u1 5 1 t 1 0 n s £§ ffit a fiulf
C C

re o

b e t ween t h e Rhi n e a n d t h e S a on e t h a n t o ma k e n ew c on que st s Th e y .

a b st a i n e d from fu rt h er a tt a c k s up on t h e t e rritori e s of t h e rep ubli c .

,

emp l oyi n g t h e i r a rms i n c omp l et i n g t h e subj ug a t i on of G aul a nd ,

st ren g t h en i ng th e mselves by fre sh a lli a n c e s on b ot h b a n k s of t h e Rhi n e .

But a mid t hi s a p p a ren t t ran quilli t y t h e sa g a c i t y of t h e R oma n s did n ot

fa il t o p e rc e iv e t h e i mmi n e n t p eril w hi c h h un g ov er t h e i r h ea ds

”
T wo .

y ears a ft er t h e d e fea t of S il a n us t h e c on sul L uc i us C assi us le d a Th R m ,

e o an s

Roma n a rmy a g a i n st t h e T igurin i 2 d L u iu 3 sen c s

an a ssoc i a t e t rib e of t h e re a t C
g
-
.
iu i t , a ss s p o
t h G n Im
C i mbri c or T eut on i c c on fe d era c y I n t h e c oun t ry of t h e All ob rog es i e a ’ ‘

h i
.
, v n ce
.

e s

n o t f a r from t h e L e m a n L a k e a bl oo dy b a t t l e w a s fou g h t a n d a t hi rd d fl a d hy t h
T gu m
t
,
d
,
e e
.
e

Roma n a rmy fell b en e a t h t h e re si st l e ss en erg y of t h e se t erri bl e b a r

l n , an

b a ri a n s C a ssius a n d h i s l eg a t e L uc ius Pi so w ere kill e d i n t h e en g a g e

. , ,

men t ; a remn a nt of t h e d e fea ted a rmy fl e d t o t h e e n t ren c h e d c a mp th m i f .

,
e re a ns o
hi my p s ar asses
w h ere t h e y c a p i t ul a t e d for th e i r liv es up on c on di t i on of p a ssi n g b en e at h u d n h y k , n e e o e ,

t h e yok e g iv i n g h ost a g es a n d a b a n d on i n g a moi e t y of t h ei r b agg a g e a n d

, ,

“ 4
st ore s t o t h e v i c t ors .

Th ough n o i n va si on followe d t hi s gre a t d e fea t i t comp l ete d t h e over R m i fl u ,

o an n

G ul
t h row of t h e Roma n i n fl uen c e i n G a ul
ence i n a
T h e a lli e s of t h e republi c fell d t y d . es ro e .

a n d en t ere d in t o e n g a g e men t s w ith t h e en e my ; t he

off , p ower of t h e
l a tter g a in e d every d a y i n solidi t y a n d c on si st en c y t h e t error of t h e
G erm a n a rms mort ifi e d t h e va n i t y a n d c h ec k e d t h e milit a ry ard our of t h e S ld i y di

m
o er s:

Roma n soldi ery t e i h bi t n ts of I t a ly sa w w i t h a l a rm t h e t e mp e st of fii fffi ly

h n a a
g
a ,

w a r a b out t o b urst up on t h e i r own p ea c e ful a n d l ux uri a n t p rov i n c es Ye t

”
.
.

m e a n d h er rul ers yi e ld e d i n n ot hi n g t o t h e storm

R o I n t h e ye a r 1 0 6 .

1
P lut i n Mario —L i t} Epit lib h im
.
—Florus, . . . G en erally h eld t o b e in h ab ita n t s of t he
29

lib iii c 3
. . . modern can t on of Z urich i n Sw it z erlan d T h e .

9’
Cass d e Bell G all lib 11 c 29 t ra dit ion al L at in n ame i s T ig ur um by an or
'

. . . . . .
,

Bell Cimb ricum, ub i sup : p 3 1 4 M uller t a kes d in ary t ran sp osit ion of t he n at ive T w i g T he
‘

. . . .

Cm sar s report t o i mply t h a t t h e C imb ri , on T an d t he Z are used on e for t he o t h er in t he

’

a d e t h ei r w a y in t o t aly m
T he I d ifferent T eut on ic d ialec t s : t hus, Z i l z ch a n d
'

t his occ asion , .

word s a re
“
Hi ( Cimb ri) q uum it er i n P ro
'
T ii lp z ch , ( T olb ia c ) Z a bern a n d T a bern , & c , .

vi n cia m n ost ra m a t que I t alia m fa ceren t , Cluver G erm A n t p 3 46

, . . . .

L a d en , ub i sup more correct ly in fers t h at t hey 94

Cass d e Bell G a ll lib i cc 7 , I 2 , 1 3 , 3 0
L z v Ep it lib v —A pp ia n , de Bell G all
. . . . . . . .

y soon ret rea t ed t o t h eir set t lemen t s in

’

v er ~
. . . . , . .

G aul .
p 7 55
. Oros lib v c 1 5
.
-
. . . . .
 10 REP EAT ED D EFEAT S or T HE RO MAN S .
[Book r .

Q S C mpio
. .
b efore C h ri st t h e c on sul Q S ervilius C aep io led a l arg e a rmy i n to G a ul ; .

k
t a es T o losa ,
,

c a pi t a l o f t h e a n d l a id si eg e t o T ol osa t h e c a p i t a l of t h e T ec t osa g e s a G a lli c n a t i on i n

, ,

d w
ra p
a lli
s U
a n c e
on
w i t h t h e C i m b ri c c o n fed era t es T h e c i t y w a s t a k en by st orm .
,

a n d sa c k e d w i t h c i rc ums t a n c e s of ex t ra ordi n a ry c ruel t y

h m lf d hi
i

ll g u M
se fl n s
T h e w h ol e .

c o ea e an
h u t h wh l s forc e of t h e b arb a ri c l ea g ue w a s n ow p ut i n moti on t o a v en g e t h e wron gs
e o e

giébfii r of t h ei r a lli es A ft er t h e t a ki n g of Tolosa t h e a rmy of C asp i o w a s sup

ft e e
c on .

f dm Y
r t e d by a sec on d forc e un d er t h e c omma n d of t h e c on sul M a r M a n li us

”
‘ ‘
o
p , .
,

Di i b ut t h e w a n t of c on c ord b et wee n t h e l ea d ers p rev en t e d a n y c ombi n e d

ssens on s
b tw p i
a n o f o era t i on s a n d t h e t wo a rmi es rema i n e d sep a ra t e d by t h e Rh on e
e ee n 0
l
—
d M l iu
an
p an
p
p pl m
s , ,
“
u re li us
e e
t
o e ra i on s. M a n li us on t h e l e ft a n d C asp i o on t h e ri g h t b a n k M A . .

p ,

S uu i d
ca r sS c a urus t h e l eg a t e of M a n lius w h o a pp ea rs t o h a ve b ee n e mp l oye d a t a
s e
, ,
f t d t k
d i st a n c e from t h e ma i n b ody w a s d e fe a t ed t a k e n p ri son er a n d a ft e r
e’ e , a e n’
ai id l i s a n. , , ,

w a rd s p ut t o d ea t h by t h e C i mb ri Ye t t h e l a t t er stra n g ely i g n ora n t of

.
,

S till t h b t h e a d va n t a g es t h ey p ossessed sh ow e d a st ron g di sp osi t i on t o a void a d ec i

e ar
,
b i
rid e of R ome b en t w i t h e xtre me re
a r a ns a re

a nx i u f o si v e a c t i on by n e o t i a t i on
s or
g B u t t h e p .

P m
luc t a n c e t o a n y c on di t i on s i n p re sen c e of a n un c on q uere d en emy a n d i n
e '

t hi s i n st a n c e t h e di ssen si o n s b et w ee n t h e R oma n l e a d ers ren d ere d n ego

t i a t ion i mp ossibl e e b a rb a ri a n e n voy s w i t h some di ffi c ul t y e sc a p e d
Th y
y lif T h
g ui d g
a e
.
s e e
a rro
g d
p er s
a n ce a n o n a l i n j u r y f rom t h e i n sa n e v i ol e n c e o f C ae
p i o a n d b ot h
p a rt i e s
p re ,
i l f
p a re d w i t h e x a sp era te d t emp ers a n d sh arp en e d a n i mosi t y for t h e morta l
v o e n ce o

C p“
a ,

c on fl ic t e R oma n en era l s c ombi n e d t h e i r forc es a n d g a ve b a t t l e

{ 3 3233
3
7
a
1 0
T 0
h g . T h e .

es 10 0

f th R m c on fe d era t e b a rb a ri a n s a ssi n e d t h e ost of h on our i n t h e v a n t o t h e w ar

o

M }
e o an
g p c
~

G g; l i k e A mb ron es ; t h e ra sh n e ss of t h e Roma n s p rec i p i t a t e d t h e i r own d e fea t ;

0 an 0 0

t h e d est ruc t i on of t h e a rmy w a s c omp l e t e ; c omb a t a n t s

“ ca “
ri sh e d
p
p e
on t h e fi e ld a n d u w a rd s o f a t t en d a n t s a n d c a m foll ow ers w ere
p p
-

b t c h ere d by t h e sa va g e vi c t ors ; M a n l iu
u 5
s a n d h is t wo son s w ere a mon
2
g
t h e sl a i n C aep i o w a s on e of t h e fe w w h o survive d t o t ell t h e c a l a mi t ous
t a l e a n d t o en c oun t er t h e t orren t of p op u l a r terror a n d i n di g n a t i on ’ 26

”
, .

ot h c a m s fell i n t o t h e h a n d s of t h e c on querors w h o d evot e d t h e

321123 5352“ B
6
p ,

i t t h h d e n t i re b oot y t o t h e
n o e an s
g od s ; t e n t s orn a me n ts c ost ly a rmour a n d st ores of , , ,
o f h T u t e e
e very k i n d w ere b urn t t h e h orses sl a i n t h e p ri son ers h a n e d o n t h e
t
on es, ,
g ,

b ra n c h es of t h e t rees a n d e ven t h e g old a n d silver c a st i n t o t h e Rh on e ;

n o S oil re ma i n e d t o t h e v i c t ors—
,

p n o merc y t o t h e v a n q ui sh e d .

Th t ifi d
e e rrC on st ern a t i on a n d mourn i n g oversp re a d R ome a n d I t a ly
e
Th e
R m
— —
'

o l ta n s e eva e
M iu t t h
ar

mm d f
p seo p l
o e l os t e a ll c on fid en c e i n t h e g o v e r n m e n t t h e a rm i e s t h e fort un e , ,

Yet w i t h t h a t sure i n st i n c t w hi c h i n ti mes of d eep

co an o
,h h m i w of t h e re ubli c
e p .
,

”
25
T he ex ag g era t ion of n umb ers here is man i &c un w ort hy of a t t en t ion
are n ot
—
.

fest T he myriad s of sla in so freq uen t l en u D z o Cassi n a P lut in Mario

'

y
9°
i
mera t ed ma y be in g en eral rega rd ed ( hist orically)
. .

pp 3 7 , 3 8
. . Gimb ub i sup p p 3 1 6 , .

as t he me re e x ression of
. .

p popul a r con ste rn a t io n 317 .

o r e x ult a t ion I n t h is view t he n umbers of kille d

. 7 Bell C imb ub i sup p 3 1 7 ,
. . . . co m
a nd
prison ers, t he vas t a moun t s of b oo t y g a ined , p ared w it h Orosius lib V C 1 6 ,
C hap . I . See I . .
] MA RI U S AN D T HE TEUT O N ES .
11

p ubli c ca a l mity a d i mmi p

n di rec ts t h e e e of na t ion s
n en t y il
er ,
fre quen tly
toward s t h e on e ma st er sp i ri t a l on e -
a rre st i n g t h e
p gro ress ofc a a bl e of
p
a p p roa c hi n g rui n t h e R oma n p eop l e w i t h on e vo i ce c a ll e d up on C a i us
, , ,

M ari us,t h e p l eb e i a n soldi e r of fort un e t o a ssume t h e l ea d i n t h e g overn ,

men t a n d t h e c omma n d of t h e a rmi e s of t h e rep ubli c up on t h e t h i ea t en e d

fron t i er 88
T he C i mb ri mea n w hil e c on v i n c e d of t h e fut ility of a ll Th Cimb i
,
e r

t owar d s
. ,

att e mp t s a t a c c ommod a t i on w i t h R ome ea p era t e d by t h e h a ug h t y a n d i ii; ,

i n t emp era t e c on duc t of h er g e n era l s a n d fl ush e d by th e i r l a t e un

”
,

a ra ll e l e d suc c e sses p rep a re d t o st rik e on e g re a t a n d fi n a l bl ow a g a i n st

p ,

t h e exi st en c e of t h a t mi g h t y rep ubli c ; t h e w h ol e c on fe d era c y n umb eri ng ,

w a rri ors w i t h i n n umera bl e foll owers w omen a n d c hildren b rok e

, , ,

up for I t a ly But t h e movemen t s of so v a st a mul t it ud e w ere m

“

. ec es

sarily sl ow ; ot h er obj e c ts ma y for a t i me h a v e diverte d t h e i r a tt e n t i on ;

30

t h e c on ques t a n d p ill a g e of south ern G a ul a t t ra c t e d th e m a n d t h e y ,

app e ar t o h av e n e g l ec t e d t h e a rmy of M a ri us till t h e y h a d ra v a g e d t h e

3‘
w h ol e c oun try up t o t h e foot of t h e Pyre n e es .

M e a n whil e t h e l a t t e r a d va n c ed c aut i o usly tow a rd s t h e Al p s e x M u t k , ari s a es

ec t i n g t o fi n d t h e en emy i n full ma rc h for I t a ly i f n ot a lr ea dy

p ,

ma st ers of t e p s h a se s B u t t h e s t ra gg li g mov e
. n m en t s of t h e c o n fe d e ra t e “ th R1 e 10 “

trib es e nabl ed h im t o esta blish hi msel f i n t h e G a lli c p rov i n c e a n d t o ,

close t h e most a c c essibl e p a sses i n t o I t a ly

-
H ere i n a c orn er of G a ul .
, ,

his l eft fl a n k p rot e c t e d by t h e d eep Rh on e h i s ri g ht l e a n i n g up on t h e

“

,
.

Al ps a n d ma i n t a i n i n g a free c ommun i c a t i on w i t h I t a ly by h is re a r h e
,

, ,

d et ermi n ed t o a wa i t t h e on se t of t h e G erma n s But t h ey did n ot p ut

’ '

h i m t o t h e t ri a l ; th e i r i n a c tiv i t y a t t hi s p eri od i s un a c c oun t e d for by t h e

, ,

an ci e n t hi stori a n s F or th ree e n t ire y ea rs M a rius a pp e a rs t o h a v e d on e

.

li t t le more in a mere mi li t ary p oi n t of vi e w t h a n w a t c h t h e e n e my

, ,
.

a nd fort i fy h is c on fi n e d b ut c on ven i en t a n d sec ure

p os i t i on T h e F t ifi it
qd .
or es a

e ir 3 3 31 2
1 31 3
6
soldi ers w ere k e t i n c on st a n t e x erc i se
p di sc i li n e w a s rest ore d
p t h , 1 3: ,

sp iri t s were k e p t up by t h e e xh ort a t i on s a n d t h e i r c on fid e n c e c on fi rme d

6d f th “ °

?
e
,

by t h e p re se n ce o f t h e h e ro o f s o m an y i i
v c t or es
2
.
3

At l en gt h d e c i sive movemen t s w ere ob serve d a mon g t h e host il e t rib es B C 1 03 .

. . .

Th e y divide d t h eir forc es in t o t wo gre a t b odi es T h e C i mbri a n d t h ei r $3 3 3 .

9
,

a l li e s p a sse d t h e Rhin e in t o G erma n y w i t h t h e i n t en t i on of en t eri n F m “M a e O?

gm d

”
er a va n ce

I t l y by h N e T eut on e s a n d t h e A mb ron es sw e t t h e 3
33
t t h iu
32;g
a e rl
o ea n a ss e s l
p ; p 8 s ar s,

Roman p rovi n c e a n d ap p eare d i n fron t of t h e en t ren c h men t s of M a ri us m h th ugh

a er

, , arc ro

P lut in M ario w hi t her, or a t w h a t ti me

—
9
. . .

99
P la t M i ller, ub i supra L i v Ep it Iib 1x vii V a sta t is omn ibus q ues
‘
8‘ -
. . . . .

3°
A ccordin g t o Caesa r ( C om l ib vu c 7 7 V ar . . . . . . in t er Rhod an um et Pyrenzeum sun t .

ed of 1 65 1 , p 3 3 6 ) it sh ou
. ld seem t h at t he
.
“2
P lut in M ario . .

Cimb ri h ad , a t some p eriod or o th er of t heir ca 8

T he Brenn er an d t he valley of t he Adi g e
reer, wi t hdrawn fr om G au l b ut it is not st a t ed
12 MA RIU S AN D T HE T EUT O NES .
[Boo k I .

G erma n y to th e i h er of forc i n g h is p osi t i on or of g a i n i n g hi s rear a n d

with the i
v ew e t , ,
Nmm p m
formi n g a j un c t i on w i t h t h e C i mb ri i n t h e h ea rt of I t a ly
as 34
Thi s p l a n .
,

h owev er j udi c i o usly c on c e i ved w a s ill c on c ert e d ; t h e di st a n c e s w hi c h ,

-

t h e t w o b odi es h a d t o t ra verse w e re v ery un e qua l W i t h out a ffordin g t i me .

t o t h e C i mb ri t o g a i n t h e N ori c a n p a sses t h e T eut on es h urri e d forwa rd ,

t o b ri n g t h e R oma n a rmy un d e r M a ri us t o b a t t l e But t h e l a t t er k ep t .

M fiu
a fid h is t r0 0 p s w i t hi n t h e i r en t ren c h men t s c a refully a voidi n g a g en era l
s avo s
,
“ ac
t?o a c t i on p rob a bly for t h e d oubl e purp ose of i n c rea si n g t h e c a rel ess a ud a
,

c i t y of hi s a d versa ri e s a n d of re n d eri n g h i s ow n soldi ers fa mili a r w i t h t h e

,

a sp ec t a n d mod e of w a rfa re of t h e se g i g a n t i c b a rb a ri a n s H e re t urn e d .

c on t emp t uous a n sw ers t o t h e c h a ll e n g es of t h e e n e my ; h e re p resse d t h e

r o w i n c ou ra g e of h i s ow n men a s muc h w i t h a v i e w t o sh arp en i t s e d e

g g , g
a s t o p reve n t a n y p re ma t ure or d a n g erous di sp l a y A s h e h O p ed a n d '
.

Th G me d esire d t h e G erma n s ve n ture d a n a t t a c k up on h is p osi t i on a sh ower of

er an s
,

figfiffi gjfi: a rrow s sufl i c e d t o rep e l a n e n emy w h olly un skill e d i n t h e a t t a c k of fort ifi e d

figfbffgfhj : p
l B u di n g t o t h e i r n o t i on s of h on oura bl e w a rfa re h e sk ulk
' ‘

l
os t s t a c c or . t ,

u g d
co ra e i n g b e hi n d w a ll s w a s t h e s t ron g est p roof of c ow a rdi c e
.
so t h a t fa r from ,

b e i n g di sc oura g e d by t h e i ssue of t h e a tta c k it seeme d b ut t o i n c rea se ,

t h e i r c on t e mp t for t h ei r a d v ersa ri es
35
.

Th y p e th Wea ri e d a t l e n g t h by t h e p ersevera n c e of M a rius in d ec li n i n g t h e

ass e
‘

my f M iu
sel f i n mot i on t o g a i n t h e rea r of
o ar s
wmfl h
ar
c on t est t h e w h ol e b a rb a ri a n h ost u t i t
,o e ,
p
t h e R o ma n s a n d ob t a i n p ossessi on of t h e L i g uri a n p a sses
, Plutarc h .

i n forms us t h a t t h e h o st il e c olumn c on sume d six w h ol e d a y s i n ma rc hi n g

p a st t h e R oma n e n t ren c h me n t s T h e Teut on e s j e eri n g ly i n qui re d of .

t h e soldi ers g ua rdi n g t h e e n t re n c h me n t s w h et h e r t h e y h a d a n y mes ,

sa g e s for t h e i r w i v es i n I t a ly for t h a t t h e y sh ould sh ort ly b e w i t h ,

M iu f ll w t h e m
ar s o o M a ri us foll owed t hi s movemen t of t h e en emy w i t h e xtreme c ir
s .

th m ut u
c ums e c t i on A suc c essful stra t a g em (for suc h i t seems t o h a ve b een )
e ca io s
.y , p .

i n t h e mea n t i me en a bl e d h i m t o i n fli c t a seri ous l oss up on t h e b ar

b a ri a n s H e h a d a c c ordi n g t o c ust om t a k en up a sec ure p osi t i on up on
.
, ,

a n e mi n en c e c omma n di n
g a full v i ew of t h e e n e my s c a mp ; a riv e r fl owe d
’

a t i t s foot b ut b ot h b a n k s w ere oc c u i e d by t h e G erma n s H i s t roop s

g h
r a n in s

t
, , p .
,

a ft er t h e i r d a y s ma rc h suffe re d from w a n t o f w a t e r a n d l on g e d for t h e

”
’

, ,

h a bi t ua l i n d ul ge n c e of b a t hi n g Th e y c omp l a i n e d t o t h e g e n era l t h a t .
‘

th e y w e re c ut off fromt h e w a t er ; h e c oldly re p li ed Th a t t h e y w e re men , ,

a n d t h a t w a t er mi g ht b e h a d for bl ood T h e grooms a n d c a mp se r .

-

v a n t s h ow ever did n ot w a i t for

, p ermi ssi on b ut h a st e n e d t o t h e b a n ks of
, ,

t h e ri ver i n d ifl eren t l a rme d c h e rs up on

'

n d c a rryi n g th ei r w a t e r it
y a p
-
, ,

P lut ub i sun —
Florus, lib i ii c 3 S t ra bo, — vol i p 43 —
M ii ll er, Bell C imb e v p 3 20
li b iv 0 8 —L ud en , G esch d es d eut sch V olk es,
. . . . . . .
. . . . . .
.

. . . . . .
3° P la t i n . Mario .
C hap i Sec
. . . BAT TL E OF AQ UJE SEXTI /E .
13

t h e i r j a veli n s But sc arc ely h a d t hey b egun t o enj oy t h e p e ril ous p l e a Th y d t y

. e es ro
‘
sure w h e n t h e y w ere a t t a c k e d a n d d ri ve n b a c k by t h e en emy Th e i r gggfggggfioo
f
.
,
.

c ri es d re w ot h ers t o t h e i r a ssi st a n c e ; t h e i mpa t i en c e of t h e

an xi ous for t e h fa t e o f t h i
e r serv a n t s a n d c a t t l e b ec a me i n c o n t roll a bl e ut i u ly
,
ca o s .

a en era l a c t i on wa s n ow i n e v i t a bl e a n d M a ri us se ems t o h a ve di rec t e d

g ,

i t wi t h a dmi ra bl e skill a n d p resen c e of mi n d A b ody of L i guri a n a lli es .

formed a n d a dva n c e d t o t h e re sc ue of t h e p a rt i es a l re a dy e n ga g e d i n a n
un e q ua l c omb a t w i t h a c ol umn of A mb ron es T h e ord er of t h e .

b arb a ri a n s w a s h owe ver b roken by t h e p a ssa g e of t h e river ; t he Roma n s

, ,

p re d d own up on t h e m from t h e h e ig h t s a n d c ommi t t e d d re a d ful

o u ,

sl a u h t er a mon g t h e i r c on fuse d a n d c row d e d ra n k s T h e G erma n s re

g .

t rea t ed in di sord er t o t h e i r wa g gon b ul w a rk w h ere t h e y w ere me t by -

t h ei r own w omen a rme d w ith b a t t l e a x e s w h o fe ll a lik e up on re t re a t i n g

,
-

fri e n d s a n d a d va n c i n g foes up b ra idi n g t h e forme r w i t h c ow ardi c e a n d

, ,

fea rl essly e n c oun teri n g d ea t h from t h e sp ea rs of t h e p ursuers N ig ht at .

l en gth p ut a n en d t o t h e c omb a t t h e R oma n s ret i red t o a n un fort ifi ed ,

-

c am a n d n ot w i t h st a n di n g t h e i r suc c e ss rema i n e d i n momen t a ry ex

p , , ,

p ec t a t ion of a n oc t urn a l a t t a c k .

All n i g h t l on g t h e hill s resoun d e d w i t h l a men t a t i on s for t h e sl a i n a n d Th fu y f fh

m
e r o e
b b i d a r ar a n s an

c ri e s of ra e
.

g Th e b a rb
. ar i a n s c on c en t ra t e d t h e i r forc e s t h e fu i t i ves
g p it i f ,
os on o
f
ra lli e d a n d t h e w h ol e h ost
, p a rt ook of b ut on e feeli n g of v en ge a n c e for “ 1?

“ 8
t h e di sgra c e o f t h e p rec edi n g d a y B ot h p a rt i es sp en t t h e n i g h t i n p re
.
l b ttl
g
t n era
1
a
a

e a
e’
.

a ra t ion for t h e c on fli c t M a ri us sec re t ly d e t a c h e d a b ody of 3 0 0 0

{513233?
9
p .

men un der C l audius M a rc ell us w i t h direc t i on s t o p a ss t o t h e rear of t h e B c 1 05

1

.
, . .
,

e n e my : a n d a s soon a s h e sh ould
p erc e i ve th e i r ma i n b a t t l e en ga g e d t o
A U C 6 52 ' ‘ ‘ ‘

c h a r e w i t h t h e w h ol e b ody
g A t b rea k of d a w n t h e b a rb a ri a n s ex a sp e
.
, ,

ra t ed b ut n ot re n d ere d w i ser by t h e di sa st er of t h e p rec e di n g d a y forme d

, , ,

h a st ily a n d a dva n c ed w i t h h ea dst ron g i mp et uosi t y up t h e sli pp ery

,

d ec liv i t y up on w hi c h t h e fi rst li n e of t h e Roma n s w a s p ost e d Thi s .

a tt a c k w a s e a sily re ul se d ; t h e un w i eldy c ol umn s of t h e a ssa il a n t s fe ll F t t t k f

p i rs a ac o

i n t o i rret ri eva bl e di sorder ; a t t hi s mome n t M a rc e llus b urst from h is ggf zdz flfy
r a

, s e

c on c e a l men t u on t h e re a r of t h e re t i ri n m grooms d
th “ d i
G b ody of
“ e s’
p g er a n s a
M or er. ar

di sgui sed a s soldi ers n e a rly d oubl e d h is a p p a ren t n umb ers ; t h e a lrea dy W llthu ppd
,
ca s a ea rs

b y f
more t h a n h a l f d isc omfi t e d en emy b ecame p a n i c stri c ken ; M a rius im t p i t h i
i a o o
- -
r0 0 s n e r
m
p roved h is a dva n t a g e t o t h e ut t ermost a n d t h e b a t tl e d eg e n era t e d i n t o a g iiigfifigf
‘ ‘

mere butc h ery F ew of t h e G erma n s fl ed a n d st ill fewer esc a p ed t h e 32315336 f

,

( 1
.
,
11 o

sw ord s of t h e Roma n s T eut ob och t h e i r ki n g a ma n of g ig a n t i c st ren g t h t h T ut

.
, ,
e e on es

K g T t
a n d st a t ure foug ht h i s w a y th roug h t h e e n e my W i t h a fe w c om a n i on s b h t k
in en o

, p oc a en .

b ut ere h e c ould rea c h t h e b a n k s of t h e Rhi n e h e was i n t erc ep t ed by t h e

h ost il e G a ul s an d surren dered t o t h e Roma n s t o grac e t h e tri ump h of
,

V I
on . . C
14 T HE C MBR I I D EF EAT T HE R O MA NS O N T HE AD G E I .
[Book I .

T he M ari us
T e utoni c T h e d est ruc t i on of t h e b a rb a ri a n h ost w as as c ompl e t e a s t h e i r
.
36

w m k ll
e n e mi es c ould d esi re ; t h e e n t i re b ody o f t h e w a rri ors wa s sl a i n or ma d e
o en i

th h ld
ei r c i ren ,

n ers on t h e fi e ld ; t h e c a mp e i r wome n
giggiggg p i i h h c hild ren b
r
r so w t t a
gg a g e , , , ,

a n d serv a n t s fell t h e foll ow i n g d a y i n t o t h e h a n d s of t h e R oma n s But

l
se ves
.
,

mul t i t ud e s of women w ere foun d t o h a ve fi rst kill e d t h ei r own c hild re n a n d

t h en t h e mse l ves p referri n g d e a t h by t h e i r o w n h a n d s t o dish on our a n d
,

M iuar s
.
sl a v ery
s sec M a ri us a ft er sel e c t i n g suc h
.
p orti on s of t h e sp oil a s mi g ht c on
,

t rib ut e t o t h e gra t ifi c a t i on of h is t roop s a n d t o gra c e h i s own t ri ump h , ,

c a st t h e rema i n d er i n t o on e h ug e p il e an d se t t i n g fi re t o i t w i t h h is , ,

sol emn sa crifi ce t o t h e g od s?

7
o wn h a n ds off ere d i t i n ,

P g ro
e f r ss oI n t h e me a n t i me t h e secon d g rea t di vi si on of t h e G e rma n forc e c on ,

si st i n g of t h e C i mb ri a n d t h e i r c on fe d era t es h a d c on su me d t h e Sp ri n g a n d ,

summer i n p a ssi n g t h roug h so ut h ern G erma n y a n d re a c hi n g t h e d e fi les

“P ; S
,

of t h e N oric a n Al s I n s i t e of t h e l a t e n e ss of t h e season t h e y c rosse d

p p .
,

att k acd t h e moun t a i n s a n d a t t a c k e d t h e out p ost s of t h e R o ma n a rmy st a t i on e d

an ,

t h ere un d er t h e c o n s ul C a t ulus t o opp ose t h e i r e n t ra n c e i n t o I t a ly , .

Th ese t h ey qui c kly d rove i n a n d surp ri se d t h e ma i n b ody p ost e d on t h e ,

b a n k s of t h e Adi g e w i t h out t h e p rese n t mea n s of retrea t T h e c on sul .

,

h oweve r c on t riv e d t o a muse t h e e n e my w hil e h e t h re w a b ridg e a c ross

,

t h e ri ver a n d p a sse d ove r t o a more sec ure p osi t i on

, H e h a d h a rdly .

t a k e n up h is g roun d a n d b eg un t o for t i fy h is c a mp w h en t h e C i mb ri , ,

di sc overi n g t h e di rec t i on of h is ret rea t a p p ea red on t h e op p osi t e b a n k , ,

a n d w i t h out l osi n g t i me i n t h e c on st ruc t i on of b rid g es ga ll a n t ly p l un e d

, g ,

d f t th R
e ea i n t o t h e st rea m sw a m a c ross a n d a t t a c ke d t h e Roma n s w h olly un pre
e o
, , ,
’
fi cfi t éfi; p a re d for a c t i on a n d di sc on c ert e d by t h e d e sp era t e h a rdih ood of t h e
,
‘h A di g
e e'
a ssa il a n t s W i t h out w a i t i n g for di re c t i on s t h e y b e g a n a c on fuse d a n d
.
,

h ast y ret re a t w hi c h did n ot t ermi n a t e t ill t h ey h a d p l a c e d t h e b roa d P o

,

b et w ee n t h emse lves a n d t h e i r p ursuers 38

.

1 T h e C i mb ri sa t i sfi e d w i t h t h e i r v i c t ory a n d i g n ora n t of t h e fa t e of t h e i r
£23 23; , ,

a lli es a n d c oun t ry me n i n G a ul sun k i n t o i n a c t i v i t y

0
ac h ty vr . T h e w h ol e c oun t ry
, .

b et ween t h e A lp s a n d t h e P 0 w as i n t h e i r p ossessi on ; a n d it is n ot i m
rob a bl e t h a t t h e rod uc t i ve n e ss of t h e soil a n d t h e b ea ut y of t h e c li ma t e
p p
re n d ere d t h em for a t i me l uk e wa rm i n t h e u t i n of t h e i r
p rosec o g rea t

T he n arra t ive of t his b a t t le is collec t ed fro m N o furt her d e t a ils w ill be a d mi t ted i n t o t he

”
P lula rch s L i fe of Mariu s ; Flor u fo llow in g hist ory but suc h a s con t ribut e t o
'

s li b iii c 3 , . . . .

C on f Lud cn ubi sup ; a nd J M i ller , Be ll

. . . . . eluc id a t e t h e p ro ress of t he
g people t hro ug h t he
C i mb Work s vol x ii p 3 25 d iffere n t sta ges o f soc ia l i mp rove me n t , t i ll t he y
’

.
, . . . .

7
T he more p ro min e n t c ircumst a n ces o f t h is emerg ed from b a rb a rism a n d a ssumed a s te ad
y
w a r on ly a re se lect ed fo r our n a rra t ive I n fa c t , . a nd
p erma ne n t p osit ion amon g t he n a t io n s of
t he G e rma n w a rs o f t he Ro ma n s ma y b e more Europe
—
.

F lorus lib iii c 3 L i vi i Epi t lib lx vu

3“
p rop erly rega rd ed as a p ort ion of a a n t ha n o f
—
, . . . , . . .

G erma n h ist ory, a n d a re g e n era lly so t rea t ed . P lut in M ario

. .
Chap i Sec. . . MAR IU S AN D C AT UL U S O N T HE P 0 .
15

e n t erp r se, i d uc e d a stron g d esi re t o settl e w h ere th ey were

an d p ro .

An ot h er c ause of i n a c t i vi t y ma y h ave b e en a w i sh t o effec t a j un c t i on

w i t h t h e Teuton es w h ose a ssi st a n c e t h e y mi g h t reg a rd a s essen t i a l
,

t o t h ei r suc c ess a g a i n st R ome h erse l f of w h ose p ower it is ob vi ous th e y ,

39
st ill en t ert a i n e d a n e x al t e d O p i n i o n .

T h e d e fe a t of C a t ulus up on t h e Adi g e on c e more a w a k e n e d t h e t error

g i
l i t
ti
y g ee e o
lz l
of t h e Roma n s t h ey h a d h a rdly h a d t i me t o ex p ress t h e i r j oy for th e i r R giid ?
e "
en vr a

m
d elivera n c e o ut of on e gre a t p eril w h en t h ey foun d t h emselves ex p osed t o t h R m P h f re

e
en s

o an s
s °

a se c on d more formid a bl e b ec a u
.

se n ea rer t o t h ei r ow n t h resh old s M a ri us M i u j i

,
.
, ar s o ns

wh o wa s a t Rome p rep ari n g for his t ri ump h ove r t h e fa ll en Teut on e s 3135 25531
7
, 0 8.

i mmedi a t ely qui t t e d t h e c a p i t a l a n d led h is own vi c t ori ous t r0 0 p s t o t h e

,

ai d of t h e di sp i ri t e d army on t h e P o Th e un i t e d forc e s p a sse d t h e ri v er

.

a n d c on fron t e d t h e en emy I n t h e c on duc t of t h e l a t t er t h ere a re un eq ui

.

voca l sy mp t oms of h esi t a t i on a n d un c ert a i n t y ; c on fuse d a c c oun t s of t h e “

fi fiéifi fi
s‘
fi
d efea t of t h e i r c omp a n i on s i n a rms ma y h ave rea c h e d t h em; t h e desi re4°

t o fix t h emse lves i n t h e ir n e w p ossessi on s ma y h a ve d a mp e d t h e i r a rd our

for b a t t l e —eith er supp osi t i on w ill a c c oun t for t h e i r p resen t c on d uc t
,

t h e y sen t en voys t o t h e Roma n l ea d ers t o n egoc i a t e a p e a c e w ith t h e T h y d

”
e en ea

re p ubli c a n d t o d e ma n d a c e ssi on of t erri t ory for t h emsel ves a n d t h e i r

,

fri en d s A t t h e a udi e n c e M a ri us t a un t i n g ly i n qui re d W h a t fri en d s g

igfi ggfigg;

”
.

t h e y mea n t ? Th e y rep li e d T h e T eut on es M a ri us t old th em th e y fi g 3 323

.
“
,

n e e d n ot t roubl e t h emse l ves a b out t h ei r b re t h ren for t h a t h e h a d a l rea dy

s

p l d ro osa n
p a , ,

p rov id e d l a n d s for t h e m w hi c h t h e y would p osse ss for ever Thi s 23225 212 2? .

a a lli n i n t i ma t i on w as i m id t h sc orn ful l aug h t er of t h e

pp g g v en a e

b y st a n d e rs
-
T h e en voy s p erc e i vi n g t h a t i n sult w a s me a n t or d esi rous
.
, ,

of ob t a i n i n g full er i n forma ti on res ec t i n g t h e fa t e of th e i r c om a n i on s i n

p p
a rms t h e rumou r of w hi c h i t i s sc a rc ely ossibl e t o i ma in e sh ould n ot
, p g
h a ve rea c h e d t h em i n some sh a p e t h re a ten e d t h e i n st a n t v en g ea n c e

”
,

of t h e i r c oun t rymen a n d of t h e T eut on e s a s soon a s t h e y sh ould a rri ve

, .

Th ey a re a l rea dy h ere ex c l a i me d t h e Roma n ; y ou must n ot go

,

a w a y w i t h out sa l ut i g t h em T h e ki n g s a n d p ri n c es of t h e Teut on es
41
n .
,

h ea vily l a d en w i t h c h a i n s were b roug h t b efore t h em ; a n d t h e y d ep art e d

,

w i t h ra g e a n d di sma y i n t h e i r b osoms t o c ommun i c a t e t h e tidi n g s t o

t h e i r c oun t rymen .

3"
F lorus, lib i ii c 3 Mil ller, loc cit — quences t o t he progress of min d , t he a rt s, a n d of

”
—
. . . . . .

p. 3 28 . C on f I /uden , loc cit p 51

. T h is
. . . . huma n civiliz a t ion ; n either w ould t he Ci mb ri
wri ter specula t es larg ely upon t h e ca uses of t his t h emselves h a ve done more t han p roc ra st in at e
i n act ivi t y , a n d t he p roba ble conse uen ces of a q t heir own fall t h ey could not ha ve esc a ed t h e
p
su ccessful a t t a c up on Rome : k I f t he C i mb ri , fat e which a wa it ed t hem .

he ob serve s, had a dva n ced t o Rome or b ey on d T h is conj ect ure is sug gest ed b y J ob Ma ller,
.

i t , surely i t would ha ve b rough t lit t le a d va n t a e g ub i sup p

—
. .

t o t he G e rma n s as a n a tion , most certainly i t P la t in M ario

. .

would h ave p roved of most cala mit ous con se

16 BATT L E O F V ERC EL L fE .
[Book I .

y p rob a bl e t h a t i n a ddi t i on t o t h e ordi n a ry R oma n

It see ms ver , ,

ra c t i c e of ex ul t i n g ove r a n d moc k i n g a h umbl e d e n e my M a ri us

p ,

ma y h a ve en t ert a i n ed a n ot h er a n d a l e ss c on t empt ibl e feeli n g si n c e ,

Th r m
e
t h e p a ssi on s t h us e x c i t ed i n t h e mi n d s of t h e C i mb ri w ere lik ely
th w ff
or t o d e p ri v e t h e m of t h e c ool n ess a n d d e
ro n o

t h i gu d
er e i t h er t o b ree d d i sc ord
ar .
,

lib era t i on so n ec essa ry t o en c oun t er t h e di sc i pl i n e of t h e R oma n

a rmi e s I f suc h w a s h i s mot i ve t h e ev e n t j ust ifi e d h i s sa g a c i t y
.
,
T he .

C i mb ri b ec a me e a ger for b a t tle a n d Boj orix on e of th e i r p ri n c es i n , , ,

T h r h ll s
e c a
erson b roug h t a c h a ll e n g e t o t h e c a m
en e f rom t h e b a rb a ri a n h ost
th R m t p
p ,

summon i n g M a ri us a n d t h e R oma n s t o t h e fi eld on t h e n e x t d a y b ut on e

e o ans o
fi gh t .

M iu ar t i
n t h e p l a i n s of V erc ellae
s assen s
M a ri us a sse n t e d a n d b ot h p a rt i e s p re
.
,

B t tl f V a re d for t h e fi n a l st rugg l e O n the a oi n t e d morn i n g t h e b a rb a ri a n s

e o
p pp
a er .
,

d rew out t h ei r w h ol e st re n g t h T h e t wo w i n gs e a c h e qua l i n l e n g t h t o

.
,

t h e ma i n b a t t l e w ere t h rown b a c k t o a fford sp a c e for t h e i r S p l e n did

, ,

Eq uipm t c a v a l ry
en s i n n umb er t o ma n oeuvre free ly
, ,
Th ese h orse men w ere .

a nd t fi
p t f t h i p e c ul i a rly d rea d ed by t h e R oma n s
erri c

as ec o e r Th e i r grea t stren g t h a n d a c t i vi t y
.

w e re w e ll k n ow n a n d t h ei r S i n g ul a r e q ui p men t s g av e t h e m suc h a n a i r of
l
ca va rv .

b a rb a rous feroc i ty a s c ould n ot fa il t o ma k e a st ron g i mp ressi on up on t h e

v i v id i ma g i n a t i on o f t h e R o ma n soldi e ry Th e i r h el me t s i t is sa id w ere .
, ,

sh a e d t o re re se n t t h e h e a d s of s av a e b ea st s w i t h O en j a w s ; th ese
p p g p
w ere surmoun t e d by t uft s of fe a t h ers i n t h e form of w i n g s ; t h e y w ore ,

i ron b rea st p l a t es a n d c a rri e d gli t t eri n g b urn i sh e d shi eld s t h ei r w e a p on s

,

of offen c e w e re a j a v eli n for t h e on se t a n d a h ea vy b roa d sword for c l ose ,

c omb a t .

e R oma n s w ere d ra w n u i n t h e form of a h a l f moon or c urve d li n e

fix g
d
Tf’
h
f e’
p , ,
e

t o sui t t h e n a t ure o f t h e g roun d ; C a t ulus c omma n d e d t h e c en t re ; M a ri us

di st rib ut e d h is own t roops o n t h e t w o w i n g s T h e G erma n s a dva n c e d .

e d g e sh a p e d c ol umn a n d w i t h t h e i r

”
t o t h e a t t a c k i n t h e i r usua l d ee w
p
-

ordi n a ry i mp e t uosi t y ; t h e sun l e a m d i t h e fa c e s of t h e b arb a ri a n s a n d

g e n ,

a hi g h w i n d bli n d e d t h e m w i t h c l oud s of li h t d ust

m
T h e t roo s o f C a t ulus
g p .

en c oun t ere d t h e fi rst a n d most formid a bl e on se t ; t h e c a va l ry ma n oeuvred

t
ay
°

M ua ri s on t h e fl a n k s of M ari us a n d e n d e a voure d t o c i rc umve n t a n d e n c l ose hi m

.

b et w een t h e i r ow n sq ua d ron s a n d t he ri gh t w i n g of t h e i r i n fa n t ry b ut ,

C tu
a lu p l wi t h out suc c ess
s re es C a t ulus re p ell e d t h e ma i n a t t a c k a n d t h e G e rma n
.
,
th m i
w r Em f col umn w h olly un fi t t e d for re t rog ra d e move men t s ret i re d i n c on q i on ;
e a n at
‘2

m
e e , o , ,

Qfifi gz} h e c a v a l ry i t i s sa id q u i t t e d t h e fi eld a n d t h e i n fa n t ry out fl a n k e d a n d

‘ e
t , , , ,

an d d f t e ea
e n c l ose d by t h e R oma n w i n s w ere t h row n b a c k u on t h e i r ow n e n c a m
Sl ugh t g p , p
men t w h ere t h e g re a t er n umb er p eri sh e d by t he sword s of t h e e n e my
a er

, ,
.

‘9
T he error commit ted a t A q uae Sex t iaa, w a s
, solid colu mn s of a t t a ckis on ce c hec k ed i t beco mes
,

re e a t e d here
p T he ex perie n c e of mod ern w a rfa re
. ve ry d i ffi cult t o w i t h dra w t hem w i t ho ut con fusion

a mply p roves t h a t wh en t he i m e t us o f d ee i n t he presence ofa n ac t ive a n d d etermin ed e n emy

p p and .
C h ap i . . Sec .
G ERMA NI C N AT I O N S IN GA UL . 17

A s at S ex t iae, so a t V ercellae, t h e C i mb ri a n mot h ers sl ew t h e i r own

Aquae
c hild re ,n a n d th en s t a bb e d o r s t ra n g l e d t h e m se l v e s u on t h e d ea d b odi e s
p
h i
o f t e r off sp r i n g B u t i n b ot h t h e s e
.
b a t t l e s t h e n u m b e r s o f t h e sl a i n a n d

i ly x d t h t it w dl t o r e e a t t h em
p r son ers a re so g ro s s e a gg e r a t e a e re n e e e s s p .

T he i m p or t a n t fa c t s a re a b u n d a n t ly m a n i fe st , n a m e ly , t h a t t h e T eut on i c

a n d C i mb ri c p ow er w a s a n n ihil a t e d , t h e h ord es t h e
“
msel ves x e t er m i n a t e T euto e a n d
d Ci mbri a re nu n s

lly di d h
in t e r i fli h t d R m e d e li v e r e d f ro m a g re a t er n ih il t ed as a

PW “i
or t ot a a n o
sp e rse g ,
d a n ger t h a n a n y whi c h h a d t h rea t en e d h er si n c e t h e d a ys of T h ra sy
men us a n d C a n n ae “
.

S EC T I O N II —
B C 1 00 —58
—R mI t
. . . .

ments of t he Germa n i c N a t i on s i n Ga ul f —Th Germa ns under A ri o

H l tii —
S ettle o an n er eren ce e

vist us op press G a ul—Ce sar defea ts the e veH e a t ta c ks a n d d efea ts A r i ovi stus .

T H E R oma ns re ga rd ed t h e Rhi n e as t h e b oun d a ry b e t ween G a ul a n d gigg i g:

n

G erma n y ; b ut t h a t limi t w a s ra t h er geogra p hi c a l t h a n n a t i on a l Th ere G ul

1
. a .

i s g ood ev id e n c e t h a t a t di ffe ren t p eri od s b ot h G a lli c a n d Te ut on i c

, ,

n at i on s i n t urn ov erst ep p e d i t a n d ob t a i n e d se t t l e men t s w i t hi n ea c h ,

ot h er s t errit ori e s I n some former a ge a c c ordi n g t o t h e t ra di t i on rep ort e d

’
.
,

T he C imb ri h o w ever ret a ined b ot h n a me Florus g ives th e h igh er n umb er ; b ut b e re

‘3
, ,

a n d st a t i on a s a n i n d epen d en t p eople Ma n y of . duces t he loss of t he Roman s t o 3 0 0 ! H i st .

t h ose wh o esca ped t he sla ug h ter a t V ercellze Rom lib i i i c 3

. .S ee a lso J M iz ller Bell
. . . . , .

d o ub tless ret urned t o t heir orig i n a l settlemen t s C imb p 3 3 2

. Work s vol x ii M a scou Hist
. . , . . , .

i n t he C imb ric Ch erson esus ( J ut lan d) T he . of t h e An c G erm vol i lib i c 1 4, 1 5, 1 6

. . . . . . . .

C imb ri sen t a n emb assy t o A ug ust us St ra bo, . A lso L a d en , G esch d es d eut sch V olk i p 5 5, . . . . .

lib vii
. A n d T a cit us (D e Mor G erm c 3 7 )
. . . . whose lively a n d a rgumen t a t i ve a ccoun t is well
s ea k s of t h em a s a well k n own p e ople i n hi s
p
-
w ort h t h e pe rusal I t may be ob served t h a t t he
.

d a ys P t olemy ( lib i i 0 1 1 ) an d Cla udi a n

. . . . Ti g urin i, w hom t h e C i mb ri h ad le ft i n t h ei r rear
(lib iv ) b ot h ma ke men t ion of t h em t o g uard t he p a sses of t he A lps, di spersed as
'

. . .

P lut arc h (in his L i fe of M a rius) i s st ill our soon a s t he h ea rd of t h e ove rt hrow of t heir a llies,
y
p rin cipa l a ut hori t y I t i s pro bable t ha t h e wrote
. a n d sou g ht re fug e a mo n g t he moun t a i n fast
fro mt he d et a iled a cc oun t s t ran smit t ed b y S ylla , n esse s or d issolved t he mselves i n t o
, preda tory
w ho , he t ells us, w a s hi mself presen t i n t he hord es F lorus lib i ii c 3
. Tig uri n orum
, . . . .

en ag emen t a n d wrot e a n a rra t ive of it

g , a s well ma n us, q uaa quasi sub sid io N oricos insedera t
a s from t h e M e moi rs w h ic h C a t u l us left of t he ,
A lpium t umulo s , i n d i versa la psi fug a ig n ob ili ,

re mark ab le e ven t s of hi s c onsu lship a w ork , et la t roci n ii s eva n uit .

wh i ch wa s hon oured by t he p ra ise of C i cero)

1
T his seems t o follow from Caesa r’s d escrip
I n Brut o, c 3 5 T he poet A rc hi a s mad e t he
. . t ion o f t he li mi t s of G a ul ; t h e Belg ia ns, t houg h
Ci mbric w ar t he subj ec t of on e of his mo st suc i n pa rt c e rt a i n ly of G erma n ic ori g i n , a re en u

”
c essful p oe ms a w ork w hich fl a t tered an d
, mera t ed a mon g t he n a t ion s of G a ul Belg re .
-

a b ex t remis G a llias fi n ib n s oriun t u

pleased even t h e rud e a n d i llitera t e Ma rius r ; pe rti nen t

h i mself Ci c pro A rc hia P oet a , c 9

. . . . a d i n feriorem p a rt em fi u min i s R heni ; spec t an t
T he n umb ers of t he sla i n i n t he b a t t le of Verc el i n sep t en t rion e m et orien t em solem Caesa r
, . ,

lae are va ri ously g iven a t up t o d e Bell G all lib i c l. . . . . .

 TE TO U NI C BEL G I A N S .
[Book I .

by C aesa r t h e G aul s overma t c h ed t h e G erma n s i n military skill a n d

,
2

b ravery a n d w ere e n a bl e d t o p our th e i r sup erfl uous p op ul a t i on i n t o t h e

,

re g i on s b ey on d t h e Rhi n e w h ere t h ey e st a bli sh e d c ol on i es i n t h e n e i h

g ,

b ourh ood of t h e H erc y n i a n forest ?

C aesa r gi ves t h em t h e n a me of
Vol c ae Tec t osa ges w hi c h h owever furn i sh es n o e ty mol og i c a l c l ue eve n , , ,

t o a re mot e c o nj ec t ure a s t o t h ei r rea l n a me o r p osi t i on 4

Ta c i t us .

Th H l reg ard s b ot h H el v e t ii a n d B oii (n a t i on s w h o oc c u i e d t h e sout h e rn

e ve t i i
p
e

dB G lli
reg i on s of G erma n y lyi n g b e t w e e n t h e M a y n e a n d t h e Al s a s of G a lli c
an on , a c
tr ib es.
p )
ori g i n
5
But w i t h t h e ex c e p t i on o f t h e se ob sc ure a n d v a g ue t ra di t i on s
.
, ,

t h e re i s n ot hi n g t o i n d uc e us t o b eli ev e t h a t t h e C e l t i c t rib es of G a ul
e v er ma d e a n y seri ous i mp ressi on up on t h e ro er se t t l e me n t s—w e
p p
mi g h t p erh a p s w i t h a s muc h p rop ri e t y sa y t h e h un t i n g groun d s
, , ,

of t h e a b ori g i n a l T eut o n i c ra c es b ey on d t h e Rhi n e .

O n t h e o t h er h a n d t h ere i s a mp l e ev id e n c e of t h e e n c roa c h me n t s of t h e ,

l a t t er up on t h e se t t l e men t s o f t h e G a ul s 6
T h e C i mb ri a n d Te ut on es .

w ere for a t i me ma st ers of G a ul from t h e Rhi n e t o t h e Py re n ees T he , .

b a t t l e of Aquae S e x t i ae t h oug h i t p ut a n en d t o t h e i r d omi n i on did n ot , ,

so e n t i rely di s erse t h e m t h a t a re mn a n t of t h e c on fe d era t e t rib es sh ould

p
n o t h a ve ma i n t a i n e d ssessi on of some ort i on of a c oun t ry w hi c h w a s
p o p
T h A d u t i i on c e t h e i r o w n
e a c A n a t i on w h om t h e Roma n s d e n omi n a t e A d ua t ic i were
C aesa r t ell s u
, .

m t f
b eli eve d t o b e suc h a remn a n t
a re na n o
t h C mb i
e i r .
s t h a t t h ey w ere t h e .

d esc e n d a n t s of C i mb ri a n d T eut on es w h o w h e n t h ey i n va d e d t h e , ,

R oma n P rovi n c e l eft b e hi n d t h em o n t h e Rhi n e a ll t h e i r more b ulky ,

st ores a n d b a
gg ga e u n d er t h e p r o t e c t i on of a
gua rd c on si st i n g of 6 0 0 0 o f
, ,

t h e i r o w n p e op l e A ft er t h e d est ruc t i on of t h e i r c oun t ryme n t hi s b ody .

b ec a me en g a g e d i n i n c essa n t h ost ili t i e s w i t h t h e n e i g hb ouri n g n a t i on s ,

S t tl b t w
e e t ill a ft er va ri ous fort un es t h e y w e re by g e n e ra l a ssen t p ermi t t e d t o
e ee n , , , ,
th M u
e d e se a n
se t t l e i n a di st ri c t lyi n g b e t w e e n t h e M euse a n d t h e S c h eld t
7
t h S h ld t
e c e .
.

T h B lg i
e e I t c a n n ot b e q uest i on e d t h a t t h e B el g ae t h oug h en ume ra t e d by C aesa r
an ,

a mon g t h e n a t i on s i n h a bi t i n g G a ul w e re for t h e most

i f
n a t on s o

G m a rt of T eut on i c
er a ni c p , , ,
ig
or i n.
ra c e I n re ply t o c e rt a i n i n q ui ri e s h e se t on foot t o a sc ert a i n t h e st re n gt h
.

2
D e Bell G all lib v i c 24 . . . . . . D e Mor G e rm c 2 8 . . . .

A st ill ea rlier t rad it ion rep orte d b y L i vy T h us t he T o n g ri b rok e in upo n Belg ium
3

”
. .

lib v c 3 4 ma k es me n t ion o f t wo G allic c hi e f

. . . , a n d se t t le d t h ere T ao d e Mo r G erm c 2 a n d
. . . . .

t a in s w ho , i n t he reig n o f T a rq uin ius P risc us, 28 . I psa m Bh en i rip a m ( G a llic a m) h a n d

emig ra t ed from G a u l ; t he fi rs t o f t h ese, Sig o d ub ie G erma n orum p o p uli c olun t , V a n g ion es,
vesu s,
passed t he R hi ne, a n d t he ot h e r, Bello T rib oc i, N emet e s St ra bo ( lib i v ) p laces t he
. . .

v esu s
penet ra ted i n t o t a ly
, I . T rib oci a G e rma n n a t ion w it hi n t he con fi nes
. ,

Bea t Rh ena n us, i n C o mm R e r G erm

. . . . o f t he R h e n o G a llic t ribes o f t he S e q ua n i a n d
-

lib i , c o nj e c t ures t h a t t hey i n h a b it ed t he b a n k s

. . Med io ma t rices St r uvi us ( C orp H ist G erm . . . .

o f t he N
ec k a r a n d fi x es t he m on t he s o t w h ere
,
p vol i
p 5 5) fi x es t he m in t he mode rn c ircle of
. . .

st oo d t he a n c ien t c a st le o f T ec k Ce sa r, Ed . . Alsa ce .

V a riorum, 1 6 5 1 , p 228, . n ot e .
7
Caesa r, Comm d e Bell G all lib n c 29 . . . . . . .
C ha p i S ec
. . . T H E R PRO G RESS ARREST ED BY T HE R O MA
I NS.
19

B el g i c l ea g ue w hi c h h a d b een formed a ga i n st h im h e w a s t old t h a t

"

of t he ,

t h e g rea t er n umb er of t h e i r t rib es w ere d e sc e n d e d from G erma n s w h o , ,

i n some e arli er a g e h a d c rossed t h e Rhi n e ; a n d a t t ra c t e d by t h e fert ili t y

, ,

of t h e soil h a d se t t l e d i n G a ul a ft er h a v i n g e x p ell e d t h e n a ti ve
, ,

i n h a bi t a n t s H e w a s lik e w i se a ssured th a t t h ese n a t i on s w ere t h e

.

on ly o n es w h o suc c essfu lly resi st e d t h e a rms of t h e C i mbri a n d T en

t on es
8
T h e v a g ra n t C i mb ri t h erefore wh o w ere l e ft b e hi n d on t h e
.
, ,

Rhi n e by t h e i r c omp a n i on s w ould n a t ura lly seek p rotec t i on a mon g ,

n a t i on s of t h e i r o w n li n ea g e a n d e n d ea vour t o se t t l e i n a c oun t ry oc c u,

e most con s id era bl e o f t h e se t rib e s were t h e Th p i ip l

9
p i e d by ki n d re d t rib e s T h .
e r nc a

1°
B ell ova c i t h e N ervii t h e M ori n i t h e A d ua t ic i a n d t h e T reviri ; th e i r
, , , ,
a 'e ’
hi a l di st ribut i on i s i n a grea t d eg ree c onj e c t ura l b u e n era lly l B ll
"

e
g g po ra c t g i . e ov ac ,

w e ma y a ssume t h a t t h e B ell ova c i oomp i ed t h e di st ri c t of B ea uva i s ;

11 2 N w ° e “:

t h e N ervii w ere set t l e d i n B ra b a n t Fl a n d ers and H a i n a ul t ; t h e 3:

12
, ,

A d ua t ic i i n t h e c oun t ry b e t we en t h e S a mb re a n d t h e M euse ;
13
an d t he

Trevi ri i n t h e mod ern T ri ers on t h e b a n ks of t h e M osel We h a ve ,

.

n o c ert a i n i n forma t i on re s ec t i n g t h e p eri od a t whi c h t h ese set t l e me n ts

p
t ook p l a c e ; b ut t h e c ol on i st s ret a i n e d i t ma y b e p resumed t h e h a bits , ,

an d usa ges of t h e i r c oun t ry me n b eyon d t h e Rhi n e a n d kep t up some ,

sort of n a t i on a l i n t erc ourse w i t h t h em

14
Th e i r w a rs w i t h t h e i r C e l t i c .

n e i g hb ours w e re fre q uen t T h e v a g ra n t t rib es of G erma n y see m in fa c t T h u u

.
, ,
e s cc esses

g i t th a a ns e

mm
t o h a ve reg a rd e d G a ul i t s i n h a bi t a n t s a n d ri c h e s a s t h e i r own p rop er G i t G lli
, , e o- a c

re y F rom t h e rog ress t h ey ma d e a n d t h e suc c ess w hi c h a t t en d e d t h e i r m

p .
p , e,

i n va si on s i t i s re a son a bl e t o c on c l ud e t h a t a t n o di st a n t p eri od t h ey fgffi f fi

, , ,
‘e
y
w o uld h a v e re d uc e d it t o t ot a l subj ec t i on
15
But t h e R oma n s w a n t e d i t R m . o a n s.

for t h e msel ve s a n d w i t h t h e i r ordi n a ry d ex t eri t y un d er t h e guid a n c e of

, ,

C a in s J uli us C e sa r t h e most a mbi t i ous a n d a c c omp li sh e d of t h e i r

,

n era l s a n d st a t esmen a v a il e d t h emse l ves of t h e e n mi t y o f t h e t wo

g e ,

”
ra c es for t h e subj ug a t i on of b ot h .

C omm d e Bell G all lib n c 4

”
P Clue G e rm An t lib
8
Ce sa r , . . . . . . . . . . . . . n . c . 2 p 6
. . .

Aft er e n umera t i n g ele ven n a t ions, me mbe rs of 1

I bi d . lib i i
22 p 1 1 0
. . c . . . .

”
t he Belg ic lea gue , h e a dd s four ot h ers, V I Z I bid

”
0 . lib ii
2 1 p 10 8
. . . . . .

C on d rusos, Eburon es, C e re sos, P e ma nos, q ui Ho rum omn ium, sa ys C e sa r, ( C o mm .

un o n omi n e Germa n i a pp ella n t nr See , a lso . . lib i c l )

. .fo rt issi mi sun t Bei ge , St e p rox imi
. . .

P hil Cluveri i, G erm A n t i ua , lib u c 1 Ed

. . q . . . . .
q ue sun t G erma n is A n d he a d ds, uibus
. q
Elz 1 6 1 6
. . cum c on t i n e n t e r b ellu m g erun t St i ll t h e .

A si mila r i n sta nce o ccurs i n t h e c ase of the course o f t h ei r h ist ory p roves t h a t t he
9
y were , a t
“

T euch t eri a n d U
si et e s w h o, a ft er t h e d ispersi on
p lea st , as o ft en t heir a llies a s t h eir en e mies .

‘5
o f th e i r n a t ion b y C e sa r, were en t e rt a ined b T his w as t he fe elin g of t he princip al G allic
y t he
T ra n srhena n e Si c a mb ri, a n d , as subse uen t ly q n a t ion s t he mselves, a s a p pears from t he n a rra t i ve

”
a
pp ears in c o rp ora t ed wit h t hem
, Ce sa r, d e . of D ivit ia cus t o C e sa r a t t heir con ference Fu .

Bell G a ll lib i v 0 1 6
. . . . . . t urum esse pa uc is an n is, uti omn es e G a lli e
fi n ihus pellerent ur, a t que omn es G erman i Rhe~
’
St ra bo a dop t s C e sar s division of t h e whole
Belg ic p eople i n t o fteen tribes fi . nu mt ra nsiren t Ce sa r, de Bell G all lib i c 3 1
. . . . . . .
20 I
A R O V ST I US IN GA UL .
[Book I .

B c 72
. .
E d ui a n d Sequa n i t wo p owerful G a lli c n a t i on s were en g a g e d
. T he
D t b o o o , ,

e/Edui l n on e of t h ose p ern i c i ous c on t en t i on s for sup rema c y w h i c h h a d a l re a dy

s
t zg t h
l ll fi o 0

vv ii
“ s qm mi
c on summa t e d t h e rui n of t h e p oli sh ed c ommun i t i es of G ree c e
3 e 16
Th e
‘

JEd ui d we l t up on t h e w est ern b a n k s of t h e Ar a r t h e S e q ua n i oc c u i ed

p
T h Ed ui lly t h e di st ri c t b e t w een t h a t ri ve r a n d t h e c h a i n o f t h e J u
e a ra
18
T h e former .

33 11212 soug h t a n d ob t a i n ed t h e a lli a n c e of Rome ; t h e l a t t er a pp li e d for a ssi st

1 1 1 8

0.
m
a n c e t o t h e i r G erma n n e i g hb ours b e yon d t h e Rhi n e T h e JEdui t h oug h
“
.
,

from t h a t p eri od re g a rd e d a s a lli es of t h e rep ubli c w ere p rev en t e d from ,

d eri vi n g a n y b en efi t from t h ei r n ew c on n exi on by t h e c i vil b roil s i n whi c h

T h § qu i e R ome w a s a t t h a t t i me p l un g e d
e an T h e G erma n s w ere n ea rer a t h a n d a n d .
,
ll h
a p rop osa l w h i c h mi gh t by a ma n a g e men t fa mi l i a r t o t h e
ca in t e
l ea d l l d t d '
a o e
T Rh
ra n s -

y p
e n an e ,
G m "
n in a lli a n c e w i t h t h e w e a k b e c ome t h e me a n s of e x t en di n
e' an
stron
g w h e
g ,

t h e i r p owe r a n d i n c rea si n g t h ei r w ea l t h .

A c c ordi n gly G erma n w a rri ors a ll ure d by p a y a n d p romi ses

, , ,

c rosse d t h e Rhi n e t o t h e a ssi st a n c e of t h e S e q ua n i u n d e r a l e a d er k n ow n ,

t o us by t h e l a t i n iz e d n a me of Ari ovi st us O t h er b odi e s foll owe d t h em

19
.

un bidd e n a n d t h e G erma n s a t l en g t h c oun t e d, fi g h t i n g me n

d f t t h est a bli sh e d w i t hi n t h e li mi t s of t h e S eq ua n i 20 T h e E d ui w ere d efea t e d
352im
e ea e .

'

i n eve ry b a t t l e t h e i r c hi efs a n d n obl es fell i n t h e fi e ld t h e i r a lli e s ,

d esert ed t h em a n d t h ey w ere red uc ed t o ren oun c e t h e i r c on n ex i on w i t h

R ome a n d t o gi ve p erp e t ua l h ost a ges for t h e i r fu
,

, t ure s ubj ec t i on The .

Roma n s w h o re g a rd e d t rea t i es of a lli a n c e a n d p ro t ec t i on a s a c k n owled g

,

me n t s of t h e suprema c y of t h e re publi c w ere n ot i n c li n ed t o re l ea se t h e ,

ZEd ui from a n e n g a g emen t w hi c h a fford e d a c h a n c e of a gg ra n di se men t ,

or a re t ex t for i n t e rfere n c e A d t h u t h a t m i h t b e ma d e of i t
p n e se g .
,

un d er t h e a bl e ma n a g eme n t of C e sa r w a s n ot l on g i n a pp ea ri n g ,
.

Th G m e But i n t h e i n t eri m t h e w a r for w hi c h t h e G erma n s h a d b e en

er a ns , ,
m g
summon e d h a d c ome t o a n en d ; a n d t h e i r a lli es
tl
s et e a on
h sw m
, e a ,
t h e S eq ua n i n ow , ,

rea e d t h e bi t t er frui t of t h e i r mi st a k e n p oli c y S q u a bbl es a rose

p .

t h H ule b e t ween t h a t p eo p l e a n d t h e i r sa va g e a lli e s ; t h e w h ol e meri t of t h e vic

l

t ory w a s d ue t o t h e l a t t er a n d t h e y w ere n ot i n c li n e d t o rememb er a n y ,

st i p u l a t i on s by w hi c h t h e full e nj oy men t of i t s frui t s mi g h t b e c ir

c umsc rib e d or a b rid ed I n o n e co m m on di st ress E d n i a n d S e qua n i
g .

T h e follow in g succin ct accoun t o f th e con f imag i n a tion

T he modern Sa on e—Ce s lib i c
n ess o .

quest of G aul a nd Belgium b y J ulius C e sar is ‘7

. . . . 12 .

d ra w n up fro m h is n arra t ive , co mpared w it h t he

‘8
T he mo dern Burg un d y .

learn ed d issert a t io n s o f St r uvi us ( C o rp Hist P rob a b ly Ehre n vest or Ehren fest , -

rs,—th e h on oura ble— t he g lori ous

. . ,

G erm vol i P erio d ii se c 1

. . . . . M a scon st ron
g i n h on ou .

( Hist of t he A n c G e rm vol i lib ii sec

. . . . . a nd
. . . L ud en ( vol i c 6 n ot e
. . .d isa pproves of t his
.

H L a de n , ( G esch d es deut sc h V olk v ol i

. . . . . . et ymolog y, w it ho ut g i vi n g a rea son .

cc 6 . a work remark a b le fo r t he ex t en t of 2°
Ce s lib i c 3 2
. . . . .

i ts lea rn in g a n d researc h , it s i n ge nuit y a nd vi vi d

 . C hap i Sec . . . H EL V ET I C EM I G RAT I O N .
21

a
pp roa c he d ea c d m ea sures for t h e e x ulsi on o
h ot h er p , f a n d c on c erte
t h e i r

G erma n opp ressors A c on fe de ra c y of G a lli c c hi e fs a n d t rib es w a s

.

sp ee dily forme d a n d a s sp e e dily di ssi p a t e d by t h e v i g il a n c e a nd v i g our

,

of A ri o v i st us a n d h i s w a rri ors T h e S e qua n i w ere c omp e ll e d t o yi e ld T h y mp l

"

.
e co e
th { m t
t wo t hi rd s of t h e i r l a n d s t o t he ir G erma n ma st e rs ; t h e JEd ui g a v e y ld up t w
e i xe r o
‘

-
ie o.

t rib ut e a n d t h e h ost a g e s formerly e x t ort e d from t h em by t h e S e q ua n i f fl fi ffilfifid

' ‘
,

d h h d f A u 1 th i t m 2
.

p as se i o n t t e a n s o ri ov 1 st s
ubj t
t .
e a er

s ec i on .

W hil e t h a t c hi e f a n d h is foll ow ers w e re e n g a g e d in fi x i n g t h e y oke

. .

up on t h e n ec ks of t h e G a ul s, t h e t ri umv i r C a i us J ulius C aesa r h a d C Ju1 C ,

- . e sa r

ob t a i ned t h e c omm a n d o f t h e G a lli c

p rov i n c e of t h e rep ubli c from t h e _

rel uc t a n t a n d i n t i mi d a t e d sen a t e H e a ssume d t h e c on sul at e a n d se t

2 ‘
2

w h ere h e foun d i mm
.
,

off for h is g ov ern men t e di a t e oc c u a t i on for h is B C 59

p , . - .

e x t ra ordi n a ry mili t a ry a n d p oli t i c a l t a l en t s T h e H e l ve t ii a n ume rous H fi d th .

, e n s e

Teut on i c t rib e h a d l on g b een se tt l ed i n t h e c ount ry lyi n g b etween t h e ggjgggg fgfjg

.
,
i t ‘

ri ver M a y n e a n d t h e Al p s a l on g t h e ea st ern b a n k s of t h e U
pp er Rhi n e ,
$53 .

T h e M a yn e se p a ra t e d t h e m from t h e S ue v i prob a bly a t t h a t p eri od (a s

I

, ,

for ma n y sub se que n t a g e s,) t h e most p ow erful a n d w a rlik e n a t i on of

. _

Germa n y W i t h t hi s p eop l e t h e H elve t ii h a d b ee n l on g a t wa r ; a n d i n

_
.
,

t h e c ourse of t h e c on t e st h a d b e e n suc c e ssiv e ly d ri ven from a ll t h e i r ,

set t l emen t s b e t w ee n t h e Rhi ne a n d t h e M a y n e t ill t h e y w e re a t l e n g t h

-

,
. .

sh ut up w i t hi n t h e li mits of mod ern S w i t z e rl an d a n un r

p oduc t i ve a n d
3 2
,

moun t a in ous c oun t ry i n suffi c i e n t for t h ei r ma i n t e n a n c e a n d i rk some t o, ,

t h a t re st l e ss a c t i vi t y t h ose mi g ra t ory h a bi t s w hi c h from i t s e a rli e st , , ,

a ra n c e i n hi st ory di st i n g ui sh e d t h e T eut on i c ra c e
a
pp e ,
.

I n t hi s c on fi n e d a n d di st re ssi n g p osi t i on t h e H e l v e t i c t rib e s d e t er

.
.

mi n e d up on a g en era l e mi g ra t i on Th e y e mp l oye d t h ree y ea rs i n p re

‘

.
.

a ra t i on h y f q u ly m bl d h e i r n a t i on a l c oun c il s c on sul t e d
‘

p
r
t e re en t a sse e t ,

Up on t h e di re c t i on of t h ei r m a rc h e n t ere d i n t o n eg oc i a t io n s w i t h t h e
'

G a lli c st a t e s for a fre e p a ssa g e t h roug h t h e i r t erri t ori e s c oll ec t e d store s ,

of e v ery ki n d ; exh aust e d t h e l a nd for t h e p rod uct i on of t h e n ee d ful

sup p ly of c orn for so g re a t a m ul t i t ud e a n d h a v i n g c omp l et ed t h e a rmi n g T h i f
'
'

er orce,
.

a n d org a i i i z a t i on of t h e i r forc es t h e y c onc e n t ra t e d t h em up on t h e ri g h t

‘ '
-

b a n k of t h e Rh on e w h ere t h at riv er i ssue s from t h e L e ma n L a k e ,

.
G .
en eva

ea rli er roj e c t a e a rs t o h a ve b e e n t o b rea k th roug h t h e

p pp -

g orge s of t h e R h on e i n t o t h e L y on n e se wh i c h t h en forme d a p ort i on of ,

t h e R om
'
'

an rov i n c e of Galli c N a r bon ensz s A se c on d roa d l a

y op en
p . .

¢ o t h em by t h e p a sses of t h e J ura ; b ut a s i t w a s t h e i r i n t e n t i on
“

. .
_

t o see k for n ew se t tl emen t s i n t h e c en tra l or south ern di stri c t s of

“1
Ce sa r, lib i .
_
. c . 33 .
95
Between t he r
iver Rh in e an d t he hig h Alps .

4° Sueton i us, in J ulio .

V OL . I .
NN CZESA R AN D T HE HEL V ET II [Book I
J ) .

. .

G a ul t h e R oma n p rovi n c e a fford e d t h e sh ort e st a n d t h e most c on v en i en t

,
SM

a n d t h e y a c c ordi n g ly re q ue st e d C aesa r s
’
T hey a rrly fo rout e t o t h e i r d e st i n a t i on er
C e r f r pe r
; p
m io i pass mi ssi on t o ma rc h t h roug h t h e c oun t ry of t h e subj ec t All ob rog es p romi s
sa o

i ss n n ,

Qjfifl rflfi i n g t o c on d uc t t h emsel ves a s fri e n d s, a n d t o a b st a i n from a ll i nj ury t o

‘ ‘

gxgofi gi
25
t h e p rov i n c i a l s or t h e i r l a n d s S oun d p oli c y
. t h e di c t a t es of h i s ow n
,

a mbi t i on a n d t h e i n t ere st s of h is c oun t ry , a lik e p rohibi t e d c omp li a n c e

w i t h t h e re q uest of t h e H e l v e t ii S o e n ormous a h ost c ould n ot

.

tra verse t h e Roma n p rovi n c e w i t h out di sord e r n or, p rob a bly , w i t h out ,

h ost ili t y T h e G erma n i c mi g ra t i on s h a d b ec ome a subj ec t of d e ep

.

a re h en si on t o t h e R o m an e o l e t h e eril s of t h e C i mb ri c and
pp p p ; p
T eut on i c i n va si on s w ere st ill fresh i n t h ei r memori e s ; a n d t h e ra p id
suc c esses of A ri ov i st us a fford e d a l a rmi n g p roof t h a t t h e sourc e o f t h e

d a n g e rs t h ey h a d so rec en t ly esc a p e d w a s st ill fl ow i n g a s a bun d a n t ly

a s ev er But C aesa r w a s n ot y e t p rep a re d for op en w a r
. H e t h erefore .

t emp oriz e d for a w hil e , a n d p romi se d t o c on sid er t h e p rop osa l of t h e

H el ve t ii A t h is a rriv a l i n G a ul h e h a d foun d b ut a si n gl e l e g i on i n t h e
.

rov i n c e ; t hi s sma ll c or s h a rdly e x c ee di n

p p , g 6 0 0 0 me n h e h a d st ren g t h ,

e n e d w i t h a ll t h e
p rovi n c i a l a ux i li a ri e s h e c ould mus t er , a n d h a d e mp l oy e d
t h em i n ere c t i n g st ron g e n t ren c h me n t s b e t w een t h e e fii ux of t h e Rh on e
n e a r G e n ev a a n d t h e crest of t h e J ura a di st a n c e of a b o ut n i n e R oma n
, ,

mil es H a vi n g t h us effec t ua lly bl oc k e d up t h e p a sses i n t o t h e t erri t ory

.

o f t h e re ubli c a n d st re n t h en e d h i s
p g os i t i on so a s t o e n a bl e t h e sma ll
,
p
forc e l e ft t o g ua rd i t t o ma i n t a i n t h e i r g roun d t ill re i n forc emen t s
a n d rej ec ts t h e sh ou ld a rri ve h e re t urn e d suc h a n a n sw er t o t h e e n v oy of t h e H e lve t ii a s
,
t f the
c on vmc e d t h e m t h a t t h e y must e i t h er re n oun c e t h e i r
re n es o

ro e c t or forc e
p j
gfgffijs fggf p
l ‘ ’ e a a e t h rou h t h e li n e s o f t h e R oma n s S ev era l p a rt i a l a t t emp t s
e
a s s g
l g .

w ere ma d e t o p a ss t h e b a rri er O
p p ose d t o t h e m, b ut w i t h out suc c ess In .

t th mea n t i me , i t see ms, t h e y w e re more fort un a t e i n t h e i r sec on d p roj ec t

e
s

gi .

m m mm , W i t h out t h e p e rmi ssi on of t h e S e qua n i t h e p a sses o f t h e J ura w ere

a s i n a c c e ssibl e t o t h e m a s t h ose of t h e All ob ro e s
; b ut D umn ori x , a
J “ ‘

g
p ow e rful c hi ef of t h e S e qua n i , sec on d e d t h e i r req uest for a free p a ssa g e ,

a n d C aesa r w a s a l a rme d by t h e i n t elli e n c e t h a t t h ere w as n o l on er a n

g g y
h op e of p reven t i n g t h e t h rea t e n e d i rrup t i on i n t o G a ul .

H e t h erefore a pp li e d hi msel f w i t h t h e ut most p romp t i t ud e t o c oll ec t a

forc e c a p a bl e of c on t en di n w i t h t h e e n e my i n t h e fi eld
g H av i n g a ssem .

bl e d fi ve l eg i on s i n G a lli a C i sal p i n a a n d I t a ly, h e c on d uc t e d t h e m by

forc e d ma rc h es i n t o t h e t erritory of t h e V oc on t ii 26 a n d t h e n c e a cross t h e

”
c rosse t he

”
,

C e sa r say s ,

sout hw ard t o t he coun t r O f t h e Sa n t on e s

y
”
t hey in te n d ed t o p roceed
, t he
modern provin c e of S a in t on ge , lyin g b e t ween t he
co n

Rome
5
fi n es of t he T olosa t
.

Ce s . ib id c 7
. .
w ho w ere d e pen den t s
C omm lib i c 1 0
.

.
.
ii,

. . .
of

G a ron n e a n d t he C hare n t e , b ord eri n g on t he Prob ably across t he Mon t C en is, b y t he

 C hap i See . . . T H E HEL V ET II IN GA UL .

Rh on e t o t h e Sec usi an i f’ t hus t h row i n g hi msel f in t h e di rec t li n e of Rh d on e, a n

ma rc h of t h e H el ve t i i w h o i n t h e i n t eri m h a d t ra verse d t h e t e rri t ori e s izihggi ih

, ,
t
,
0 e

e
H lm
of t h e fri en dly S e q ua n i a n d w ere a l re a dy ra va i n h d
g g t ose of t h e
e “ an
,
th ut h e so ern

Th a t p eop l e reg a rdl ess of remot er c on sequen c es a n d l ooki n g on ly t o gfi m f

, ,
fl c

e sc a p e t h e p rese n t
p eril t h re w t h e mse l ves i n t o t h e a rms of C e sa r a n d Th pp
, d , e o resse

on c e more i n voke d t h a t
p ern i c i ous a lli a n c e w i t h Rome w hi c h t h e a rms of fi fijfi gfim
A ri ovi stus h a d for a t i me c omp ell e d t h em t o ren oun ce T h e en emy h a d t h m f ‘h e a‘ S O e
R m
.

i n t h e mea n t i me overrun t h e w h ol e c oun t ry b e t ween t h e J ura a n d t h e

o an s.

S a on e ; a n d C e sa r d e t ermi n e d t o a d va n c e t o me e t t h em b efore t h e y
2 9

sh ould h a ve t i me t o c on sume a ll t h e resourc es of h i s n e w a lli e s a n d t o

,

forc e t h e i r w a y t o t h e c oun tri es t h e y w ere i n que st of He t h erefore C p .

, aesar a sses

c rosse d t o t h e l eft b a n k of t h e S a on e w hil e t h e H e l vet ii t ra n sp ort e d 2335222? ,

t h ree di vi si on s o f t h e i r a rmy t o t h e opp osi t e sh ore l ea vi n

g t h e fourt h , ,

c on si sti n g of t h e se t or c l a n of t h e T i u
g ri n i t o j oi n t h em a t th e i r l e i sure
30
p , .

Thi s fa lse movemen t ex p ose d th em t o a fa t a l surp ri se C e sar l eft h is d di p

m
. an s erses

c a mp a b out t h e mid n i g h t w a t c h w ith t h ree l e i on s a n d c a me u on t h e ? gi

l
l
g p
m
, e

T ig urin i b e fore t h e y c ould t a k e a n y me a sure s for d e fe n c e T h e gre a t er H m .

e

pa rt of t h e trib e w a s c ut t o p i ec es t h e rest t ook t o fli g ht a n d c on c e a l ed

th e m s i h
el ve s n t e n e i g hb ouri n g forest s
31
.

A ft er t hi s i mp orta n t suc c ess t h e Roma n ge n era l i n st a n t ly t h re w a H tu t e re rn s o

b ridg e over t h e S a on e a n d re c rosse d t o t h e ri g h t b a n k t o follow t h e hd i lhh:

2 t gl k 3 le r a ’

, ii va e

movemen t s of t h e en emy T h e l a tter surp ri se d a t h i s ra p i d i t y a n d a s of the my

.
th m m t
, , ,
e ove

en e
en s

i t sh ould seem l ess i n c e n se d by t h e mi sfortun e of th e i r c oun t rymen t h e

.

T i guri n i t h a n d esi rous of re a c hi n g t h e a s y e t di st a n t g oa l of t h e i r ex p e

,

di i t o re mon st ra t e w i t h C e sa r a n d T h H l t
33
t on sen t th e i r a g e d c hi ef D i vi c o
, , e e ve i i
m t t
p reva il up on h im by p romi se s of a dv a n t a ge or by men a c e s t o a b st a i n a t h m
re ons ra e
, , an e a

C e sar, wh o

” ”
ro ut e of Ex illes ( O cc lus)
Susa : Ab O celo an d of Z urich Z ug , Uri , Glar us, A ppan z ell, an d
,

in fi n es V ocon t iorum See Hqfi ma n m q m ad verb T igurinus

’
St G a ll
'

—
. . . . . .

Lex icon U
n iversal e a d v erb O cclus T he . .
3‘
C omm lib i c 1 2. . . . .

V ocon t ii in h ab it ed t he mod ern D auphin e b id .I .

3
’
But for C e sar s ex press a ssert ion , t ha t he
27
A n in d ep en d en t G allic p eople occupy in g t h e t hrew h is b rid g e over t he Sa on e aft er t he sur

” ”
c oun t ry b et ween t h e L y on n ese , or Th an s—Rhod an p rise of t he Ti g uri n i, t he wri t er w ould h a ve in
Al lob roges, a n d t h e cha in of t h e P uy d e D 6me c lined to t he O p in ion t ha t h e ha d ma in t a in ed t he

H qfi m L e x U b rid g es by w hic h he h ad crossed from t he rig h t

'

i n A uve rgn e n i v, ad verb a

P od ium —T his posit ion is
. . .
,

Secusia n i et . t o t h e left b a n k of t he Saon e , fromt he coun t ry o f

well laid dow n i n t he ex cellent map s of t he t he Secusian i , p a rt ic ularly as such a b rid g e w as of
Socie t y for t he D iff of seful Kn ow ] . U . t he ut most import an ce t o main t ai n h is co mman d
28
C e sar t hus mad e hi mself ma st er of t he o f t h e river, t o kee
p op en hi s con nex ion s wi t h his
U a llie s on b ot h b an ks , an d t o e n a b le him t o c over
'

c ou rses of t h e p p er L oire an d t he Allier whi ch

”
,

r ivers t he Helvet ii must p as s on t heir rout e t o t he t h e fron t ier o f t he Roma n p rovi n ce, in cas e of a

G aron n e . movemen t of t he Helvetii in t ha t d irect ion .

F lumen A ra r quod per fi n es ZEd uornm et

2° 93
T he iden t i cal lea d er of t he fi g urin i who, in
Seq ua n orum in Rhod an um i n fl ui t Ce s lib i . . . . a llian ce w it h t he C i mb ri a n d T eut on es, h ad slain

c . 12 . t he c o n sul C assius an d compelled his army t o

T h e P ag us or G au of t he T ig urin i is sup p ass b enea t h t he yoke Ce s lib i c 1 3
8° . . . . . .

p osed t o h ave ex t ended over t h e mod ern can t on s

 CE SA R S CAMPA G I N AG A IN ST T HE HELV ET II [Book I
'

24 . .

g e nt i mi es t o from i n t errup t i n g t h ei r ma rc h
di sreg a rd e d b ot h a n d t h e c on fer Ce sa r
wn w mm;
.
,

e n c e e n d e d i h mut ua l d efi a n c e T h e H el ve t ii mov e d sl ow ly forw a rd s

o e
.
.
,

foll ow e d a t a re sp ec t ful di st a n c e by t h e R oma n s t h e li g h t c a v a l ry of t h e

l a t t er w ere w orst ed i n a ski rmi sh w i t h t h e rea r gua rd of t h e e n emy w h ose ,

sp i ri t s w e re un d uly ra i se d by t h e t rifli n g s uc c e ss t h us ob t a i n e d .

ly C e sa r s mot i on s were i mp e d e d by t h e n on a rri v a l of t h e supp li e s p ro

’
b ut l s ow ,
-

3353252323 mise d by h is a lli e s t h e ZEd ui A t t h e i n st i g a t i on of t h e S e qua n i a n

3 , .

m a l a rg e p a rt y a mon g t h em a t t e mp t e d by se c re t i n fl ue n c e
d fit
;fgggf gfiz
e
D u n orix
c’
,
to , ,

a ll i es
t h w a r t h i s p roj ec t s a n d i f p ossi bl e t o a vert t h e d a n g er t o t h e i r i n d ep e n
, , ,

d e n c e w hi c h t h ey a pp reh en d e d from a n y d ec i si v e suc c ess a g a i n st t h e

H el ve t ii C e sa r w a s t h ere fore w h olly d e p en d en t up on t h e sc a n t y
.

su li es w hi c h re a c h e d h i m by t h e S a on e a n d foun d h i msel f un a bl e t o
pp , -

a d v a n c e t o a n y g re a t di st a n c e from t h e b a n k s of t h a t ri ve r T h e i n t ri gues .

of D umn ori x i t n ow a p p e a re d h a d g i ven ri se n ot on ly t o t h e se se ri ous

, , ,

di sa pp oi n t men t s b ut t o t h e p art i a l d efea t of h is c a va l ry in t h e l a t e

,

a c t i on w i t h t h e H e l ve t ii ; a n d h e n ow h e a rd for t h e fi rst t i me t h a t i t , ,

w a s t h roug h t h e i n fl ue n c e of D umn orix a mon g t h e S e qua n i t h a t t h e

e n emy h a d O b t a i n e d a n un ob s t ruc t e d e n t ra n c e i n t o t h e i n t e ri or of G a ul .

Th ese c omp li c a t e d t re a son s d ema n d e d i n vest i ga t i on ; i n t h e i n t e ri m ’

t h e H el v e t ii h a d ma rc h e d t o t h e v i c i n i t y o f Bi b ra c t e w h ere t h e y t oo k
34
,

up a n i n se c ure p osi t i on a t t h e foot of a ra n g e of hill s of e a sy a sc en t

~

ii tt mpt t
a a D umn orix w a s p l a c e d i n c ust ody ; a n d C e sa r i n st i n c t iv ely p erc e i vi n g t h e
e s o
,

a d v a n t a g e t o b e d er iv e d from t h e errors of hi s e n e mi e s di sp a t c h e d ,

L a b i en us t o t urn t h e i r p osi t i on by se izi n g t h e c rest of t h e hill s i n t h e i r

b ut 3 d i re a r ; b ut t h e ma ri e uv re fa il e d ow i n g t o a fa l se re ort t h a t L a b ie n us h a d
? s
p ,

z ilfdhh b een a n t i c i p a t e d by t h e e n emy a n d C e sa r a p proa c h e d t h e opul en t E d ua n

i l l

fs lg rr ,

c i t y of Bib ract e i n t h e h O p e of p roc uri n g t h ere t h e ne c e ssa ry su

“W
p p ly of
“

rov i si on s T h e H el ve t ii e i t h e r emb old en e d by t h e fa i lure of L a b i en us s

’
'

Th H l t
‘

e
p e ve i i .
,

mov eme n t or sec re t ly i n forme d of t h e d e a rt h w hi c h p reva il e d i n t h e

,

B bm ‘ ‘
R oma n c a mp b oldly p l a c e d t h emsel ves i n t h e p a t h of Ce sa r a n d
e'
,

a ssume d t h e off e n si v e .

C t k
e sa r a up A b a t t l e w a s n ow un av oid a bl e T h e R oma n gen era l p oste d h is t roops
es .

a st ron
g p i os
mm ,
i n t h e usua l ord er
35
up on t h e d e c li vi t y of a st eep a sc en t T h e a d va n c e of .

t h e H e l ve t ii d rove b a c k t h e R oma n ski rmi sh e rs up on t h e i r fi rst li n e ; a n d

13 0 5 8 t h e i r ma i n b ody formi n g t h e ordi n ary c ol umn of a t t a c k c h a rg e d up hill w i t h
- .

3 d J uly
,
r

t h e i r c ust oma ry i mp e t uosi t y But t h e Roma n s sk i l fully a va i l i n g t h em

.

'

.
,

sel v e s of t h e a d v a n t a e of hi h a n d un ev e n roun d so h a ra sse d t h e a d v a n c

g g g ,

ud p l t h
a i n g e n emy w i t h t h e i r d a rt s t h a t t h e y w ere un a bl e t o ma k e a n y i mp ressi on
re e s e
,
fi rst ult assa ;

T he mod ern
3‘
A ut un A ug ust od un um, U i
n v. ad v A ug ustod un um
. .

N W of C h alo ns sur Sao ne

. . . See H aj im L e x . . T riplici acie
"
.
 Chap i Sec
. . . BATT L E O F BI BRAC T E .
5

up on t h e p oi n t of at ta c k We a ri e d wi t h fa t i gue a n d w oun d s t h e H el ve t i i
. ,
b ut
gg g i
a in c

p ose i s an 3

a v e g roun d an d re t re a t e d t o a hill a b out a t h ousa n d p a c es i n t h e rea r by p ur u

s ing t oo
g .

Hi t h er t h e R oma n s i n c a ut i ously foll ow e d t h e m ; by t hi s move men t fiifiigz i bfi

‘

o n
g
t h eir own fl a n k b ec a me ex p ose d t o a t t a c k by t h e reserve s of t h e H el ve t ii ,

c on si st in g of a fresh b ody of B oii a n d T ulin g i ; t h e H el ve t ii

ra lli e d a n d a gai n a dv a n c e d a n d t h e fort un e of t h e d a y i n c li n e d i n t h e i r
,

fa v our T h e p romp t i t ud e of C e sa r how ever soon rest ore d t h e b a la n c e

. , ,

h e b roug h t up h is sec on d b od y w hi c h w h e el e d i n t o li n e up on t h e ,

t h rea t en e d fl a n k of t h e fi rst w hil e t h e t hi rd b od y a ssa il e d t h e B oii a n d

,

Tulin g i i n fron t .
All t h e re serves w ere en g a g e d on b ot h sid es ; t h e
, _

Roma n s h a d t h e a dv a n t a g es of di sc i pli n e c on summa t e skill a n d mili t a ry ,

rid e t h e H e lve t ii p osse sse d h a rdi hood g rea t hy si c a l st ren t h a n d t h e

p p g , ,

ut most c on t emp t of d a n g er a n d of d e a t h T h e st ruggl e w a s l on g a n d A fi l g . er e en

b ut t h e w e ll di rec t e d e ffort s of t h e Roma n s a t l en g t h 3 3;n

1
sa n gui n a ry ;
-

rev a il e d over t h e rud e i mp e t uosi t y of b a rb a rous w a rfa re L a t e in t h e

p
~
.

even i n g t h e Helvet ii w ere c omp e ll e d t o yi e ld a n d t h e y re t i re d w i t h out ,

con fu si on ; on e b ody re t rea t e d w i t hi n t h e b u l wa rk of c a rs a n d w a gg ons i n

the i r rea r w hil e a n ot h er oc c up i e d t h e surroun di n g h ei g h t s a n d a n n oy e d
,

t h e a dv an c i n g R oma n s w i t h t h e i r d a rts T h e b a t t l e c on t i n ue d t ill d ee p .

i n t h e n i g h t ; t h e b ul wa rk of w a gg on s w a s a t l e n g t h st orme d mul t i t ud e s th R m , e o an s

eri sh e d t h ere a n d severa l p erson s of r a n k w e re ma d e But 2 3312 2335

p , p ri son ers ,

t h e ma i n b ody (a c c ordi n g t o C e sa r s e st i ma t e st ron ) ma d e

’

g g oo d
t h e i r re t rea t a n d i n four d a y s un i n t errup t e d ma rc h rea c h e d t h e c on fi n es t h M
’
e a rn e,
,

of t h e L i n g on es
3
Th ere h ow ever w ea k w i t h sufferi n g w oun d s a n d
.
6
, , ,

h un g er an d di sp ir i t e d by c a l a mi t y t h e y a c c e p t e d t h e t erms offe re d
, ,

t h em by t h e c on queror a n d ret urn e d t o re c ol on iz e t h e l a n d s t h e wh

_

th y ere e
o ,
y t ul
.
.

h a d qui t te d a n d t o b ec ome t h e p a ssi v e i n st rume n t s of R oma n p ol i c y ig p lhit tg

u
d l

i
0

”
, . er

C e sa r k n e w t h at t h e d esert e d t errit ory la y t oo i n v i t i n g ly t o re ma i n lon g f fijfi ffij fi f

‘ ’

un occup i e d by t h e rest l e ss G erma n i c t rib es b e yon d t h e Rhi n e a n d h e wa s i fifl d ‘‘ e

an xi ous t h a t so i mp ort a n t a p osi t ion sh ould b e h eld b y a n a t i on n o l on er

g

”
_

d a n g erous t o t h e Roma n s y e t st ill st ron g en oug h t o g ua rd i t a ga i n st t h e

,

e n e my w h ose e n croa c hme n t s h e most d re a d e d .

I t i s v e ry diffi c ul t t o a sc er t a i n t h e di sp osi t i on of t h e G a lli c n a t i on s t o Abj t d u t

”
‘
ec c on c

w ard s t h e R oma n s a t t hi s j un c t ure O n e p a rt y a mon g t h e a lli e d ZEd ui ; ro

“ t h G ll e a
.

p ti ft na on s a er

b a bly t h a t of D umn orix re g arde d t h em w i t h t h e sa me j ea l ous ey e w i t h gb bj t ‘“ f

,
’
e
1 r c t e.
°

whi c h t h e y w a t c h e d t h e p rog ress ofA riovi st uS a n d h i s G erma n s C e sa r h a d

”
,

fe l t t h e effec t s of t h e i r a p p re h en si on s d uri n g h is w a r a g a i n st t h e H e l ve t ii .

Th e
Lin g on es i n habit ed t he d iocese of C e sa r, C om lib i c 2 8
7 . . . . .

Lan gres in t h e provin ceof C h amp ag ne ; D ep art 9°

e qu e dub it are ( E d uos) qui n si Helveti os
N
,

—
.

o H a ute M arn e See Hoj ih L ex U sup era verin t Roman i , un a c um reli ua G allia
f _
. ni v ad v . . . .
q
n iEd ui s lib erta tem sin t erep t uri
~

Ce s D e Bell
"
on es. . . .
26 CZESA R AN D A R O V ST I I US .
[Book I .

But R oma n un d er
di re c t i on s o D ivi t ia c us re t a i n e d t h e
Si x zgff
s le
bt
or c s
r
t he
f
p a rt y ,

a sc e n d a n t ; a n d by t h e ev e n t o f t h e b a t t l e of Bi b ra c t e a ll d i sc on t en t s an d
t he ,

G ul
a .

j e a lousie s see m t o h ave b e en d row n e d i n t h e d i n of v i c t ory All t h e st a t e s .

o f G a ul w h om t h e t idi n g s c ould rea c h h a sten e d t o h im w i t h t h e i r c on g ra

t ula t ion s ; t h e se n se of i n d e p en d en c e yi eld e d t o t h e sen t i men t s of a we ,

a d mi ra t i on a n d fe a r w i t h w hi c h C e sa r w a s n ow reg a rd e d : a n d a ll p a rti es
,

mE dui d a pp ea r t o h a ve un reserve dly fl un g t h e ir d est i n i es a t h is fe et 89

C e sa r s
’

g
m
an .

fif v i c t ory h a d d eli ve re d t h emfromon e e n e my a n d t h e y d e t ermi n e d n ot t o l ose

a l

p fi
f fi tfl f ,

f
t h e O pp ort un i t y a t w h a t ev e r p ri c e of sh a ki n g off t h e y ok e w hi c h A ri o
°
, ,

v ist us h a d i mp ose d up on t h e m C e sa r l e n t a w illi n g ear t o t h e i r sup p li c a .

ti on s ; h e li st en e d w i t h p l e a sure t o t h e d et a il of t h e i r sufferi n g s a n d
o f t h e t yra n n y of t h e G e rma n s a n d i f a n t hi n g h a d b een w a n t i n g
y
t o c on v i n ce h i m of t h e a bj ec t h e l p l essn ess of h i s n e w c li en t s it w ould ,

h a ve b een t h e si g h s a n d t e a rs of t h e en voy s of t h e S e qua n i a n d t h eir ,

a n x i ous d e si re o f sec rec y l est t h e i r a li c a t i on s h ould c ome t o t h e k n ow 1

pp
-
,

l ed g e of A ri ov i st us a n d b ri n g d ow n up on t h em g rea t er evil s t h a n t hose

,

fro m w h i c h t h e y soug h t re f
li e a t h is h a n d s “0
.

T h e G alli c n a t i on s b e i n g n ow by t h e i r ow n c on fessi on i n c a p a bl e of , ,

d efe n di n g t h e i r l a n d s a n d lib ert i e s a g a i n st t h e Tra n s Rh en a n e b arb a -

ri a n s i t foll ow e d a s muc h from t h e s i ri t of R oma n oli c y a s from t h e

, p p
C g d c h a ra c t er of C e sa r th a t h e sh ould reg a rd t h e p ossessi on of G a ul a s a
e sa r, re a r ,

f i r b e t w een Ar i ov i st us a n d hi mse l f
th
fi
e

fi f fi p riz e t o b e fou h t
g fo T h e n ot i on .

o f un urc h a se d a ssi st a n c e t o a fe ebl e a lly w a s t oo a li e n from t h e c us

fi d ’
ffifi fiéét f p ..

t oma ry p oli c y of R ome t oo di si n t ere st e d t o fi n d a p l a c e i n so a mbi t i ous

3 33 33
1 1 1
,

a mi d a s t h a t o f C e sa r H e d e t ermi n ed t h erefore t o a c t w hil e

5
1 ‘
n .
, ,

t h e sen se of rec en t i nj ury sh ould k eep t h e e y es of h i s a lli es c l ose d t o t h e

c on se quen ce s of t h e fa t a l st e
p t h e y h a d t a k en H e i n t i ma t e d t o A ri o .

vi st us t h a t h e w a s a n xi ous t o c on sult w i t h h i m u on c ert a i n ma t t ers of

, p
i mp ort a n c e t o b ot h p a rt i es a n d re que st e d h im t o a pp oi n t a c on ven i en t
,

l c e w h ere t h e y mi ht mee t a n d c on fer u on t h e subj ec t s i n questi on

m
a
p g p .

u Ari ovi st us h on est ly rep li ed t h a t suc h a n i n t ervi ew w ould b e a tt en d e d w ith

3 gsh rea t i n c on ven i en c e a n d I l Sk a n d a s fa r a s h e c ould erc e i ve c ould l e a d t o
.
,
( es
g
‘

p , , ,

n o g o o d re sul t H e c ould n ot un d erst a n d h e a dd e d

. w h y C e sa r or , , ,

t h e R oma n
p eop l e sh ould t roubl e t h e msel ve s a b out h i s sh a re of G a ul ,

si n c e h e h a d sh ow n n o di s osi t i on t o i n t e rfere w i t h t h e i rs I t c a n h a rdly

p .

b e d oub t e d t h a t t h e re p ly w hi c h C e sa r t h oug ht fi t t o re turn w a s i n t en d ed

G all l b i c 1 7
.

i . . n d er t hese a
. . U
ppreh en sions S ee t heir a ddress Comm D e Bell
3’
. . G all .

t hey W i t h h eld t he su lies for t h e a rm an d a ve lib i c 1 2

pp y, g . . . .

i n format io n of C aesar s move men t s t o t he ene m

'

y . Cd 's D e Bell G all lib i c 3 1

. . . . . . .

Ga s ib id
. .
L udrn , G esch d es d eutsch V ol es,
. . k vol. i .

p 76
. .
 C hap i Sec . . . N EG OCI AT I ON S .

i rrita t e t h e G erma n p ri n c e
to Aft er en umera ti n g t h e h on ours a n d C .
“
d aesar sen s
h im d
b en efi t s c on ferre d by t h e sen a te up on h im a n d c h a rg i n g h im w i t h m g with
a. sec on

, essa e

h e b roa dly a n d offen siv e ly zfifi flfiffi;

f
an un g ra t e ful re qui t a l of th ese fa vou
’ ’
rs , l

e mi g ht
im
st a t e d t h e c on di t i ons up o ill c on t i n ue t o e nj oy t h e
h h
n w hi c h s t
ra c e a n d fa vour of t h e se n a t e a n d p e op l e of R ome n a mely t h a t h e
g , ,

s h ould i n troduc e n o more t r0 0 p s from t h e o t h er s i de of t h e Rhi n e i n t o

-

G a ul t h a t h e sh ould rest ore t o t h e fEd ui t h e h ost a g e s h e h eld of t h e m ;

a n d t h a t h e sh ould g i ve b a c k t o t h e S e qua n i a ll t h e l a n d s h e h a d t a k e n

from t h e m .
43

T h e t wo fi rst of th ese c on di t i on s mortifi e d t h e p rid e of Ari ov i st us Ari i t u ov s s

c omp li a n c e w i t h t h e l a st would h a ve d e p ri ve d h i m of t h e en ti re fru

m
i t s of $ 55 35?
s

h i s v i c tori e s a n d moreov er w a s by t hi s t i me p rob a bly wh olly out of hi s

, ,

H
’
w e t h erefore a n swere d C e sar s p rop osa l by a pp ea li n g t o t h ose

”
o e r
p .

ri g h t s w hi c h sol emn t rea t y a n d suc c essful w a rfa re w ere un i versa lly

b e li eve d t o c on fer T h e h ost a g e s a n d sub sidi es g ra n t e d h i m by t h e

E d ui h e sa id , w ere h i s by sol emn c omp a c t w i t h t h a t p eop l e ; t h e
,

la n d s of t h e S e qua n i h a d b ec ome h i s i n di sp ut a bl e p rop ert y b y ri g h t '

of c on quest a n d by t h a t ri g h t h e w a s d e termi n e d t o h old th em

, But i f .

suc h w a s C e sa r s p l e a sure h e for h i s p a rt w a s rea dy for w a r ; C e sa r

’

”
, , ,

w ould soon b e c on vi n c e d t h a t i t w a s n o e a sy ma t t er t o e n c oun t er a n a t i on

of ve t era n w a rri ors wh o for t h e l ast fo urt e en y e ars h a d n ot d we lt un d e r
, , ,

44
a roof
.
.

Thi s b old re p ly w a s regard e d by C e sa r a s a d e c l a ra ti on of w a r C g d ,

e sar re ar s
h
P ubli c g roun ds w ere n ot wa n t i n g t o i n vest h is re solut i on w i t h a n a p p e ar zgfifi ifi f} e
i

a n c e o f e x p e di e n c y a t l e a st T h e ZEd ui w ere t h e an c i en t a lli e s of t h e hii

.
f
'

reason s or

T h e ma xi ms of Roma n p oli c y forb a d e h i m t o p ermi t a n y t h w

”
rep ubli c .
e ar

fore ig n p ower h ow ever i n c on t rovert ibl e t h e ri g ht t o e x e rc i se c on t rol over

, ,

a n a t i on w h om t h e se n a t e a n d p eo pl e of R ome h a d on c e h on oure d w i t h I J j ig ore n

t h e t i t l e of Fri e n d T h e d a n g e r a ri si n g from t h e h a bi t ua l di sp osi t i on

.

t o a rmed e mi gra t i on w hi c h t h e T eut on i c t rib e s h a d for ma n y a g es

,

p a st evi n c e d w a s re a l a n d i mmi n e n t ; an d i t w a s ob vi ous t h a t i f t h e mig t i

, ,
e ra on .

G erma n s of Ari ovi stus were p ermit t e d t o overrun G a ul t h e t erri t ori es of

'

t h e rep ubli c w ould n ot l on g rema i n i n v i ol a t e ; more e sp e c i a lly si n c e by t h e

subj u
,

ga t i on of t h e S e qua n i t h e Rh on e w a s n ow t h e on ly b a rri er b e t w een

,

th em an d t h e R oma n p rovi n c e 45
A t hi rd c on sid e ra t i on p rob a bly recom .

al l
Such was t he opin ion of D io Ca ssi us
r e sm asér pa fev, dux 37 : mi m m wMj fe w a rrr dv,
?
'
-
.

v
.

37 1 e fopy ei v , x ¢x r ov r ov fl pé w
’
.
' ‘

aaw
’

7 06
hop e t hat h e mig ht t h us

34
o pretex t for war
speci us

.
“

.
”
— ob t ain a c og en t an d a

D io C a ss lib
. . x x x viii .

lc a i e ti rr e m
d '
wol /L ou x a i p ey av 0 038 ib id lib i c 26
j i b ea Oa u
' ‘3
p . . . . . .

T h is he d id , n ot t ha t h e mig ht in t imid a te him, I bid 0 27 . . .

but t ha t he mig h t ex cit e him t o an g er, i n t he I

bid 0 3 3 . . .
28 A DV A N CE O F CZESA R .
[Book I .

3 T he a ppre
.

h e n sron s of t he
m d d C e sa r s p oli c y a t h ome T h e re c oll ec t i on of t h e a l a rm oc c a
en e
’
.

p eople o f l t a ly sio n e d
. by t h e i n va si on of t h e C i mb ri a n d T eut on es w a s fresh i n t h e
me mori es of t h e t i mid I t a li a n s a n d t h e y h e a rd w i t h un di sgui se d a p p re
h e n sion of t h e v a st h ord e s of fe roc i ous w a rri ors w hi c h t h e g l oomy a n d
myst eri ous w ild ern ess of t h e n ort h st ill c on t i n ue d t o p our fort h T h e w a r .

w a s use ful ex p edi en t n ec e ssa ry a n d t h ere fore p op ul a r

, , P ubli c a n d
, .

m ot i v e s c ombi n e d t o sh a p e t h e c ourse of C e sa r s p oli c y ; a n d w i t h

’

p r i v a t e

c h a ra c t e ri st i c en e rg y h e d e t e rmi n e d t o t a k e t h e fi eld b efore h i s a d versa ry

c ould b e a c qua i n t ed w i t h h i s resol ut i on

6
.
4

I n a ddi t i on t o t h ese mot i ves for di sp a t c h i n t elli g e n c e h a d re a c h e d ,

h i m t h a t t h e w a r c ry h a d a l rea dy soun d e d t h roug h t h e h un d re d c a n

-

t on s o f t h e S ue vi a n d t h a t a l a rg e b ody o f t h a t w a rlik e p e op l e w ere

,

C e sara d va n ces a l re a d y u on
p h
t e m a rc h t o re i n forc e A ri ovi st us “
T o p re v e n t t h e .

j un c t i on C e sa r a dva n c e d by forc e d ma rc h es up on t h e t own of V e

t o Ve son t i o t o 0

preve n t t he ,

j un ct ion .

son t i o
8
a p osi t i on st ron g by n a t ure
4
a n d c a a bl e of a ffordi n g a g ood
, p ,

su
pp ort for h i s fut ure op era t i on s a n d ma d e hi msel f ma st er of t h e ,

l ace Bu t sev era l c i rc umst a n c e s c ombi n e d t o re t a rd t h e c ommen c e men t

p .

T he Ub i i d e of a c t i ve h ost ili t i e s T h e G erma n a uxili a ri e s of Ari ov i st us w ere d e t a i n e d

.

t a in t h em on
t he Rhi n e .
up on t h e Rhi n e by t h e e n mi t y of t h e i r h ere di t a ry foes t h e U bii a n d h e 49
, ,

b ec a me a n x i ous t o g a i n t i me t o e n a bl e t h e m t o ove rc ome t h e ob st a c l e s

t h us t h rown i n t h e i r w a y A t t h e sa me i n st a n t t h e Roma n a rmy wa s
.

se iz e d w i t h o n e of t h ose e id e mi c
p p a n i c s t o w hi c h t h e i ma g i n a t ive I t a li a n s
h a ve a l w a y s b e en li a bl e I n t h e i r quart e rs a t V eson t i o t h e soldi ers h ea rd
.

ma n y e x a gg e ra t e d re p ort s of t h e a l most sup erhuma n st ren g t h a n d fe

roc it
y of t h e w ild w a rri ors t h e y w e re a b out t o e n c oun t er C e sa r
Ce sar alla ys .
,
t h e i r fea rs,
a n d a dva n ces i t i s t rue suc c ee d e d i n a ll a yi n g t h e t emp e st of a pp re h en si on w hi c h
,

t h re a t e n e d t o b re a k up h i s a rmy ; b ut a sh ort d e l a y w a s n ec e ssa ry

t owar d s t he
e ne my .

t o est a bli sh t h e i r n e w ly re c ov ere d fi rmn ess a n d t o i n ure t h e m t o t h e ,

a s ec t of t h e se t errifi c b a rb a ri a n s
p W i t h t hi s v i ew h e a dva n c e d n ort h .

w a r d by se ven ordi n a ry d a y s ma rc h es a n d h a l t e d a t t h e di st a n c e
’

of t wen t y four R oma n mil e s from t h e en c a m men t of A ri ovi st us

"0 ?
p
-

D i o Ca ssi ns, lib x x x viii 3 4 vol i p 1 7 7

. .
, . . . . t he e ld G erman w ord g ow, g eu, g a u,
quivale nt o

T he w ord w a s used b y t he o r g a w, w hic h t he F ren ch ren d er b y t he w ord

pag u
‘7
s
R oman s in t wo se n ses, sog n i ed a met imes it si fi “
ca n t on , wh ich is n ow g en erally a d opt ed b y
villa g e, a n d t hen i t w as s n on mous Wi t h v i cus a ll Eu rop ea n n a t ion s e x ce pt t he G erman s See
y y .

a t o t hers it w as used t o d esi n a t e a d istr i ct or

g Ch ron Got w lib i v D iss d e P a g is G erm Med
—
. . . . . . .

t er ri t oria l d i visi on I n t his la t ter sen se it must

.
p 59
. 8 Cl uver G e rm A n t p l 1 3
. . . . . .

b e ta en w he n a pplied t o t he G erman n a t ion s

k . N ow Besan con in F ra nc he C omt e Can . .

T he learn ed Be ned ic t in e Besser , in hi s T omus lib i c 3 8

. . . .

P rod romus t o t he p ro ect ed Ch ro n G otwi cense,

j A d opt in g L ud en s view , G eschichte d es
'

( a W or of ma rvellous lab our a nd research ,) d e

k d eut sc h V olk es, v ol i p 7 8, n ot e 6
. . . . .

duces a variet y of in te rest in g et ymolog ies from 5° Ca esa r, ib id lib i c 4 1 . . . . .

Chap i Sec . . . HI S I NTE RV I E W WIT H A R I OV I ST U S .
29
.

i l h e sen t e n voys t o sa y A i i tu p ’
'

As soon a s th e l a t t er h e ard Of Ce sa r s a rr va , r ov s s ro

mm
th a t si n c e t h e y w ere n ow so n e a r ea c h ot h er t h e i n t ervi ew formerly E
, fjéf ,
a "

ose d by C e sa r mi g h t t a k e p l a c e w i t h out d a n g er or i n c on v e n i en c e
p p
'

ro .

C e sa r a ssen t e d n ot w i t h out h op es t h a t t h e ra p idi t y of hi s own move

men t s a n d t h e n on a rriva l of t h e G5erman a uxili a ri es mig h t h ave
,

, ,

ren d ere d h is a d v ersa ry more t ra c t a bl e

’
Aft er a fi ve d a y s n egoc ia t ion wh i h t k 1
"
'

. c a es

up on t h e form of t h e p rop ose d i n t ervi ew i t w a s a g ree d t h a t t h e y P l ace ‘

,

sh ould mee t up on a n emi n en c e s i t ua t e d a t a n e qua l di st a n c e from b ot h

c a mp s e a c h a t t e n d e d by a n e sc ort of a n e qua l n umb er O f h orsemen

, _
.

C e sar O p e n e d t h e c on feren ce by re mi n di n g Ari ov i stus O f t h e mar k s of

c on fid en c e a n d e st ee m h e h a d re ce i v e d from t h e se n a t e H e t h en i n si st e d .

up on t h e l on g c on n ex i on w hi c h h a d sub si st e d b e twe en t h e rep ubli c a n d

the E Edui a n d ob serv e d th a t t h e se n a t e a n d p eop l e were i n t h e h a bi t Of
, ,

d e a li n g a lik e w i t h a ll w h om t h e y h a d on c e a d op t e d a s fri en ds a n d a lli e s ;

an d t h a t i t w a s a st a t e ma x i m of R ome n o t on ly t o ma i n t a i n t h e m i n t h e

”
”
un a b rid g e d p osse ssi on of t h e i r t erri t ori e s b ut by ev ery me a n s t o a dvan c e ,

t h em i n p rosp eri t y c re di t a n d h on our 5

H e c on c l ud e d by re qui ri n g h im C
, , .
2
d e sa r s
'
e

to d esi st from h ost ilitie s e i t h er a g a in st t h e ZEd ui or t h e ir a lli e s ; t o g i ve

d an “

t h em b a c k t h e i r h ost a g e s a n d t o p ermi t n o fresh t roop s t o p a ss t h e Rhi n e

,
53
.

Ar i ovi st us rep li e d w i t h b a rb a ri c bl un tn ess th a t h e h a d c rosse d t h e ,

Rhi n e a t t h e i n st a n c e Of t h e G a lli c n a t i on s t h emsel ve s a n d un d er t h e ,

i n duc emen t Of l arg e p romi se s O f l a nd s a n d sub sidi es t h a t t h e t erri t ori es

h e h e ld w ere t h e i r own free g i ft a n d t h a t t h e h ost a g es w ere vol un t a rily ,

c e d i n h i s h a n d s a s p l e dg e s for t h e fulfil me n t O f t h ose romi se s :

p l a p
t h e t ribut e h e c l a i me d from t h e va n qui sh e d ZEd ui w a s h i s by t h e
l a ws of w a r ; a n d i f h e h a d fa ll en out w i t h t h e G a ul s t h ey a n d n ot h e , , ,

were t h e a gg ressors ; t h e y h a d b ut p a id t h e p e n a l t y O f t h e i r former ras h

n ess ; an d i f t h e y d e si re d a n o t h er t ri a l of st ren g t h h e w a s re a dy t o
m
,

ee t t h e m i n t h e fi eld if on t h e c on t ra ry t h e y w i sh e d for p e a c e t h e y
, , ,

must n o l on g er w i t hh old t h e sub sidi es t h e y h a d fre ely e n g a g e d t o p ay : a s

t o t h e fr i e n d shi p O f t h e R oma n p eop l e i f i t w a s w ort h a n y t hi n g i t o ug h t , ,

t o co n t rib u t e t o h is h on our a n d sa fe t y ra t h e r t h a n t en d t o h is di sp a ra g e
men t ; a n d if t h ey n ow b ec a me i n st rume n t a l i n d epriv i n g h im of t h e
5 4

rew a rd s of h i s servi c e s t o t h e G a ul s a n d t h e l e g i t i ma t e frui t s O f h i s ,

suc c esses h e sh ould b e qui t e a s re a dy t o ren oun c e t h e i r fri en d shi p a s h e

,

ha d on c e b een t o obt a i n i t Th en a dvert i n g t o t h e a ll eg e d c on n ex i on .

,

5‘ C e sa r lib i c 42 , . . . .
53
Ib id . c . 43 .

5“
P opuli Roman i han c esse con suet ud in em 5‘
He see ms t o have t houg ht t he st a t e max im
ut socios a t ue a micos n on mod o sui n il d eper
q w hich regula t ed t he c on d uct of Ro me t oward s
dere, sed g ra t ia, d ig n it a t e, h on ore auct iore s velit a llies a n d frien d s, e ua ll q
y applic able t o h is ow n
esse .
"
—
C aas lib i c 43 . . . . . case as t o t ha t of t he [Ed ui

V OL . I .
30 T HE C O N F EREN C E BRO KEN O F F .
[Book 1 .

b et w een R oma n p eop l e a n d t h e ZEd ui h e fl a t ly t old h is op p on en t t h a t

t he ,

su ch a fri e n d shi c ould b e n o b e t t er t h a n a mere p re t en c e N e i t h er

p .

R oma n s n or ZEd ui h a d e ve r t ill n ow p erforme d a n y of t h e d ut i e s of a lli es

t ow a rd s e a c h o t h er T h e JEd ui h a d n ot a ssi st e d t h e R oma n s i n t h e i r
.

w ars w i t h t h e Al l ob rog e s a s a lli es w ould h a v e d on e ; n or h a d t h e ZE

, dui
re c e i v e d a n suc c our from t h e R oma n s i n t h e i r l a t e un suc c e ssful st rug l e
y g
a ga i n st h i msel f T h e t rue st a t e of t h e c a se w a s t h a t on e p ort i on of G a ul
.
,

h a vi n g by t h e la w O f c on q uest fa ll en t o his sh a re a n d a n o t h e r p ort i on t o ,

t h a t O f C e sa r n e i t h er O f t h em h a d a n y j ust t i t l e t o i n t erfere w i t h e a c h
,

ot h er s e nj oy men t of t h e i r resp e c ti ve a c q ui si t i on s a n d t h a t i f t h ere w a s

’

an
y di ff ere n c e a s t o t h e q uest i on of ri g h t i t must b e i n h is fa vour i n a smuc h
, ,

a s h e w a s t he r i or oc c u a n t t h e R oma n s n e ver h a v i n t ill e ry l a t e ly

p p , g v , ,

a sse d t h e fron t i ers o f t h e i r ow n

p p rov i n c e .

T h e b a rb a ri a n h a v i n g t h us st ri p p e d t h e quest i on b e t wee n hi mse l f a n d

,

C e sa r of a ll d e c e p t i ous p re t en c es c on c l ud e d by t e lli n g h i m t h a t h e h a d re
,

c e iv e d c ert a i n i n t elli e n c e t h a t h i s d ow n fa ll w a s e a rn est ly d e si re d by ma n y

g
p ri n c i p a l p erson s i n R ome ; a n d t h a t by a c c omp li shi n g h is d e st ruc t i on h e
h a d i t i n h is p ow er t o ea rn t h e gra t i t ud e a n d fri e n d shi p of a p ow erful
p a rt y i n t h e re publi c ; b ut t h a t h e h a d n o suc h i n t en t i on on t h e c on e

t ra ry i f C e sa r w ould a b st a i n from mol est i n

, g h i m i n h is n ew c on q uest s ,

h e w ould b ec ome h is d ev ot e d fri en d a n d c a rry on a n y w a rs h e mi g h t h a ve

,

i n v i e w w i t h out re w a rd a n d w i t h out d a n ge r55 or e x p en se t o h i m

, .

a r s re l . C e sa r p a sse d by t h e l a t t er ob se rv a t i on of A ri ovi st us ; h e w en t over

’
Ce s
py

t h e O ld gr oun d on c e more w i t h a v i e w t o er l ex t h e st ra i g h t forwa rd

p p
j ud g me n t of h is O pp on en t C omi n g t h en t o t h e n a k e d quest i on a s i t w as
.

p resen t e d t o h im by t h e G erma n p ri n c e h e d e n i e d h is ri g h t by p ri ori t y ,

O f i n v a si on ; for t h e R oma n s h e sa id ,
h a d l on g b e fore t h e a rriv a l O f
, ,

A ri ovi st us i n v a d e d t h e t erritori e s O f t h e Avern i a n d Rut e n i un d er t he

, ,

c omma n d o f Q F a bi us M a xi mus a n d v a n qui sh e d t h ose n a t i on s t h oug h

56
.
, ,

t h e y h a d n o t t h oug h t fi t e i t h e r t o c on ver t t h e i r c oun t ry i n t o a p rovi n c e or ,

eve n t o i m ose a t rib ut e u on t h e m 7 5

p p .

C e sa r a ffi rms t h a t d uri n g t h e c on feren c e t h e e sc ort O f Ari ov i st us

, ,

55
T here seems n o reason t o d o ub t t hat
p ower w as in C e sar s h an ds, a n d A riovist us d id
’

Ari ov ist us had received c orrec t in t elli en ce O f not d ou b t b ut t h a t he w ould use it fo r his
g
t he susp ic ion s en t ert a ined a t R ome O f C e sar s
g gra n diz emen t , a s he w ould h imself have
’
ow n a
vi ew s . He appears t o h a ve b uilt his ow n pla n s d one T he real q uest io n b etween t hem was,
.

up on t h is i n forma t ion , a n d h in t s t o C e sar n ot , which of t he m sho uld b e ma ste r of G a ul ; or,

ob sc urely t h a t he w a s re a d t o assist h im i n h is if t hey c ould ag ree , how t hey should di vid e t he
,
y

”
d esig n s up o n t h e in d e e n d en ce O f h is ow n s oil
p p .

coun t ry ,
p rov ided he w ould sac rifi ce t h a t O f 5°
A C 63 3 . UB C. . P M an ilius
.
-
. . .

G a ul t o h im T hroug hout , A riovist us d e a lt w it h

.
and C P e p ir C arbo C o ss
. A r t d e Vérif lea
. . .

t h e i n d ivid ual C e sa r, d erid in

g t he a rt ful in t er D a les, a n t e C hri st ia n P eriod , p 57 6
-
. .

posi t i on O f t he sen a t e a n d p eople O f Rome T he .

7 Caesa r u
, b i sup ra , c 44 . .
C hap i Sec. . . M I L I TARY O P ERAT O I NS .
31

c o u ld n o t re fra i n fro m i n sul t i n g, a n d ev en th ro w i n

g st o n es an d d a rts a t

t h e Roma n s H e b rok e O ff t h e c on v e rsa t i on un d er p re t e n c e of p reven t i n g

.

misc hie f a n d on h is a rriv a l in his c a mp h e t old t h e a rmy t h a t Ari ovi st us

,

h a d b e h a ve d w i t h i n t ol era bl e i n sol en c e a n d a rrog a n c e ; t h a t h e h a d i n t er

”
di c t e d a ll G a ul t o t h e R oma n s a n d t h a t h is c a va l ry h a d a t t a c k e d t h e
~
,

R oma n e sc ort , a n d by t hi s t rea c h ery h a d p ut a n e n d t o t h e con feren c e

“

T h e ma n i fest un trut h O f on e of t h e se a ll eg a t i on s subj ec ts th em a ll t o susy He c irculates

p i c i on A ri ov i st us, so fa r from di sp ut i n g h a d fully a d mi t t e d t h e ri g ht O f
.

t h e R oma n s t o t h e sh a re of G a ul th e y h a d c on quere d T h e p rob a bili t y i s

g
fif
r,
f
,

.
,
m
mm
t ha t Ce sa r, ti n ua n c e of t h e i n te rvi e w u
e rc e v n g i i t he c on n lik ely t o l e a d
p
t o t h e a t t a i n men t O f a n y of t h e O bj ec t s h e h a d h a d i n v i ew wa s g l a d O f a
‘

”
re t e x t t o b re a k i t off a n d t h a t h e c a re d a s li t t l e for t rut h i n t h e rep ort
p ,

h e t h ough t fit t o sub mi t t o t h e a rmy a s h e h a d d on e for c an d our d uri n g

“3
t h e p rog ress of t h e d e b a t e i t sel f .

By t hi s fa l se a n d offen sive sta temen t of t h e d ema n ds of Ari ovi stus whi h tit ,
c s
mul t h
C e sa r h a d suc c ee d e d i n ex c i t i n g t h e v a i n a n d h a ugh t y t emp e r of
a es e
u m , o r c ,

t h e R oma n soldi e ry t o a d eg ree of e a g ern e ss for ba tt l e h e h a d n ot h i 32 :3t

ab erto O b serve d Ari ovi st us on t h e c on t rary w a s di sp ose d t o ren ew t h e 32322
.
,
2; ,
1
8

n e oc i a t i on s a n d se n t h i m a p roposa l t o mee t a g a i n up on t h e sa me w th g ne e ne o
g ,
mm
terms ; Or i f h e p re ferre d i t t o c on fer th roug h sup eri or Offi c ers t o
“ '

, ,

b e a p p oi n te d by b ot h p a rt i e s C e sar i n st e a d of a d op ti n g e i t h er a l t e r Ca
.
,
ff l
f esar o en s

n a t i ve sen t t wo p erson s of i n feri or ra n k t o t h e c arn p O f Ari ov i st us w i t h 2

, 33333312 25 ,

fw m
i n struc t i on s t o h ea r a n d rep ort h i s c ommun i c a t i on b ut w i t h out p owe rs O f ;gg
it
gggf ,

a n y ki n d t o d i sc uss or c on c l ud e Ari ov i stus felt t hi s st ep a s a wa n ton A i i tu put

. r ov s s s

th mm m e ' ns
i n sul t ; h e a ffec te d t o c on sid er t h e en voys a s i n trud ers an d Sp i es a n d
‘

ord ere d t h em t o b e p ut i n c h a i n s
59
.

At th e sa me t i me h e b roke up his c a mp a n d a p p roa c h e d t o w i t hi n si x H m u ,

e anoe vres

by a skil ful iffi figgfii

t
m
; i l e s O f t h e R oma n qua rt ers ; a n d on t h e foll ow i n g d a y
"

, , o

Pu es
fl a n k movemen t h e i n t erp ose d himsel f b e tween C e sa r a n d h is sup p li es
,
.
’

T h e l a t t er n ow use d eve ry mea n s t o b ri n g h i s en emy t o b a t t l e ; b ut d id an avo s a

Ari ovi st us k ep t h is men w ithin t h e i r e n tren c h men t s mere ly p e rmi t t i ng

b ttl a e‘
,

h is c av a l ry 60 0 0 stron g t o ski rmi sh d a ily w i t h t h e Roma n s

, , By thi s .

syst em of p rot ra c t e d h ostili t i es t h e p osi t i on of C e sar b ecame every d a y

more emb a rra ssi n g a n d h e seems t o h a ve re solve d up on a t t a c ki n g

,

Ari ov i st us i n hi s own c a mp W i t h t hi s vi ew h e se iz e d up on a n emi n en c e C f

.
e sar orces

w i t hi n si x h un d re d p a ces Of t h e e n emy a n d c on v erte d it i n t o a stron g £315 3 5:

,

p oi n t O f supp ort for t h e Op era t i on s n ec essary t o di sl od ge t h e G erma n s

fromt h e i r p osi t i on O n t h e foll ow i n g d a y h e drew up h i s forc e s i n ord er
.

5°
C omp Ce s lib i c 44, wi t h L a d en , G e
. . . . . C ass ibid
. . c. 47 .

sc hich t d es d eu
. t sch V olk vol i p 8 4
. . . . . .
 32 BATT L E .
[Book I

Of b a tt l e c l ose up on t h e qua rt ers O f t h e en emy S uc h a d efi a n c e w a s a s

, .

i n t ol era bl e t o t h e sp i ri t s O f t h e g a ll a n t b a rb a ri a n s a s i t w a s b old a n d , ,

e ven h a z a rd ous on t h e p a rt of C e sa r
,
T h e mili t a ry p osi t i on of b ot h
.

a rt i e s t h e mut ua l e x a s era t i on O f t h e mi n d s O f t h e s oldi e ry ren d ere d a

p , p ,

P re pa ra t ion s b a t t l e un avo id a bl e Ye t Ari ov i st us d rew out h i s forc es w i t h out h urry or

.

Th ey ma rc h e d I n t o l i n e by ord er O f se p t s or c l a n s—H a rud es

f or b a tt le
c on fusi on
.

M a rc oma n n i T rib oc c i V a n g ion es N emet es S e d usii S uevi —c l osi n g up

.
,

, , , , , ,

t h e i r c a rs a n d w a g gon s i n t h e i r rea r so a s t o re n d er fli g ht i mp ossibl e , ,

a n d a fford a
p rot ec t i on t o t h e i r w ome n a n d p rop ert y A c c ordi n g t o t h e .

w ild c ust om of t h ei r ra c e t h e fe ma l es of t h e a rmy a dd resse d e a c h c l a n a s

,

i t p a sse d t owa rd s t h e b a t t l e fron t w i t h l oud c ri es di sh eve ll e d h a i r a n d , ,

st re a mi n g ey e s i mp l ori n g t h em by t h e i r ma n h ood n ot t o a b a n d on t h em
,

t o fore i g n sl a v ery .

C
esa r ott
ocks C e sa r c ommen c e d t h e a t t a c k w i t h h is ri g h t w i n g Th e G erma n s .
,
wi t h h i s
g ht
O pp ose d t o th a t mug a d v a n c e d run n i n g t o mee t t h e a ssa i l a n t s
ri
Wi n g .
, an d ,

c l ose d w i t h t h em so ra idly a s t o d e ri ve t h em of t h e s a c e n e
p p , p
c essa r
y t o use t h e i r j a ve li n s w i t h e ffe c t T h e R oma n s w ere obli g e d .

t o la y a sid e t h e i r mi ssil es a n d t a k e t o t h eir sw ord s

, T h e G erma n s .

rom t ly c l ose d t h e i r ra n k s a n d forme d a d en se p h a l a n x of s ea rs

p p , p
t o rec e i ve t h e formid a bl e sw ord a t t a c k of t h e R oma n s I n suc h c a ses .

a s t hi s t h e mili t a ry d evot e d n e ss O f t h e few a l w a y s t urn s t h e sc al e O f

v i c t ory
60
. A sma ll n umb er of t h e b ra vest of t h e Roma n c omb a t a n t s ,

p en e t ra t i n g t h roug h a c c id e n t a l c h a sms i n t h e b a rb a ri a n c ol umn oc c a

sion e d by t h e i n e qua li t i es o f t h e
g roun d or b e a t i n g d ow n t h e sp e ars of ,

t h e i r a d versa ri es w i t h t h e i r sword s soon ma d e t h e i r w a t o l

y, c ose

c omb a t a n d t urn i n id e t h e l a r e shi e ld s b e hi n d w h ic h t h e b a rb ar i a ns

, g a s g
l urk e d or re a c hi n g over t h em c ut d own t h e foremost ra n ks a n d forc e d
, , ,

t h e rest t o g i v e g roun d M e a n whil e t h e suc c ess of t h e R oma n ri g h t w i n g

.

w a s b a l a n c e d by t h e d a n g er o f th e i r l e ft Thi s win a s so h a rd l
y
fi hilfiéfl w
‘‘
: g
h ard pressed resse d by t h e G erma n s t h a t i t g a ve w a y I n e very di re c t i on ; a n d b ut
.

p ,

Sa ved by t h e for t h e p re sen c e of mi n d of a y oun g O ffi c er P C ra ssus w h o w i t h out , .

, ,

Pmmpt n esu ’f
P Cra ssus,
.
w a i t i n g for ord e rs b roug h t up t h e c a v a l ry re serves t o t h e i r a ssi st a n c e t h e
, ,

3
1 Whm gs “P
3 0 reserve s to
r e t rea t w oul d h a v e d e e n e ra t e d i n t o ra id fli g h t
g p By t hi s moveme n t t h e .

th eir md fort un e O f t h e d a y w a s rest ored T h e h e a v y G e rma n c ol umn s w ere

m
.

b ea t e n b a c k b ec a me b roken a n d a t l en g t h fl ed
pg g
th e .
, ,

T h e i n feri ori t y t h ere fore of t h e h ea vy w e d g e sh a p e d c ol umn t h e on ly

, ,
-

ord e r of b a t t l e w i t h w hi c h t h e G erma n i n fa n t ry w e re famili ar a n d i t s i n c a i ,

T he p osit ion of t he Roma ns b rin g s t o min d Sempa ch, w he n Arn old of Win k elried emb ra ced
t he ir d a n g e r i n t he b a t t le b e t w een P a ulus a b un dle O f spea rs o f t h e A ust ria n
p halan x a nd
[Emilius an d k in g P erseus of Maced on , t he — shea t h ed t hem i n his own bod y t o ma k e a c hasm

perilous con d it ion O f t he Swiss a t t he b at t le of for h is followers, & c .

 C hap i Sec
. . . D EF EAT O F A R O V ST I I US .
33

p ab ili t y O f w i t h st a n di n g t h e mbin e d w i t h t h e i n d ivr i

a c t ve evo l uti on s , co

d ua l resol ut i on of t h e Roma n p rove d by a n ot h er bl oody soldi ery w a s ,

d efe a t Th e i r d eep p h a l an x w h en on c e arre st e d in i t s p rogre ss e i t h er

.
, ,

by suc c essful resi st a n c e or by n a t ura l O b st a c l es see ms a l most t o h a ve ,

b rok en up of i t sel f I n p oi nt Of p hysi c a l st ren g t h t h e G erma n s w ere

.

re a t ly sup eri or t o t h e I t a li a n s ; i n h a rdih oo d a n d v a l our n ot b e hi n d

g , ,

t h e m ; i n g en era l fi e ld t a c t i c s t h e y b e t ra ye d n o i n feri ori t y : a n d t hus

-

w e ma y w i t h p rop ri e t y t ra c e on e of t h e p ri n c i p a l c a uses w hi c h p rot ra c t e d

, ,

t h e d own fa l of t h e emp ire for a p er i od of n e a rly fi ve c en t uri e s t o mere , ,

t ec h n i c a l d e fe c t s i n t h e mi li t a ry org a n iz a t i on O f t h e a rmi e s of i t s b a rb a
ri a n e n e mi es .

T h e c a rn a ge a mon g t h e d efe a te d G erma n s w a s a s usua l fri g h t ful a n d C g , , arna e.

in di scri mi n a t e T h e grea t e st p a rt o f t h e fug i t i ves h owever esc a p e d t o t h e

.
, ,

Rhi n e Ari ov i st us himse l f suc c e ed e d in c rossi n g t h e ri ver i n an Op en b oa t “ A i i tu

. . r ov s s

es pes
.

ca
But t wo O f h is w ives p eri sh e d i n t h e ir fli g h t ; a n d O f t wo d a ug h t ers on e w a s
'

kill ed a n d t h e ot h er fell i n t o t h e h an d s of t h e Roma n s T h e S uev i wh o F t f hi

, .
,
a o o a

r m ly
w ere on t h e ir ma rc h t o j o i n h im re t urn e d t o t h e ir h omes a s soon a s t h e y
a l '

, ,

h ea rd O f h is d efea t ; a n d t hus I n a S i n gl e c a mp a i g n t h e a dmi ra bl e , ,

t a c t i cs a n d g ood fort un e of C e sar h a d ridd e d h im Of t h e on ly ri va l s wh o

c ould w i t h a n y fa ir c h a n c e O f suc c e ss h a v e c on t est e d t h e d omi n i on of
, ,

.
G a ul w i t h h im .

S EC T I O N III —B . . C . 58 .

Geograp h i cal Distri buti on f t he Set tl emen ts f t he Ci s R h en a n e G erma ns i B lg i um—C

’

—
o o n e

—D f
aesa r s
-

Ca mp a ig n s a g a i nst th e Belg i c L ea gue I t s D isp er si on .

’
e ea t o
f th e N c uii —Hi C m
r
p . s a a ign
a g a i ns t the Teuch teri a nd Usip etes .

A F T ER t h e overt hrow of Ariovi st u s Ce sa r est a bli sh e d h is l eg i on s i n C , e san

quarters

w
hi s le
g i on s i n
i n t er q ua rt ers w i t hi n t h e t erri t ory of h i s n e w a lli es t h e S e ua n i l
As G
q
-

aul.
.

soon as t h e e l a t i on of v i c t ory h a d sub sid e d t h e G a lli c n a t i on s erc eive d

p ,

Ce sar ( lib i c 53 ) says t h at very few,

. . . Bea t Rh en a n us ( a p Str a v ium, Sy n t ag
. . . Hist .

perp auci p ursui t O f t he Roma n G erm fi

"
esca ed t h e vol.
i p 1 0 0 ) accord in g ly x es t he sp ot
, p . . .

cavalry I t will a ppear in t h e sequel t ha t ma n y a t a pla ce a b out a G erman mile

.

( 4% En glish)
an en e my , w hom h e de scribes as e x t ermin a t ed in from t he R hin e, n ear Basle Cella ri us, in D ia .

b at t le, ri ses up ag a in i n t he usual n umb ers aft er t ri be d e Bell C e s a d v A riov su

.
g g est s . . .

t he la pse of very sh ort periods T he ord in ary . d oub t s T he b et t er o pin ion is t hat of Ctuveri us,
.

c han ces O f w ar are in fa vou r O f t he maj ori t G erm An t i li b ii 0 8 p 80 , w ho follow s t he

q
y of . . . . . .

t he comb a t a n ts, even aft er t h e most fa t al d e fea t

.

. ma orit y of M SS an d places t he eld Of b at t le a t

j . fi
A ccordin g t o C e sar s d a t a , t hi s b a t t le was D amp ierre , fi ve miles from
“9 ’

a villa e called
g
fou g ht seven d a ys march n ort h O f V eson t io, a n d Mon tb eliard , in ran c he C omte F
'

—
p aces ab out fi ft y Roman miles fi om — 1
Between t he J ura an d t he Saon e, in ran che
.

F
t he b an ks of t he Rhin e Some M SS in dee d , . .
, C omt é .

rea d Q uin que Q uin quag i n t a

"
in st ea d Of
"
.
 C ZESA R S D ES G I N S UPO N UL [Book I
'

34 GA . .

l m t h a t t h e di sp osa l O f t h e Roma n t roop s i n di c a t e d n o i mt en

with a ar

t i on t o q uit t h ei r t erri t ory T rue i t w a s t h a t e ve ry on e O f t h e p rofesse d

.

O bj ec t s o f t h e c a mp a i g n w a s fu lfill e d ; t h e j Ed ui a n d t h e S e q ua n i w ere
d e li vere d from t h e i r O p p ressors t h e d a n ge rs w hi c h t h rea t e n e d t h e R oman
p rov i n c e w ere di ssi p a t e d C e sa r h a d fulfill e d t o t h e u t m ost l et t er e very

on e o f t h e d ut i es t ow a rd s t h e a lli e s a n d fri e n d s O f t h e re publi c i mp ose d ,

up on h im by t h e R oma n ma xi ms of fore i g n p oli c y h e h a d so ost e n

t a t iously p ut forw a rd
2
Ye t h is mili t ary di sp osi t i on s p l a i n ly i n di c a t e d a n
.

i n t e n t i on t o oc cup y p erma n en t ly t h e g roun d h e st ood upon ; n or c ould

a n y on e d oub t b ut t h a t h e i n t e n d e d t o c on v e rt i t i n t o a fi rm b a si s of still

more ex t e n si ve O p e ra t i on s t h e Obj e c t of w hi c h c ould b e n on e ot h er t h a n ,

t h e subj ug a t i on o f a ll G a ul
3
.

T h G ul u
e o Th ese c on sid era t i on s ma d e a st ron g i mpressi on up on t h e mi n d s of t h e
s s s

p t h
ee t i s i n en

t u
io d G a ll i c n a t i on s
s, an T h e h oll own e ss of h i s p rofe ssi on s w a s ex p ose d ; i n
.

l
re so ve t di g n a t i on a n d a pp reh en si on sp rea d from t rib e t o t rib e t ill i t rea c h e d t h e
o te

o o
Belg i c n a t i on s a n d p rod uc ed a n un a n i mous resol ut i on t o ma k e a c omb i n e d
S ‘st o o 0

e ffo rt t o a v e rt t h e t h re a t e n e d d a n g e r T h e G erma n s of B el g i um rea dily .

rc e i v e d t h e c on se que n c e s of t h e subj ug a t i o n o f G a ul t o t h e i r own

p e

nd a c on fe d era c y w a s ra p idly forme d b e t w e e n t h e

4
h i a i
li fi aiiiigifig p n d e en d e n c e ; a
t i

C el t i c n a t i on s a n d t h e T e ut on i c B el g i a n s W i t h a vi e w t o
.

B lg
e n ort h e rn
i a n s. ,

a n t i c i a t e t h e Roma n s i n t h e fi eld a n d c omp e l t h em t o re t i re w i t hi n

p ,

t h e i r ow n fron t i er S ome a c c oun t of t h e g e ogra p hi c a l di st ributi on of t h e

.

se t t l e men t s O f t h e C i s Rh e n a n e G erma n s must p rec e d e t h e d e t a il O f t h e i r

-

a ll a n t b ut un suc c e ssfu l st ru l e a a i n st t h e a mbi t i on of R ome

g gg g .

G g ph i l
eo ra T h e p ri n c i p a l trib es sep t s or n a t i on s en umera t e d by C e sa r a s
ca , ,

a re t h e Sue ssi on e s N ervii Atreb a t e s

5
a rt a k e rs O f t h i s B e l g i c c on sp i ra c y
p , , , ,

A mb ia n i M ori n i M en a p ii C a le t i V eloc a ssi V eroma n d ui Ad ua t i c i

“a “

, , , , , , ,

C on d rusi Eb uron es Ge re si a n d P e ma n i
,
Pli n y p oi n t s out t h e ri ver
, , .

S c h e ld t a s t h e b oun d a ry b e t ween t h e C e lti c a n d T e ut on i c B el g i a n s 6

.

T h e sout h ern li mi t b e t ween t h e t wo ra c es i s more di ffi c ul t t o d et ermi n e;

m
T h y i h b it
e b ut w e ma y a ssume w i t h out d a n g er O f i mp ort a n t error t h a t t h e
n a
, ,

fitti l T eut on i c B el g i a n s n ever e x t en d e d t h e i r fron ti er b eyon d a li n e dra wn

m t “b
,

f rom t h e S c h e ld t n ear T ourn a y h euse ; a l on g t h e c ou

“
tw th
ee n
a e

e
e“
t
, o t e M rse o f t h a t ,

g
T he passa es in w hich he assign s t hese in G a llia versari n Olueran t , it a P op R erera tum
°

. .

mot ives a re foun d in lib i cc l l , 3 3 , 43 See. . . . hi ema re a t que i nveterasce re i n Ga llia moleste
also t his Hist .
p 29
. .
f ereba n t . L ib ii c 1 . . .

Cass D e Bell G all lib i i c l C ert ior h eb a t omn es Bel a s con tra
8 5
. . . . . . .
g
C e sa r st a t es simply, a n d t ruly , t he g roun d populum Roman um conj ura re L ib ii c l
"
. . . . .

O f t he ir a
pp reh en sion s T hey feared , n a mely
. P li nii Hist N a t lib iv 0 l 3
. . T ot um hoc
. . . .

n a omn i G allia a ca t d , a d eos ex erc it us n ost er

p mare ( t he ort h Sea ) ad Sc aldj m usque fl umen
N
a dd u ceret ur. D ein d e, q uOd ab n on n ullis G allis G erman ice accolun t g en t es .

solic it a ren t ur,

part im q ui , ut G erman os d iut ius
Chap i Sec . . . T HE BEL G C I N AT I O N S .

r ver t oi t s sources, a n d
i t h en c e east w a rd t o t h e Vosg es a nd t h e R hi n e F romS h ld t d . c e an

t h e ir g eogra p hi c a l p osi t i on t h erefore as w ell a s from ex p ress t est i mon y 22 3332 133
8 8
,
5 , , 8

we must c on c l ud e th a t t h e Suessi on es A t re b a t es A mb i a n i Ca le t i V e l o t h Rhi

, , , ,
“ e ne

c asse s a n d V eroma n d ui w e re of C e l t i c ra c e
, T h e S uessi on e s p osse sse d , .

t h a t di st ri c t of t h e p rov i n c e O f Ch a m a ne w hi c h lies a roun d t h e c i t i e s of

p g
S oisson s a n d N oyon ;7 t h e A t reb a t e s oc c up i ed a g re a t p art of A rt O iS ; t h e 8

Amb i a n i w ere se t tl e d up on t h e ri ver S omme i n Pi c ardy ; a n d Ami e n s p ro

b a bly ma rk s t h e s i t e of t h e i r p ri n c i p al t own 9
T h e C a le t i d w e l t b e t wee n .

t h e mout h s O f t h e S e i n e a n d t h e Somm e i n t h e mod e rn P a i s d e C a u x 0 .

1

T h e V eloc asses a re p l ace d by g eogra p h e rs t o t h e n ort h w a rd of t h e S e i n e ,

b e t wee n t h e c on fluen c e of t h a t rive r w i t h t h e O i se a n d i t s mout h T h e .

n a me O f t h e V eroma n d ui suffi c i e n t ly i n d ic a t es t h e i r p osi t i on i n the

mod ern V erma n do is a roun d t h e t own s o f S t Q uen t i n C h at e l et a n d .
, ,

Han .
“

All t h e se n a t i on s d we l t w i t hi n t h e Bel g i c di v i si on of G a ul I n ord er, ram oi separa '

.

th erefore , n ot t o run t h e ri sk of c on foun di n g t h e li mi t s of B el g ium w i t h th e G erman ic

t 0 11 b et ween

t hose Of t h e G erman i c n a t i on s w hi c h oc cup i e d t h e g rea t er p a rt of t h a t 1311 533

11
?

5
reg i on , i t must b e O b serv e d t h a t t h e g rea t di v i si on of G a ul w hi c h

C e sar d es i g n a t es by t h e n a me of B e l g i um, e x t en d e d sout h w a rd a s fa r a s

t h e r iv ers S e i n e a n d M a rn e a n d st re t c h e d t h e nc e i n a sout h ea st ern ,
-

”
di rec t i on t o t h e b a n ks Of t h e Rh in e A ssumi n g t h erefore , t h e b oun d a ry .
,

Of t h e T eut on i c B el g i a n s t o h a v e b een c orrec t ly l a id d ow n a b out on e ,

thi rd Of t h e en t i re divi si on w ould rema i n t o t h e C el t i c ra c e s i n c ludi n g

12
,

t h e Rh e mi i n C h a mp a g n e w h om C e sar e x p ressly e x c l ud e s from t h e li st ,

O f t h e B e l g i c n a t i on s b a n d e d ag a i n st him .

Th ese
bserva ti on s w ill p rob a bly ren d er t h e e x p l a n a t i on s rel a t i ve t o Ci Rh
O , ,
s- en a ne
G m )
t h e g eog ra p hi c a l p osi t i on of t h e Ci S Rh en a n e G erma n s more i n t e lli g ibl e
er an “
-
.

T h e M orini i n h a bi t e d t h e sa n dy a n d ma rshy c oa st of t h e N ort h S ea 1 M i . or i n .

from C a l a i s t o B rug es a n d oc c up i e d p ort i on s of Pi c a rdy Art o i s a n d , , ,

“
Fl a n d ers T h e N er vi i foll o w n ex t t o t h e ea st wa rd a n a t i on un que st i on 2 N w
.
,
. e .

a bly Of G erma n e x t ra c t i on Th e i r t e rri t ory c omp re h en d e d a p a rt O f 15

.

t h e c ount y of N a mur lyi n g b e t w e en t h e S a mb re a n d t h e M e use t h e , ,

7 C lue G erm An t i p 3 40
. . q . . .
g ives a st ri ki n g e ty molog ical d ed uc t ion of t he
.

9
Ib id p 43 8 ; an d Hofi m L ex
. . . . U n i v. ad w ord Bel ge ; quasi , Walg en , Waelg en , Wal
lonen ; A n g lice Wal loon s .

Amb ian en sium Ebemi q ui p rox i mi G alli e ex Belg is

,

C ivi tas . C luv . ibid .

‘3

p 43 5
. . sun t .C azs D e Bell G all lib ii 0 3
. . . . . . .

1°
C luv ib id p 340 . . . .
1‘
T he t own s of D un kirk , ieupoort , A x el, N
3‘ Ib id
p 43 4 . . . Hulst an d Brug es, lie wit h in t he t errit ory here
But see up on t his sub ect P Gluver s le arn ed j Cluv G erm A n t lib ii c 3 8
'
‘9
. d escribed . . . . . . . .

k
'

di ssert a t ion upon t he di st in ct ion t o b e ta en p 43 9

S t ra bo, G eog r lib i v —T ac d e Mor G erm
. .

be tw een t he t erms Belg ium an d Belgi ca

"
‘5

—
. . . . . .
.

G erm A n t lib Ii c 2 p 3 3 8
. . I n c h a p 3 he. . . . . . . .
c 28. Ola v Ge rm A n t iq lib i i 0 2 2 p 4 29
. . . . . . . . .
36 L EAG U E AG AIN ST CJESA R .
[Book I .

3 A dua t i ci .
g reH a i n ault a n d p a rt s of A rt oi s a n d Pi c a rdy T h e A dua tici
a e r t p a rt O f ,
.

o c c u i ed a r e a t or t i o n o f B ra b a n t a n d a sma ll p a rt O f Fl a n d ers a s fa r
p g p ,

a s t h e r i ver D e n d e r t og e t h er w i t h some di st ri c t s of H a i n a ul t a n d N a mur ,

t o t h e n ort h O f t h e ri v er S a mb re T h e Menapii foll ow i n a n ort h erly .

di rec t i on a n d a p p ea r t o h a ve h eld t h e di st ri c t s of B russel s L ouva in e

, , ,

5 0 .m m : N evelles a n d G emb lours i n t h e p rovi n c e O f B ra b a n t

“
,
16
T h e Condrusi ,
.

d w el t i n t h e e a st ern ex t remi t y O f B ra b a n t a n d spre a d t h emsel ve s over ,

6 Ebum
.
t h e d uc hy of L i mb urg i n t o t h a t o f J ul iers
n es .
"
T h e Eburones w e re t h e i r n ex t .

7 C d n e i hb ours t o t h e n ort h w a r d T h e e aesi a n d t h e P a m a n i a re b eli e ve d

. a re n
g ,
an .

t o h a v e d w el t t o t h e sout h ea st w a rd a n d t o h a ve fill e d up t h e sp a c e -

b e t w ee n t h e Eb uron es t h e T reviri a n d t he Rhi n e 18

T h e four l a st , ,
.

n a t i on s w ere sa y s C e sa r c oll ec t i v e ly c a ll e d ,
G erma n s , .

A s far t h ere fore a s c a n b e g a t h ere d from C e sa r s n a rra t ive a n d t h e

’
Th e con
f d e y m
erac e
, , ,

b ll t h
ra ces a
g eog ra p hi c a l d e t a il s i t p rese n t s w e a re a ut h oriz e d t o c on c l ud e t h a t w i t h
e , , ,

31 3232217 t h e ex c e p t i on of t h e Rh e mi a ll t h e B el g i c n a t i on s w h e t h er of C el t i c or
5 3
, ,

i
c on fe d e ra c y for t h e d e fe n c e of
fi x g? T eut on i c ra c e e re e n g a g e d i n t hi s
"
w
n

g r ea t ,

gi t lli
ve i n e
t h e lib e rt i es O f t h e i r c oun t ry T h e Rh e mi w h o i n h a bi t e d t h e mod e rn p ro .
,

v i n c e of C h a m a n e sec e d e d from th e i r n e i hb ours a n d a v e full i n for

p g g g , ,

ma t i on t o t h e R oma n s of t h e g en era l ri si n g a n d a rmi n g t h e n umb ers , ,

st ren t h
g an d osi t i on o f t h e b a n d e d n a t i on s C e sa r w i t h o ut l oss o f
p , ,
.
,

t i me e n t ere d t h e R h e mi a n t erri t ory a n d t ook U a osi t i on of O b serva

,
p p ,

E gsfig out a mon t h e c on fe dera t es T h e B ell ov a c i a s t h e most n umerous

e c
es
i t i on on t h e fron t i er t ow a rd s t h e S ue ssi on es Di scord h a d a l rea dy b rok en .

g .
, ,

c l a i me d t h e l e a d of t h e c ombi n e d forc es b ut t h e maj ori t

; y d ec id e d i n fa v our
O f G a lb a ki n
g o f t h e S uessi on es , F rom t hi s fi rst st ep w e fi n d fe e bl en ess .

C e sa r c rosses a n d i rresol ut i on i n e v ery mov e men t o f t h e a lli e s C e sa r a d va n c e d t o .

h u A
me e t t h em a n d c rosse d t h e ri ve r A i sn e a t a s p o t n ot fa r from i t s c on
t e se r i s n e’

, ,

fl ue n c e w i t h t h e V el e n e a r S oi sson s T h e B el g i a n s st ron
g .
, ,

i t k up b esi e e d t h e R h e mi a n t ow n o f Bib ra x i n h i s fron t C e sa r c ould n ot

g
ant a es a

gp m
.
,
st ron
v e n t ure a n a t t a c k w i t h t h e sma ll forc e a t h i s c omma n d
os on

He .

3353313; t h ere fore t ook up a st ron g p osi t i on on t h e Ai sn e ; h e fort ifi e d t h e b rid g e

9
1 ,

gg f w a t c h e d t h e ford s of t h e r i ver a n d w i t h out q ui t t i n

th u
h i k e t u
l o t
g s p os t p p , , ,
c

t h e sp i ri t s of t h e b esi e e d by oc c a si on a l re i n forc eme n t s a n d su

’

g p li
p es .

T h e e n e my fi n di n g t h emsel ves di sa oi n t e d i n t h e i r fi rst a t t e mp t s u on

pp ,
p
Bib ra x t urn e d up on t h e R oma n s a n d mov e d t o w a rd s t h e ford s O f
19
T h y t u ul
e rn
'
on
, ,
C e sa r
,

Ch m ib id lib i i c 2 l p 42 8
. . . . . . . . at Bra y ur Véle, in C ha mp ag n e
or Bra in e s .

'7
I b d lib i i c 1 5
i .

p 394
. . . . . . T h is p osit ion w ould fi x Bib rax in t he re a r of
I b i d li b i i c 1 5
.
p 397. . . . . C e sar : a n d t o ha ve b esieg ed it , t he b a rb arian s
,

T he p o sit ion usua lly a t t rib ut ed t o t h e t ow n must a lrea d y h ai e e ffect ed t he p assag e of t he

Bib ra x seems t o me irre c o n c ileab le w it h C e sa r s '
A isn e a n d c ut o ff h is commun ica t io n s ; w hich
n a ra t ive H q fi m ( L ex U movemen t s, however, he ex p ressly t ells us t hey
‘

n iv a d v )
pl a ces i t , on
. . . .

t he a ut horit y o f H L eod ius an d H S t e h a ii us

p
.
, . w ere p reven t ed from a ccomplish in g b y his ow n
C h a p i Sec BATT L E ON T HE A I SN E 37

”
. . . .

Ai sn e w i t h a v i ew t o c ut off C e sa r s c ommun i c a t i on s a n d comp e l wh d f t

’

t he ,
o e ea s

h i m t o risk a n e n g a g emen t or t o qui t h is a dva n t ag eous p osi t i on Thi s , t .

o

m
moveme n t i n duc e d C e sa r t o c h a n g e h is fron t a n d t o t a k e up e qua lly th fi
,
c e ve"

st ron g g roun d a t n o grea t di st a n c e from h i s fi rst c a mp st ill k ee i n

p g the ,

c omma n d of b ot h b a n k s by mea n s of t h e fort ifi e d b ridg e T h e c on fe d e .

ra t es fl oc k e d t o t h e ford s ; C e sa r di rec t e d h i s w h ol e c a v a l ry a n d li h t
‘

g
a rme d t roop s t o fi le a c ros s t h e b rid g e a n d fa ll up on t h e en emy w hil e

i n vol ve d i n t h e fords a n d b e fore t h ey c ould form on t h e op p osi t e b a n k, .

Thi s movemen t w a s e x ec ut e d w i t h p erfec t suc c ess ; t h e B e lg i a n s w ere

t h row n b a c k over t h e Ai sn e a n d a g re a t ma n y w ere kill e d or d rown e d i n ,

”
t h e st rea m I n t h e mea n t i me t h e JEdua n p ri n c e D i vi t i a cus foll ow i n g
.
,

C e sar s i n st ruc ti ons h a d i n v a d e d t h e t erri t ory of t h e B e ll ov a c i w h o

’

, , ,

a l rea dy di sg ust e d by di sa p p o i n t me n t qui t t e d t h e a rmy a n d h a st en e d t o Th ti i , , re re n

im
I n t h e c ourse of t h e foll owi n g n i g h t
“S
t h e d efen c e of t h e i r own c ount ry .

t h e w h ol e c on fe d era t e army a b a n done d t h e i r e n c a mp men t i n di sord er .

At b re a k of d a y C e sar pursue d t h e m w i t h h is c a va l ry T h e re ar g ua rd C pu . e sa r rs nes

d efe n de d t h emselve s w i t h gre a t g a ll a n t ry ; t h e ma i n b ody i n a dva n c e

”
_

b ec a me p a n i c st ric k en an d were d i sp erse d or c ut t o p i ec es almost d di p 1 s erses

3m
-

,
e
"o
w i t h out l oss or d a n g er t o t h e i r p ursuers
’

Aft er t h e di sp ersi on of t h e con fe d era t es C e sa r ma d e a si n gle f orc e d Th Su i , e ess on es

m d
ma rc h t o N ovi odun um t h e c a p i t a l of t h e Suessi on es T h e n a tion , .
“ e“ e"

sub mi t t e d surren d ere d t h e i r a rms a nd g a v e h ost a g e s a mon g w h om w ere

, ,
, ,

t wo son s of Ki n g G a lb a F rom N ovio d un um h e a dvan c e d in to t h e t erri .

a n d rec e i v e d t h e sub mi ssi on of th e i r c a i t a l , Th B ll

2
t ory of t h e B e ll ova c i
2
i
, p e e ovac

Bra t i sp a n t ium ; t h e i n h a bi t a n t s c on sen t i n g t o g ive fi ve h un d re d h ost a g e s

93
,

a n d t o deli ver up t h e i r arms T h e A mb i a n i ma d e a s li t t le resi st a n c e a n d d A mbi i .

,
an an

ubm t
ob t a i n e d t h e p a rd on of C e sa r u on si mil a r t erms
s ’'

p T h e th re e
p r i n c i p a l .

C e l t i c memb e rs of t h e l e ag ue were subd ue d t h e more sout h ern memb ers

of t h a t ra c e V eloc a Sses a n d C a le t i mi h t b e n eg l ec t e d ; a n d t h e R oma n
g , ,

g e n e ra l p rep a re d t o en c oun t er a n a t i on of di ffere n t t e mp e r a n d li n e a g e a ,

o l e un a c qua i n t e d w i t h fe ar di sd a i n i n g sub mi ssi on en ure d t o h a rd

’

p pe , ,

shi p s a n d d e li g h t i n g i n w ar
,
.

H a v i n g c oll ec t e d t h e n ec essa ry i n forma ti on h e marc h ed hi s army C

’

e sar a
p
-

proa ch es t he

”
d isp osit ion s T h e sa me d oub t seems t o h a ve
. t he most in terestin g of t hese ex t raord in ary me “

occ u rred t o ot h ers See Ce sa r, e d V ar 1 6 5 1 , . . . moirs .

li b ii 0 . 6 , n ot e 2‘
A ft erward s Suession es or Soisson s
—
. . . .

Ce sa r , ed V ar 1 6 5 1 , lib n 0 5 . 1 1 T hese . . . . .
2
T he Beauvai sin .

seven c ha pt ers ca n n ot b ut b e hi g hly i n t erest i n g

23
Some plac e Bra t ispan t ium a t Gr a t t ep a n ce,
-

m T he pic ture of cir or G ra n vi lle en Beauvai sin H qfl m L e x U

'

t o every i lit ary rea d er . n iv . . .

cu mspect iq n , sag a cit y, an d b old n ess t hey ex hibit , a d v ; ot hers iden t ify i t wi t h Bea u
. mon t sur O ise ;
t h e clearn ess of t he n arra t ive , t he precision of t he ot hers w it h Clermon t en Bea uvaisi n See Cars
‘
‘

. . .

m ovements, all con t rib u t e t o r en der t h em amon g e d V ar u

. h sup l i b ii 0 . 1 3 not a M erulae
. . . . . . .

V OL . I . F
38 CZESA R A N D T HE N ERV I I .
[Book I .

te rrit ories o f t o wa rd s t h e sourc e s of the S c h e ld t an d S a mb re H ere t h e t erri t ori es of t h e

.

t he N erv i i
N erv iiThi s p eop l emmen c e d sa id h is i n forma n t s , suff er n o t ra d ers
.

co . ,

Th i mpl
e r Si
or merc h a n t s t o e n t er t h e i r c oun t ry ; t h e y p ermi t n e i t h er w i n e n or a n y ot h er
e
an d h dy ar

h bta i s. l ux uri es t o b e i n t rod uc e d b ec a use t h e y b eli eve t h a t suc h i n d ul g en c es

,

su bd ue t h e sp iri t of t h e p eopl e a n d rel a x t h e i r c oura g e T h e N ervii a re .

a w ild ra c e o f g re a t v a l our ; t h e y c hid e a n d reb uk e t h e C el t i c B el g i a n s

for yi eldi n g t o t h e R oma n s a n d b e t ra yi n g t h e h on our of t h e i r a n c est ors

, .

F or t h e i r ow n p a rt s t h e y d ec l a re t h e y w ill n eve r se n d a mb a ssa d ors n or

a cc e t a n
p y c on di t i on s of p e a c e A t h re e d a y s m a rc h b roug h t t h e
.
’

Th R m e o a rmy t o t h e b a n k s of t h e S a mb re
an s w h ere t h e N ervii w i t h t h e i r a lli es , ,
d t th
t h e V eroma n d ui a n d A t reb a t es (w h om for w a n t p erh a p s of more a c c ura t e
a va n ce o e
b k
an f th s o e , ,
S mba re ,
i n forma t i on w e h a ve e n umera t e d a mon g t h e C el t i c memb ers of t h e
,

l ea gue ) a w a i t e d h is a pp roa c h ; un w illi n g h ow ever t o ri sk a n en g a g e

, , ,

men t t ill j oi n e d by t h e T eut on i c A d ua t ic i wh o w ere h a st en i n g t o sh a re i n ,

t h e d e fen c e of t h e i r c ommon c oun t ry .

C e sa r w h ose i n forma t i on w a s g en era lly mi n ut e a n d a c c ura t e e x p ec t e d

, , ,

a s usua l t o b e e rmi t t e d t o c h oose a n d su rv e y h is ow n fi e ld of b a t t l e T he

p , .

N ervi i w ere i n forme d b y c ert a i n C e l t i c d e sert ers t h a t i t w a s t h e ordi n a ry ,

c ust om of t h e R oma n s u on a rriv i n g a t t h e p l a c e o f e n c a mp men t t o t a k e

p , ,

up t h e i r gr oun d by div i si on s of si n gl e l eg i on s ; a n d t h a t t h ese di vi si on s w ere

usua lly se pa ra t e d by t h e l on g t ra i n of b a g g a g e a n d st ore c a rt s a t t a c h e d t o
e a c h l eg i on U p on t hi s i n forma t i on t h ey g roun d e d a b old a n d skil ful
.

p l a n of a t t a c k Th e y fi rst remove d a ll t h e i r w omen a g e d p erson s a n d

.
, ,

c h ild re n t o t h e most i n a c c essibl e o f t h e h a bi t a bl e Sp ot s a mon g t h e

,

wh th
ere ma rsh e s a n d forest s i n t h e i r rea r ; t h e y t h e n t ook up a p osi t i on up on t h e
e

k sh a ll ow S a mb re i n t h e di rec t li n e of t h e R oma n a d v a n c e
N uier d an

th i lli
e r a e sta e , A b ill .
,

p t sl op i n g g en t ly t ow a rd s t h e r i ver w i t h a sp a c e of a b out t w o h un d re d
os .

a c e s of o e n g roun d a t i t s b a se a n d c ov ere d t ow a rd s t h e b row w i t h a

p p ,

d en se forest a fford ed t h em t h e mea n s of a rra yi n g t h e i r forc e s c on c ea l

, ,

i n g t h e i r n umb ers from t h e e n e my a n d ob serv i n g a ll h i s moveme n ts ,

a t t h eir
p l ea sure O n t h e O p p osi t e b a n k o f t h e river arose a si mil a r
.

e mi n en c e c on si st i n g of b rok en a n d ob st ru
, c t e d g roun d w hi c h t h e R oma n ,

quart er ma st ers h a d p i t c h ed up on for t h e i r e n c a mp me n t for t h e n i g h t i n

-

i g n ora n c e b ot h of t h e n umb ers a n d p osi t i on of t h e e n emy w h o sh ow e d ,

on ly a few
p iq ue t s of c a v a l ry up on t h e op p osi t e b a n k s of t h e ri v er B u t .

t h e i n forma n t s o f t h e N ervii w e re i mp e rfe c t ly a c qua i n t e d w i t h C e sa r s

’

t t mod e of a roa c hi n n e n e my a n d h a d b uil t t h e ir sc h e me of a t t a c k up on

'

Th y p a
e ro ec
p p o
g ,

t h e ordi n a ry R oma n mod e of t a ki n g up a n e n c a mp men t w h e n n o e n e my

s up r ri se t e

R m o wh il
ans e
i h t f
as a t h an d n t hi s oc c asi on n ot i g n ora n t of t h e c l ose v i c i n i t y
t e ac
w C u
n o
e sa r o
t k g up t h i p ,
.
a in e r ,

g u d
ro dn
of t h e N e rv i a n a rmy b roug h t up s i x l eg i on s a t o n c e l e a v i n g t h e b a gg a g e
an
, ,
f t ify g t h i
t o foll ow un d e r esc ort of t w o n e wly ra i se d reg i men t s w h om h e c ould n ot
or in e r

Gi mp .
,
Ch ap i Sec . . . A
BATT L E O N T HE SAMBR E .
39

ly t rust i n h is li n e of b a t t l e A s soon a s th e R oma n a rmy

sa fe
‘

so .

app ea re d on t h e groun d t h ey p roc ee d e d t o t h e i r ordi n a ry oc c up a t i on O f

,

m e a s ur i n g out a n d fo r t i fyi n
g t h e en c a m p m e n t w hil e t h e c a v a l ry p ush e d Th y,
th R m
tt k e a ac

ac ross t h e ri ver w hi c h a t t hi s sp ot w a s n ot more t h an t h ree fee t d ee p

e O an s'

, ,

a n d ski rmi sh e d w i t h t h e e n emy s p ique t s up t o t h e v ery ma rg i n of t h e

’
,

wood i n w hi c h t h e w h ol e army la y c on c ea l ed A s soon a s t h e N ervii

“

ob serve d t h e R oman ord er b rok en up by t h e op e ra t i on of e n c a mp i n g ,

an d p erc e i ve d t h e fi rst of t h e l on g t ra i n of t h e b a gg a g e up o n t h e g roun d ,

t h e y g a ve t h e si g n a l of b a t t l e a n d di sen g a g i n g a t on c e t h e i r en t i re forc e
,

from t h e w ood d rov e i n t h e a dv a n c e d c a va l ry of t h e R oma n s

, S uc h wa s .

t h e ra p idi t y of t h e mov emen t t h a t t h e va ri ous O p era ti on s of fili n g out of

,

t h e w ood s formi n g t h e i r c ol umn s of a t t a c k c rossi n g t h e riv er a n d

, , ,

moun t i n g t h e hill up on w hi c h t h e R oma n s w ere en tren c hi n g t h emse l ves ,

see med b ut t h e w ork O f a momen t .

N ot hi n g b ut t h e a dmi ra bl e di sc i pli n e of t h e Roma n troop s a n d t h e ,

i mp erturb a bl e p rese n c e of mi n d of t h e e x t ra ordin ary ma n a t t h e i r h e a d ,

cou ld h a ve sa ved t h em from d estruc t i on Th ere w a s n o t i me for c om .

mun ic a t in g w i t h t h e v a rious c orp s or for p rovidi n g a n d sta ti on in g t h e

usual re serve s a ll un i t y of c omma n d w a s l ost for t h e momen t —for on c e
,

t h e re i n s of w a r h ad sli p p e d from t h e h a n d s of t h e ex p er i en c ed a n d for

t un a t e guide T h e si t ua t i on of t he Roma n army w a s n ot on ly hi g hly d a n T h i immi
. e r

t d g n en an er’
s b ut w h olly n ew b ot h t o t h e l d ldi t h l a t t er w ere
g e r on
g e
, n era a n so er s ; e

ca ll e d up on t o fi g ht w i t h out t h e usua l st i mul a n t s t h ere w a s n o l e i sure for

e xh ort a t i on p romi ses of rewa rd remi n isc e n c es of former d e e d s
, ,
t he

g en era l h ad n e i t h er c h osen n or surve y e d h i s b a t t l e fi eld a n d w h en

-

su dden ly b e set by h is en emi es h e foun d it en c umb ere d w i t h ob st a c l e s t h e

, ,

v i ew t ow a rds t h e fron t i m e d e d by thi c k h e d es a n d t h e w h ol e

p g positi on ,

w it h out n a tura l d e fen c e s for h is fl an k s But every offi c er of t h e a rmy .

p erc e ive d t h e d an g er a n d w i t h out wa i t i n g for ord ers a p p li e d t h e b e st

, , ,

re me dy i n h i s p ow er T h e soldi ers w ere i n a n i n st a n t re c a ll e d from

.
, ,

t h e i r work a ssembl e d un d er t h e i r b an n ers

, b roug h t i n t o li n e a n d , ,

st a t i on e d so a s t o p re sen t a fron t t o t h e en emy a n d a rrest t h e fi rst i mp e

t uosi t y of the on set .

Th ese a bl e di sp osi t i on s a dop te d un d er c i rcumsta n c es t o w hi c h n o C

,
e sa r rallie s

kn own mi l i t a ry rul e a pp l i ed g a i n ed a mome n t s ti me t o C e sa r t o mt ro li t

24
th 1 a ’ “ f h ‘S
, n,

duc e some order a mon g h is sc a ttere d forces He rode ra p idly a l on g t h e .

li n es a dd ressi n g a few w ord s t o e a c h l eg i on as h e p a sse d a n d e n

, ,

coura g i n g a ll by h i s p resen c e O n t h e l eft t h e n i n t h a n d t en t h l eg i on s

.
,

I n st ruct o ex ercit u magis ut loci

94
ura
n at ut rei milit aris ra tio, a t que ordo p ost ulab at .

d ej ectusq ue collis et n ecessit as t emp ori s quam, C omm d e Bell G all lib ii 0 22
“

. . . . . . .

F 2
40 I MMIN EN T DA N G ER o r T H E RO MA N A RM Y .
[Book 1 .

A t reb a t es a c ross t h e ri ver ; b ut p ursui n g t h em t oo h ot ly t o t h e

d rove the ,

opp osi t e b a n k b ec a me i n v ol ve d i n t h e b rok e n g roun d o n t h a t s id e a n d

, ,

w ere c omp e ll e d t o re t re a t t o t h e i r fi rst p osi t i on w i t h c on sid era bl e l oss .

W hil e t h e R oma n l e ft a n d c en t re w ere t h us h ot ly e n g a g e d on t h e rive r ,

Th N w e t h e N erv ii w i t h a ll t h e i r forc es a t t a c k e d t h e ri g h t wi n bg a n d p en e t ra t i n g
e
, ,

b e t w ee n t h e t w el ft h a n d seven t h l eg i on s w hi c h formed t h e R oma n ri g h t , ,

c h a rg e d furi ously up t h e hill i n t e n di n g t o p ossess t h emsel v e s of t h e h a l f

,

fi n ish ed c a mp i n t h e re a r a n d en v el op t h e e x p ose d fl a n k of t h e c e n t re
, .

T h e c a mp fell i n t o t h e i r h a n d s a n d t h e d e fe a t e d c a v a l ry w h o h a d st a t i on e d
, ,

t h e msel ve s t h ere ret i re d t o a more di st a n t p oi n t T h e t errifi e d grooms a n d

'

.
,

c a mp se rva n t s see i n g t h e e n emy i n p ossessi on of t h e c a mp fl e d t o t h e

-

, ,

re a r S rea di n g t h e t idi n g s o f d e fe a t a mon g t h e a d va n c i n g b a g g a e a n d g

p ,

t h e i r esc ort ; t h e li g h t t roop s of t h e a rmy di sb a n d e d t h emse lves i n e very

di rec t i on a n d t h e T revira n a ux ili a ry c a va l ry re t rea t e d t o t h ei r h ome s;
,

a n d re ort e d t o t h e i r fe ll ow c i t iz en s t h e t ot a l d efe a t of C e sa r a n d t h e
p
-

c a t ure of h i s c a m an d ba age
p p gg .

Th p e C e sar h urri e d from t h e st a t i on of t h e t e n t h l eg i on on t h e l eft t o

re sence

t h e p oi n t of d a n g er on t h e ri g h t H e foun d t h e c oh ort s of t h e t wel ft h .

c row d e d t o e t h er
g a n d r e d uc e d a l most t o i n a c t i on by t h e si mul t a n eous
,

fron t a n d fl a n k a t t a c k ; a ll t h e c en t uri on s of t h e fourt h c oh ort h a d .

fa ll en ; al l t h e ot h er c e n t uri on s w ere e i t h er kill e d or w ound e d ; t h e

st a n d a rd b ea rer h a d e ri sh e d a n d ma n y soldi ers of t h e re ar ra n k s h a d
p
-

d rop p e d out O f t h e li n e t o t a k e sh el t er from t h e d a rt s of t h e G erma n s:

Th ere w a s n o reserve a t h a n d for t h e i r sup p ort a n d t h e e n e my wa s ,

ra idly
p g a i n i n g g roun d on b ot h fl a n k s of t h e en v e l op e d l eg i on I n t hi s .

d esp era t e c on di t i on of h is ri g h t w i n g ,C e sa r se izi n g a shi eld from t h e ,

n ea re st soldi er a d va n c e d t o t h e fron t , c h eeri n g on t h e sol d i ers by w ord ,

H g i
e re an d
g est ure
a ns a By g rea t p erson a l ex e rt i on s h e g a i n e d sufl i c ien t g roun d t o
“m gm “
.

e
e x t e n d h is li n e
an d a n d a fford t h e soldi ers t h e
, p ow er of usi n g t h e i r sw ord s .

“ t bl “
! H e re est a bli sh e d t h e c ommun i c a t i on w i t h t h e seven t h l e i on a n d i n some
s a e
g
-

th mmum
e co ~ , ,

ca t . on s mea sure rest ore d t h e fort un e of t h e d a y S t ill t h e d a n g er w a s i mmi n en t ;

.

, .

c on fu si on a n d di sma y s rea d more w id ely i n t h e rea r of t h e a rmy a n d t h e

p ,

e n emy c o n t i n ue d t o
g a i n g roun d .

Th dea i g C on fid en t of v i c t ory t h e N erv ii p resse d h eedl essly forwa rd ; b ut

va nc n
,
N b ug h t
a t t h 1 s c ri t i c a l mome n t t h ose l n osse ss1 on of t h e R oma n c a m
ervi i ro

p , p d e sc rl ed
h h gg g
‘ e
t h e t w o fresh l e g i on s of t h e b a
a a e
l g e t k
i o ns re a e gga g e e sc ort a d va n c i n g ra p idly up t h e
re ve rse of t h e hill t t h e sa me i n st a n t L a b ie n us t h e l eg at e o f t h e
finger; A
)
.
, ,

u
V i c t on o s on t e n t h h a vi n g suc c e e d e d l n di s ersi n g t h e en e my i n h i s fron t h urri e d t o ‘

h H
‘
,
p ,

1 221 h t h e a ssi st a n c e of t h e t we l ft h a n d seve n t h T h e R oma n s ren ew e d t h e

.

0 1 8 0 . e .

fggjg f
e

g gg g d b a t t l e w i t h b ri h t e n e d
g p ros ec t s ; t h e c a va l ry
p w hi c h h a d ret i red t ook , ,

th N w e e
h ea rt ; a n d a n x i ous t o re t ri eve t h e di sgra c e of fli gh t i n st a n t ly recovere d
a re,
, ,
C h ap i Sec OV ERT H RO W O F T HE N ERV I I 41 .
.
. . .

the ca mp a n d fell up on t h e en e my Wi t h a v1 gour sh a rp en e d by t h e sen se 1213331

,
,

of s a h m e T h e N e rvii w
. e re i n t h e i r t u r n e n v e l op e d by ,
t h e R o m a ns b u t ut d w ,
c o n

th e y reli n qui sh e d n ot a n i n c h of t h e groun d t h e y h a d g a i n ed ; p re fe rri n g fl ff

t t f “
r

dea t h t o d efe a t t h ey fell b ra vely on t h e Sp ot w h e re t ill w i t hi n a few

, , ,

momen t s a c ert a i n v ic t ory see med t o smil e up on t h e m H ea p i n g up

,
.

t h e b odi e s O f t h e i r d ea d c omp a n i on s a roun d t h e m t h ey d ea l t d ea t h a n d ,

w oun ds from b e hi n d t hi s fri g h t ful ra mp art ; a n d w h en t h e i r ow n d a rt s

fa il e d t h e y h url e d b a c k t h e j a ve li n s of t h e e n emy up on hi msel f
,
H ere .

t h e ir l ea d er Ba d uogn a t us most of t h e i r c hi e fs a n d a l most t h e w h ol e

‘

, ,

milit ar y forc e of t h e n a t ion p erish ed T h e C ommen t a ri e s of J ulius C e sa r , .

ar e a l a s t i n
g
25
m on u m e n t t o t h e i r w o r t h T h e e x t ra ordi n a ry v a l ou r a n d Tt i
a m yl i .
e r a a

m
0r ar e

d N ii d f h h u q u lifi d d i i f h —
co n uc t of t h e erv rew o r t t e n a e a ra t o n o t e a C t d
‘
v o e n ess .

comp li sh e d v i c t or
'

Th i s b a t t l e i n t h e op i n i on of C e sa r hi msel f ren dere d

”
.
, ,

a ll t h e st ori es of t h e i r former d ee d s cre dibl e ; s i n c e h e ob serve s suc h , ,

ma g n an i mi t y c ould n ot fa il t o c on vert t h e most diffic ult e n t e rp ri ses i n t o

'

fea t s of ordi n ar y ac hi eve me n t 6

.
2

Af t er t h e d own fal of t h e ir n a ti on t h e remn a n t of t h e N e rv ii c on si st i n g T h m t , , ,

e re n an .

f th N m
ac c ordi n g t o Ce sa r s rep re se n t a t l on of v ery few b es1 d e s ol d men w ome n mummie
o e e an

, , , “ s.

”
an d c hil dren i mp l ore d t h e c l emen c y of t h e c on q ueror a n d see m t o h a ve
'

, ,

Ob t a i n e d more t h a n usua lly fa voura bl e t erms Th ey w ere a l lowe d t o re .

oc c u p y t h e ir l a n d s a n d t o re
p peo l e t h e ir t ow n s ; a n d st ri c t c omma n d s
,
-

w ere i ssue d t o t h e n e i g hb ouri n g t r ib es a n d t o h i s own t roop s t o a b st a i n , ,

from mol est i n g or i nj uri n g t h em .

a
T h e A dua t i c i w h o w ere up on th e ir ma rc h t o t a k e p a rt i n t h e g re a t T h Adu ti i
-

,
e a c

uggl e a n d w h o h a d t h e y b een p re sen t w ould p rob a bly h a ve g iven a fififififfi

‘
str , , ffi , n,

differen t t urn t o t h e b a t t l e i mme di a t ely re t rea t e d ; a n d w i t hdra w i n g ,

from t h e op en c oun t ry a n d di sma n t li n g t h e i r t own s re t i re d t o on e of t h e i r

, ,

c i t i e s most st ron g ly d e fen d e d b ot h by n a t ure a n d a rt C e sa r i n veste d C i t .

.
e sar nves s

t h e p l a c e ; t h e i n h a bi t a n t s sue d for t erms of c a p i t ul a t i on ; a n d a fte r

.
,

so me d el a y a gree d t o t h e i mp era t ive c on di t i on of d eli veri n g up t h e i r l t a e

‘

. .
,

arms T h e se que l of t h e i r st ory i s si n gul a r : C e sa r a ffirms t h a t t h e Cm i mput

.
»
ar es

95
T ha t uld h ave remain ed out of
only 50 0 sh o
98
d i ffi c illimi s an imi mag n it udo
Q ue fac il ia ex

warriors, an d not more t han 3 out of 6 00

'

red eg era t Cass ib id c 2 7

. . . . .

sen a t ors or c hi efs, i s n ot t he more credi ble b eca use Gees ibid c 2 8 I t is sin g ul ar t h at he
27
. . . .

C e sar prete n d s t o have d erived his i nforma t ion

. sh ould have ab st ain ed fr om d ema n d in g host a g es .

from t h e van qui shed t hemselves ; an d wh en we or re q u i ri n g t he d elivery of arms M a y i t n ot .

fi n d t hi s same n a t ion on ly a few year s aft erward s, , b e d oub t ed w he th er t he vic t ory w as as c omplet e
sta rt in g ag a in i n t o li fe, an d ga lla n t ly ma kin g as i t i s rep resen t ed t o h a ve b een ; a n d w h et h er

h ead a gai nst t heir former con querors, ( Gws t he N

e rvii were n ot st ill so formid a b le, an d t he
‘

lib v c 3 8
. . .i t i s impossible t o b elieve t h a t losses of t he Roma n a rmy in t he la t e b a t t le so
men f ell in t h e b at t le on t he Sa mb re, or .
g rea t , as t o ren d er an a t t emp t t o i mpose t he
.

t h at o f 6 0 0 c hiefs only 3 re main ed al ive Sed . usual con d it ion s un ad vi sa ble

vi de C c s lib ii 0 27 . . . . .
42 C ZESA R R ED U C ES T HE ADUA T I C I .
—
M EN A PI I .
[Book I .

g arri son , a ffec t n g i qua n t i t y of

to co mpl y w i t h t h e se t erms t h re w , suc h a

a rms ov er t h e w a ll t h a t t h e h e a a l most re a c h e d u t t h b re a st of
p p o e

t h e p a ra p e t ; b ut t h a t t h e y st ill k ep t b a c k a b out a t hi rd of t h e i r st ore ,

w i t h w hi c h a n d suc h sub st i t ut es a s t h e y c ould sec ret ly fa b ri c a t e t h e y

, ,

ma n a g e d p ri va t ely t o a rm t h e w h ol e b ody of t h e i r w a rri ors ; t h a t t h e y

t h en O p e n e d t h e g a t es a n d p ermi t t ed t h e R oma n s free ly t o e n t er t h e
c i ty : t h a t C e sa r fe a ri n g t h e i n sol e n c e a n d t h e l ove of p l un d er of ,

h i s own soldi e rs ord ere d t h em a t n i g h t fa ll out of t h e t own a n d c a use d,

-

t h e g a t es t o b e c l ose d ; b ut t h a t sudd e n ly i n t h e middl e o f t h e n i ht

g , ,

w h e n a ll w a s sil e n t i n t h e c a mp t h e g a t es w e re t h rown O e n an d
p , ,

t h e A d ua t ic i i ssue d from t h em w i t h a ll t h ei r forc es a n d a t t a c k e d t h e

l Roma n c a mp T h e R oma n s h ow ev er w ere on t h e a l ert ; t h e sa lly w a s

lg jik
a
lgr
e '
.
,
a es a
re ul se d W i t h t h e l oss o f 4 0 0 0 men k 1 lle d on t h e s ot T h e n ex t d a y
itii iii i iigi p p
c ’ i .

s h
h b nmm C e sa r b urst op en t h e g a t e s a n d t ook p osse ssi on O f t h e p l a c e w i t h out
.

a , ,
SW S
me et i n g w i t h t h e sma ll est resi st a n c e a n d t h e w h ol e p op ul a t i on t o t h e , ,

n umb er of h e a d s w a s sold t o t h e R oma n sl a ve d ea l ers w h o

8 ? -

foll ow e d t h e c a mp ? 9

A U C C e sa r d e t e rmi n e d t o e mp l oy t h e foll ow i n g y ea r i n c omp l eti n g t h e c on

b b 5%
97 . .

q uest of G erma n B el g i um a s h e h a d a l rea dy d on e t h a t of C el t i c G a ul by ,

h is l eg a t e P C ra ssus T h e M ori n i i n A rtoi s a n d Fl a n d ers a n d t h e

. .
,

M en a p i i i n B ra b a n t w ere t h e fi rst obj ec t s of a t t a c k C on sc i ous of t h e ir , .

i n feri ori t y i n t h e fi eld t h ey b et ook t h emsel ve s t o t h e p rot ec ti on of ,

t h e d e n se forest s a n d i n a c c essibl e sw a mp s of t h e ir t erri t ory C e sa r l a id .

w a st e t h e op en c oun t ry d est roy e d a ll t h e t ow n s a n d v ill a g e s root e d up t h e , ,

c rop s a n d c a rri e d off e v ery t hi n g t h a t mi g h t c on t ribut e t o t h e sup p ort of t h e

,

i n h a bi t a n ts T h e ex a sp era t e d p rop ri et ors w a t c h e d every movemen t of t h e

.

R oma n s t h e y w a i t e d t ill t h ei r mili t a ry a rra y w a s b rok en by t h e n ec essa ry

,

t a sk s of fora g i n g c ut t i n g w ood or fort i fyi n g t h e c a mp ; t h en sudd en ly

, , , ,

t h e w ood s sw ar me d w i t h en emi es w h o c ut d ow n t h e w ork men a t t h e i r ,

l a b ours or e n t i c i n g t h em t o p rec i p i t a t e p ursui t i n vol ve d t h em i n t h e

, , ,

p a t hl ess forest a n d t h ere sa c rifi c e d t h em t o t h e i r ve n g e a n c e

, By s uc h .

h a ra ssi n g a t t a c k s t h e a rmy suffere d d a ily l osses C e sa r t h erefore p rO . , ,

Cces lib
. . n . c . 33 . Cap ilumn umerus a d cum w as p rep are d for t h e a t ta c k , w hi ch t hey could not

u
rela t s est milliurn L m . ha ve b ee n , b ad t hey n ot be en fully aw are t ha t t he
T he re are some serious i mprob abil it ies in d elivery o f t he arms w as i ncomple t e T he re ason .

t h is na rra t ive T he mod e of d eliverin g up t h e

. assig n ed for evac ua t in g t h e t own at n i g ht w ears

arms is sin u
g la r ; i t is st ran ge t ha t C e sar an a ppeara n ce of a ffe c t ed huma n i ty an d c on
s ho u ld have been con t en t ed w it h t he un sa t isfac sid era t ion O t her d oub t s mig h t b e sug ge st ed ;
but t he story must st a n d as i t is,—un w ort hy of
.

t ory d evice of t hrow i n g t h e m over t he w a ll a n d

—in ca pab le of a sa t isfa c t ory re
,

t ha t wi t hout furt her p reca ut ion he should h a v e

, , en t ire cred it ,

pe rmit t ed h is own me n t o en t e r t he t ow n But . fut a ti on

. S ee L uci en , ( vol i p w ho sta tes
. . .

i t see ms clea r t ha t he h ad a n in t ima t ion of t h e t h e d oub ts wit h hi s usual viva cit y an d acut e
i n t en t ion of t he b a rb ari an s T he Roman a rmy . ness.
Chap i Sec . . . M I G RAT I O N O F T HE U SI P ET ES AN D TEN C HT ER I .

ec t ed f
t h e e n t i re
h e c oun t ry i n ord er effe c t ua l ly t o la y b a re
l
j t c e a ra n ce o ,

t h e h a un t s of h i s a dversa ri e s: But t h e w ork p roc e e d e d sl owly ; a n d

“

b efore a n y g rea t p rogress c ould b e ma d e, t h e a ut umn al ra i n s comp ell ed

h im t o d esi st for t h a t sea son a n d g ave t h e h a ra sse d i n h a bi t a n t s a c om
,

fort le ss b re a t hi n g t i me a mid t h e i r bl a c ken e d dw elli n gs a n d w ast e d p os

sess on s i ?"
But sc a rc e my q uit t e d t h e ir c ount ry t h a n t h e un fort u 69A8—
ly had on e en e U C
699
n a t e M e n a ii w ere a ssa il e d by a n ot h er from t h e opp osi t e qua rt er
.

p T W O C P mp i u . 11 . o e s

dM C u
G ei ma n t rib es w h om t h e R oma n s c a ll Usip etes a n d T eucht eri c rossed t h e C
an . rass s

t h ey 11 0 55—
, , oss.

Rhi n e n ot fa r from i t s mout h i n g rea t n umb ers

,
T h e S uevi
,
54 .
“
,

sa id a dlik e n a t i on w h o m n on e c ould w i t h s t a n d a ft er h a ra ss i n
, g o g ,

t h em for ma n y y ea rs a n d preve n ti n g t h e m from c ul t i va t i n g t h e i r fi e ld s

, ,

h a d a t l e n g t h d ri ve n t h em i n t o e xil e a n d forc e d t h e m t o l ook out for

, , ,

oth er se t t l eme n t s i n a fa r c oun try Th ese e mi gra n t s h a d w a n d ere d

.
,

a c c ordi n g t o t h e i r own a c c oun t for t h e sp a c e of t h ree y ears i n v a ri ous

, ,

a rt s of G erma n y t ill t h y f u d m n s of c rossi n t h e Rhi n e a n d

p e o n e
, a g ,

quart eri n g t h e msel ves up on t h e a l rea dy exh a ust e d M en a p ii .

T h e R oma n s h a d by t hi s ti me t h rown off t h e ma sk of a lli es a n d p ro

t ect ors of t h e G a ul s a n d a c t e d a s a b sol ute l ord s of t h e l a n d ; t h e y c l a i me d
,

t he sa me a ll eg i a n c e from t h e c h ea t e d a n d d e l ud e d t rib es of t h e c oun t ry

w hi c h a ri g h t ful mon a rc h c l a i ms of h i s n a t ive subj ect s t h e y reg a rd e d i m -

p a t i en c e un d e r t h e n e w y oke as d i sa fl ec t ion resi st a n c e a s reb e lli on C e sa r

'

.
,

k n e w t h a t t h e C e l t i c n a t i on s w ere a n x i ously l ooki n g roun d for a d eliv erer

'

a n d t h a t t h e y w ould h a il h i mw i t h o from w h a t ev e r qua rt er h e mi g h t ri se

j y
up T h e a p p ea ra n c e of t h e T e uc h t e ri a n d Usi p e t es seeme d t o a fford a
.

p rosp ec t of e man c i p a t i on ,a n d t h e p e opl e O f G a ul h a st e n ed t o O p en a sec re t

c omm uni c a ti on w i t h t h em a n d t o i n v i t e t h e m i n to t h e i n t eri or of t h e
,

c ou n try T h e e mi gra n t s j oyfully c omp li e d w i t h t h e i n v i t a t i on a n d p ut

.
,

th emse lves 1 n mot i on t ow ard s t h e t erri t ori e s of t h e T revi ri t h roug h t h ose ,

Of t h e Eb u ron es a n d Con d ru T h e d a n g er of a g e n e ra l i n surre c t i on i n

32
si .

G a ul seeme d t o C e sar i mmi n e n t ; h e t h ere fore t ook t h e fi e ld w i t h out d el a y ,

an d w a s me t a t t h e di st a n c e of a fe w d a y s ma rc h by e n v oy s from t h e
’ ’

G erma n s Th e y a ssure d h im t h a t c omp ul si on a n d n ot c h oi c e h a d

.
, ,

i n duce d t h em t o seek for n ew se tt l emen t s a nd re que st e d h i m e i t h er t o ,

a ssi g n t h em l an d s t o live u on
p or t o
p ermi t t h em t o oc c up y t h ose t h e y
,

h a d a l rea dy w on t h e y d e c l a red t hey w ould n ot n ow b e t h e a g gressors

th oug h i t wa s not t h e i r h a bi t t o sh ri n k from a t t a c k ex c ep t i n g on ly
“

C e s lib ii i c 28, t o t h a t of t he modern L orrain e;

3°
. . . . answ ers very n early
I bid lib i v c 4. . . . t oget h er wi t h t he la t e a rc h iepi sc o p al t errit ory of
as
Prob ably t hroug h L ieg e an d L ux emb urg h T reves . See Cws l i b
. . iv . c 4, 5, 6
.

t owards t he Moselle The p osit ion of t he T revi ri

.
 ”
44 N EG O C I AT I O N S .
-
T H E G ERMA NS [Book I .

t he S uev i w h om t h e g od s t h e msel ve s c ould n ot w i t h st a n d t h e re w a s

, ,

n o n a t i on 0 11 e a rt h t h e y fe a re d t o me e t C e sa r sh ort ly rep li e d
. t hat ,

t h ere c ould b e n o p ea c e b e t w ee n h i m a n d th em a s l on g a s t h ey re
'

ma i n e d up on G a lli c g roun d ; b ut t h a t i f t h e y p l ea sed t h ey mi g h t g o

”
, ,

a n d li v e a mon g t h e U bii , w h o a t t h a t mome n t st ood i n n ee d of a ssi st a n c e

a a i n s t t h e S uev i t h e mort a l e n emi e s of b ot h n a t i on s ; a n d t h a t i f t h e y

g , ,

w i sh e d i t h e w ould p rep a re t h e U bii for t h e i r rec ep t i on

,
T h e en voy s .

a n sw ere d t h a t t h e y w ould c on sul t t h e i r c oun t ryme n up on t hi s p rop osa l

, ,

a n d re q ue st e d him t o a dva n c e n o fa rt h er t ill t h e y s h ould re t u rn w i t h

t h e i r a n sw e r . Thi s rea son a bl e re quest w a s refuse d by C e sa r Th ey .

t h e n b e soug h t h i m t o gr a n t t h em a t l ea st a t h ree d a y s t ruc e t o e n a bl e

’

t h e m t o t rea t w i t h t h e U bii up on t h e t e rms of t h e i r fut ure un i on But .

C e sa r w ould n ot p l e d g e hi mse l f eve n t o t hi s sh ort susp e n si on of h ost ili t i es .

T h e p rop osa l of a p ea c e ful un i on w i t h t h e U bii w a s O b v i ously a moc k

er i f t h e t i me n e c essa ry for c a rryi n g i t i n t o e ffec t w a s t o b e re fu se d
y , .

Ye t suc h w a s C e sa r s i n t en t i on h e susp ec t ed h e t e ll s us, t h a t t h e

’

b a rb a ri a n s h a d n o ot h er obj ec t in v i ew t h a n t o g a i n t i me t o rec a ll t h eir

c a v a l ry , w h om t h ey h a d se n t t o t h e
p re c i se di st a n c e of t h re e d a y s ma rc h
’

t o fora g e a mon g t h e A mb iva ri t i All t h e i n dul g en c e t h e e n voy s c ould

.

e x t ort from h i m w a s a
p romi se n ot t o a dv a n c e more t h a n four mil es on
t h at d ay . But b e fore b e di smi sse d t h em, h e di rec t e d t h em t o re t urn on
,

t h e morrow a n d b ri n g w i t h t h em as ma n y of t h e i r c hi efs a s p ossibl e, t h a t

,

h e mi g h t h a v e t h e full es t a ssura n c e o f t h e i r un a n i mi t y a n d si n c eri t y At .

t h e sa me t i me h e se n t a me ssa g e t o h i s c a v a l ry w h o forme d t h e a d v an c e d ,

g u a r d , n ot t o b e t h e fi rst t o a t t a c k ; b ut i f a t t a c k e d t h e msel ves t o re ly

, ,

i mp li c i t ly up on t h e sup p ort of t h e w h ol e army A me ssa g e so O b vi ously .

i f h e did n ot c on t emp l a t e a ggre ssi on c a n n ot fa il t o ex c i t e

.

n ee dl ess , ,

susp i c i on t h a t h e i n t en d e d t o p rovok e i t H e c ould e a sily h a ve di sp ose d

.

h is a rmy so a s t o supp ort h is c a v a l ry i n c a se of n ee d , w i t h out w h e t t i n g

t h e i r a p p e t i t e for b a t t l e a n d i n c rea si n g t h e i r i n sol en c e by a ssura n c es of
re a dy su ort T h e di s osi t i on t h us fost ere d i n t h e R oma n soldi ery
pp .
p
t en d s t o t h row li g h t up on t h e i n c id en t w hi c h foll ow s .

A ft er t h e d ep a rt ure of t h e en voy s C e sar p ut h is a rmy i n mot i on t o

,

p erform t h e st i p ul a t e d four mil e s T h e a dva n c e d g ua rd o f t h e G erma n s

.

c on si st e d of a b out 8 0 0 h orseme n t h e re sid ue of t h e a b se n t c a v a l ry

,
T he .

momen t t h e R oma n h orse 5 0 0 0 st ron g c a me i n si g h t , t hi s h a n d ful of

, ,

G erma n s w e a re t old furi ously c h a rge d t h e i r a n t a gon i st s

, , T h e l a t t er .
,

t ot a lly un p rep a re d for suc h a n out ra g e a n d re l y i n g up on t h e d a y s t ruc e

’
,

g ra n t e d a t t h e e x p ress d esi re of t h e G e rma n e n voy s w e re t h row n i n t o ,

ut t er c on fusi on a n d seven t y four me n , i n c l udi n g a n O ffi c er O f ra n k , were

,
-

l eft up on t h e fi eld .
 Chapf i Sec A TTACKED A N D B T C HERED BY CZESA R U
‘

. . .
45

Ce sa r s a vowe d a n xi et y t o b ri n g on a n en g a g emfe n t w ith t h e t wo His sta temen t

W h en
’
’ ‘

n t t o b e reli e d

t r1 b es b efore t h e y c ould b e j ome d by t h ei r c a va l ry , h i s a p p re h e n smn of upon

o
. ,

t h e w a y w a rd G a ul s, h i s fea r o f G e rma n va l our, a n d t h e g re at l osses h e

h a d suffe re d i n h is l a t e w a rs w i t h t h a t fi erc e ra c e , a re duly c o nsid ere d we ,

ma y , a t l e a st b e e x c use d for d oub t i n g t h e i n t e g ri t y of t hi s st a t e me n t

, .

T h e a t t a c k w a s hi gh ly fa voura bl e t o C e sa r s p rofe sse d v i e w s a n d hi s

’

sub se quent c on duc t sh ows th a t h e w a s d e t ermi n e d t o l ose n o p a rt of t h e

a dv a n t a e i t a fford e d h i m Aft er t hi s a ll e g e d t re a c h ery h e d ec l a re s t h a t

g .
,
.

h e reg a rd e d a n y fur t h er d e l a y a s me re folly ; t hi s on e ski rmi sh h a d so

ra i se d t h e e n e my i n t h e O p i n i on of t h e G a ul s a t t a c h e d t o h i s a rm , t h a t
y
i t b e c a me i n di sp en sa bl e t o a t t a c k b efore t h e i mp ressi on sh ould h a ve t i me
.t o ri p e n i n t o c on sp ira c y or mut i n y
.
H e t h erefore d et e r i n e d t oJ ist en t o . m
no t erms O f p ea c e n or a d mi t e i t h er e x p l a n a t i o n or a p ol og y
-

, .

At t h e a p p oi n t e d t i me , t h e G e rma n c hi efs, t h e very men wh o b ut t h e d a y _

b e fore must a c c ordi n g t o C e sa r s st a t emen t h a V e ren d ere d t h e mse lve s c ul

,
’

u
, _

p a ble of t h e b a sest tre a c h ery a n d i n c rre d hi s j ust rese n t men t , a pp e a re d

“

, ,

wi t hout h esit at i on or a p p re h e n si on , i n g re a t n umb ers b e fore h im a

con d uct t ot a lly a t v a ri a n c e w i t h any c on sc i ousn ess of t h a t g ui lt w hi c h

”
'

C e sa r s n a rra t ive i mp ut es t o t h e m W h en i n h i s p owe r t h e y w ere i mme T h eherri ces

’
.
n
,

d i a t ely ord ere d i nt o cust o dy , a n d C e sa r j oy fully? i ssue d ord ers f or a n hi siiffa iui
3 s b

i “h a m
.

i mme di a t e a t t a c k up on t h e un susp e c t i n g b a rb a ri a n s H e forme d h is t h e eo le 1

.
'
. .
‘
n

p p
a rmy i n t o t h ree c ol u mn s ; a n d b efore t h e en e my c ould h av e a n y i n t i ma tsaucdkdeedn lyroautted =

m
, ,
t i on of h i s a p p roa c h , p a sse d ra p idl y over t h e i n t erven i n e i h t i l es d sl a p gh
g g
‘ ‘t m
.
an

Th e G erma n s d e p riv e d Of t h e i r l ea d ers a n d t ot a lly un p re p a re d for ifiziflyf

m
, _ ,

b a tt l e , yi eld ed , a ft er a fa i n t resi st a n c e , i n c on stern a t i on a n d di s a y ;

men , mi n gl e d w i t h c row d s of i n firm p erson s, w omen a n d c hild re n .

fl e d i n on e d e n se ma ss, p ursue d a n d b ut c h e re d w i t h out merc y by t he

.

R oma n c a va lry , t ow a rd s t h e Rhi n e w h e re t h e g rea t er numb er of t h ose ,

w h o h a d esc a p e d t h e sword peri sh e d i n t h e st re a m 3 4 T h e c a va l ry of t h e Th e c va l y of . a r

th U t
U 3 1 p e t e s a n d T e n c h t en wh o h a d b e en un a bl e t o t a k e a sh a re l n t h e a n? T233 2;
f .
‘
.

, .

ff c r ss t h e ri ver t o t h e S i c a mb ri
t ake ’ fuge
b la t t e e e c t e
, d h i re re
t e r t a t a o
,
35
w h o a mo the
“
e

re c e iv e d t h em, a nd g ra n t e d t h em a n asyl um W i t hi n t h e i r t erri t ory

n
g
Si c a m
“

bri ,
.

T h e mig ra t ory di sp osi t i on of t h e G erma n s h a d n ow for n ea rly a c en C e ar c sses “

. s ro
,
th e Rh ine wi t h
t ury re n d e re d t h e m t h e sc ourg e a n d t error of t h e m n e 1 g hb ours
, Ce sar a view t o smhe .

ap p reh en d e d th a t b y di sp l a yi n g t h e Roma n e a gl e s up on G erman a

,
. . ffi sffifief
r t he

g ro u n d , h e s ou
h l d i m p re ss t h em w i t h a sa l ut a ry fea r, a n d c on v n c e t e m
i h “ i s
g, g
Q uos Ce sa r oblat os ga visussib i Ce s . ._ The Sica mb ri or Sig a mb ri, dwelt in Rhenish
,
'

D e Bell G all lib iv 0 1 3 West ph a lia b etween t he ri ver L ipp e an d t he

Ce sa r, D e Bell G a ll lib iv C 1 3 —1 5
. . . . .
.
,

34
. . . . . . con fi n e s of Hesse C a ssel Cluv G e rm Ant . . . .

L uci en, G esc hicht e d es d eut sch en V ol kes, vol i p 53 7 .

0 6— 1 1 1
. . .

p. 1 .

V OL . I .
 46 CZESA R C RO SSES T HE R H IN E .
[Book I .

b roa d a n d formid a bl e stre a m w a s n ot a b etter p ro t ec t i on t o

tha t t ha t
t h emsel ves t h a n i t h a d hi t h ert o p rove d t o th e i r n e i g hb ours T h e U bii .
,

n ow a l most exh a ust e d by t h e i r st ru g gl e w i t h t h e a ll p owerful S uevi

-

a n xi ously i mp l ore d t h e a ssi st a n c e i f n ot o f h i s a rms

y e t of h is n a me
, ,

t h e S i c a mb ri h a d offen d e d by h a rb ouri n g t h e en emi es of R ome a n d h e ,

d eeme d i t a dut y b ot h t owa rd s t h e a lli e s of t h e rep ubli c a n d h is own

,

fa me t o p un i sh a n d i n t i mid a t e i f h e c ould n ot e xt ermi n a te thi s rest l ess

, , ,

s a p re l ud e t o h ost ili t i e s h e se n t a me ssa g e c om

SEER ?
“ a n d d a ri n
g ra c e A .
,

man di n g t h e S i c a mbri t o di smi ss t h e i r n e w guests a n d t h e T euc h t eri t o

r
d m fh
is i ss e ,

t o t h e R oma n d omi n i on I n t h e sh ort sp a c e of t en d a y s a b rid g e

.
,

ne .
o a m
w id e a n d st ron g e n oug h t o p a ss his w h l e r y over t h e Rhi n e a n d 36

sec u re a n un mol e st e d ret rea t l n c a se of a c c i d e n t w a s b eg u n a n d fi n i sh ed

o

, ,

a n d C e sa r t h e fi rst of t h e R oma n s e n c a m e d on G erma n

, p g roun d , H ere .

n o sym t oms of yi eldi n a e a re d n o e n v oy s c a me t o h i s c a m

p g pp p no
, ,

h ost a g es w ere p roffere d ; b ut n e i t h er did a n y en emy a p p ea r i n t h e fi eld .

T h Si mb i T h e S i c a mb ri w h o w ere t h e fi rst t h rea t e n e d a d o t e d t h e a d v i c e of t h i

e- ca r
t
re rea t t th o ei r
, p e r ,

f
ores s t b n ew a lli es t h e T e n c h t eri a n d a b a n d on i n
a an
g t h e op en c oun try b e t ook th e m
, , ,

sel ves w i t h t h e i r fa mili e s a n d

, p rop ert y t o t h e re c esses of t h e fore sts , .

T h e S uev i summon e d th e i r n a t i on a l c oun c il a n d d e t ermi n e d t o d ra w t h e

m th i w
on e r ar
,

i
r ors a n dt k e n emy 1 n t o t h e 1 n t eri or a n d 1 n v olve h 1 m l n t h e b oun dl ess w ood s an d
a e
t i
fiiia ii iii th h swa mp s of t h e ir c oun t ry W i t h t hi s vi ew t h ey di sp a tc h e d messen gers t o
e
r e .

al l t h e h un d re d c a n t on s of th e i r ra c e di rec t i n g t h e w a rri ors t o forsa k e ,

t h ei r v ill a g es a n d fi eld s t o c on c ea l t h e i r w omen a n d c h ild ren i n t h e

,

fore st s a n d t o a ssembl e a t a n a pp oi n t e d sp ot i n th e v ery h ea rt O f t h e i r

,

t erri t ory t h ere t o i ve b a t t l e t o t h e R oma n s i f t h ey sh ould a d v a n c e so fa r

g , .

But C e sa r s a mbi t i on w a s mod era t e d by soun d p oli t i c a l vi e ws

’
C d li
e sa r ec n es
T h e
pu u g t h m
.
rs i n

t i me for a t t em t i n t h e c on que st o f t h e un li mi t e d w ild ern ess b efore h i m

e ,

p g ,

a n d t h e subj u a t i on of i t s formid a bl e oc c u a n t s w a s n ot
p e t c ome G au l
g y ,

w a s st ill a n e w a n d un set t l e d a c qui si t i on F or t h e p re sen t t h e di sp l a y .

of t h e o wer of R ome w a s i n C e sa r s a p re h en si on rea t e r mome n t

’

p p ,
O f g ,

ra v
a g th
es t h a n t h e e x t e n si on of h er fron t i ers
e He t h erefore c on ten t e d hi msel f w i t h
.
, ,
t t y f th
bif rav a g i n g t h e t e rri t ory of t h e S i c a mb ri a n d c on vert i n g t h ei r op en c oun t ry
e

sg g
e
i r r ,

i n t o a d esert T h e S uev i w ere sc a red b a c k i n t o t h ei r forest s ; t h e U bii

.

w e re for t h e i n st a n t reli eve d from t h e p re ssure of w a r ; b ut a b ove a ll

, , , ,

t h e v a n i t y of R ome w a s ra t ifi e d T h e obj e c t O f h i s g rea t e x e di t i on of

g .
p
a“
T he U
bi i , he t ells us, o ffered h im b oa t s Rome ; at t he sa me t ime it w a s n ot
C aesar s
’

en ou h t o
g p ass h is w hole a rmy o ver t he rive r ; p olic y t o t rust t he safe t y o f h is a rmy t o t he fi c kle
b ut h e d eeme d it sa fe r a n d more con duc i ve fa it h of allie s ; a n d t h e a d va n t a g e, i n t his re spe c t ,
y of t h e Ro ma n arms t o b uild a
t o t he d i n it o f a b rid e over O p en b oa t s b efore so a c t ive an d
g g
b rid g e
. By t he p rod ig ious celerit y w it h w h ic h d a rin g a n en emy a s t h e G erma n s w a s t oo
i t w as e ffec t ed he rob ab l in t en d e d t o i m re ss ob vi o us t o be n e lec t ed See Ce s lib iv
p y p g . . . .

t he G erma n s w it h a hi h id ea o f t h e
g p ow er of c 17. .
C ha p i Sec
“

T HE T REV I RI —C I N G ET O RIX AN D I N D U C I O MA RU S 47

”
. . . . .

o b serva t i on mp li sh ed a n d h e w i t hdre w h is l eg ion s i n to G a ul d t t

w as a c co an
mt é ui
r re z s
, ,

t o b rea k d ow n t h e b rid g e b e hi n d h im T h e sh ort remai n d e r A U C 699

0 a
t aki n g c are
B C 55—
.
. . . _

of t h e se a son wa s c on sume d i n a si mil a r d e mon stra t i on a g a i n st t h e i sl an d

54 -

O f B ri t a i n .

H ere t h e more Op en face of t h e c oun t ry t h e p oli t i c a l di vi si on s a n d t h e A U C 7 00 , , . . . .

B C 54
p a rt y j ealousi e s t o w hi c h it w a s a p re y a fford e d a fa i rer p rosp ec t of con C
“ ‘ '

, e sar c on

que st a n d C e sa r d e t ermi n e d t o d evot e t h e en sui n g y ea r t o t h e t ask t mpul t t h

,
e a es e
t f
g t h e Roma n p ower i n t h a t c oun try
q c on es o
of e st a bli shi n O n h i s a rriva l from B it i ; but . r a n

I t a ly e a rly i n t h e sp ri n g h e foun d ev ery prep a ra t i on c omp l et e d for t he i u ly i th

i t f p n er eres re
, vo s n
.
e

em a
“ a “ th
p roj e c t e d i n va si on B u t b f
e o re h e b r k e d di
. ss
.
en s i o n s h av i n
, b k
g ro en T i ,
rev ra n
“ e

out b e t we en t h e t wo sovere i n ri n c e s of t h e G erma n i c T revi ri

39
g p C i n g et ori x p i Ci g
,
r p cesr n e
t d I
a n d I n d uc i oma rus C e sa r d esi re d t o sec ure t h e Roman i n fl uen c e in t h a t du i m u
ori x an n
38
, c o a r s.

st a t e w hi c h h a d hi t h ert o el ud e d h is
, g ra sp by a d ec i sive i n t erferen c e , .

T h e un suc c essful p ri n c e C i n g e t orix th rew hi msel f i n t o t h e a rms of t h e

Roman s ; whil e I n d uc ioma rus h is ri va l h op i n g t ost ren g t h en hi mse l f by , ,

Caesa r s p a tron a ge offere d t o p l a c e h is own fort un e s a n d t h ose of t he

’ '
.
,

sta t e a t h i s di S osa l
p C aesa r a c c e p t e d t h e a
p ol og i e s. o f I n d u c i om a ru s H i t t ,
e re n s a es

bu
Ci g t i d n e or x an
t rest ore d t h e b a l a n c e of p a rt i es by re i n st a t i n g C in g e t orix a n d h i s fi d I
“

o en s n

fri en d s a step w hi c h t h oug h it rep resse d i n surrec t i on for t h e momen t ;

ri n c e i n t o a n i rrec on c ilea b l e e n emy of R om
, ,

40
c on ve rt e d t h e r i v a l e
p .

C e sa r d e pa rt ed for B ri t a i n T h e w h ol e sea son for mili t ary O p era H g i t

"

.
- e p es n o
B it
t i on s p a sse d a w a y y e t n o fi rm footi n g w a s g a i n e d i n t h e i sl a n d
r ai n

, T h e tu i t .
“

re rn s n o

army re t urn e d t o G a ul
G ul di
a n d t ook up i t s q ua rt ers for t h e w i n t er up 6n f
a , a
n s
~
, d by orce

a li n e t oo e x t e n si ve for mut ua l c ommun i c a t ion a n d sup p ort Thi s fgbfiizh i y t ’d i f ‘ s'

un u
s

sua l d ist ribut i on w a s o c c a si on ed by t h e t ot a l fa il ure of t h e ma s of t h e Wi t q b

p t Wg lHl °°
n ef ll al ef s

p re c e di n g sea son a n d t h e c on se quen t sc a rc i t y of p rovi si on s i n G aul

"

.
,

O n e l eg i on und er C F a bi us w a s qua rtere d a mon g t h e M or i n i i n t h e

, .
,

mod ern Fl a n ders a n d Artoi s A se c on d l eg i on un d er Q C i c ero w a s .

, .
,

st at i on e d i n t h e t erri t ory O f t h e Nervi i i n Bra b a n t

; a t hir d un d er ,

L Rosc ius on t h e c on fi n e s of N orma n dy ; a fourt h un d e r T L a b i e n us

.
,
41
,
.
,

wa s p l a c ed a mon g t h e R h emi an d i n t e n de d a s a corp s of Ob serva t i on up on

”
'

t h e n e ig hb ouri n g T reviri t h ree l e g i on s un d er M C ra ssus L Man utius .

, .

Ce s D e Bell G all li b iv 0 3 20
7 . . . . . . emb urg an d L orrain e u part s of t he circles ,
an d s ch

”
38
Pfi sler ( G esch d er deut sch vol i p 6 4) . . . . . of t he U
pper an d L ower Rhine as lie alon g t he
G erma n iz es t his n a me int o H i nc ma r ; b ut g ives Moselle an d upon t he Rhin e from Man heim t o
n e it her reason n or a ut horit
y for it He t rea t s . A n d ern ach .

t he C herusca n I n g ui oma ru s in li ke fas hi on .

4°
Cces d e Bell G all lib v c 2, 3 , 4
. . . . . . .

9
Cla vari a s, in his G erm A n t i q p 3 7 9 , . . . A mon g t he Essui, Hesui, or Sessui, a n n u
assig ns t o t he Treviri a t erri t or , ex t en d in
y g east set t led posit ion in an cien t g eog raphy See .

a n d w est b et ween C harlemo n t on t he M eu se a n d H qfl ’m L ex. n iv a d ver Essu

. U i . . .

A n d ern ach on t he Rhin e, follow in g t h e lin e of ‘9

P rob ably on t he limit s b et ween Champ agn e
t h e forest of A rden nes, ( Ce s C o mm d e Bell . . . a n d L orra ine .

G all lib v c
. em
. b rac in g t he d uchies of L ux
. .
48 M BI O RIX AN D T HE EBU RON ES [Book I
‘

. .

P lan c us Treb on i us were di st rib ut e d a mon g t h e C el t i c B el g i an s ;

, and C .
,

on e l eg i on a n d fi ve c oh ort s un d er Q ui n t us T i t uri us S a b in us a n d L, .

A urun c ule ius C ot t a oc c up i e d a n a dva n c e d p ost a mon g t h e Eb uron es

, ,

b et w een t h e rivers M euse a n d Rhi n e .

H i w
e s a f Caesa r w a s so w ell aw a re of t h e w ea k n ess of so e x t en si ve a li n e th a t
a re o
th w k
,

h e d e t ermi n e d c on t ra ry t o h i s c ustom t o re ma i n i n G a ul for t h e W i n t er “

e ea n ess
o f h i p iti
s os on , , , .

T h e n a t i on o f t h e Eb uron es w a s g overn e d by t wo i n d ep e n d e n t c hi efs,

m n a med A mb iorix a n d C a t a volk us S a b i n us a n d C ot t a d e en d ed u on
fij g f
i '
‘

a l
.
p p
th e se p ri n c es for t h e i r W i n t er sup pl i es Ab out a fort n i g h t a fter t h e
figggflf nzg
a
:
a rri va l of t h e R oma n t roop s a t t h e i r st a t i on A mb i ori x
o
un d er p re t en c e of
. .

, ,

e sc ort i n g t h e c on voy s of p rov i si on s t o t h e l eg a t e s a

p p e a re d w i t h a , .

n umerous b ody of w arri ors i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e c a mp w i t h out e x , ‘

c i t i n g susp i c i on Sudd en ly t h e b a rb a ri a n s fe ll up on t h e R oma n wood

.

c ut t e rs a n d
p u t t h e m t o t h e sword Th e y t h en p ush e d forw a rd t o t h e
.
“

a rry i t by a su

mm
tt k t h c am h i t o dd n a ssa ul t b ut t h e a t t a c k w a s un su
a ac e en
p op g n , c e c ,

321 c e ssful Aft er t hi s fa il ure A mb iorix sen t a p riva t e messa g e t o t h e l eg a t es

.
,

23:32t p rot e st i n g t h a t t h e l a t e h ost ili t i es c ould n ot b e l a id t o h i s c h a rg e ; th a t h e

wa s w ell di sp ose d t ow a rd s t h e R oma n p eop l e a n d t owa rd s Caesa r i n p a rti ,

cu l a t ; b ut t h a t i n fa c t h e w a s a s muc h rul e d by h is ow n p eop l e as t h e y

, ,

A
ffi g
i
w
i xby hi m T h e w ily. b a rb a r i a n a dd e d t h a t t h e a t t

fil iig ii l on ly a p a rt of a g e n era l sc h eme of i n surrec t i on for t h e rec overy of t h ei r

e a
r
s
-
s

o
a c k up on t h e c a m wa s
, p

lib ert y secret ly en t ere d i n t o by a ll t h e G a lli c st a t e s ; t h a t a l a rg e b ody!

,

o f G erma n s w ere a d va n c i n g t o j oi n t h e c on fe d era t e s from t h e ot h er sid e

of t h e Rhi n e a n d t h a t t h e y w e re a l re a dy w i t hi n t w o d a y s m
’

, a rc h of t h e

R oma n e n c a mp me n t H e c on c l ud e d by g ivi n g i t a s h is fri e n dly a d vi c e

.
,

t h a t t h e leg a t es sh ould i n st a n t ly qui t t h e i r ex p ose d p osi t i on a n d h ast en t o ,

t h e a ssi st a n c e of C i c e ro or L a b ien us (a di st a n c e of n ot more t h a n fi ft y ,

mil e s i n e i t h er direc t i on ) a n d p re ve n t t h em from b ei n g overp ow ere d by

,

n umb ers a s t h e y t h e mse l ves w ould i n ev i t a bly b e i f t h e y rema i ned muc h

,

l on g er w h ere t h e y w ere .

S bi u
a n d s an C ot t a g a ve li t t l e c re di t t o t h e p rofe ssi on s of A mb i orix a n d a dv i se d ,
C W “ g“
t h a t t h e c a mp sh ould b e d e fen d e d t o t h e l a st ex t remi t y
“ sa
But t h e

m
.

m se n i or l e a t e S a b i n u s ove rrul e d t hi s p rud e n t a d vi c e I n t h e c oun c il of

ffi g
a .

m h w a r hi g h w ord s a rose b e t w ee n t h e c omma n d ers t h e ord i n a ry p rec a ut i on s

.

a rc

n ecessa ry t o di mi n i sh t h e h a z a rd s o f t h e p eril ous s t ep t h e y w ere a b out

“ 00
t o t a k e w ere n egl e c t e d ; a n d w h e n t h e d e t a c h me n t q ui t t e d i t s qua rt ers
t h e soldi ers w ere e n c umb e re d by t h e b a g g a g e t h e y w e re a ll ow e d
t o c a rry a w a y w i t h t h em a n d d ej e c t e d by t h e l oss of t h a t t h e y w ere
,

obli e d t o l e a ve b e hi n d
g
-

S o lit t l e d a n g er w a s a pp re h e n d e d
. t hat n o ,

‘3
Cces lib
. . v c . . 24
.
 DEAT H O F SABI N US AN D COTTA
"

C hap i Sec. . . .
49
.

mea n s t ak en to ascert a i n t h e p osi t i on of t h e e nemy t ill; a t t h e

"

w ere
‘ '
“

di st a n ce of sc arc ely t wo mil es from t h e c a mp t h e y h a d quitted t h e ,

w h ol e divi si on foun d i t sel f sudd en ly e n v el op ed a n d a t t a c k e d on b ot h T h y u e are s r

fla n k s i n a h oll ow w a y w h ere t h ere w a s n o room t o ma n oeuvre a n d li t t l e fiffiififlfl th ’ e

, ,

c h a n c e of e sc a p e i f d efe a t e d T h e b a rb a ri a n s j udi c i ously a void e d c l ose

,
.

c omb a t c on fi n i n g t hemse l ve s t o p erp et ua l d e sult ory di sc h a rge s of mi ss il e s

‘

ii p on t h e fron t fl a n k s a n d rea r of t h e R oma n s a t on c e T h e c omb a t

‘

.
, ,

l a st e d from d a wn t ill l a te in t h e even i n g ; by t hi s t i me every ofl i c er

of di st i n c t i on w a s e i t h er kill e d or w oun d e d S t ill t h e soldi ers resi st e d T h y i t . e res s

w i t h un fli n c hi n g coura g e a d w i t h out di so d er
n r But at t h e moment fi ggfi flzi ’
.

w h en t h e d a rk n essof n i g h t mi g ht h a ve ridd e d t h em of t h ei r a ssa il a n t s for “ g ht “ ‘ 3 5 s

aw hil e t h e c re duli t y a n d ra sh n ess of S ab in us sea l e d t h e d est ruc t i on of

,

h is c o rp s S e e i n g t h e fa i t hl ess A mbi orix urg i n g on h i s tr0 0 p s t o t h e Amb

‘

. lu i orix re s

Ch a rg e h e p rop ose d a p a rl e y
,
T h e b a rb ari a n t rue t o h is t re a c h erous fjfi
.
fi gégfifd , .

li cy i n v it e d h imt o a c on feren c e e n c oura g i n g h i m t o h Op e for fa vou

‘

o r
p , ,
s

a bl e t erms i f h e c a me un a rme d Cot t a bl ee di n g a n d de sp era t ely .

,

woun d e d refuse d t o qui t h is p ost a n d S ab i n us, w i t h hi s few surviv i n g

, ,

Ofl i c ers t h rew a w a y t h e i r a rm
,
s a n d a dv a n c i n g t ow a rd s t h e e n emy c om
, , ,

men c ed t h e p arl e y A mb iorix p rot ra c te d t h e disc ussi on t ill h e h a d i t a ssa ss na es

co mp l et ely surro un d e d t h e l e g a t e a n d h i s a tten d a n t s w h en a t a g ive n , ,

i g him
si g n a l t h e y w e re a
,
ll c ut d o w n i n s i h h
g t of t e r w i o n so ldi e rs The .
n

Eb uron e s re n e w e d t h e a t t a c k wi t h sh out s of t riump h ; a ll ord er c e a sed

_

a mon g t h e R oma n s C ot t a fe ll g a ll an t ly fi g hti n g a t t h e h e a d of h is C t t f n

T h Em
.
o a a s ,

t roop s ; a f ew eff ec t e d t h e i r re t re a t t o t h e forsa k en c a mp w h e re d esp a i r

e a“

ut t , , are c o

in g t h ey fell up on th e i r own sword s ; a very sma ll n umb e r e sc a p e d 1

233
9 -

th roug h forests a n d b y e p a t h s t o L a b ien us a n d rep ort e d t o h im t h e t th ms

8 80 2
1 8
-
:f ,
o e ca o
L b u
di sast er w hi c h h a d b e fa ll en t h e i r c omra d es 4
.
4 a ’en s'

Af t er his vi c tory A mb iorix h a st en e d i n t o t h e t erritory of t h e N ervuA mb i ori x

a n d A d ua t i c i p roc l a imi n g t h e d ea t h of t h e R oma n gen era l s a n d t h e fiififi

, ffifid
d est ruc t i on of e Eb u o a l egi on a n d p romi si n g h i s re a dy a ssi st a n c e fudiiizék t h
t h r n e n
d
,
‘

s e

t o overwh e l m t h a t of C i c e ro i n lik e ma n n e r T h e t w o n a t ion s ea g erly mp f Q .

ca o

C
Ci
e mb ra c ed t h e p roj ec t ; t h e i r c a n t on s a ssembl e d t h e i r forc e s wi th su
cero
ch

om t n e ss t ha t t h e c a mp of C i c e ro w a s i n vest e d b efore t h e n ew s of t h e
p r p
d efe a t of L ab ien us a n d o f his own a pproa c hin g d a n ge r c ould rea c h h i m .

His outp o st s an d fora gersf w ere surp ri sed h i s messen g ers w ere i n ter
'

s c ommun i c a t i on s w i t h th e ot h e r d e t a c h men t s c ut off

r
c e t ed
p h i , T h e .

fi rst a ssa ul t s of t h e e n emy upon t h e c a mp w ere i n d ee d b e a t en b a c k b ut

-
.

t h e i n c e ssa n t l a b ours a n d c omb at s t o w hi c h t h e soldi ers w ere n ow for

severa l w eek s e x pose d d imi n i sh e d t h e i r n umb ers a n d wore out t h eir
, .

Cws lib . .
-
vc . . 28—3 7
50 A M BI O RI X BES I EG ES T HE C AM P O F C C ERO I .
[Book I .

st ren g t h A mb iorix st ill t rust i n g t o t h e d e t e st a bl e p oli c y w hi c h h a d

.
,

hi t h ert o st ood h is fri en d p rop osed a p a rl ey w hi c h w a s gra n t e d by C i c ero

, , .

o H e t old t h e R om t h a t a ll G a ul w a s i n a rms ; th a t t h e G erma n s h a d

g fizgd n
e t p an s ,
o

ti did
i at e
p a sse d t h e Rhi n e ; t h a t t h e Eb uron ea n l eg i on w as a l rea dy c ut t o p i ec es
C i cero,

t h a t C aesa r s w i n t er q ua rt ers a s w ell a s t h ose of t h e ot h er l e i on s, w ere

’

g
-

i n ve sted ; a n d i t w ould t h ere fore , h e a dd ed b e a g ross error t o ex p ec t ,

assi st a n c e from erson s n o b e t t er off t h a n t h emsel ve s ; b ut t h a t si n c e t h e

p
c on fe d era t e s h a d n o ot h er obj ec t i n v i ew b ut t o b e rid o f t h e q ua rt e r

i n gs of Roma n soldi ers a mon g t h e m, a n d t o preven t th a t a buse from

”
g i n t o a c ust om t h ey w ould free ly p ermi t t h e l eg i on t o q ui t t h e i r
ri en i n
p ,

q ua rt ers a n d w i t h d ra w w h i t h ersoever t h e y p l e a se d w i t h out fear of mol es

t a t io n .

w ho wisely d is C i c ero fi rmly a n d w i sely re p li ed , t h a t it wa s n ot t h e c ustom of t h e

R oma n p e op l e t o t a k e a dv i c e of a n en emy i n a rms ; b ut t h a t i f t h ey
w i sh e d re d re ss for t h e g ri eva n c es t h e y c omp l a i n e d of, t h e y h a d b ut t o
la y a sid e t h e i r a rms, a n d t rust t o C aesa r s j ust i c e , b a c k e d by h is own i n
’
sw e

t erc essi on , for a fa voura bl e a n swer t o t h e i r

A ft er t h e fa il ure of t hi s sc h eme of t re a c h ery , t h e a t t a c k s up on t h e c a mp
w e re re n e w e d w i t h c oura g e a n d j ud g me n t T h e mili t a ry ex p eri en c e t h e .

b a rb a ri a n s h a d d eri ve d from t h e i r c on n exi on w i t h t h e R oma n s w a s p ut i n

”
se t s th e R0
re q ui si t i on
; t ow ers w ere erec t e d t o c omma n d t h e c a mp ; mili t a ry e n g i n es
w ere c on st ruc t e d t o b a t t e r t h e e n tren c h men t s ; b urn i n g c omb ust ibl es w ere
fi re a n d c om t h row n up on t h e st ra w t h a t c h of t h e R oma n h ut s, a n d w hil e t h e fl a me s,
an hu ts

h e e n emy w i t h out st orme d

gifufit gfzgz
f a id e d by a hi h w i n d w e re ra i n
g g g w i t hi n t , ,

fort i fi ca t ons t h e c a mp from sev era l q ua rt ers a t on c e

i . But a t t hi s t ryi n g mome n t t h e .

c oura e a n d
g p rese n c e of mi n d of t h e b esi eg e d did n ot d ese rt t h em n o on e
l ook e d b e hi n d h i m t o e n fe ebl e h i s c oura g e by b e h oldi n g t h e d es t ruc t i on
He is b ravely of h i s fort un e s a n d p rop ert y Not a ma n d e sert e d h is p ost , or sh e l t ere d
.

" W‘ led '

hi msel f from t h e d a rt s of t h e a ssa il a n t s T h e e a g ern ess of t h e b esi eg ers .

p rove d d e t ri me n t a l t o t h e suc c ess of t h e i r p l a n t h e i r ma sses t h ron ge d t o

t h e e n t ren c h men t s, so t h a t t h e fron t r a n k s b ec a me c row d e d a n d w e d e d
g
i
a g a n st t he w a ll s
, and un a bl e e i t h er to use t h e i r w ea p on s or t o ex

t ri c a t e t h emsel ves . T h e a ssa ul t w a s re

p e ll e d on a ll s id e s w i t h g re a t
s a ug
l h t er 46
.

F or severa l d a ys l on g er t h e si ege qua l ob sti n a c y was c a rr e i d on wit h e

of a t t a c k a n d resi st a n c e ; b ut ev ery h our e n fe ebl e d t h e g a rri son a n d

C i cero con di mi n i sh e d i t s n umb ers M ea n s w ere a t l e n g t h foun d of c ommun i c a t i n g

m
.

m “ We “
a commun ic a
t h e c on di t i on of t h e l eg i on t o C aesar t h roug h t h e d evot i on of a Ne rvi a n
"0 0 wit h Cmar» sl a v e n a me d V e rt ic o w h o re a c h e d t h e n era l s q ua rt ers a n d re t urn e d i n
’

g e ,

‘5
Cass D e Bell G all lib
. . . . v . 0 .
—41
38 .
‘6
Cass lib
. . v. c . 43 .
C hap i Sec
. . . CfESA R RA SES T HE S I I EG E AN D D EF EAT S T HE G ERMA NS .
5]

safe ty . But un a ble d e vi se an y b etter mea n s of e l udi n g t h e vi g il a n c e

to
of t h e e n emy h e a t t a c h e d t h e a n swer t o a n a rrow a n d sh ot it i n to t h e
,

c a mp . F or t wo d a y s l on g er t h e R oma n s rema i n ed i n i g n ora n c e of t h ei r

a p p roa c hi n g d eli ve ra n c e t ill a soldi er by c h a n c e di sc overe d t h e di sp a t c h
,

sti c ki n g i n t h e w ood w ork of t h e for t ifi c a ti on s -

H op e c on fiden c e a n d .
, ,

c ou ra e rev ive d ; b ut C aesa r wa s st ill un a bl e t o a sse mbl e a forc e a d e qua t e

g
t o mee t t h e b ese ig ers i n t h e fi eld L a b i e n us w a s t h re a ten e d by I n d uc io
.

marus a n d t h e T reviri ; a n d a l arg e d e ta c h men t wa s require d t o p l a c e t h e

R oma n ma g a zi n e s stores a n d trea sury a t S a ma rob riva on t h e S omme
, , , ,

i n sec urity We a ken e d by th ese i n di sp en sa bl e d e t a c h men ts C aesar s

. ,
’

forc e w as re d uc e d t o li t t l e more t h a n 7 0 0 0 i n fa n t ry a n d 6 0 0 c a va l ry ,

t o c on t en d w i t h a n a rmy w hi c h a ft er a ll i t s l a t e l osses w a s st ill est i ma te d

, ,

at c omb a t a n t s H e a pp roa c h e d t h e en e my b oldly b ut c aut i ously wh d a va n es

t }? p
.
. ,
“ S's
AS 80 0 11 a s th e y got i n t ellig en ce of h is arriv a l t h e c on fe d era t e s ra i se d t h e i m : , a

si eg e a n d a dva n c e d t o overwh el m h i m by n umb e rs i n t h e fi eld C aesa r .

c h a n e d h i s t a c t i c s w ith t h e c h a n g e of c i rc umst a n c es ; hi s ma i n d e s i g n
g
wa s a c comp li sh e d ; t h e si e g e of C i c ero s c amp w a s ra i se d H e n ow d di t
’
. an ver s

a ffe c t e d e x c essi ve t i midi t y ; sc a rc e ly a se n ti n e l a pp ea re d up on t h e ram 2 353 15233:

3

rt s of h i s e n c a m men t ; t h e b arb a ri a n s t h ron ge d t o t h e a ssa ult w i t h 353 2 53 51;

1
a
p p 6

t h eir h a bi t ua l h ar dih ood a n d i n c a ut i on n othi n g d ou b t i n g b ut t h a t t h e t itmi d it y ; t h y e

t ki
,
a nc a n

R oma n s w ere a l re a dy di sma y e d a n d p a ra lyz e d by t h e i r n umb ers th ei r ti u ly d

ac

o s an
, ,

S udd en ly a ll t h e g a t e s of t h e c a mp
ut
w il d c ri es a n d i mp e t uous c oura g e
s s ai n a
, .
d f t severe e ea ,

w ere t h rown op en t h e R oma n c a va l ry c h a rg e d t h e di sord e rly ra bbl e

,

w ith vig our a n d e ffe c t di sp ersi n g t h em a n d killi n g gre a t n umb e rs 7

, .
4

No e n em y n ow i n t erp ose d b e t wee n h im a n d t h e quart ers of C i c ero Aft er H li th . e re eves e

re li evi n g t h e di sa bl e d l eg i on h e re t ire d i n t o C el t i c B el g ium w h ere t h e

, ,

rep ort of h is su cce ss a g a i n st t h e N erv ii a n d A d ua t i c i h ad e x t i n gui sh e d t h e

g
ti “
ra ffi
fl ame of i n surrec t ion qui te a s sudd en ly a s t h e mili t a ry c on duc t t h e ,

v i g ou r a n d t h e t re a c h ery of A mb iorix h a d ki n dl e d i t I n d uc i oma rus

48
, .

qui tte d t h e p osi t i on h e h a d t a k e n up i n fron t of L a b ien us a n d di smi sse d ,

his a rmy Caesar sp e n t t h e rema in d er of t h e w i n t er i n w a t c hi n g c aj oli n g

.
,

an d i n ti mid a ti n g t h e di sa ffec t e d C e l t s T h e p ri n c e of t h e T reviri em I du i m u. n c o ar s

p l oy e d t h e p eri od of i n a c ti on i n soli c i t i n g t h e Tra n s Rh en a n e G erma n s

-

b ut t h oug h un suc c e ssful i n obta i n i n g t h e i r a i d suc h w a s h i s mili t a ry

, ,

re p ut a t i on a n d t h e Op i n i on en t ert a i n e d of h i s p ow er t h a t t h e e x i l es a n d i t
‘

, gt h d ,
s s re n ene

di sc on ten t e d p erson s from a ll G a ul fl oc k e d t o h is st a n d a rd a n d ma n y 352133

?
,

9 f m"G m“ 4
of t h e d i sa ffe c t e d st a t e s sou h h i f i d hi a n d a lli a n ce
e

g t s r en s p .

T h e e xi st en c e of t h e G erma n o B e l g i c c on fe d era c y see me d t o h a n g -

up on t h e li fe of t hi s di sti n g ui sh e d p erson Before t h e se ason for mili t a ry .

‘7
Cass lib. . v . c . 52 . lib . v . c . 53 Cat s lib. v . c . 55 .
 D EAT H OF I N D UC I O MA RU S .
[Book I .

H e b eat s up op e ra t on s h a d a rr ve , I n duc io i
d m
a rus a g a n ea t u the
i b i p
ua rt e rs of q
t h e qua rt ers of
L a bi e n us, L a b ien us, ra t e r w th i hi
n ten t t o a ra ss t h e ho R m
a n s in t e r ua rt e rs t a n
h i q h
w i t h a n y v i e w t o seri ous w a rfar e I t w a s h is p ra c t i c e t o ma k e fre quen t .

i n c urs i on s w i t h sma ll b odi es of t roop s up t o t h e very en t ren c h men t s of

t h e R oma n s L a b ie n us e n c oura ge d h is t e me ri t y by a sh ow of fea r ; b e
.

e rmi t t e d t h e b a rb a ri a n s t o v e n t t h e i r re p roa c h e s a n d t a un t s up on h is
p
soldi ers a n d e v en t o a n n oy t h e m w i t h sh ow ers of mi ssil es w i t h out
, ,

re t a li a t i on t ill h e p erc e i ve d suc h a n ob v i ous a b a n d on men t of a ll

,

ord e r a n d c i rc umsp e c t i on on t h e i r p a rt a s t o e n sure t h e suc c ess o f ,

a w ell t i me d sa lly S uc h a n op p ort un i t y soon p resen t e d i t sel f ; L a b ie n us

-
.

i n st ruc t e d h is soldi ers t o ma k e t h e d est ruc t i on of I n d uc ioma rus t h e i r sol e

O bj ec t a n d n ot t o d e a l a bl ow t ill t h e y h a d fi rst sl a i n h i m
,
J ust a s .

t h e T rev ira n c hi e f w a s re t urn i n g h ome w a rd s a ft er o n e of h i s usua l ,

e x c ursi on s t h e R oma n c a v a l ry i ssue d from t h e c a mp ; h i s p a n i c st r i c k e n

,
-

f oll ow e rs fl e d t h e p ri n c e w a s overt a k e n a n d kill e d a n d h i s h e a d b roug h t

fgjlf zfgh ,

l m by hu
s a b a c k i n t ri ump h t o t h e c a mp H is d ea t h b rok e up t h e formi d a bl e c on
n .

fe d era c y h e h a d b een ma i n ly i n st rume n t a l i n formi n g ; N erv ii Eb uron es , ,

a n d T rev iri d i sp erse d t h ei r t roo s a n d b e fore summer t h e e n t i re

_

p ,

p ro ,
~

v i n c e of G a ul w a s re d uc e d t o a
p p a ren t t ra n quilli t y
0 5
.

I n t h e c ourse O f t h e w i n t e r C ae sa r hi mse l f ma d e a ra p id i n c ursi on i n t o

”
S ome O f t h e c l a n s g a ve h ost a g e s a n d C aesa r
51
C ll t h e t e rri t ory of t h e N ervii
'
e
a sa r ( n s
i s
.
,
th N w
e e t),

th Se e n on es, re t urn e d i n t o c en t ra l G a ul t o re d uc e t h e re b e ll i ous S en o n es a n d C a rn ut e s ,

"w c m m
w h om t h e r i si n gs i n t h e n or t h h a d e n c oura g e d t o ma k e on e fee bl e efl ort
e s‘ '

more for t h e re c overy o f t h e ir i n d ep e n d e n c e A t t h e sa me t i me t h e .

T reviri a g a i n a pp ea re d i n a rms ; t h e sp i ri t of I n d uc ioma rus h i s d a un t

”
Th T e ii rev r ,
,
t wi t h t d
l ess re sol ut i on a n d rec kl e ss i mp rud en c e st i ll a n i ma t e d h i s c omp a n i on s
no s an

i g th d th
n e ea
,
f l du i m
mm g m p i n a rms A p romise of suc c o urs from G erma n y w a s ob t a i n e d a n d
o n c o ao '

.
a a ,
,

PW m L a b i e n us t h oug h st ren g t h e n e d by t w o fre sh l eg i on s a p p ea re d a n e a sy

a “,
, ,

an d t k ur a
p
e re y t o t h ese sa n u
a
g i n e w a rri ors T h e t wo a rmi es la y c l ose t o e a c h o t h e r .

p it h
M u p p m on t h e O pp osi t e b a n k s of t h e M euse n ea r t h e mod ern c i t y of V erd un i n
os i on o n t e
e se o o e ,
L ab e m ‘
L orra i n e
‘ 53
N e i t h er p a rt y se eme d a t fi rst i n c li n e d t o ri sk t h e pa ssa g e i n
.

t h e p re sen c e o f t h e ot h er But L a b ie n us by a c ommon p l a c e st ra t a g e m

.
, ,

c on t ri v e d t o d ra w h i s O
pp on en t s i nt o a p osi t i on i n w hi c h c ert a i n d est ruc
5"
Cces lib v c 5 6 58
. . . .
— . fa r as A ux erre, ( A n t essiodorum,) over a p a rt of
5‘
C aesa r, sp ea k in g g en erally, says t h a t , a ft er Burgun dy , an d t he sout hern d ist ri ct s of t he
overrunn in
g a n d d evas ta t in g t h e op en co un t ry , O rlean n ois T he L oire b oun d ed t h em t o t he
.

h e c ompelle d t hem t o g ive hosta es T h is sub sout h T h e Ca rn ut es occup ied t he t errit ory of
g . .

mission w ould n ot , h ow ever, ex te n d b ey on d t he O rlea n s, C h art re, Blois, a n d t he D un ois H rfi im . .

re a c h of t h e R oman a rm s, an d n o
p erman en t Le x . U
n iv ad verb a
. .

con q uest of t he coun t r w as t hou h t of for t he

y g
9 T he O p in ion o f t he commen t a t or Mon ta
momen t .
7 ms ad Cae s V e rlor ed
. Leyden 1 65 1 , is here
. . .

3
T he S en o n es occup ied t he d ist ric t of S en s, ad op ted .

an d sp read t h emselves from t ha t cit

y E S E as . . .
 Chap i L ABI EN U S DEF EATS T HE T REVI RI
’ ’ '

. . Sec . .
53 ,

t i on it ed t h e
a wa m
H e g a ve out t h a t h e in t en d e d t o; reli n qui sh h i s p os1 H i du
. .
'
e n ces

ti On on t h e foll ow i n g: morn i n g
1
A s h e i n t en d e d t h e rep ort rea c h e d t h e 2 .
1132533 ? ,

enem y h
t roug h t h e m e di um of t h e i r s
p i e s A t t h e t i me a
pp o i n t e d hglf
d d
.
e e

he b rok e up h is c a mp w i t h e very symp t om of t rep i d a t i on a n d n o li t t l e

. .
,

a pa r e n t d isord er T h e T re vi ri c on fid e n t of v i ct ory over a b rok en a n d

p .
, .

”
flyi n g e n emy n o l onger t h oug h t of w a i t i n g for t h e G erma n a ux ili a ri e s
, ,

wh o i t a p p e a rs w ere n ot fa r off T h e w h ol e a rmy c rosse d t h e ri ver i n t k th m t

,
. a es e a
,
a d an t ag v e
u rsui t of t h e sup p ose d fug i t iv e s T h e Te u t on i c t a c t i c s w ere a t a ll
p .

times a n d un d er t h e most fa voura bl e c i rc u

,
mst a n ce s ill a d a p te d t o suc h
-

.
,
-

But i n t hi s case t h e y h a d : t o c on t e n d wi t h t h e d iffi c ult a n d

'

O p era t i on s
' ' '

brok e n g roun d w hi c h rose on t h e Op p osi t e b a n k of t h e M euse N o

'

n er t h ere fore di d L a b i e n us p erc e i v e t h e m i n e x t ri c a bl y i n v ol ve d i n h i s

'

so o

ils t h a n t h e a p p a rent con fusi on a mon g t h e l e g i on s c e a se d i n a mom

, ,

tO ,
en t ,

and t he c row d of sup p ose d fug i t i ve s re sol ve d i t se l f i n t o a c omp a c t and .

_

j udi c i ous ord er of b a t t l e T h e b arb a ri a n s st a rtl e d at fi rSt ; an d t h en

.
, .
'

a l armed by t h e sudd en n e ss of t h e ra lly did n ot a w a i t t h e c ha rg e of t h e

'
“

ROma n s ; t h e w h ol e a rmy a l most w i t h out strik i n g a bl ow di sp erse d t o

d n zg m
l f ly an fl e e
, .
,
e 6“ e

t h e w oo d s p ursue d by t h e c av a l ry of L ab i e n us
, Th e sl a ugh t er w a s c on
. .

si d e rab le an d ma n y p ri son ers fe ll i nt o t h e h a n d s of t h e R oman s

,
T he . .

Germa n aux ili a ri es re t re a t e d a c ross t h e Rh i n e a nd w i t h t he m a ll t h e .

,

l e a d ers of t h e i n surre ct i on T h e T reviri w ere re duc e d t o a st at e; of ;

v a ssa l a g e an d t h e c iv il a ut h ori t y { O r t h e ti me w as en t rust e d t o t h e

,

R oma n iz e d C in g et or ix 5 4

A mb i orix still h e ld out i n t he n ort h of B e l g iuma mon g t h e Eb uron es A mbi fi h ll

.

m
o x s

H e c o mun i c a t e d w i t h t h e T revi ri w hil e t h e y were ye t ifl fligii

’
a n d M ena p ii
'
. .
e

i n t h e fi e ld and t h roug h th e m w i t h t h e t rans Rh en a n e G erma n s £42

d “
, , 3:n , .

Caesar s fi rst obj ec t w a s t o dep ri ve t h e Eb uronea n p ri nc e Of t h e resourc e s

’

w hi c h h is c on n ex i on w i t h t h e M e n a pii afford e d h im t h e n ex t t o c ut
"
'

m
’

Off h i s co mun i c a t i on s w i t h G e rma n y W i t h t h ese vi ews h e ma rc h ed g si t d g .

a s r n va e

i n to t he t erri t ori es Of t h e M en ap ii w i t h fi ve li g h t l egi on s T h e i n h a; hi z fliii

r o
y '

. n

b it a n t s fl e d t o t h e: wood s a t h is a p p roa ch ; b ut t h e t ot a l ra v a g e of t h e i r
l an ds an d t he d e stru
,
c t i on of t h e i r vi ll a e s
g t h e i r ca t tl e a n d c rop s , , ,

re d u c e d t h e m t o: s ue for p e a c e T h e i r sub mi ssi on w a s ac c e p t ed on ly du t h m . re c es e

up on t h e h a rd terms of re noun c i n g a ll c on n e x i on w i t h A mb i orix en g a g i n g 2 132213222?

5

n e i t h er t o g ra n t h i m a syl um n or t o h old a n y i n t erc ourse w i t h hi m gi v i n g

t ? Pm “ “
, f th i ,

h ost a g es for t h e i r future con d uct a n d mai n t a i n i n g a Roma n c orp s O f l d

S i on o e r
an

o c c up a t i on .

I t se e ms t h a t t h e t ra n s Rh en a n e t rib es fr om w hi c h b ot h A mb iorix T h Su f , e evx o

a n d I n d uc i om a rus h a d d erive d most fre quen t suc c ours w ere t h e p eop l e

‘
,

u C ass éd
'

. . V arior lib
. . vi c. . 7, 8 .

V OL . I .
54 C ESA R A G A IN CR OSSES T HE R H IN E [Book I
“

. . .

wh om Caesa r d en omin a tes Suevi T h e p osi t i on O f t hi s n a ti on i s li a bl e .

t o some un c ert a i n t y T h e fre quen c y of mi g ra t i on t h e i g n ora n c e of t h e

.
,

R oma n s t h e i n di sc ri mi n a t e use of t h e g en eri c or n a t i on a l n ame for t h e c l a n

,

or t rib e n a me ea c h of t h ese c a uses of error i n i t s t u rn h a s c on t rib ut e d

55 -
,

t o re n d er t h e e t h n ogra p hy of a n c i e n t G erma n y p erp l e xi n g a n d i n t ri c a t e .

But t h e a c k n owl ed g e d p osi t i on of t h e C h erusc i a n d U bii may , i n this

i n st a n c e serve a s a guid e t o th a t of t h e Suevi of C aesa r A c c ordi n g t o h is
,
.

n arra t i ve t h e S u evi w ere t h e c l ose i n l a n d n e i g hb ou

, rs of t h e U bii The .

forest Ba c en is div id e d t h e Suevi from t h e C h erusc i w h o a s is k n own d welt , , ,

i n t h e di stri c t s of B run sw i c k , H a n over a n d L un eburg ; t h a t forest , ,

th erefore n a t ura lly id en tifi es itsel f w i t h th e mod ern H a rz Wa ld a n d

,
.
-

i t s c on ti n ua ti on t h e Th uri n g e r Wa ld a n d u on thi s su
p p p osi t i on t h e
-

id t ica l wit h
en Suev i i n questi on a re t h e C h a tt i of T a c itus, a n d t h e i r p ossessi on s c oi n c id e
wi t h t h e mod ern H e sse C a ssel c onj oi n e d w i t h t h e a dj oi n i n g d uc hi es of
t he C h t t i f a o

T c it us
a ,

Ei sen a c h , We i ma r Erfurt h , a n d G oth a

.

56 '

, .

C cros es
aesa r A ft er t h e sub mi ssi on of t h e M en a p ii , C aesa r p rep a re d on c e more
s

t h e Rh i e n a

c
se on d t ime t o c ross t h e Rhi n e H is a vowe d O bj ec t s w ere , fi rst t o sec ure t he
‘
.
,

B C 54 .
w averi n g fa i t h of t h e U bii w h om h e susp ec t ed of a secre t a tta c h men t t o
. .

t h e an ti R oma n p a rty a mon g t h e T revi ri ; n ext t o c ut off A mb iori x from

t o ch st e the a is
-

S uevi .

a ll h o e of a i d from t h e t ra n s Rh en a n e G erma n s ; b ut p ri n c i p a lly

p
-

t o i n fli c t suc h a c h a sti semen t up on t h e rest l e ss S uev i a s sh ould p re ve n t

”
t h em from ever me ddl i n g a g a i n w ith t h e a ff a i rs of G aul or di st urbi n g t h e ,

sc h emes of R oma n a mbi t i on i n t h a t c oun t ry T h e p l a n h a vi n g b een p re .

~

vi ousl
y l a id d own an d t h e ma t eri a l s p rovi d e d a st out b rid g e , furn i sh e d
‘
'

, ,

H t hrow a
e w i t h a stron g ly fort ifi e d b rid g e h e a d a t e a c h ext remity w a s t hrown a c ross
s -

,
b ri dg e ov t h e er

Rh i ; ne t h e b roa d a n d ra p i d Rh i n e a lit t l e a b ove t h e sp ot a t whi c h h e h a d p a sse d

,

d e d a ours th e r i ver t h e first ti me

an n e v
H e le d hi s a rmy i n to t h e t erritory of t h e U bii
t d ra w t h e m
.
,

a c c ep t e d t h e i r e x c ul a t i on s, a n d di rec t e d t h em t o c oll ec t th e i r w i ves a n d

o

i to th e open
n
p
c u t y
c hild re n an d all t h e i r rov i si on s an d move a bl e ro erty , i n t o t h e t own s so
o n r .

p,
p p ,

t h a t t h e S uev i w h ose a t t a c k h e ex e c t e d a n d c ourte d , mi ht , i n a ddi t i on

,
p g
t o t h e ot h er evil s w i t h w hi c h h e i n te n d ed t o ove rw h el m th em, fi n d t h e m
,
.

sel ves d e ri ve d O f su
p st en an c e a n d b e c om ell e d , by t h e a pp re h e n si on of
p ,

fa mi n e t o fi ght a t di sa d va n t a g e
, But t h e Suev i w ere i n a c on di t i on very .
-

d ifferen t from th a t of a n y G erman ic p eop l e w h om C aesa r h a d hith erto .

53
A fourt h cause, whi ch will be n ot ic ed here an d th e discrepan ci es of Cae sar and
“

Tacit us
after a ri ses from con fo u n d in rela t ive t o t he g eogra phy of t he S uevi
,
g t he con federa t e .

n a mes, such as M a rcoman n i, A lleman n i F ran k s From C aesar s C ommen t aries

—
’

, ,
57 t he d a t a i n
& c w it h t h e t rib e n ames of t he various cla ns of
.
com p ared wit h t he short accoun t s O f Flor us,
w h ic h t hey con sist ed . lib iii c 1 0 , an d St ra bo, lib iv c 3 , an d w it h
. . . . . .

P Cluver s O b servat ion s i n G erm A n t lib ii

’
5°
S ee t he lea rned a n d con vinc in g d issert a t ion . . . . .

O f Cluver i u s ( G erm A n t iq lib i ii c

. . upon t he
. . . c 1 4 p 3 82 , t he fi rst b ridg e must h a ve been
. . .

posi t ion of t he C a t t i, Cha t t i , Hassi , or Hessians, b uilt a t n o great dist a n ce from Colog ne .
C hap i Sec
. . . H E DEC L IN ES ATT A C K IN G T HE S U EV I AN D RET I RES .
55

t d Un like t h e h ord e s O f Ar iovist or t h ose of t h e T en c ht eri a n d

‘

en coun ere . ,

U si p e t e s t h e y w ere n e i t h er e mi gra n t s n or i n va d ers

,
T h e g rea t ext en t O f .

th ei r t erritori es a s muc h a s t h e p hysi c a l c h ara c t er o f i ts surfac e, a fi orde d

'

t h em grea t a dva n t a ge s for p rot ra ct e d w a rfa re ; an d t h e un se ttl e d oc c up a

ti on Of t h e i r l a n ds t h e movea bl e n a t ure of t h e i r prop erty ; i t s s ma ll va lu
,
e

an d e asy rest ora ti on w h e n i nj ure d or d est roye d dive st e d i n va si on of a ll

.
,

its t errors a n d i n duc e d t h em t o reg a rd t h e i n t eri or of t h e i r di ffi c ult a n d

,

O b st ruc t e d c oun t ry a s t h e mo st fa v oura bl e fi eld of b a t t l e t h e y could

f d a y s el a p se d aft er C aesar h a d c rosse d t h e Rhi n e G th i g f

”
8 5
c h oose w
b e fore t h e n ew s rea c h e d h i mO f a gen era l g at h eri n g of t h e S uevic c l a n s
V y
e r . e _
, a er n o

n ot on t h e U bi a n fron t ie r b ut a t a p oi n t furt h est re move d from i t , n ea r

“ th i t i 1 e n e‘
,

t h e forest Ba c en i s on t h e b ord ers n e a re st t o t h e remote C h e rusc i ;

,

Al most tot a lly i gn ora n t of di st a nc es O f t h e n a t ure a n d surfa c e of t h a t ,

reg i on or of t h e roa d s a n d a pp roa c h e s ; a n d kn ow i n g t h a t G erma n y Wa s

,

t oo li t t l e of a n a gri c ul t ura l c oun t ry t o a ffor d sust en a n c e for so l a rg e a

rc e i ve d t h a t t h e en em
'

forc e as hi s C a e sa r a t on c e
p e ,
‘

y h e s o ug ht w a s Ca p esar er

b e yon d h is re a c h Aft er a sh ort soj ourn up on t h e G erman soil h e led fhhy z hlfdy d
h “

'
‘e

i- on

m
.
_

his army b a c k i n t o G aul ; a n d a ft er sec uri ng t h e brid g e h ea d on t h e l e ft fifj jfifi

, z -

b an k of t h e Rhi n e by a ddi t i on a l fortifi c a ti on s a n d a s t ron g g arri son h e G ‘

‘

ail
,

b rok e off a b out t wo hun d re d fee t of i t f rom t h e righ t ba n k a n d d et er

‘

'

v ,

mi n e d t o emp l oy t he summer i n h un t i n g d own t h e un d a un te d A m

.

59
b i orix . .

T h e i nva si on O f G erma n y h a d t h rown t h e Eburon e s an d t h e i r p ri n c e Off Amb iorix a n d .

No d oub t t h e y reg a rd e d t h a t en t erp ri se a s a ffordi n g th em31 5 053333333:

1
t h e i r gua rd .

a c ert a i n p eri od of re s i t e from t h e a l arms O f w a r, a n d t h erefore d i s

g uard “ t he
;

p a b sen ce of

erse d , w i t h out a re h en si on , t o t h e i r h o m h i h i h
t t t t
35pO2321 2111
1
p
8
pp e s, o g a er n e r a rv e s s .

C aesa r a c qua i n te d w i t h t h ei r h a bi t s, c h ose t hi s p eri od a s t h e most of t h e Rh i ne

, ,

fa voura bl e t o sl a ke h i s ven ge a n c e for t h e sl a ught er of h i s l eg i on s a n d t h e 335373423 ,

”
de a t h of h is li eut en a n t s A c c ordi n g ly h e led his army t h roug h t h e.

fore st of t h e Ar d enn es, sen di n g forw a rd t h e c a v a l ry und er L f Mi n ut ius

‘
'

Basil us, w i t h di rec t i on s t o a p p roa c h t h e confi n es O f t h e Eb uron es w it h a ll

’ ‘

p ossibl e se c re c y a n d di s a t c h
p B a s il us b y p
a rom p t ex e c u t.i o n of h i s i n ; they are sur ‘

pme d
st ruc t i on s su rp ri se d ma n y of t h e i n h a bi t a n t s i n t h e ir h ouses a n d on t h e ir
' '

fi el d s ; a n d lea rn i n g from some of h i s c a p t ives t h a t Amb iorix himsel f w a s Ambiorix sur

the n a t hi s summer resid en c e si t ua t e d i n a gl a de of d en se fore st , a n d
h"

”
at t e n d e d on ly by a sma ll b ody O f c a va lry h e p rocee d e d di rec tl y t o t h e
,

sp ot , se iz e d t h e h orses c h ari ot s, a n d a rms O f t h e G erma n s, a n d surroun d e d

,

5°
T he ob serva t ion s
i n t he t ex t , referrible t o t unit y t o pla in Such an t icipa t ion s a re oft en
“

ex .

th e mot ives of t he Suevi for choosin t o fi h t i n u

n a voi d ab le in hi st ori cal n arra t ives
g g .

t h eir own t erri t ory, are foun d ed up on a so cial 59

Cazs d e Bell G all lib vi 0 29
. . . . . . .

con dit ion t here has b een as

yet n o fi t O ppor
 C C ERO S C AM P AT AT UATI C A
I [Book
’

56 .
I .

b ut esc apes t he h ouse A mb iorixof Esc a p e seeme d i mp ossibl e ; b ut t h e d esp era t e

.

re si st a n c e o f a fe w fa i t h ful foll ow ers a fl ord e d h i m t i me b e fore t h e y w e re

'

ov e r ow e re
p d to m ou n t a h orse
,
a n d e sca p e t h e fa t e o f I n d uc i oma rus
“
.

T he people re A mb i orix h a d i n d ee d e sc a p e d ; b ut , i n h i s p re se n t un p re p a re d c on di t i on ,
, ,
t rea t t o t he
t h e ri sk of op p osi n g C aesa r i n t h e fi e d w a s out O f a ll p rop ort i on t o t h e
“ w a s,

h n c e of suc c e ss H e i ssue d d i rec i on s t o t h e eo l e t o b e t a k e t h e m t

l
a c p p
15 1 " e S 0
.

se l v es t o t h e fore st a n d t h e sw a mp or t o t h e i sl a n d s t h row n u by oc ea n
0

oc ea n
p ,

t id es a n d st orms a t t h e mout h s O f t h e S c h eld t t h e W a al a n d t h e Rhi n e , , .

G mm C a t a volc us t h e a g e d ki n g of t h e o t h e r moi e t y O f t h e Eb uron e a n n a t i on

a “

mm
a

h um
, ,
s '
f
i n c a p a bl e a lik e of ex ert i on or of fli g h t t ook re ug e i n vol un t a ry d ea t h 61
, .

T h e sudd en di sa pp e a ra n c e O f t h e e n t i re p op ul a t i on w i t h t h e i r c a t t l e
an d ro ert y suffi c i e n t ly p re p a re d C aesa r for t h e ki n d O f w a rfa re h e w ould
p p
C l n ow h a v e t o w a e A n un e n c umb e re d a rmy w a s esse n t i a l t o t h e suc c e ss
aesa r re so ves
g .

a n ume rous on e w ould ra t h er h a v e i n c re a se d t h a n

to t p
ex i r a te

m g bm
e of h i s O era t i on s
pn es, ,

di mi n i sh e d t h e di ffi c ul t i es h e h a d t o c on t e n d w i t h H e t h ere fore .

di vid e d h is a rmy i n t o t h ree c orp s a n d d et a c hi n g t wo of t h e m up on o t h er ,

servi c e s b e resol v e d t o
g ra pp l e w i t h A mb i orix i n t h e l a st O f h is st ron g
,

H pl e th h old s on t h e sh ores of t h e oc ea n
a ces e
2
But b efore h e se t out h e st a t i on e d a ll .
6

t h e ma g a zi n es a n d b a
b gg g d
gg a g e of t h e a rmy a t A t ua t ic a a t ow n or p ost i n o t h e
a a e an
s um n “ ,
o , ,

my t A m
c e n t re of t h e Eb u u
63
ron ea n t erri t ory n d er t h e c t i on of t h e n ew ly ra i se d
ar a a‘

ti ca i u t dy
n c s o p r o t e ,

o f th w ly fourt e e n t h leg ion c omma n d e d by Q T ulli us C i c e ro A t p a rt i n g h e a ssure d

e ne
, . .
,
i df u
ra se o r

t th l gi t h e t roop s t h a t h e w ould re t urn i n erson

64
w i t h i n sev en d a y s ; a n d i n t h a t
ee n e on
,
p ,
u d
ce m
n Q Ci
er

,
mi n d h e di rec t e d hi s t w o li eut e n a n t s L a b ie n us a n d Treb on i us t o me e t h im
.

, ,

a t A t ua t i c a for t h e ur ose of re c e i v i n t h i i n st ru c t i on s a s t o t h e c h a n g e O f
p p g e r
an d p d
p l a n w hi c h t h e e xi st i n g c i rc umst a n c e s re qui re d N or w e re t h ose C i rc um
rocee s

g m t th
.

N o e n e my w a s t o b e se e n i n
a a s e
Ehum st a n c e s d ev oid of d a n er a n d di ffi c ul t y
e,
g .

t h e fi e ld b ut h i s
p resen c e w a s fe l t e very w h ere ; t h e reg i on c on t a i n e d
,

n e i t h er t ow n s n or fort ifi e d os t s ; w h erev er a se c l ud e d v a ll e y a w oody

p ,

6°
Cries lib vi 0 3 0
. . C e sa r regard s t he
. . .
n ic a t e wit h T h is w a s p rob ab ly wh a t
on e a n ot h er .

es c a pe of A mbio ri x as a st ron C ae sar mea n t b y t he i n fl ux of t he one i n t o t he ot h er

g in st a n ce of t he .

pow er o f Fort un e in d efeat in g al l huma n ca lcula But Cluver t rea t s t he ma tt er serio usly, a n d q uot es
t ion , a n d se t t in g a ll p rob ab ili t ies a t d e fi an ce t h e p assag e as on e of C aesar s man y g eog ra p hi c al
’
In .

h is ow n c as e he w o rs h ipped h er as h is t ut ela r
y b lun d e rs G erm A n t lib ii 0
. . 45 1 . . . . .

d i vini t y, a n d a t t rib ut ed h is own e leva t ion full

y
“
3
T he po sit ion of A t ua t ica h as been muc h di s
as muc h t o t he fa vour of t he
g od d ess as t o his p uted ; b ut t he t in era ry of A n t on in us seems t o
I
ow n meri ts set t le t h e q uest io n A d ua g a T og ror um—mani
fest ly A t ua ca T on g rorum—is placed midw a y
.
.

C ces lib vi c 3 1
. . . . . .

I p se a d fi umen Scaldim, quod i nfl ui t i n b et w ee n t he st a t ion of Ba g a c um ( Ba va y i n

“2

M osa m, ex t re masq ue A rd uen n aa p art es i re c on Ha in a ult ) a n d C olo n ia A g ripp in a , ( C olog n e ) .

st it uit ,
q uo c um p a uc ib us eq uit ib us p ro fe c t um T he con t rac t ion of A t ua t i ca i n t o A t ua c a is
A mb iorig e ma ud ieb a t C m lib v i c 3 3 T houg h
. . . . . . ordina ry T he p osit io n w ill t hen b e mad e t o
.

i t c a n n o t b e sa id of t h e Sc held t , w it h ro riet corresp o n d a c c ura t ely w it h t h e mod ern t ow n of

p p y,
t ha t i t fl ow s i n t o t he Me use Ta n g en t , ab out t hree or four le ag ues t o t he n ort h
, y e t t h e t w o ri vers

may be sa id t o come t og e t he r, in as much as t hey ’

ward of L ieg e .

fl ow i n t o t he sea t hroug h c ha n n els w h ic h commu 6‘

Sese reversurum con fi rma t c 3 3 . . .
 SU RPR I SED BY T HE S I CAMBR I
"
C hap i Sec 57
‘
~ -
. . . .

i n a c c essibl e marsh a fford e d c h a n c e of sh elter or a n op p ort un i t y

m
t ra c t , an ,

for a b ush t h ere t h e y fi x e d t h emse l ve s , G rea t c a ut i on w a s t h ere fore .

n ec e ssa ry i n a pp roa c hi n
_

g t h e fore st s a n d e n t a n g l e d g roun d a bout t h e

b a n k s of t h e rivers a n d ma rsh es ; l e ss i n d eed w i t h t h e v i e w of a voidi n g
, , ,

surp ri se or p rov idi n g for t h e sec uri t y of t h e ma ss t h a n of rev en t i n

,
p g ,

t h e soldi ery from b e i n g d est roye d i n d et a il a d a n g er t o w hi c h t h e d e si re ,

so st ron g a mon g t h e R oma n s w a s

of b oot y , p erp e t ua lly e x p osi n g t h e m , .

I n ord er t h erefore t o sp a re t h e li ves of t h e l e g i on a ri e s C aesa r h eld out H ll g t

, , , e ca s re a

t h e p l un d e r o f t h e Eb uron e s a s a l ure t o t h e n e i g hb ouri n G a lli c

.

g tu t ven re rs o

n a t i on s a n d t h us i n d uc e d mult i t ud es t o a i d h im i n h i s roj ec t of ut t er
gid zfi
i sa

p js ffi
, ,

p e

e x t i rp a t i on a g a i n st t h e a ut h ors a n d e r et ra t ors f t h t h u
“

l gi
p p o e re a c ero s e on s .

sc h e me t o w hi c h t h e l eg i on s of S a b i n us a n d C ot t a h a d fa ll en a sa c rifi c e 5
5
.

D uri n g t h e a b sen c e of C aesa r from A t ua t i c a t h e S i c a mb ri a G erma n i c M wh l t h , ,

ea n i e e

Si mb m k
t rib e oc c up yi n g t h e ri g ht b a n k of t h e Rhi n e from t h e n ort h ern con fi n es
ca ri a e

mmw _ an c n

“ th Eb
of t h e U bii t o t h e se a c rosse d t h e r i ver a b out t hi rt y mil e s b e l ow t h e s ot
_

“1 e “
, p u t y ron ea n co n r

w h ere C aesa r h a d b uilt h i s b rid g e 6

in h op e s of sh a ri n g i n t h e p l un d e r of
6
il iiif t iili
o re
,

Th ey h a d a l re a dy m a d e ma n y c a p t ive s a n d if t u t
o

t h e h a pl ess Eb uron es
“

. l l l or na e
,
p pl
ll e c t e d a gre a t n umb er of c a t t l e w h en i n forma ti on rea c h e d t h em t h a t
e° e
co ,

C ae sa r w a s a b se n t from t h e c a mp a t A t ua t ic a a n d t h a t t h e v a st ri c h e s i t I C h,
n aesa r s a

c on t a i n e d w ere g ua rd e d on ly by a si n l e l e i on
g g ~
Q u it t i n
g t h e i r b oot y Z fifff
t h ey h a st e n e d forwa rd i n t h e h op e of surp ri si n g t h e st a t i on t h e p l u
.
,

l
n d er ,

o f w hi c h w ould re a y t h e m t en fold for t h e l oss o f t h a t t h e y l e ft b e hi n d

7 6
p .

C i c e ro h a d hi t h ert o st ri c t ly a dh ere d t o t h e di re c t i on s g iven h i m by Ci cero

Caesar a t p a rt ing n ot t o p ermi t a soldi er or even a c a mp foll ower t ost ra y fijififififi f

, ,
‘‘ -

o
e
o

t o a n y di st a n c e from t h e w a ll s But w h en t h e seve n t h d a y of C aesa r s fi g i g ju

’ ’ n ‘s
.

a b se n c e h a d a l re a dy e l a se d a n d t h e a o i n t e d t i me for t h e d i st ri ru se
p pp ,

but i on of p rov i si on s (w hi c h it se ems c ould n ot t a k e p l a c e l n t h e a b se n c e of

t h e g en era l) h a d g on e b y C i c ero yi eld e d t o t h e c l a mours of t h e soldi ery
'

, ,

an d
p e r m i t t e d fi v e c o h ort s t o l e a v e t h e c a m p for t h e u
p p r ose of g a t h eri n g

i n t h e g ra i n a n d fora g i n g m a p la i n a t a sh ort di st a n c e from t h e st a t i on

“

an d se p a ra t e d from i t on ly by a low hill Th re e hun dre d i n va lid s a n d a .

,

few soldi ers on ly rema i n ed t o d o t h e n e c e ssa ry g a rri son dut i e s

'

.
,

A t t hi s momen t t h e S i c a mb ri a n c a va l ry a rri ve d l n fron t of t h e st a t i on

, ,

Surp ri se d t h e h aw k ers a n d sut t lers w h o h a d e st a bli sh e d th emse l ve s out

sid e t h e ra mp a rt s a n d d a sh e d a t t h e , p ort a d e c u m an a T h e c oh ort .

p ost e d th e re w i t h t h e utmost di ffi c ul t y w i t h st ood t h e fi rst on set

, T he .

soldi ers w h o w ere i n n o o t h e rwi se a bl e t o a c c oun t for t h e sudd en a ea r

, pp

Cass lib vi c 53 4 . . . - . .

P ossibly in t he vi cin it y of l D usseld orf, or

“6

b et ween t ha t ci t y an d C olog n e . See Cluv G erm . .

58 D EL V ERA I N CE O F T HE RO MA NS .
[Book I .

a n c e of a n my a t t h e h ea d qua rt ers of t h e a rmy t ook it for g ra n t ed

en e
-

T he ca mp t h a t C aesar hi msel f h a d sust a i n e d a d e fe a t ; a n d b ut for t h e e x t ra ordi n ary

sa ved by t he
d evoted va lou r d evot e d n ess of a si c k offi c er t h e e n t i re stores ma ga zi n es a n d trea sure of
, , ,

t h e a rmy must h a ve b ec ome a p re y t o a mere h a n d ful of p re d a tory b ar

a n d pre se n ce

of m in d of
Sex t u
lus
s Ba cu
b ari a n s S ex t us B a c ul us t h e i n va lid i n q ue st i on up on t h e fi rst a l arm
. , , ,

l ea p e d from h is b ed a n d sn a t c hi n g up a shi eld p l an t e d hi msel f i n t h e

.

, , ,

g ateturi on s of h is c oh ort foll owe d h i s e x a mp l e a n d t h e p rogress

; t he c en ,

of t h e b a rb a ri a n s w as a rre st e d for t h e momen t M e a n w hil e t h e a l a rm .

sp re a d t o t h e c oh ort s w h o a ft er c omp l e t i n g th e i r fora g e w ere re turn i n g

, , ,

t ow a rd s t h e c a mp T he b a rb a ri a n s i n st a n t ly qui t t ed th ei r p re y a n d
.
,

t urn e d up on t h e n e w c omers ; a n d b efore t h e ra w l e vi es c ould rec over

-

from t h e i r surp ri se a t t h e un ex p ec t e d on set t h e di fferen t c oh orts b ec a me ,

c on fu se d a n d se a ra t e d on e b ody w a s surroun d e d a n d c ut t o
p p i ec es t h e
maj ori t y re a c h e d t h e i r li n es i n sa fet y a n d t h e b a rb ari a n s a b a n don , ,

i n g a ll h op e of t h e g rea t er p riz e c on t e n t e d t h emsel v es w ith t h e bo oty ,

sn a t c h e d from t h e R oma n sut t lers a n d t h e c a p t ure d c a t t l e of t h e Eb u

T h S i mb i ron e s a n d ret re a t e d i n sa fe t y t o t h e opp osit e b a n k of t h e Rhi n e

69
e ca r , .

C aesa r ret urn e d t o t h e c a mp a n d

t
re re at 7
S h ort ly a ft er t hi s fortun a t e esc a p e 0
.

p rep a re d t o resume t h e b loo dy t a sk w hi c h t hi s a c c id e n t a l i n roa d h a d i n t e r e

A mb i i or xd ru t e d
pan H ord es of greedy a dve n t urers from t h e n ei g hb ourin g sta tes a o
.
,
t h Ebu
c ust ome d t o t h e c li ma t e of t h e L ow C oun t ri e s a n d fa mili a r w i t h t h e mod e
e rones
t u th i
con i n e e r ,

g ll t b ut f oun d t h e d evot e d
li i n g a n d ac t in i u h l liti ll t d
a an

f ui l
r i t
o
t ess res s
v g n s c o c a es w ere c o e c e a r ,

a n ce,
Eb uron es a ll t h e p roduc e a n d c a t t l e of t h e c oun t ry t h e on ly p rop erty of ,

t h e i n h a bi t a n ts w a s q ui c kly c on sume d ; t h e h ouses a n d b uildi n g s were

,

d est roy e d a n d t h e l a n d so wa s t ed t h a t n o h Op e rema i n e d of ma ki n g it

,

a v a il a bl e for t h e su
p p ort of h uma n li fe fo r ma n y y ea rs t o c ome A mb i orix .
,

t h oug h fre q uen t ly i n vol ve d i n t h e e n e my s t oil s a n d oft en i n si g ht of h is

’

t m wh lm p ursuel s c on t i n ue d t o e l ud e t h e i r T h o le t h ou h b k
’
ra s e
i over e
g p e
p p g ro en
-
, .
,
d by l m ty
ca a
d ow n by suff eri n g reduc e d t o p en ury a n d gre a t ly di mi n i sh e d in n umb ers
e i

an d ufl i i g
s ar n ,
, , ,
th
y yi ld t
e e
a
p p
o
e a r n o t t o h a ve a b a n d on e d t h e mse l ve s ; t ill C aesa r h a v i n ex t i n gu i sh e d
th f t
ei r a e. g ,

t h e l a st sp a rk of G a lli c lib ert y i n t h e bl ood of i t s

g uardi a n s w a s on c e ,

more a t l ei sure t o resume t h e work of ext ermi n a t i on D esp a i ri n g of .

t a ki n g A mb i orix h i msel f i n h i s t oil s h e resort e d t o a n a b omi n a bl e b ut n ot ,

un usua l d evi c e of c on querors N ex t t o t h e gl ory of re d uc i n g A mb iorix

.

i n to h is p ower h e reg a rd e d it a s most c on duc ive t o his di gn i t y sa ys h is

, ,

C amlib vi 0 3 6 to 41
. . . . . a vert ed t hem from t he
ga t es of his head
very
7 ° I n c ha
p 42, C aesar ag a i n ta k es oc casion t o
. q uart ers ; a n d , moreover, t ha t t h e very person s
ad mire t h e m st erious d ealin s of for un e t h a t w ho c a me p rofessedly t o plun d er t he subj ec ts o f
y g t ,
sh e sh ou ld ha ve con d uc t ed t h e b arb arian s t o t he Amb iorix should ha ve un wit t in gly rend ered t hem
c a mp a t t h e
prec ise momen t of t he ab sen ce of t h e a m ost essen t ial servi ce .

cohort s ; an d st ill more t ha t she sh ou ld have

C hap i Sec . . . T HE EBU RON ES F I NA LLY SU BDUED .

c on tin ua tor A Hirtius so utterly t o rui n t h e c oun try of h is subj ec t s

, .
,
.

th a t i f a n y Were l eft a li ve a ft er t hi s t rea tmen t t he y mi g ht a ttribute a ll ,

”
the i r mi series t o h i m a n d p rec l ude h im from ever re turn in g t o e x p ose
, .

t h em t o a ren ew a l of suc h un p ara lle l e d sufferin g s ’l

Thi s n efa ri ous .

sc h eme w a s p rob a bly suc c essful ; n ot hi n g more i s h eard of A mb i ori x ,

an d ve ry littl e of t h e p eop l e h e on c e rul e d b ut we a re en t i t l e d t o in fer ,

fromt h e sil en ce of hi story, th a t h e d ie d a s h e h a d li ve d a free man

‘

.
, ,

S EC T I O N IV .

Conquest f Pa nnoni a Nori cum, Rhett a

o ,
'
'

a nd Vi n d elz ci a .
—Wd rs o f Augustus , D rusus,a n d
T i beri us, i n Germa n y .

T H E sh ort p eri od of e i g ht y ears ha d suffi c ed for t h e en ti re c on quest of Tran quil st ate

the C eltic an d G erma n i c n a ti on s west of t h e Rhi n e After t h e d ep arture i oiiiief$3
f 811

m
r

of Owsar a n un usua l tra n qui llity p reva ile d a l on g t h e fron ti er of t h e Rhi n e , fi

‘
, g ggg
whi c h must b e a scrib e d ra th er t o t h e effi c i en c y of hi s p oliti c a l a n d
milita ry measures for t h e sec urity of h is n ew c on quests th a n t o t h e 1
,

al t ere d t emp er of t h a t re stl e ss ra c e Th e i r posi t io n h a d , i n fa c t , un d er lter d o

n gp g
-n
.

n e a n i mp ort a n t c h a n g e a s n ow n o l on g er di vi d e d a mon g

m
g o G a ul w .

man y di scord a n t n a ti on s ; t h e R oma n s h a d un ite d it un der on e vi gorous g “

c ivil a n d m i l i t a ry a d mi n i st ra ti on , a n d t herefore t h a t coun t ry n o l on g er

a
g
ff
ia
orded

n c
t h e s a m e fa c ili t i es for d e re d a t i on
p or c o ques
n t T h e a

e of t h e c i s Rh en a n e G erma n s wa s secure d by t h e e st a bli shmen t ost s a n d co

ll e
i liitifiiif
‘l
.
m
pow e s
of fo rtifi e d p osts a n d milita ry roa d s c on n e c t i n g on e sta ti on w i th
an ot her With i n a few y e ars after t h e c on quest t h e c olon i es of Augusta M er Sp i
.
,
e, re,

a d W m"

m
T reviroru , August a N emet um, a n d A ugusta V a ng z on um a rose up on t h e
n
»

b a n k s of t he M ose ll e a n d t h e Rhi n e Th ese sp l en did est a blis hmen t s .

serve d not m erely a s st a t i on s for w a t c hi n t h e ex ose d fron ti er, a n d

g p
d efen d i n g it a g a i n st t h e i n roa ds of t h e tra n s Rhen a n e trib es b ut a lso for The cis Rhe ,
n an e Germa ns

A Hirti z Comm d e Bell G all lib viii; Ci cci o ad Att icum, lib x iv ep 9 2 edit : V er
" ' '

fl . . . . .
'
. . .

( con t in ) c 24 b urg , vol vii p ar ii p 1 86 4 C icero i fifiirrn s

' ‘

. . . . . . . .
,

7“ T hrou hout t his c ha t er t he cri t icisms of At t icus t h at Aurelius, t he lieut en an t of Hirt ius
g p
L a d en, G eschi ch t e d es deut schen V olkes, book i P an sa , wh o Was left in G a u l b y C aesa r, had
'
’

”
m
.

c 11
. Mascou, Hist of t he A n cien t G erman s, .
'
received assu ran ces of ob edience fro t he Ger
boo k ii Schmidt , G eschicht e d er D eutschen ,
. m an s, an d t h e n at ions of t hat ra c e illaSq ue
s , C orp Hist G erm
’
Vol i b ook 1 c 6 ; S tru vz u D io Ca ssi us ap D B u u vol
' ‘

. . . . . . . n a t ion es . h q et . . .

1 t o 6 ; an d Str um us, Syn t a gm Hist p 5 1 7’, d escribes t he t ran quil st at eof Gaiil aft er
'

part ii
—
. . . .

G erm Disserta t iv
. 9 1 4, have b een con . . C aesar s depart ure .

su F or t he fa ct s t hemselves, t h e orig in al of t he G erm vol i p : 7 5 ,

lted .
5 M a scou Hist . . .
,

a uthorit ie s of P lu t arc h , C aesar, D io C assius; quot es Bucherz us de Belgi co Roman o

'

Florus an d T acit us have been relied upon;

,
 P AC I F I CAT I O N O F C I S R HE A -
N N E G ERMAN Y .
[Book I .

a do
pt Ro R oma n l a w s h a bi t s a n d l a n g ua ge ; a n d rec on c ili n g t h e
p rop a ga t i n g
i h a bi t a n t s t o t h e d om
, ,
ma n h a b i t s,
1m , a n d n i i
n o n o f t h i
e r m or e c i iliz ed ma st ers
v
3
Ei g h t .

g ua g e
1: t
.

l eg i on s st a t i o n e d a t t h e most c on v en i e n t p oi n t s for ob serva t i on a n d

le g ions ,

st a t i on ed m
d efen c e w e re a t t h e sa me t i me oc c up i e d i n t h e c on st ruc t i on of t h e g rea t
G a ul, wh o a re
, , ,

y
e m lo ed i n
p roa d s w hi c h t ra ve rsed G a ul from t h e Al p s a n d t h e Py re n ees t o t h e
c o n st ruc t i n
m ost i m ort a n t ost s u on t h e Rhi n e from i t s sourc es t o t h e oc ea n :
g '

h i h roa d s,
g p p p
I n t h e B el i c o v i n c e on ly e i g h t p ri n c i p a l roa d s di v ergi n g from
‘

r
th d
e re a i er g p , ,

a v a c um t h e c a p i t a l of t h e N erv ii t ow a rd s t h e i n t eri or of G a ul a n d t h e
" mm f
a
Bo re ‘
, ,
p i g f
re ss n

n e w st a t i on s on t h e Rhi n e w e re c on st ruc t e d ; a n d t h e fa c ili t y o f c o mmu

o

w it i h i n vas o n
,
d d m ti
mm n i c a t ion t h us est a bli sh e d e n a bl e d t h e R oma n g overn ors t o c on c en t ra t e
an o es c
5
.h sc o e ,

a suffi c i e n t forc e u on a n oi n t w hi c h mi g h t b e t h rea t en e d t o supp ress

p y p ,

i n surrec t i on s a n d p rot e c t t h e a g ri c ul t ure a n d c ommerc e of t h e n ew c on

quest s T h e un i t e d op era t i on of suc h p ow erful me a nsa s t h e e st a bli sh men t
.

a n d t h e d isse mi n a t i on of
6
of c ol on i e s t h e c on st ruc t i on o f hi g h roa d s
, ,

R oma n h a bi t s a n d l a n g ua g e n e c essa rily t e n d e d t o a t t a c h t h e p eop l e t o, _

t h e n e w ord e r of t hi n g s a n d by so muc h t o i mp e d e t h e i n roa d s off orei g n

,

e n e mi e s ; w hil e a n a c t i ve a n d mov e a bl e forc e

’ 3
c on st a n t ly a t h a n d dc
“

, ,

t e rre d t h e d isc on t e n t e d a n d re p resse d t h a t w ild l ove of i nn ova ti on whi c h

‘ ,

l a y d e e p i n t h e c h a ra c t er of t h e G a lli c n a t i on s .

W h en t h e di vi si on of t h e e mp i re t ook p l a c e b et w e e n t h e t ri umvi rs
'

O c t a vi a n us A n t on i us a n d L e p id us t h e p rov i n c e of G a ul wa s g i ve n t o
'

, , ,

O c t a v i a n us w h o a ssumed t h e surn a me of C aesa r a ft er h i s a d op t ive fa t h erf

, ,

A t h i s d ep a rt ure from G a ul C aesa r h a d le ft L M a n uc ius P la n c us a n d D e .

A p eri o d o f t welve y ears

Q

Th p e f c i mus B rut us a s h i s li eut e n a n t s b e h i n d h i m

e a ce o .

G m y t
an

m P a m ela Psed w i t h out a fford in g a n Y i n c id en t w hi c h h a s b een t h ough t w ort h y of

er no

er, “ te ,

c ommemora t i on by c on t e m ora ry h i st ori a n s

.

O c t a v1 a n us e n t rust e d t h e
p .

ma n a ge men t of G a ul t o V i p sa n ius Ag ri pp a ; a n d i n t h e y ear 3 7 B C

.

' '

.
_

S l ra bo ( lib iv ) ob serves t ha t , i n t he ag es man d ois g t o H of ma n , L ex

acc ord in n iv ) U
9
. . . .

o f A u ust us a n d T ibe rius most o f t h e G allic Q in n ta p er C a mera c um ( C a mb ray ) , laeva q u idem

'

g ,

n a t ion s ( in clud in
g t he c is Rhen an e G erma ns)
-
Ba palmas e t S a ma rob riva m A mb ian orum ( A mi
h a d a d op t ed t he la n g uag e a n d ma n n ers, a n d e n s) , d e x t ra Ye met icum A t reb a t u m ( t he lit t le
acco mmod a t e d t hemse lve s t o t h e c ivil
fi

g overn t ow n o f O rc hi es in Ar t ois, a ccordin g t o H qfi nd n

me n t of t he Roma n s . or t h e c it y o f A rras, accord in g t o Clu vcr, G e rm .

Ba v a is, or Ba vay , i n Ha in a ult a b out t hree , Ant p . T arva n um Morin orum ( T eroan n e
.

lea gues from V a len c ie n n es . i n A rt ois) e t Bon on ia m ad Mare ( Boulog n e sur

5
B uc h c r i us d e Belgi co R o man o, x ix . M er) S ex ta V erovic a m hod ie V erd yk a d L isa m
p 3 1 , as q uo t ed b y M a scou, vol 1 b ook 1 1 c 5
.
. . . . .
( L y s) , C as t ellumMorin orum ( C assel) , Ma rc is a d
Bava co q uid em oct o e ma n a n t q uamm un a lit us S a x o n icum hod ie Ma rd yk : S ep t i ma Ga n d a
C olo n ia m A g rippina m pe r T un g ro s ( T on g ern ) ; vum ( G h e n t ) i n Me n a p iis : Oc ta va d e n iq ue p er
a lt e ra
p er M O S3 3 superiora, p ro p t er D ion a n t um En g h ien , Keyst er, A sche i n Brab a n t iam R heno
( D in a n t ) e t per A rd uen n a m A ug ust a m usq ue , T raj ec t um ( t rec ht ) t en d eb a t U
Also Lud en , .

T rev iro rum ( T re ves) T ert i a D uroc ort orum vol i p 1 5 4

. . . .

Rhemorum ( Rhe ims i n C h a mp ag n e ) ; Q ua rt a Buch eri us ( ub i supra ) a t t rib ut e s most o f

pe r A ug ust a m V iroman d uorum ( t he Ab b ey o f , t h ese roa d s t o t he e mperor A u g ust us .

V e rmon d , t w o leag ues from S t Q ui n t in e n V er .

1 Mascou vol i book ii 0 5
, . . . . .
C h ap i Sec . . . G ERMA N S IN T HE ROMA N SERV I CE .

w e fi n d h im eng a g e d i n quelli n g a seri ous di st urb a n c e w hi c h h a d b rok en Vipsa n ius

m
A ri ppe
out a mon g t h e Rh en i sh G er a n s, a t t h e i n st i g a t i on , a t i t se ems, of t h ei r “in fer, th e
.

Tra n s Rh en a n e c oun trymen S ome un kn own cause of di ssa t i sfa c t i on t lemen t on the
-
.

p er a p s t h e p re ssu e of a
h r n e x t ern a l e n e my h a d i n d uc e d t h e U bii t h e
fifiig
k
, ,
a

e
f th e

an c i en t al li es of R ome t o ma k e a n i n c ursi on i n t o G a ul T h e p romp t B c ,

. . . 37 .

a dv a n c e of Agri pp a sp e edily re d uc e d t h em t o sub mi ssi on

‘

I t w a s n ot .
,

h owever th oug h t p rud en t t o p ermi t t h em t o resume t h e ir old set tl emen t s

,
»

beyon d t h e Rh in e ; a n d a t erri t ory i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e mod ern c i t y of

"

Col og n e w as a ssi g n e d t o th em w h ere th e y mi g ht d well un d er Roma n ,

fi
sup eri n t en d en c e

A s t he Roma n p ower a c quired st ren gt h i n C is Rh en a n e G erman y G m t p -

,
er an roo s

th
c on sid era bl e b odi e s of G erma n s w ere ra i se d i n t h ose p rov i n c e s
in e servi ce
a n d rg u m hi g hiy , a e

t rai n e d i n t h e Roma n t a cti c s a n d di sc i p li n e T h e un d aun t e d v a l our a n d es t ee me d

.
'

grea t p hysi c a l p ow ers of th ese w a rri ors w ere hi g hly e st eeme d by t h e

Roman s 9
T h e G erma n troop s i n t h e servi c e cf C aesar c on t ribut e d i n n o
.

sma ll d eg ree t o t h e v i c t ory of Ph a rsa li a an d a c c omp a n i e d h i m i n a ll h i s

‘

sub se quen t w a rs
10
I n de e d t h e i n c rea si n g di ffi cul t y of re c rui t i n g t h e v a st Diffi u
. lty f
,
c o

arm i es n ec essar y t o gua rd t h e ex t en d e d fron t i ers of t h e emp i re c om fififi fifix

n
.

, s

p elled t h e govern men t t o l ook for a sup p ly of soldi ers from a mon g t h e
c on quere d n a t i on s T h e T e ut on i c tr ib e s i n ev ery re sp ec t t h e most
f gégz Y
or ers
.
,

formid a bl e en emi es of R ome w ere lik ely t o furn i sh t h e b e st a uxili a ri e s ;

le s r

an d i t b e c a me a ma t t er of n o sma ll i mp ort a n c e t o ma i n t a i n a n d e x t en d

t h e Roma n i n fl uen c e a mon g t h e m a s muc h for t h e p urp ose of ob t a i n i n g ,

recrui t s a s of p rev e n t i n g h ost il e d esi n s

11 “

g .

V ip sa n ius Agri pp a h a d i t seems p a sse d t h e Rhi n e ; b ut w i t h w h a t A U c 7 1 5 , , . . . ;

v i e w w e a re un i n forme d T en y e a rs a ft erw ard s C a ius C ari n a s d e fea t e d A U C 7 25

12
. . . . .

t h e Suev i w h o: h a d ma d e a n i rrup t i on i n t o t h e R oma n G erm a n y , for C i d e

f t m Su
, ar n a s

w hi c h ex p l oit h e w a s h on oure d w i t h a sh a re i n t h e g re a t t ri ump h ( i f

ea s e ev1 .

Aug ust us o ver t h e n a ti on s of P a n n on i a D a l ma t i a G a ul an d G erma n y

.
, , , ,

in t h e y ear of t h e c i t y
. H owever h on oura bl e t h e v i c t ory of
.

S tra bo lib iv p 1 3 4 Ta ci tus, An n li b — 1 7 p 40 3 , 40 4 ; a n d p art icularly Ta c

— lib
9
, . . . . . . . 11 . c. . . .

x ii 0 3 7
. . Ta c G erm c 2 8 -
T o t h e mig ra t ion
, . . . . Ai mlib x ii
, 7. . .

of t he Ub ii from t h e ri g h t t o t h e left b an k of t h e J
fl

S ueton z us i n ulio, c 2 4 p 2 6 e d V ar
'
9

—
. . . . . .

Rhin e w e may p rob ably as crib e t he foun d a t ion 1 6 47 , 8vc Sueton i n August 0 49 p 1 87
—
. . . . . . .

of t h e c it y of C olog n e ab out t he year 3 5 B C Florus, lib iv c 2 L uc a n , P harsal ia , lib i

—
. . . . . , . .

T acitus ( A rmli b i c 3 6, 3 7 7 l lib x ii c

. . . . . . . . v 4 1 9 , et seq
. L ucan e numera t es ervii, V an
. N
men t ion s it as a pla ce of some i mport an ce, imme g ion es, Bat avi , an d Th eviri, an d allud es t o t h e
di at ely aft er t he a ccession of T ib erius, un d er i ts Eb uron es,
most an cien t n ame of Opp i d um or Ci vi ta s Et cassi p ollut us
"

U bi or um Ab out eig h ty fi ve y ears a ft erwards,

. ,
-
san
gui n e Cot t ae
Juli a Ag ri ppin a, d aughter of G erman ic us an d scilice t , Bh ur o .

wife o f t he emperor Claudius, sen t t hi t h er a ‘1

L a d en , vol i p 1 59 . . .

colony of vet eran s, an d

gav e the cit y t he n a me of D io Cassi us, lib x lviii 49 p 56 4 ~
. . . . .

Colon ia A g rip p i n a ( A D Ola v G erm An t . . . . . Ibid lib lv .2 1 p 6 53 . . . . .

V OL . I .
62 A U G U ST U S RED U C ES T HE I L L Y RIAN [Book I .

i t h e T reviri a n d severa l o t h e r G erma n o B el g i c n a t i on s i n a lli a n c e

C a r n a s,
'

w i t h t h em st ill c on t i n ue d i n a rms
,
Th e y w ere a t l e n g t h a p p ea se d .

N iu G l or subd ue d by N on n i u
on n s a s G a ll us
“
Th ese di st urb a n c es se em n ot t o h ave .

hili? ri ous a l a rm t o t h e R oma n g ove rn me n t

t
g i v e n a n
y se or e ven t o h a ve ,

di vert e d O c t a vi a n us from t h e p rosec ut i on of a sc h eme of c on quest n ow

re n d ere d ne c essa ry a s w e ll by t h e a c t ua l p osi t i on of t h e e mp ir e as by t h e
,

i n c li n a t i on s of t h e a rmy a n d t h e fe a rs of t h e R oma n p eop l e .

Th R m e o T h e li n g eri n g t error w hi c h t h e i n va si on s of t h e T e ut on e s a n d C i mb ri
an ,

a n d t h e ra id s u c c esses o f A ri ov i st us h a d l e ft b e hi n d t h em i mp resse d
p ,

t h e g ov ern men t w i t h t h e n e c essi t y of p rov idi n g a p erma n en t sec uri t y

for t h e G a lli c a n d I t a li a n fron t i ers of t h e e mp i re T h e rest l ess a n d p re
’

d a t ory S p i ri t of t h e b ord er n a t i on s l e ft n o h op e t h a t t h e y w ould n eg l e c t

an
y pp O ort un i t y of S re a di n
p g t h e mse l v e s over t h e ri c h a n d fert il e p ro

T h e a l a rm so forc ibly d esc rib e d by T a c i t us 5 1

v i n c es i n t h e i r v i c i n i t y . at ,

a n i n t erva l of more t h a n t w o c e n t uri e s from t h e eri od of t h e C i mb ri c

p
w a r se ems n ever t o h a v e wh olly sub sid ed
, T h e a rmy c a ll e d for oc c up a .

A ugu tu s t i on t h e b e n t of p ubli c o i n i on w a s i n fa vour of c on quest : n or w a s t h e

s

a ccord g ly
,
p
p ower o f A ug ust us of so a b sol ut e a c h a ra c t e r a s t o ma k e i t sa fe t o
in re
l
so ves t o re

23 :23? i n egl ec t e i t h e r t h e i n c li n a t i on s of t h e soldi ery or t h e w i sh es of t h e g re a t

°f ‘h Dm ub e
b ody of h is subj ec t s H e t h ere fore resolve d t o p ossess himsel f of t h e
‘ ",
.

w h ol e li n e of t h e Al p s from t h e c on fi n es o f S avo y t o t h ose of D a l ma t i a ,

di st ri c t s i n h a bi t e d by n umerous i n d ep en d e n t t rib es of fi erc e a n d h ardy

‘ 6

moun t a i n eers w h o p referre d d ea t h t o t h e l oss of i n d e p e n d en c e a n d h eld

, ,

a c oun t ry by n a t ure so st ron

g a s t o re q ui re t i me a n d t h e un di v ide d forc es
a p j t
ro ecwhi h o f t h e e mp i re t o re d uc e i t
c T h e ex p e di e n c y of su c h a me a sure
17
t o g i ve
J uliu C
.

c on si st e n c y t o h i s sc h eme of c on quest h a d n ot esc a e d t h e a tt e n t i on

s a
esa r

h d pl m
a an
p
of C m sa r w hil e h e c omma n d e d i n G a ul ; a n d h e h a d ma d e a c ommen c e
an d p tly ar ex
ec ut d e

men t by subj ug a t i n g t h e N a n t ua t es V ira g ri a n d S e dun i t rib es i n h a bi t

.

, , ,

i n g t h e v a ll e y of t h e Rh on e from t h e L e ma n L a k e t o t h e sourc e s of t h a t
1 8

ri v er a n d oc c u yi n
g t h e i mp ort a n t p a sse s of t h e P en n i n e Al p s
19
p , t he ,

p ossessi on of w hi c h w a s e ssen t i a l t o sec ure t h e c ommun i c a t i on w i t h t h e

G a lli c provi n c es .

I n t h e y ea r 3 4 B C ( t h erefore sh ort ly a ft er t h e p a rt i t i on of t h e
A % 6 ;18
C 3 . .
,

A ug m u ub p rov i n c e s a mon g t h e me mb ers of t h e T ri umv i ra t e O i n us C aesar

s s .

) c t a v a ,

333 21 ?
e
m a rc h ed hi s l eg i on s from t h e I llyri a n or D a l ma t i an fron t i er a g a i n st t h e , ,
I a pi daa .

1‘
D io Ca ssius lib li
. 20 p 6 5 2
. . . . . A n t 53 1
. .

‘
5
T a c i t us, G erm c 3 7 p 423 4t o e d em
. . . . . . .
16
Flor us, lib iv 0 1 2 pp 1 2 1 , 1 2 2
. . . . . .

ph a t ic ally c alled t he C imb ric t error T a c it us L a d e n, vol i p 1 5 0

—
‘7 .
. . . .

is suppo se d b y C luver t o h ave w rit t e n h is G er C aesa r C o mm lib iii c 1 6 . . . .

ma n y i n t h e se co n d yea r of T ra a n , t h erefore
, .

j 1"
N ow n own b y t h e n a mes of t he St Ber
k .

abo ut t he
year of C h rist 1 0 0 Cluv G erm . . . n ard , S i m lon , a n d S t G ot hard
p . .
 C hap 1 Sec . . . AN D A LP I N E N AT I O N S .

63

P a n n on i a n I a p id ae
r A ft er a l on g a n d ob st i n a t e d e fen c e t h ose g a ll a n t
.
,

b a rb ari a n s w ere c omp ell e d t o b ow b en ea t h t h e y ok e of Rome a n d O c t a .

,

vi a n us p en e t ra t e d n ort h w a rd t o t h e b a n k s of t h e D a n ub e
20
T h e c i vil w a r .

aga i n st M A n t on i us Susp e n d e d t h e c on quest of t h e Al p i n e reg i on s

. .

But a s soon a s O c t a vi a n us foun d himse l f t h e a c k n owl ed g e d ma st er of t h e

R oma n w orld t he sc h eme w a s resume d w i t h v i g our a n d p ersevera n c e
, .

T h e c oun t ry of t he S a la ssii lyi n g on t h e b ord ers of P i e d mon t a n d S a voy T h t it , , e err or es

i

was se iz e d up on wi t h c irc umst a n c es of un e x a mp l e d t rea c h e ry a n d c ruel t y $ 2 3 ,

a n d a g e n era l i n surrec t i on o f t h e i n h a bi t a n t s of t h e west ern Al p s for by t rea

a t i me arrest e d t h e p rog ress of t h e R oma n a rms i n sout h ern G e rma n y .

P a n n on i a a n d N ori c um w ere h ow ev er a t l en g t h reduc e d t o en t i re

1 2 2 2
, ,

su b mi ssi on a nd Rh aet i a a n d V in d elic i a b ec ame t h e n ex t obj ec t s ot t i d

,
z3
.
ae a an

24 Vi d li i n e c a a re
a tt ac k .
tt k d a ac e .

T h e re g i on c ompre h e n d e d by t h e a n ci en t g e ogra p h ers un d er t h e n a me B u d i f

“

Rum
o n ar es o

o f Rh aet i a Wa s b oun d e d t o t h e w estw a rd by t h e Rhi n e a n d t h e Bl a c k

"

F ore st ; t o t h e n ort h w a rd by t h e D a n ub e t o i t s c on fl uen c e w i t h t h e In n

t o t he e a st w ard by t h e c Ourse of t h e l a t t er river ; t h e Al p s forme d t h e Rh ati ub e a s

li mi t t o t h e sout h ward 2
Rh aet i a w a s a g a i n subdiv ide d i n t o Rh aet i a $25: .
5

’
P rop er a n d V in d eli c ia T h e V i n delic i a ns oc c up i e d t h e e n t i re n ort h ern Ri Qfizf.
‘
,
‘ a a

l i u ry from t h e sourc e s of t h e D a n ub e t o i t s c on fl uen c e w i t h i m h i’it

or o n t
iif i f f
a
p a n c a

t h e I n n e x p a n di n g t h e mse l ve s sout h w a rd t o t h e sh ores of t h e B r i g a n t i n e t h D ub t

e an 3 0

, e an e o

l ak e 6
. T h e Rh mt i a n s w ere a moun t a i n t rib e i n h a bi t i n g t h e numerous wit h ,“ h m
2 it fl u s con en ce
[

Al p i n e v al l e y s from t h e sourc es of t h e I n n t o t h e v i c i n i t y of V eron a a n d Th Rh ti

.

e ae an s

t h e V en e t i a n Al p s a n d c omp re h en di n g t h e e n t i re mod ern c oun t y of ,

$1 0 ,

Ty rol w i t hi n t h e i r li mi t s T h e Roma n wri t ers d esc rib e th em as a h ord e . ,

of sa va ges of suc h un t ame a bl e feroc i t y t h a t t h e i r e n t i re subj u a ti on w a s

g ,

n o l on g er a n a c t of c h oi c e or mere a mbi t i on ; b ut of n ec essi t y A c c ord .

i n gly i n t h e y ea r 1 5 B C August us sen t t h e e ld er of hi s st ep 3 0 1 5

1 1 3 6 7 57
, . .
, ,
_

Tib erius N ero wi t h a n a rmy t h roug h t h e t erri t ory of t h e Ti b iu gm.

1
son s C l , .
, , er s
i “ “m
H el ve t i a n s a ga i nst t h e V in d elic i a n s ; w hil st t h e y oun g er C l a udi us D rusus Vi d li i
g
,
a a n
n e c a n s,

w a s di rec t e d t o p en e t ra t e t h roug h t h e Trid en t i n e p a sse s a g a in st t h e d “ 118 118

i t th a g a ns e

Rhaet ia n s .

”
9°
Floru s, lib i v c 1 2 Di o Cassius, lib x lix
. . . . . . An t “ Rh aeti an s N orican s, and P ann onian s, i e
, .

”
.

45 , 46 p 5 9 4 almost t he whole circles of Swa b ia , Bavaria, a n d

D io Ca ssi us, lib liii cc 1 9 , 25, 2 6 —Stra bo,
. . .

. . . . I
A ustria w ere reg ard ed as llyri an n a t ion s, a n d
lib iv c 6
. . . . i n clud ed w it hin t ha t g re a t division of t h e empire .

2
T h e mod ern circles of Aust ri a an d Bavari a .
2“ C
luver ius G eog r A n t Ge rm p 7 2 2
, . . . . .

5
T h e c irc le of Sw a bia an d a p art of Ba varia, L a cus Bri g a n ti n us t he la ke o f C on st an ce ; or
, ,

( more in un i son w it h t he an ci ent name,) t he

'

a s far as t he c on fl uen ce of t h e rivers I nn an d

D an ub e L a k e of Breg en tz , a mod ern t own on it s sh ores

2 0 p 7 50 — Vellei us
.
,
9‘
D io Cassi us, li b liv wh ic h either g a ve i t s n ame t o t he la ke or re
P a t er culus, l ib 11 c 1 09 —
. . . . .

L ud en , b ook ii c i ceived it s own fi om i t

—
. . . . . . . .

5
P tolemy , G eogr lib ii Clueeri us, G erm . . . .
 64 R HJETI AN S AN D V I N D ELIC I AN S .
[Book I .

Rh aet i a n s T h e b a rb a ri a n s di sd a i n i n g t h e fa stn e sse s of t h ei r c oun t ry

.
, ,

met t h e R oma n s i n t h e fi eld a n d suffere d suc c essi ve d e fe a t s a n d i n t h e,

B th u t i c ourse o f a si n l e c a m a i n of un e x a m l e d skill a n d ra idi t y on t h e

p
o c o n r es
ubd u d g p g p ,

”
a rt of t h e R oma n s a n d of ob s t i n a t e sel f d evot i on on t h a t of t h e va n
s e in a
s mg l m e ca
p ,
-

ne w u t
con es
t h e re d uc t i on of Rh aet i a w a s c omp l e t e d Thi s i mp ort a n t .

q
a c q ui si t i on wa s i mme di a t ely se c ure d by t h e c on st ruc t i on O f for t ifi e d
“ C W “ Wm “

l i ml t y
on e s, i i ar

roa d md s st a t i on s a n d mili t a ry roa d s

n T o thi s p eri od w e t ra ce t h e foun d a t i on of
.

bth g i t h e g rea t c ol on i a l c i t y of August a V i n d elic iorum T h e I t i n era ri es of t h e

h
lih
‘ s e n
i ii en .

e m i re a n d t h e re sea rc h es of mod ern a n t i qua ri es d e p ose t o t h e mi l i t a ry

11
p , ,

S kill a n d i n d e fa t i g a bl e i n d ust ry w i t h w hi c h t h e g re a t roa d s a n d p ri n c i a l

“ PM
p
.

p ost s w e re sel e c t e d a n d l a id d ow n G rea t n umb ers of t h e w a rlik e y out h .

of V i n d e lic i a a n d Rh aet i a w ere vol un t a rily en roll e d a mon g t h e l eg i on s of

t h e i r c on querors ; a n d t h us i n a n i n c re dibly sh ort sp a ce of t i me a n , ,

x a s era t e d foe w a s c on v ert e d i n t o a use ful a uxili a ry ese ma n i fi

28
p Th g .

Publi t t i c
c en t a c q ui si t i on s b ut c hi e fly t h e d e li vera n c e from t h e d a n g ers of i n va si on
es

m y fg on o ra
,

t t ud t A u a n d ra i n e w hi c h t h e y b roug h t w i t h t h e m w ere t h oug ht w ort hy of t h e

i e o
p ,
g u tu f th
g ra t i t ud e a n d a t ri ump h a l a rc h w a s ere c t e d i n h on our of
s s or e se
n a t i on a l
. pl d ul
en u co ,

qm w ’
s “th
A u
an
u st us a t t h e foo t of t h e Al p s w i t h a n i n sc ri ti on
e
roc l a i mi n g t o t h e
g p p
i

d lie f
vera n c e o ,

th b d e
p w orld t h a t un d e r h is a usp i c es fort y six Al p i n e n a t i on s e x t en di n g from
or e r ro‘
,
-

f m
, , ,
i
v nc es

t h e M edi t erra n ea n t o t h e Ad ri a ti c h a d b een a dd e d t o t h e d omi n i on s of

ro
i d
n v s i on a n
a ,
“ PM
t h e rep ubli c
“
29
.

A ugu tu i
}:s T h e a t t en ti on of Augustus w a s i n t h e i n t eri m di rec t e d t o t h e i mp rove
s rr

iiiiiiiiiiii g me n t of t h e mili t a ry a n d c i vil c on di t i on O f B el g i u

wfl
r m a n d t h e p rov i n c es on
t h e Rhi n e H e reg a rd e d h i msel f or w i t h c on summa t e skill a n d d issimu

”
.
, ,

v i l a t i on a ffe c t e d t o reg a rd h i mse l f merely a s t h e h ea d of t h e a d mi n i st ra t i on

n c eS
, ,

H t k the a of t h e re ubli c
es
p e I n t h e di st rib ut i on of t h e
.
p rov i n c es b e t w ee n hi m se l f an d
m t f
t h e sen a t e h e a ssume d t h e g overn men t of a ll t h e b ord er
overn
g en o
h f m
. , ro , , p rov i n c e s w i t h ,

t h e c omma n d of t h e armi e s st a t i on e d t h ere ; i n fa c t of t h e en t i re mili t a ry

m
,

m forc e of t h e rep ubli c T h e v a n i t y of t h e sen a t e a n d p eop l e w a s a mp ly g ra

2 3t h
3 1 0 18 8
.

t i fi e d W i t h t h e a d mi n i st ra t i on o f t h e se t t l e d a n d p ea c e ful p rovi n c es w h i l e
on e ere.

t h e sub s t a n t i a l p ow e r of t h e st a t e rema i n e d w i t h a n un i mp ea c h e d t itl e i n

t h e h a n d s of A ugust us B el g i um a n d t h e di st ri c t s of t h e Rhi n e lik e
.
,

e very ot h er ort i o n of t h e e m i re w i t hi n t h e rea c h of a fore i g n e n emy or

p p ,

w h e re a n a c t i v e mili t a ry forc e w a s st a t i on e d fe ll un d e r h is c on t rol He ,

.

i n t rod uc e d a n ew terri t ori a l di vi si on for t h e more regul ar di st ribut i on of

i"
T he st ill populous an d fl ourishin g city of na me of “
Augusta V in delic iorum . Cluv G erm . .

” —
Aug sb urg on t he river L ech T he c i t y d oes n ot
. A n t p 7 23
. . .

see m to h a ve a ssume d t he n a me of Masc ou,

D i o Ca ss lib liv
—
A ugust a 22 p 7 5 1
"
9"

—
. . . . . .

eve n a s la t e a s t h e a e o f T ac it us w ho c alls it
g , b ook iii c 1 1 . L a den , vol i p 1 7 1
. . Cluv . . .
'
. .

S plen d id issima Rhaet ia; P rovin c iae C olon ia . G erm A n t V in d elic ia e t

. . oricum, c 3 p 7 22 N . . . .

But P t olemy, in t he succeedin g a g e, g ives i t t he 2°

D io Ca ss lib liii . . .
 C hap 1 Sec . . . N EW D I V I SI O N S O F T HE BEL G I C P ROV IN C E .

th e mi es up on t h a t d a n gerous fron t i er ; a n d p ossibly

ar , , for t h e b ett er
ma n agemen t of t h e c i vil a n d fi sc a l a d mi n i st rat i on .

C msar s divi si on , a s w e h av e seen , comp reh en d e d a ll t h e n a t i on s

’ 30

of T eut on i c d esc en t w i t hi n t h e t hi rd or B el g i c p ort i on of G a ul ; t h e more

so ut h ern p art s w ere i n h a bi t e d by C e l t i c ra c e s ; t h e Rhi n e forme d t h e _

b oun d ary t o t h e ea st wa rd , a n d t h e oc ea n a n d t h e S e i n e to t h e we st ward ‘

”
an d sout h w ar d Aft er t h e p a c i fi c a t ion of t h e G erma n i c n a t i on s, Augus t us
m
.

d eeme d it e x p e di ent t o gra t i fy t h e w i t h t h e p ermi ssi on t o ret a i n t h eir

n a t i on a l n a me H e div id e d t h e B el g i c p rov i n c e i n t o t w o p a rt s ; t h e He di vides
.

fi rst preserve d i t s ori g i n a l n a me, a n d w a s subdiv id e d i n t o B el g i c a Pri ma i nt o four pro

G allia Belgi ’

a n d S ec un d a ; t h e se con d ob t a i n e d t h e n a m e of G er m a i a a n d w a s a aiir i fl
n
g
’
‘
l lg
’
ijgi ca P ri ,

su bdi vi de d i n t o G e rma n i a Superi or a n d I n feri or t h e li mi t b et ween t h e se ma ; 2 Bel ica

g
.

di vi si on s w a s t h e ri ver A b ri n ea (t h e mod ern A re) G erma n i a S up eri or; G eririaiiia Pri

Secl l (1
.

or, as i t w a s some t i mes c a ll e d , P ri ma , st re t c h ed sout h w a rd s t o t h e c On

4
:
23
1
,mg gg g,
fi n e s of t h e Ra ura c i , a n d i n c l ud ed t h e T rib oc c i i n t h e mod ern Al sa t i a , t h eW i de
31

N emet es, a n d V a n gion e s, from Worms t o M ain t z , a n d a p ort i on of t h e

32
'

3°
P . i n g wi th our Chest er le st reet, a small market - —
31
Whose Au g ust a Ra uracorum, lay c apital , t own in t he coun t y of D urh a m T he fi rst a u .

upon t h e left b an k of t he Rhi n e, ab out a leag ue t hor w h o men t ion s S t rasb urg i s P t olemy , w ho
t o t he eas tw ard of Basle . wrot e a bout 1 3 8 ye ars afl e r C hrist But as P to .

“5
D i o Ca ss lib liii ma kes G erman ia Superior
t o commen ce a t t h e sources of t h e Rhine, and
ex t en d s G ermani a
. . . le my spea k s of n on e b ut t h e p rin cip al c it ies of
G a ul, Ar g en t orat um mus t h ave risen t o t h a t
I Cluv ma k es n o
_

nferior t o t he Bri t ish oce an d i g n it y lon g b efore h e wrot e

‘

—
. . .

Cluveri us G erm An t lib ii c 3 7 p 49 8 ,

It . . . . . . . d oub t t ha t St rasb urg w as on e of t h e p ri ncipal
is sin g u l ar t h a t in t he g en eral di vi sion in w hi ch st a t i on s a mon g t h e grea t n umb er est ablish ed b y
t he G ermani c orig in are t hrown t o
n a t ion s of D rusus al on g b ot h b an ks of t h e Rhin e , A U
' '

C . . .

g et h er, an ex cept ion should b e ma de in t he cases 7 45 B C 9

. G erm A n t 1i ii c
. . . 3 68 . . . . .

of t h e N
ervii ( a rac e of t h e p u rest T eut on ic Borbet oma g us ( in t he t in erary o f An t on in e, I
d esc en t ) ; an d of t h e T reviri, t he g rea t er p or G erm W orms ; or, i n t he .

t ion of w h ose t errit ory was an n ex e d t o Belgi ca L ib ellus P rovin ci arum C ivi t a t umq ue G alli a ,
P rima as t h e ervii w ere i n clud ed i n t h e Bel
, N Ci vi ta s Va ng i on um, h oc est Wormacia In .

g ica Secun d a See also Mascou, b oo i ii c 4 . k . . . t h e a n c ien t G erman , Wormi t z mag en , or Wormi t
p 70
.
‘

. ma g en ; p ron oun ced Vormi t omag us b y t h e R0 ;

T o t his p eriod w e t ra ce t h e foun d at ion s o f t he ma n s an d Bormi t oma g us ( Bop r oy a y o s) b y t h e
,
'
m
c i ti es O f S t ra sburg S i re, Worm s, an d M a i n t z G re e ks : t h us al so in P t olemy C luver lib ii
p
m
. . . . . .

O ar mad e t he emet i, or t h eir N

prin cip al t own 13 p 37 5
—
0
— —
. . . .

a ft erwar d s c al led Ci vi t as N emet um or N ovi o M a i n t z , G alh c e e M a en ce, so c alled fro m

y

”
ma g us his win t er uart ers d urin g hi s la st ca m
- -
q it s p osit i on opp osit e t o t he con fl uen ce of t he
p aig n in G aul H i rti i C omm d e Bell G all Mai n , or M ayn e, wi t h t he Rhin e ; T eut on icé ;
—
”
. . . .

lib viii c 46 , 52
. L eh ma n , C hrOn i ca d er St ad t
. . . M a i mi ck, or M oen z ic/z , a M a n o, or Me nd "
-

S p eyer, b oo i c 5 sa y s t ha t C aesa r an d h is k . . . T eut on ica M a i n or M oen , w it h t he a fl i x z ich

successors i n t h e e mp ire fort i ed Sp ire as a fi si ck d en ot in g loca li ty T h e R oman s;
"

or .

st ron
g fron t ier cit y a g ain st t h e Al ema n n i, w ho accommod a t in g th ese soun d s t o t heir mod e of
d w elt on t h e opposit e side of t h e Rhine , an d en u n ci a t ion mad e i t in t o M ag u m an d M o
'

n tz a c u
’
‘
f

pla ced a st ron g garrison t h ere un d er a p raefect us

'

g un t i a cum in P t olemy, — F lor us

”
-

militum of it s own
'
'

.
( lib iv 0 . en umera t es M a un t iac m n d
. .
g a u
A rg en t ora tum; A rg ent ora tensium Bon n a ( M a in t z an d Bon n ) amon g t he t ow n s

”
.

T eut oni ce A n d er arg en St ra asse, fort as se st a n din g i n t h e a g e of D rusus, B C Bon

m
. . .

Cluv 3 68 ( G erm) St ra t isb urg , St raa tb urg , et M ag on t ia c um ont ib us

j un x i t viz wi t h
'

. . . na
p ( .

t h e b orou n t ical in mean ; rig ht b ank of t he Rhine) fi rma

'
h n t he st reet, i d t he et classib u
‘

g o e
'

s
66 D STI U RBAN C ES IN T H E L O WER G ERMA NY .
[Book I .

t erri t ori es of t h e T rev i ri G erma n i a I n feri or or S e c un d a e x t e n d e d a l on g

.

t h e Rhi n e t o t h e sh ores of t h e O c ea n , a n d w a s se p a ra t e d from t h e B el g i c

rov i n c e by t h e M e use t h e D e n d e r a n d t h e S c h eld t T h e n a t i on s
p , , .

w i t hi n i t s li mi t s w ere t h e T un g ri , U bii S un i c i , G ug ern i , M en a p i i , ,

T ox a n d ri B a t a v i a n d C a n i n efa t es a ll o f t h em n a t i on s of T eut on i c
, , ,

Ei gh t leg ion s ori i n T h e e i h t l e g i on s a p p oi n t e d t o c ov er t h e Rh e n i sh fron t i er w ere

g g
.

quart ered i n
t he t w o G er di vid ed i n t o t wo c orp s t h e fi rst , un d er t h e c omma n d of C S ili us c on .
,

ma n ies un der
i i
s st n l e i on s w a s q ua rt e re d i n G erma n i a S up eri or w i t h M a g un
of four
S i li us a n d g g , ,

Caz c ma .

t i a c um a s i t s h e a d q ua rt ers t h e sec on d un d er A ul us C aec i n a o c c up i e d

-

, ,

G erma n i a I n fe ri or of w hi c h on e d et a c h me n t h a d i t s h ea d q ua rt ers a t t h e
,
-

A ra U bi orum a ft erw a rd s c a ll e d B on n a n d t h e o t h er a t V e t e ra a S p ot
, , ,

sub se q uen t ly k n ow n by t h e n a me of S a n t e n in t h e mod ern d uc hy ,

of C l e v es
33
.

A U C 7 35
. . . . Th ese mea sures of a d mi n i st ra t i ve a n d mili t a ry p oli c y w ere n ot t a k en
B C 19
. . .
b e fo re t h e y w ere c a ll e d for Di st urb a n c es fomen t e d by t h e i n d ep en . ,

d en t G erma n s ou t h e ri g h t b a n k o f t h e Rhi n e b rok e out a mon g t h e p ro ,

A U C 736
. . . .
v i n c i a l s of L ow er G e rma n y w h ere L olli us c omma n d e d I n t h e foll ow i n g
,
.

B C 18
. . .
ye a r A g ri pp a w a s sen t by A ug ust us i n t o G erma n y ; b ut b efore h e c ould
ma k e a n y p rogress a g a i n st t h e i n surg e n t s h e w a s c a ll e d a w a y by a ,

D i sturba n ces reb elli on i n S a i n Tib e ri us suc c ee d e d h is b rot h e r i n t h e c omma n d b ut

in t h e Ge r p .
,

mimi c s a ft e r a sh ort soj ourn i n G a ul h e a b a n d on e d t h e c om l e t i on of t h e t as k t o

.

p
C L olli us a ma n w h ose c up idi t y v i ol e n c e a n d i n c a p a c i t y se rve d b ut t o
.
, , , ,

fa n t h e fl a me h e w a s c ommi ssi on e d t o que n c h “

.

T h e orig i n of t h e reb elli on i s i n vol v e d i n some ob sc uri t y T he .

S i c a mb ri U s i p e t es a n d T e n c h t eri t ra n s Rh en a n e n a t i on s wh o h a d for
, , ,
-

some t i me a c k n ow l e d e d t h e R oma n su rema c y a n d si g n ifi e d i t by t h e

g p ,

p a y me n t of t rib ut e sudd e n ly se iz e d up on c ert a i n R oma n offi c e rs w h o

,

soj ourn e d a mon t h m d i h um a n ly h a n g e d t h em u on c rosses T h e

g e a n n ,
p .

r a a c i ous c h a ra c t er of L olli us a ut h oriz e s t h e i n fe ren c e t h a t t h e s

p e
p e rson s
w e re se n t for t h e p urp ose of e x t ort i on a n d t h a t t h e y t h us d re w u on
p ,

t h e mse l v es t h e t re a t me n t t h e y me t w i t h 35
T h e S i c a mb ri a n d t h e ir a lli es

”
.

vit ; b ut t he rea din g

“
Mag unt ia cum
i n t h is lib i . 31 . c . .

p assag e rest s up o n t h e a ut horit y of Cluver Vellei us P a terculus, lib n p 2 1 7

3‘
. . . . .

p
-
3
. 7 6 M y Copy has G ild uba m
.
"
T he rea .
85
T he ge n e ral c h ara c t er of t he Roman cal fis
so n in
g of C luver, however, se e ms c on clusive . ad min ist ra t ion i n G a ul had alrea d y be c ome so
A t a ll even t s M ag un t iac um b eca me t he hea d
, o pp re ssive , t h a t A ug ust us fo un d i t n ec essary t o
q q
uart ers, an d c on se ue n t ly t he ca p it al, of G er re move t h e proc ura t or L uc in ius, w hose ra pa c it y
ma n i a S up erior, in t he t ime o f D rusus, a n d h ad c a used a g en era l d iscon t en t t hroug ho ut t he
n ever a ft erw a rd s c e as ed t o be so . c o un t ry D i o Cassi us, llb liii
. T he vie w in t he . .

N o w Rhe n ish P russia t ex t is c on rmed b y t h e old sc holiast H ele nius

fi
3"
See Cluveri us s
’
.

c op ious a n d mas t erl q A cron ad Hor C arm lib iv 0 d 2 w 3 4, 3 5

y d is uisit ion resp ect in g t he . . . . . . . .

d ist rib ut ion o f t he Roman a rmies on t he R hine . w ho , in allusion t o t he o ffen ce of t he S ic amb ri ,

G erm A n t lib ii p 3 7 6 S ee also T a c A nn urion s,
ex pressly sa
ys t h a t c erta in c en t se n t to
. . . . . . . .
 C hap i Sec
. . . D EFEAT O F L O L L IU S BY T HE SI CA M BR I & c , .

foll owe d up t h e i r b arb a rous d eed w i t h a re solut i on a n d c oura g e w ort hy of d t t lly an o a

a b e tter b e g i n n i n g Th e y c rosse d t h e Rhi n e t ot a lly d e fea t e d t h e giir iil i

.
t l
,
ea
ec o
“m
p raefe c t L olli us
p u rsue d h i s fl yi n
g t r0
, 0
p s t o t h e g a t e s o f t h e i r h e a d -
“

qua rt ers a n d ra va g e d a g rea t p a rt of L ow er G erma n y T h e di sg ra c e of

, .

t hi s ov ert h row a gg ra va t e d by t h e c a p t ure of t h e ea g l e b el on g i n g t o t h e

,

fi ft h l eg i on st un g t h e R oma n s t o t h e qui c k
,
36
Aug ustus h a st e ne d i nt o A U C 7 38 . - - . .

G a ul i n p erson t o w i p e out t h e di sg ra c e ; b ut t h e i n t elli g e n c e of h i s B c 1 6

.
. . .

a rri v a l seems t o h a v e a b a t e d t h e c on fi d e n c e of t h e b a rb a ri a n s
'

Th ey .

sue d for
p ea c e a n d ob t a i n e d i t up on g iv i n g h osta g es for t h e i r fut ure sub
mi ssion D uri n g h is resid en c e i n G a ul August us v i si t e d t h e G erma n A ug u tu g

”
.
, s s oes

p rov i n c e s a n d c omp l e te d t h e org a n iz a t i on of a mili t a ry sy stem (a s w e 2333132

37
,
5 .

ha ve see n ) e qua lly w e ll a d a p t e d t o a ggressi on of d efen c e T he w ar gR m f t hm

’
' ‘

ra ° e ° e
.

i n Rh aet i a a n d V in d eli c i a w a s a b out t h e sa me t ime broug ht t o a suc c essful T h G m

o a n ar s.

e er a ns

i ssue ; a n d a ft er a soj ourn of t wo years i n G aul August us ret i re d t o Zfiz i i lfifi b

’
, ,

R ome l ea v i n g h is step son D rusus i n c omma n d of t h e p rov i n c e

,
38 i it
.
n '

T h e fron ti er of t h e emp i re t owa rd s G erma n y wa s c omp le t ed T h e Th Rhi

‘

d . e ne an

Rhi ne a n d t h e D a n ub e n ot on l y a fford e d st ron g li n es of d e fen c e b ut itfifl étfl

.
,
, o
‘ n e
.

by t h e c on struc t i on of hi g h roa d s a n d t h e est a bli sh men t of c ol on i e s ffig lfifii ,

f
,
‘ fi

fort ifi e d p osts a n d milita ry li n es s e cure d a sa fe b a si s of op era t i on s ,

a g a i n st t h e i n d e en d en t n a t i on s b e yon d t h em T h e a rm o f R oman
'

p .

p ower see me d a l re a dy t o en c i rc l e G e rma n y n a t i ons e qua lly g a ll a n t a n d

e q ua lly well d efen d e d by n a t ure h a d a l rea dy sun k i n t o servi t ud e ;
'

i n d ee d n o c on t emp ora ry ob server of t h e even t s we h a ve h a st ily ske t c h e d

, ,

hi msel f c a p a bl e of t a ki n g a n a d e qua t e survey of t h e a c c umul a t ed mea n s

of c on q ue st n ow i n t h e h a n d s of Rome c ould h av e en t ert a i n e d muc h
doubt of t h e i ssue A n d thi s it i s w hi c h i n vest s t h e l on g t h e ob st i na t e
a n d a t l en t h succ essfu
.

”
l d e fen c e of t h e G erman i c n a t ion s w ith a
, ,

g .

c h ara c t er of i t s own , a n i n t ere st p rop ort i on e d t o t h e gre a t a p p a re n t

in e qua li t y of t h e mea n s of a tta c k a n d re si st a n ce 39

.

d eman d t rib ut e, w ere t h e p erson s put t o d ea th oft en visit ed G erma n y , w hile h e, ( T ib erius ) ,

by t he G erman s t h oug h i n t h e fl ow er his years, sa t b a n d yin g

of
‘

—
.

D i o Ca ssius, lib liv 2 1 p 7 51 an in emp t y w ord s w i t h t he fa t h ers i n t h e sen at e

—
9°

st ruct ive st ory —Suet omu

. . . . .

s i n A u ust 0 23 D io Ca ssi us, lib liv c 20 22

'
8°
.
g . . . . . . .

I n t he course of t h is sect ion J V Muller s

’
97
A t lea st t he i nferen ce t ha t h e d id so is 39
. .

st ron g from a p assa e of T a cit us, ( An n lib i Hist o f Swi t z erlan d, b ook i c 5 h as b een
g . . . . . . .

c. in w h ic h T ib erius is t wi t t ed w it h t he co nsul ted .

ex ample of Aug u st us, w ho in his old ag e so

 C HAP . II .

T HE R O MA N S RESOL V E UP O N T HE C O N Q U EST O F G ERMA NY —IN T ER NAL .

A N D EXT ER N A L ST A T E O F T HE G ERMA NI C N AT I O N S IN T HE A G ES
O F C E SA R AN D T A C I T U S .

Mot ives for th e THE morti fyi n g d efe a t of L olli us seeme d b ut a li n k i n t h e c h a i n of

con quest of
ev en ts from w h i c h t h e R oma n s mi g h t d ra w fresh con fi rma t i on of t h a t
1

G erma n y ,

i mp ort a n t l esson whi c h t h e ex p eri en c e of t h e p a st se eme d t o c on ve y ,

n a mely t h a t suc c ess a a i n st suc h a n e n emy a s t h e G erma n s d e en d e d

, g p
up on t h e ma i n t en a n c e of di sc i p li n e t h e sel ec t i on of skil ful c omma n d ers
, ,

t h e c omp l e t en e ss o f t h e i r li n es o f d efe n c e t h e refi n emen t o f c i viliz e d ,

p oli c y i n sh ort up on a n y t hi n g ra t h er t h a n t h e mere q ua li t i es of t h e

, ,

duri n g c oura ge p hy si c a l st ren g th d a ri n g e n t erp ri se i n

w a rri or, en , , ,

a ll of w hi c h i mp a rt i a l hi st ory a ssi g n s t h e p a l m t o t h e fi erc e b a rb a ri a n s of

t h e n ort h T h e most a n c i en t t ra di t i on s of t h e i r c oun t ry remi n d e d t h e

.

Roma n s of t h e w ea k n ess of n a t ura l b arri ers or n a t i on a l resi sta n c e t o

‘
,

ex c l ud e t h e n ort h ern b a rb a ri a n s from t h e a t t ra c t iv e re i on s of t h e sout h

g .

R u ti G re ec e I t a ly A si a Mi n or h a d i n t i mes p a st b een overrun by mi n g l e d

gép t P s
eco e n

ilg
, , , , ,

T h e fa i n t t ra di t i on s of a p ri mi t i ve
as 9
ra c e s of C e l t i c a n d T eut on i c ori g i n
2
.

T usc a n Ra sen ic or Rh aet i a n c on quest t h e suc c essful i rrup t i on s of

, , ,

B C 6 13
. .
Bellove sus i n t h e re i gn of T arquin ius P riscus a n d of t h e S en on i a n ,

B C 389
. -
Bren n us ra t h er more t h a n t w o c en t uri es a ft erwa rd s ; t h e more rec en t
.
, ,

t h e w ell a uth e n t i c a t e d t h e t erribl e i n v a si on s of t h e T euton es a n d C i mb ri ;

-
,

‘ T t h e ra p id p rog ress of A ri ov i st us a n d of t h e H el ve t ii t h e i mp ot e n c y of t h e
;LZéfigg
fs
,

i n t erme di a t e n a t i on s t o resi st t h e on sl a ug h t of t h e b a rb a ri a n n umb ers

-

a n d v a l our ; a n d l a st ly t h e erson a l e x eri en c e w hi c h t h e R oma n s h a d

p , p , ,

o f t h e un dyi n
g t h e i n v i n c ibl e a rd our for w a r a n d c on q ue st c h ara c t eri st i c
,

of t h e T eut on i c ra c e s a ll c on curre d t o p oi n t out t h e d a n g ers t o w hi c h t h e

,

c i v iliz e d w orld must rema i n e x ose d so l on g a s a si n g l e c l a n or c a n t on of

p
G erma n y refuse d t o sub mit t o t h e y ok e of R ome 8
.

1
I
T he a n cien t t alia n s relied upon t he Alps p 1 88
. . G esch d er D eut sch en ,
. vol . i .

as a n i n sup erable ob st a cle t o i n vasion t ill t he p 6 . .

irrup t ion of t he G a uls, short ly afl er t he ag e o f 9

I t is i mprob ab le t ha t t he k in d of ret ro
n ot

Bellovesus ( B C . . L i v lib v c 3 4
. . . . . . spect ive vi ew of G erman a ffa irs w hic h T ac it u s so

Ba rth . U
rg esch icht e d er D eu tschen , vol i . . eloq uen t ly lays b e fore us i n t he 3 7 t h c ha p of .
 R O ME AN D G ERMA NY : 69
‘

C ha p a ]
.

Ye t t hi s i s b ut t h e p i
o co mmon
c ture of t h a t con di t i on t o w h i c h ev ery 3 T h
o c u
tu l . e na ra

sy st em of p ol i c y b a se d up on c on quest i n t h e e n d re duc es i t s p r0 j e c t ors f t l zgp it i

0 0 0 rl s en c e

o i os on
, ,

a n d a g en t s Aggressive w ar b ec ome s i n suc h c a ses a ma t t er so muc h 3313533225

.
,

more of n ec e ssi t y t h a n of c h oic e t h a t tha t w hi c h i s i n i t s n a t ure a foul p li y f d ,

f th f O
o c
e co‘l f se o
is orce

w ron g is c on v e rt e d by t h e p osi t i on i n w hi c h t h e c omb a t a n t i s p l a c e d i n t h e up n t h ? b y o an

fi rst i n st a n c e i n t o a n e c e ssa ry me a sure 0 f s elf d e fen c e —th en a righ t a

th t p tw a os’ n'
-

ri v il eg e a gl ory Th u s i t w as t h a t R ome c a me t o r e a rd h ersel f a s t he

p , .
g
dest i n e d mi st re ss of t h e world : N o p oi n t i n h e r hi st ory i s more rema rk
a bl e t h an t h e l a xi t y of t h e p re vaili n g n ot i on s a s t o offe n si ve a n d d e fen s ive
w an — t h e di ffe ren c e b e tween a lli a n c e a n d ob e di en c e —fri e n d shi p a n d
—
e
,

su b i y t h ili i f i t h e mut ua li t y o f b e n efi t s
“

s e rv en c e r e c o n,
c a t on-
o n t e res t s , ,

a c c ommod a t i on s a n d servi c es i n h er i n t erc ourse w i t h fore i g n p owe rs . .

.

Al li a n c e s a pp ear t o h a v e b een c on side re d a s measures of momen t a ry

c onven i e n c e —

”
fri e n d shi p s a n d tre a t i e s a s e x p e di en ts : p ra c t i c al ly i n d ee d
sh e rec og n iz e d n o li mi t s t o h er d omi n i on —sh e a c k n ow l e d g e d n o n a t i on a l
, .
, ,

ri g hts a dv erse t o h er p re t en si on s T h e i n t erp osi t ion of G erma n y lik e a n 4 Th i t e ex s en ce

m
.
,

i mmen se w e d g e t h rust i n g i t sel f b e t we en h er most Va l ua bl e a c qui si t i on s m y d

,
G
, an
e"

en
e“
an

! c ut t n g o o
i ff r e n d a n g e r i n
g h er c o m m u n i c i
at o s a
n d
pp ea re a s a n o di ou s g th m ers e co

ob st acl e t o h er sc h e me of domi n i on —
mu i t ié ,
n ca ns

as a a lli n g re roa c h t o h er f t h p
g p
. . o e ro
,
.

i d
mili t ary p rid e In a ddi t i on t o t h ese i n c i t ement s t h e a c qui si t i on of G er g ll th p d
v n ce s, a n
.
, a s e ri e
f th R m
,

ma n y see me d at t h e p eriod w e h a ve a rri ve d a t a l re a dy w i t hi n h er

, ,
o e o a ns .

a n opp ort un i t y offere d i t sel f of a t on c e a v en i n g t h e i n uri es a n d

g ra s
p g j
for ever p ut t i n g a n e n d t o t h e p eril s w hi c h up t o t hi s m om en t
,
sh e , ,

rem emb ere d w i t h fe eli n g s of mi n g l e d t rep id a t i on a n d resen t me n t .

T h e G erm a n i c n a t i on s on t h e i r p a rt reg a rd e d w a r a s t h e most Th G m i

’

e er an c
, _
,
ti
h on ourabl e of oc c up a ti on s a n d p l un d er as t h e most l eg i t i mat e of f w g na on s ea er

, or ar,

his G erman y , occurred i n n early t he same up on us t h an t he slaug h t er of C rassus, wh ere

”
sh a p e, t h ou h wi t h few er fa c t s t o su
g pport i t , t o P a corus himself soon succumb ed b en ea t h t h e
t he emp eror A ug ust us, w h ose p a ci fi c p olicy su f arms of V en t idius But t h e G e rma n s b y t he ,

fered a marke d ex cep t i on in hi s G erman w a rs . d ea t h o r d e feat of C a rb o a n d C assius an d S cau ,

O ur c it y , sa ys T a c it us h a d en t ered up on i t s , rus A u relius, an d Servilius C ze p io an d M arcus ,

6 40 t h y ear w hen , i n t h e con sula t e of C aecilius M an li us, a t on ce ravi shed fi ve con sular a rmies
“ '

M et ellus an d P a pirius C a rb o t he clan g of t h e , from t h e rep ub lic a n d la t t erly t hree en t i re

, , ,

C i mb ri c arms w as fi rst h ear d From w h ic h . le g ion s un d er V arus from t h e empi re

,
eit her
, . N
p eriod if w e comp ut e d ow n t o t he secon d cousu
. d id C ai n s Ma rius in t aly, n or J ulius C aesar i n I
la t e of t h e Emperor T raj a n , t wo h un dred an d t en G a ul, n or D rusus, n o r ero n or G erman icus b eat ‘ N ,

ears ma y b e t old up ; so lon g h a ve w e b een t hem b a c k wi t hout d a n g er an d loss A li t t le ‘

y
— an y t he inj uries mif
.

con q uerin g G erman y m _

w h ile a ft e r t hey laug hed t o scorn t h e men ac es of
, ,
o

t ually i n fl ict ed d uri n g t h a t lon g sp a ce of t ime : C a i n s C aesa r A ft er t h at t hey rema i ne d qui et for
m n or C art ha ge —n eit h er t he
.

n ei t he r S a mn iu a short s a ce un t il, t a ki n g a dva n t a g e of our

‘

,
p ,

Spai n s n or t he G auls, n or even t h e Pa rt hian , di scord s an d civil st rifes h avin g forced t he w in t er

”
,

h a t h g iven more fre que nt w arn in gs ; for in deed ,

, ,
q ua rt ers of t he leg ion s, t h ey even men a ced t he
Germa n li berty is a sh arper thorn i n our sid es G a uls an d , b e in g d rive n from t h a t q uarter t hey ,

t han t h e w hole pow er o f t h e A rsa cid ze

e Wh a t . w e re Sub seq uen t ly ra t her t riump h ed over t han
more sen sible mischi ef h a t h t he East b roug h t con quered G erm c 3 7
. . .

V OL . I .
70 RO ME A N D G ERMAN Y .
[Book I .

i Th ei r coun t ry w a s p oor an d t h e y l ook e d t o t h e spoil s of t h e i r

ga n s .
‘
,

ri c h n e i g hb ours t o i n d e mn i fy t h e m for t h e p ri v a t i on s t o w hi c h t h e ir st ern

c li ma t e a n d t h e i r own w a n t of i n d ustry e x ose d t h em But t h e t rib es 5

b ut i p bl
nca a e
i h “ p .

t lt ? o f G erma n y w e re un c on n e c t ed by a n
y b on d of p oll t l c a l un i on Th e1 r .

dl “
fifififi ffjj b est c h a n c e s of d e fen c e la y ra t h er i n t h e n a t ura l st ren g t h of t h e c oun t r
‘
a e
y
by th i er 0“
t h e y i n h a bi t e d t h e i r n a t i ve c oura g e a n d ,
p o w er of en d ura n c e t h a n i n ,
n ec it
e ss i es o t
mil it ary c ombi n a t i on or syst ema t i c p oli c y T h e w h ol e ma l e p opul a t ion
ihzi ifiifi —
ry .

w ere w a rr1 ors from t h ei r c ra dl es

r r
ne ig h b u o rs, t h e i r p overt y w a s so grea t a n d t h e ,

li t t l e p rop erty t h ey p ossessed w a s of so p orta bl e a n a ture t h a t i n va ,

si on b rou h t w i t h i t fe w of t h ose ev il s w hi c h t h e i r ri c h er n e i hb ou
g g rs

e n d ure d w h en it w a s re t a li a t e d u on t h e m
p T h e G erma n s w ere i n sh ort
b arb a ri a n s —st a n di n g up on a l eve l of c i v iliz a t i on b ut li t t l e e l eva t e d
.
, ,

a b ov e t h a t of sa v a g es ; a n d t h e re i s n o t rut h more fi rmly e st a bli sh e d

t h an t h a t c i viliz a t i on a n d b a rb ari sm c a n n ot sub si st p ea c e a bly sid e by

s id e wi t h n o ot h e r barri er t h an a ri ver or a c h a i n of moun t a i n s t o
p a rt
q l p i t h em T h e c on t e st t h ere fore b e t ween p ar t i es so si t ua t e d t ow a rd s ea c h
d té t ih ot h er w a ra t h er t h r sul
ar e .
, ,
n ‘ e
w mt fyi h
n e s , e e t of n e c essi t y t h a n of c h oi c e T h e c h a ra ct er .

mt
ilfi pbgtlgi
c
er
a n d t h e i n t erest s of b ot h
( a s t h e y un d e rs t oo d t h e m) l a
y i n w ar ; a n d t h e i r

sa fe t y a n d e ven t h e i r e x i st en c e w ere ma d e t o d e p e n d up on i t s i ssue

, ,
.

S i n c e t h e p rog ress of t h e c on t e st c ould h a rdly b e ma d e t h oroughly

i n telli g ibl e wi t h out a dvert i n g t o t h e c h a ra c t er a n d c on di t i on of t h e c om
b a t a n t s w e must sh ort ly rev i ew t h e i n t ern a l a n d ex t ern a l st a t e of G er
,

man y a t t h e p eri od w e h a ve fix ed up on a s t h e c omme n c emen t of t h e wa r

for t h e c on q ue st of t h a t c oun t ry T h e subj ec t seems t o di sp ose i t sel f
most c on ven i en t ly un d er t h e t h ree foll ow i n g p art i c ul ars —I T h e l oc a li t y
.

an d e xt ern a l c on di t i on of t h e T eut on i c t rib es ; I I Th e i r soc i a l p oli t i c a l .

, ,

a n d mili t a ry c ust oms a n d re l a t i on s I II Th ei r mora l h abi t s a n d reli g i ous .

Op i n i on s .

S EC T I O N I .

L oca li ty a nd Ex terna l Cond i t i on f

o the T eut on i c Ra ces .

T H E t est i mon y of a n t iqui t y t o t h e a t hl et i c a pp eara n c e an d e

x t ra ordi n a ry
G erma n s i s un a n i mous T h e a sp ec t of t h e
p eop l e t h e
‘
grow t h of t h e . ,

st ren
gt h an d b oun din g a c t ivi t y of li mb a n d mot i on , t h e p ow er of en d uri n g

T a o G erm c 1 4 P omp M ela , li b i ii c Josep h d e Bell J ud —

lib ii c 1 6 —Cass d e Bell G all lib i c 39
. . . .
. . . . .

I b id c 1 5
—
5 . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. .

S t ra bo, li b viii P li ny , Hist N a t lib T o t hese t est imon ies ma y be a d ded t hose o f
—
. . . . . 11 .

c . 78. T a c G erm c 4 V it Agric c l l

. . . . . . . . P olyaan us an d Herodi a n .
C ha p ii. Sec l . . .
] BOD I L Y P OWER S O F T HE G ERMA NS .
71

ld h un ge r a n d fa ti gue a n d t h e h arsh n ess of t h ei r l a n gua ge a ffe c t e d p w f 2 3

‘

co , , , , o er o

t he R oma n s muc h i n t h e sa me ma n n er a s t h e p e rson a l qua li t i es a n d

bo dily p owe rs of t h e red I n di a n w ar ri ors of N ort h Ameri c a a ffec t e d
t h Rm m e ‘ s'

th e c i viliz e d g EurOPe a n w h en h e fi rst set foot up on t h e n ew world .

Th e c on tra st w hi c h t h e a sp ec t of t h e G erma n s p re sen t e d t o th a t of t h e

i n h a bi t a n t s of sout h ern E urop e c ould n ot fa il t o st rik e t h e R oma n s T h e .

e x t reme fa i rn ess of t h e i r c om l e xi on s
4
p t h e ir y e ll ow h a i r t h e i r g i g an ti c .
,
.

sta ture a n d fi e rce bl ue ey e e x p re ss i ve of i n d om i t a bl e p rid e a n d l oft y

’ ‘

, ,

resol ut i on so st ruc k t h e fa n c y of t h e I t al i a n s t h a t bl ue e y e s c a me t o
, ,

b e reg ard e d a s a b e a ut y a n d men a n d w omen fre que n tly e x c h a n g e d ,

t h e i r ow n d a rk h a i r for t h e y ell ow t resses of t h e i r G erma n c a p t i ve s a

5
,

fashi on w h i c h soon b ec a me so p reval en t a s t o g ive ri se t o a c on sid era bl e

t ra ffi c i n h uma n h a i r from G errh a n y T h e G e rma n s t h emse lve s w ere Th u g
6 ‘

e co i a e
'
.

’
full y c on sc i ous of t h e i r p erson a l sup eri ori t y over t h e p un y d a rk vi sa g e d zfihg fififgfi
‘
s

I t a li a n s The y reg a rd e d t h e i r own fa i r ski n s a n d y e ll ow look s a s p roofs 33233322

.
9
11 8
“

of t h e u ity f th e i r n a ti on a l d esc en t
’
T i u hi m l f t i n ed t h e f r
'

o t t l u o
g
ere n a s
p r a c s se en er a . _

sa m e 0
p i n i on h e k n ew n o ot h er mod e of ac c oun t i n g for t h e un i formi t y T féiii ieg d s er s

p erson al a p p e a ra n c e a mon g t h e t rib es of G erma n y t h a n by sup p osi n g E

.

z gffifi
b e
of
'

th em t o Sp ri n g from on e c ommon st oc k a n d t o b e t h e un mix e d a b orig i n al ,

8
n a t i v es of t h e soil .

O f t h e men t a l qua li t i es of t h e G erma n s w e d eriv e n o very fl a t t eri n g Th R m e o an s

d pi th
r ep ort from t h e R oma n s w h o i n d ee d reg a rd e d t h em a s a ra c e of p m} f t h
es se e ca

, , , , o e

e n e rg e ti c b ut i g n ora n t b a rb a ri an s i n fi n itely b e n e a t h t h emse lves i n $33 2? ,

p oli t i c al c un n i n
g a n d m ilit a ry di sc i p li n e T h e G e rm a n s on t h e i r
p a rt fi t th
f th R m
t .
, ,
es
e
e ar s
o a ns

l ook e d up on t h e a rt s of t h e Roma n s w i t h fee li n gs of h a ug hty c on temp t wit t

o
t mpt ,
n e .

2
Ta c G erm c 41 . Cass de Bell G all . . .
— . . .
p erson s . i p 45 1
L a d en , vol . . .

lib vi 0 2 1 I
p se eorum op in ion ib us a cced o q ui G er
—
. . . .

T a c Hi st lib 11 D i a d S ic lib v A i n o i man i a p opulos n ullis al iarum n at ion um con

3 ’
. . . . . . . .

35 j pcia o ib w Ic a r a x h rj rc r uco i, i Ka i T a ts ¢w nu b iis in fec t os, p rop ri a m a c sin cera m, et t a ut utu

‘

T rv r - '
-

sui similem
g en t em ex t i t i sse a rb it ra n t ur U n d é
'
va i s B
p j x efs lc a i wa vveh w s T pa x ziqfl uv o c Ira a

”
a w
' -
.
, , ,

See th e t est imoni es collect ed in Cluver i us s ’

h ab it us uo ue c orp orum, q uan q uam i n t an t o
q q
G erm A n t lib i c 1 4 p 9 4 T a c G erm c 4 — h omin um n umero, id em omni b us ; truces e t
—
. . . . . . . . . . .

5
Ovi d , d e A rt A man d i i i v 1 6 4 A mores, i c aeru lei oculi , rut i laa comm, mag n a c orpora e t
El x iv v 4 5 —M a r t ia l, Ep ig x iv 2 5
. . .

m
. . .

. . . . . . . t a n t u a d i mp et um valid a Ta c Germ c 4 . . . .

6
T h e an cien t G erman s carefully w ash ed an d 9
T hi s must b e t ak en a s t h e g en eral result of
h eig h t en ed t he yellow colour of t heir hai r b y d yes t he various est ima t es of t h e G erman c h a ract er
—
.

A mm M a rcell lib x x vii c 2 p 52 0 t ra n smi tt ed b y t h e a n ci en t s When it suit ed

—
D i ed
‘

. . . . . . . . .

Src lib v
. P li n H ist N at lib x x viii c 1 2
. . . . . . . . . , t h ei r p urp oses t h ey w ere rea d y en oug h t o p rai se
P lin y sp ea k s of t h e p ra ct i ce of d yein g t h e h ai r / t h ei r d i scern men t a s h i g hly as t hei r v a lo r T hus u .

y ellow as an old cust om a mon g t he Roman s A gri p p a , i n allusion t o t he sub mission of t he

d erive d from t he G auls See also Va ler M a x i . . Belg i c G erman s, ex h ort s t h e ew s t o i mi t a t e t he J

”
mus lib ii c i
, . . .
p rud e n t con duct of t h a t h eroic p eople , w ho,
p oet s ad orn ed t he most
7 T h e old G erma n he sa y s, h ave soul s even g re at er t h an t h eir h ug e
b eaut ifu l of t h eir h eroin es wi t h fl owin g y ellow —
b odies, d espisers of d e at h ,—men w hose w ra t h
t resses T he old er hist orian s freq uen t ly n ot ice
. i s more t errib le t h an t h at of w ild b east s ose h
p . J .

t he lon g ellow hai r of heroes an d di st in u d e Bell J ud lib x vi

y g i shed . . . .
 A N C I EN T G EO G RAP H Y OF G ERMA NY .
[Book I .

h er t h a n of fe a r or j e a l ousy T h e ir t a c t ic s a p p e a re d t o t h e m a s a n
ra t .

a c kn ow l e d me n t o f e rson a l i n fe ri ori t y — t h e i r c i v iliz a t i on a s un ma n ly

”
g p ,

Th y d
e sl ot h a n d me a n effe mi n a c y
eri ve
, Th ey d e ri ve d t h e i r own ori g i n from t h e i r .

th ig i
b eg a t a son n a me d Ma n n
e i r or n

f mth g d
ro eG od s o T h e divi n e T ui st o
. sa id t h e y , , ,
Tm
from w h ose l oi n s t h e w h ol e n a t i on i s d e sc en d e d
d hi
s lo a n s lo
son M a nn .
H e n c e t h e y c a ll ed .

t h emsel ve s Ill a n uen t h e son s o f M a n n ; a n d h en c e t h e fre que n t a ddi t i on s

”
n t o t h e i r n a t ion a l a n d m
,

of t h a t a ell a t i o ili t a ry a ssoc i a t i on s —a s M a rk

pp
M a n n en All e M a n n en —a n d st ill more st riki n g ly i n Ger M a n n en or
, ,

-
-
, , , , ,

\Ve h rma n n e n t h e n a me by w hi c h t h e y w ere k n own t o t h e G ree k s a n d

,

R oma n s .

Th fu i
e c on W i t h out a t t empt i n g t o un ravel the i n t ri c a c i es of t h e g eogra p hy of
s on

f h
a nc i en t G erma n y w e ma
o t t
e an c i en

g g ph y f
eo ra o y w i t h t h e a ssi st a n c e of t h e a ddi t i on a l e v id e n c e
, ,

G m y
w hi c h our a c qua i n t a n c e wi t h sub se que n t e ven t s h a s b roug h t t o li g h t
er an ,
,

ex
p l a i n some of t h e mi sun d erst a n di n g s w hi c h t h e i g n ora n c e or t h e c a re
l essn e ss of t h e old g eog ra p h ers h as oc c a si on e d I n g en era l t h e R oma n s .

c on t en t e d t h e msel ves w i t h t h e fi rst n a me t h a t fe ll i n t h e i r w ay w i t h out ,

i n qui ry i n t o i t s p rec i se si g n ifi c a t i on or a pp li c abili t y t o t h e p eop l e i t w a s

i n t en d e d t o d esi g n a t e T h e n a mes of n a t i on s t rib es c a n t on s a n d c l a n s
.
, , ,

b e ca me mi x e d t og et h er in i n ex t ri c a bl e c on fusi on Th us i n Pl ut a rc h t h e .
, ,

c umul a t i ve n a me T eut on es i s a p p li e d t o a si n g l e di v i si on o f t h e grea t

C im
'

b r i c c on fed era c y i n C aesa r S uev i a re foun d up on t h e g roun d w hi c h ,

T a c i t us a ssi gn s t o t h e C h a t t i t h e a c c oun t s of Pli n y , S t ra b o an d P t ol emy ,

presen t i rre c on c il a bl e con t ra di c t i on s of t h e sa me c h a ra c t er ; t rib e n a mes -

a re c o n foun d e d w i t h n a t i on a l n a me s; a n d b ot h w i t h mere l
y oc c a si on a l or
c on fe d era t e a
pp e ll a t i on s A s a n i n st a n c e W e m a
y p oi n t t o t h e w ord
.
,

Germa m ob v i ously d eri v e d from a t i t l e o f h on our a ssumed by t h e w a rri ors

'

o f t h e T eut on i c ra c es t o di st i n ui sh t h em from t h e i r un w a rlik e n e i h

'

g g
b ours or from t h e p e a c eful c l a sse s of t h eir own c ommun i t i es O t h e r
, .

i n st a n c e s w ill sh ort ly p rese n t t h e mse lves .

Su M
evi , But t h e p o i n t i t i s most i mp ort a n t t o c l e a r up for t h e use of our
a r co ~

m l
z fii ifig n a rra t i ve re l a t es t o t h e di s t i n c t i on b e t we e n t h e a ll a t i on s of S uevi
’
e
e h i .
pp ,

t
s a n eeth m M a rcoma n n i a n d A lema n n i : 1 1 T a c itus a ssi n s t h e re a t e r a rt of c en t ra l
e sa e 2
race ud d f
n er i
, g g p .

u G e rma n y t o t h e S uev i S emn on e s a n a me un d er w hi c h h e t ell s us a re

{ g z t ft
‘

eit h h e ee.
,
, ,
1I 8 V ! I n a 1

”
Ta c G erm c 3 g ut t ural g , w hen it p re ced es t he u or to, seems to
'

G erma n nen ,— from G e rre, or Wehre,

. . .

h ave b een t hrown out or re t ai n ed i n differen t ly in

—
w ar,
a n d t h e a ffi x Man n lit erally, w ar men o r -
t he En g lish a n d ot her mo d ern la n g ua g es, as,
G uard , Wa rd ,—G uardi an , Wa rd en , of c ommon
,

wa rri ors S o ( I t alice) G uerra , ( G allice)

.

G W ’W , ( A n g lice) War, mod e rn G erman Weh re, — roo t . So also Gw a tkin , Wa tki n , G ui llim, —
d e fe n c e S ee t he v arious si n ifi c a t ion s o f t he old
.
g W i lli a m .

T e ut on ic w o rd Were, G uere, G ere, ( a rma b ellum, ,

T h e Ale man n i d o n ot , how ever, ap pear
se d it io , ) a n d Weh ren upon t he st ag e of hist ory t ill t he reig n of C ara
( d e fe nd ere , cust odire, oh
se rvare ) a ud S ch i lt er T h esauru
p s An t iq u
. i ta t um, c alla o r A lex Severus, a bo ut t he middle of t he
.

& c vol iii G lossariumT eut on icum, p 8 47 T he

. . . . . t hi rd ce n t ury .
C hap . 11 . See . S U EV I , MA RC O MA NN I A L EMAN N f , .

comp re h en de d , like t h e C h at t i or T en c h t eri b ut a t l G

not i
s ng e l t rib es ,
cen ra er
many
c l ust er of n a t i on s Sp re adi n g t h e mse l ves ov e r t h e g rea t er p art of G erma n y
’

di st i n gui sh e d fromon e a n ot h er by several t rib e n a me s a n d kn ow n c ol

,

Thi s p eop l e a n d i t s n um
-

lec t ively by t h a t of S uev i erous ra mifi c a t i o

1 3
ns

e x t en d e d from
.

t he Up p er Rhi n e i n a di a g on a l di re c t i on t o t h e Elb e a n d
‘

t h e B a l t i c a n d even b e y on d i t t o t h e un k n ow n re g i on s of S c a n di n a vi a
’

.
, ,

S uevic n a t i on s a re met w i t h on t h e S a a l e t h e Elb e t h e O der a n d t he , , ,

V ist ul a i n on e li n e a n d i n a n ot h er from t h e D a n ub e t ot h e N ort h S e a

, ,
’5
, .

Yet n ot wi t h st a n din g t hi s ubiqui t y it is surp ri si n g t h a t t he S uevi u

,

,
n d erb ut d t , , o no
m
t h a t n a me a re n e ver foun d i n a c t ua l con t ac t w i t h t h e R oma n s i n t h e fg fifih fii;
,

fie l d D uri n g C aesa r s w ars a g a i n st t h e Be l g i c G erma n s w e h ea r muc h 2332:$t

.
1

o f t h em b u t a l w a y s a t a di st a n c e
, Th e y sup p l a n t t h e H elv e t ii on th e m ; .
na e

Upp er Rlii ne t h e y p ress h a rd up on t h e U bii t h e y e x p e l t h e Ten c h

t e r i a n d Usi p e t e s — th e i r p ow er i s reg a rd e d w i t h sup erst i t i ous a w e —t he
- -

G od s t h e mse l v es a re t h oug ht sc a rc e ly c a p a bl e of 0 0 p i n g w i t h th em ; et
y
i n t h e fi eld t h e y are n o w h ere t o b e m
,

,
et w i t h T h e di ffi cul t y h owever .
, ,

rea dily yi elds t o a c l oser i n qui ry ,

.

2 I n t h e a g e of A ug ust us a n a n c i en t p e op le k n ow n t o C aesa r L i v y a n d 2 M
. m , , , a rco a n ni

T a c i t us by t h e n a me of B oii st ill occ up i ed t h e fert ile p l a i n s i n c l osed by zfiffg zfi ,

l

e n

t h e S ud e t e s or g i a n t moun t a i n s t o t h e ea st w
,

a rd t h e Erz g eb i rg t o t h e
'
‘

, , ,

n ort h w ard a n d t h e B o h mer w a ld t o t h e w e st wa rd a n d e x t e n di n

g sout h
'

, ,

Wa rd t o t h e b a n k s of t h e D a n ub e From t h e B oii or Boj e n t h e c oun t ry .

, ,

w a s d e n omi n a t e d i n t h e old T eut on i c di a l e c t Boj e n h a i m t h e d welling ,

'

, ,

or h om
f
e o t h e B j
o m T h e R om a n s a n d G re e k s c a ll e d i t Bo eoh aemum
j i ; .

Thi s peop l e , sup p ose d b y some wri t e rs t o h a ve b een of G a lli c or C elti c

o rig i n w ere a t t a c ke d a b out t h e y ea r 9 of t h e C h r
, i st i a n era b y a n u e , , m
rous b ody of w a rri ors c a lli n
g t h emsel ve s M a rk M a n n e n or M en of t h e
M arc h e s j—t h ey overra n t h e Boj eu h a i m a n d t h e i r ki ng or c hi e f M a rb od
,

, ,

or M a rob o d est a bl i sh e d t h e re a formid a bl e mon a rc hy w hi c h for a t i me

, ,

b ec a me e qua lly d a n g erous t o R ome a n d t o t h e i n d e p e nd e n c e of h is ow n -

c oun t ry men T h e d omi n i on s of t h e M a rk ma n ne n or M a rc o ma n n i of

17
.
,

t h e Roma n s e mb ra c e d i n a ddi t i on t o t h e c oun t ry o f t h e Bo e n h i c h ma

j (w y , ,

b e reg a rd e d a s a c on q ue t ) n e a rly t h e w h ol e di st ri c t a ssi g n e d by T a c i t us s

T a o G erm An t lib iii c 2 5 p 59 7

—
. . . . . . . . .

14
C aesar fi n ds t hem on t h e pper Rhi ne a s U 1"
Vellei us P a terc ulus lib 1 1 p 22 2 Ta c i t , . . . . .

t h e n eig hbours an d en emie s of t h e Helvet ii . G erm c 2 8 T he mod ern G er

. . .man n ame i s con
( C omm li b i c . A g a i n h e meet s w it h
. . .
,
t rac t ed in t o Boh eim a n d Bohmen T a 0 1 t us V ell .
,

t h em i n Hessia: as t h e b it t er foes of t h e b ii U . Pa t ere , St rab o an d P tolemy w rit e t h e name sub

.

( C omm lib iv c l ) T he sip et es a n d T en ch U st an t ia lly alik e : t hus, T a c Bo emum; V e ll P a t

j
m
. . . .

,
t e ri , n a t ion s of t h e L ow er Rhin e , fl y b efore t he Boj eoh aemum; S t rab o, Bov i a z p o v P t ole m Ba t
'‘
. .

I
( b id lib iv 0
. . He describ es t hem a s
. .
y et .

lon ge max i ma g en s
— V ell P at er lib loco cit at o
‘7
. . . . 11 . . St ra bo,
‘5
L ud en , vol i p 1 7 6 r Cluveri us, G erm . . . . lib vii
. .
74

t o the
NAT I O N AL I D EN T I T Y
S uevi S e mn on es, t og e t h er w i t h fi ve or six ot h er c a n ton s of
E a st ern G erma n y T h e sup p osi t i on th a t t h e M a rk ma n n e n sh ould h ave
,

.
” OF S U EV I , A N D A L EMA

-
NN I , [Book I .

a c q ui re d t h ese e x t e n si v e d omi n i on s by c on que st i n t h e a b se n c e of a ll ,

e v id e n c e must fa ll t o t h e g roun d T h e re verse of t hi s p rep osi t ion is t h e

—
.
,

t rue on e ; S uev i a n d M a rk ma n n e n move a n d a c t i n c on c ert , t h ey -

o c c u y t h e sa me d i st ri c t s, t h e y foll ow t h e sa me b a n n e rs, a n d c on st i t ut e
p
-

t h e p op ul a t i on of on e a n d t h e sa me st a t e W e th ere fore n a tura lly c on .

e l ud e t h a t t h e M a rk ma n n e n w e re w h a t t h e i r n a me i mp ort s, n a mely , t h e
-

g rea t b ody of b or d er w a rr i or s se n t for t h a n n u a lly by t h e S-

u ev i e i t h er t o

g u a r d t h e i r ow n fro n t i er s o r t o m a k e w a r u p o n t h e i r n e i g hb ou rs
19
T h e .

n a me t h e y a ssume d d e si n a t e d merely t h e i r offi c e or fun c t i o n ; n o t rib e

g
n a me c ould h a v e sui t e d a mili t ary a sse mbl a e of suc h a n a t ure ; a n d t h e y
g
w ould o f c ourse b ec ome k n o w n t o t h e R o ma n s by t h e si mp l e a n d c om

p re h en si ve a pp ell a t i on a d a p t e d t o t h e i r c oll ec t i v e c h a ra c t er ra t h er t h a n
by t h e n umerous n a mes of t h e t rib e s of w hi c h t h e y c on si st e d 20
.

3 Alema n n i 3 T h e sa me rema rk s a p p ly , w i t h out ma t eri a l v a ri a t i on , t o t h e g rea t

.

t h e sa me ;
t h oug h t h e mili t a ry a ssoc i a t i on a ft erw a rd s k n ow n by t h e n a me o f A lle Jll a n mm
y -
.
in

n o ce
ti at “ u
A ft er t h e di sp l a c eme n t of t h e M a rk ma n n en t h e A le ma n n en a re foun d
a d va n ce i n t o

p
-

,
-

qu t p i d i n t h e v ery
p osi t i on b e t ween t h e Rhi n e t h e M a y n e a n d t h e D a n ub e ,
se en ef o
, , ‘
,

w hi c h t h e forme r h a d reli n qui sh ed t o foll ow t h e for un e s of M a rb o d i n

t
t h e e a st of G erma n y T h e n a me t h e y a ssume d a n d t h a t by w hi c h t h ey .
,

w e re di st i n g ui sh e d by t h e R oma n s i s c omp ound e d of t h e old T eut on i c

w ord s A l si g n i fyi n g Un iversa li t
y a n d M a n n ; i n t hi s c onj un c t i on i mp lyi n g
, ,

a un i on or a sso c i a t i on o f w a rri ors from a ll t rib e s a n d c l a n s

22
.

Su i t h
ev , ereTh e se c on sid era t i on s l e ave b ut li t t l e d oub t t h a t t h e n a me S uevi wa s a
f i
g en eri c n a me c omp ri si n g t h e c oll ec t i ve c l a n s or c a n t on s of c en t ra l
ore, a g en er c
na m m e co .

e rma n y
22 G I i s si n ul a r t h a t t h e e a rli es t c on q uest of t h e S uev i
6
1
1
5 3 33 53 8
t g . the ,

t m‘
st ri c t b e t wee n t h e Rhi n e t h e M a y n e a n d t h e D a n ub e sh ould st ill
gsx fi fi din
, , ,

Ta o A n n 1 1 c 45
. G erm c 3 9
. . . . . . Q ua d ra t us d eclares t h at t h e Aleman n i were no
Bella ndi causa , accord in g
grea t a ssoc ia t ion mad e up of various
19
t o Caesa r , o t h er t ha n a
C omm l i b i v 0 i
. . . . . n a t ions, a n d t h a t t h e
y in t en d ed t o con vey t ha t
L ud en , i b oo k 1 1 c 2 Cluv G erm A n t fac t b y t he n ame t hey a ssumed
_

9°
. . . . . . . .

lib iii c 2 5 p 59 9
. . . . . . T he t heories rela t ive t o t he orig in o f t h e A le
T h ese ra ces w ill b e more p art icularly n ot ic ed man n i are as n ume ro us as t he c ri t ics w h o ha ve
i n a sub seq uen t c h a p t er, w he n t he subj ec t lea d s p lun g ed i n t o th e lab yri n t h of a n cien t G erman
us t o t he co n sid era t ion of t he milit a ry a ssoc ia g eog ra p hy See t he list in S t r uvi us, C orp
H ist G erm vol i Proleg sect i c 2 1 —2 6
. .

t ion s b y w h ic h t he em ire w a s assa iled ab out

p . . . . . . . . .

t he mid dle o f t h e t hird cen t ur C luver, ( G erm A n t lib ii i c w it h his usual

y . . . . . .

99
S c hi lleri T hesa urus A n t T eut v ol iii . . . . d og ma t ism, a ffi rms t ha t t he Aleman n i w ere o f
G lo ss a d verb A ll ma n n , p 2 1
. T h e t est imon y
.
-
. . G a llic e x t ra c t ion b ut h e is refut ed as muc h b y
of t h e B z a n t in e A a t h i a s t o t he v iew t a k en
y g t h e w eig h t o f fact s as o f a ut h ori t y a me , p osi . N
i n t he t e x t is e x p ress He q uot es A ssin in s . t io n , c onj unc t io n , c h a rac ter, al l i nd ica t e a g en uin e
I
Q ua d ra t us, a n t a lia n w rit er on G erma n a ffa irs, T eut on ic ra ce Se e al so G old ast us, Rer Alle
. .

of
g re a t re p ut a t ion fo r accura cy of st a t e men t . man n Script vol i p 1 46
. . . . . .
 C h ap ii Sec l
. . . .
] M ATT I ACI , U SI PET ES , T EN C HT ERI , S C AM BR I I , C HA T T I . 75

re a n t i the na S wa bi a me Suevi a
I n t h e fi ft h c en t ury , t h e Suev i
of or

a p p e a r a mon g t h e c on q uerors of S p ai n un d e r t h ei r p rop er n a me ; b ut , i n

t h e i n t eri m, t h e y a re rec og n iz e d on ly un d e r b orrow e d or a ssume d n a me s ,

rob a bly b e c a use t h e y li ve d un d er n o c ommon form of g ov ern men t a n d

p ,

assoc i a t e d on ly for t h e p urp oses of d efe n si ve or a ggressi ve w a r I t will , .

t h erefore , b e a ssume d t h a t t h e t erms S uev i , M a rcoma n n i , a n d Al e ma n n i

a re , a s i t resp ec t s p erson a lity , t h e sa me ; a n d t h a t t h e t w o l a t t er n a mes

i h u h d m i u ll mili a ry a ssoc i a t i on s b ot h a d mi t of a n d
( w t s c a n a x t re a s a t
en c o u ra g e ) d esi g n a t e th ose g re a t b o di es of S uev i c w a rri ors w hi c h , from

t h e a g e of C aesa r d ow n t o t h e fa ll of t h e w est e rn emp i re c a me more ,

imme di a t ely i n t o c on ta c t wi t h t h e R oma n s up on t h e fron ti ers of t h e

Rhi n e a n d t h e D a n ub e .

T h e M a rkma n n en , h owever, were n ot i mme di a t ely suc c ee d e d by t h e

'

Al lema n n en , a ft er t h e i r di sp l a c emen t by M a rb od I n t h e fi rst i n st a n c e Ma z ci n h e

moéem éucL
.
za

t h e y ma d e w a y for t h e M a t t i a ci, a t rib e i n a lli a n c e w i t h t h e R oma n s 23 y

“ Nassau .

T o t h e n ort h ea st w a rd of th ese w e mee t w ith U sip e t e s or U sip i i dw ell u / be m

2 4 t ween f
;e
-

i n g b et w een t h e ri vers We ser a n d El ms 1 11 t h e bi sh op ri c s of O sn a b rii ck W eser a nd th e ,

a n d Mi n d en Th e i r mili t a ry a ssoc i a te s, t h e T en c h t eri , ap p ea r t o h a ve Ten cht er i

.
Ems
z n

b ord ere d on th em t o t h e sout h west wa rd , oc cupyi n g t h e c oun t ry of t h e t{lhr e Suevic dis -

.

Rhi n e from t h e v i c i n i t y of D usse ld orf t o t h e mout h of t h e L i pp e , a n d

th en c e e a stward a s fa r a s A ren sb erg a n d P a d erb orn 25
T o t h e sout h of .

t h e T euc h t e ri t h e S i c a mb ri , or S i g a mb ri a n d t h e U bi i , sh a re d w i t h t h em S ca mbri 11 t he , i 1

”
t h e mod e rn duc hy of W estp h a li a ; t h e U bii on t h e Rhi n e t h e S i c a mb ri e
u
vefzphfim ,

t o t h e ea st w a rd .

T o t h e e a st ward of t h e M a t t ia c i a n d U b i i , i n t h e mod ern El e c t ora te of cumi n th e

B essi a , d we l t t h e C h a tti of Ta c i t us a n d Suev i of C aesa r Th ey a re ggs ?
“ °f
.

d e scrib e d by Ta c i t us a s a n a ti on w hi c h c ombi n e d t h e n a t i ve c oura ge

”
an d d ar i n
g o f t h e G e r m a n i c r a c e s w ith m or e t h a n t h e i r ordi n a r y d elib e s

ra ti on a n d ru d e n ce Th e y h a d ma d e c on sid era bl e a dv a n c e s i n mili t ary

p .

9
T acitus d oes n ot i n dicat e clearly t he osi tion Be rg , an d t h e locali t ies of K a isersw erd a , S alin
p
of t he M a t t ia ci But from a c omp ari son of
.
g en , S t ein b ach
an d .

P lin y , N a t Hist lib x x x i c 2 A mm M a rcell

. . . . . . . .
26
C luver p laces t he Sig amb ri b e tw een t he
lib x x ix c 4 a n d T a ci tus, H ist lib iv 0 3 7
. . . . . . . . . river L ipp e a n d t h e con n es of t h e modern Ele c
fi
th eir posit ion ma y b e fi x ed wi t h t olerable ce rt a in ty t ora t e of Hesse C a ssel G erm A n t p 53 7
. . . . .

i n th e sout h ern p ar ts of Hessia , a roun d Wies Pfi st er d erives t he n ame from t he river S i eg .

b ad en i n a ssau N
, F ran kfort on t h e May ne, an d in T h ey were disp ersed in t he reig n of A ugustus,
t he Rh ein g a u . an d a re t herefore n ot men t i on ed b y T aci t us .

Cli m G erm An t lib iii c 1 0 p 5 43 Cluver i n sists t hat t h e S uevi of C aesar w ere
m
3“ 27
. . . . . . . . .

et er d erives t he n a me from t h e river U se or n ot Suevi b ut C ha t ti, Ha t ti, Ha ssi or H essian s , .

U sh ach, i n a ssa u Nsin g en , w here t he

y are sup U T hey w ere prob ably b oth, Suevi b ein g t he g en e
p osed t o h ave dw e lt b efore t h ey w ere ex p elled b y ri c a n d Ch a t t i the t rib e n a me T his supp osi t ion
-
.

t h e Suevi in C aesar s t ime G esc h d er D eut schen , would , a t least , st ri e off on e from t he man y
k
’
. .

vol i p 1 60
. . . .
g eog rap hical b lun d ers wh ich t h a t vi va cious d og
25
A ccord in g t o C luver, ( lib iii c 1 0 p . . . . . ma t ist a scrib es t o C aesar G erm A n t lib i i i . . . .

t heir can ton com ri sed a

p part of t h e D uchy of c 5 p 5 23
. . . .
 ”
76 C HA MAV I , A N G RI V A RI I , MA R SI BRU CT ER I & c , , .
[Book I :

i
sc en c e b eyon d t h ei r coun t ry men ; t h ey p a id more a t t e n t i on t o di sc i pli n e ,

a n d t ru st e d l e ss t o fort un e L uc k h e sa y s . w a s e st e eme d by t h e m
, ,

a s b ut a rec a ri ous re li a n c e ; mili t a ry sc i e n c e a n d c oura g e a c ert a i n

p
a d va n t a g e Th e y t rust e d more t o t h e t a l en t of t h e gen era l t h a n t o t h e

”
.

mere b rut e st ren g t h of t h e me n : t h e y p rovid e d for t h e w a n t s of a c a m :

a
p g i n c a rryi n
, g st ore s a n d su
pp li es i n t o t h e fi e l d a l on
g w i t h th em

ot h e r t rib e s mi g h t g o out t o b tle t h e C h a t t i w e t fort h t o w a r

28
a t n .

T o t h e n ort h w a rd of t h e C h a t t i t h re e c l a n s oc c ur w h om S t ra b o a n d,

T a c i t us d e si gn a t e by t h e n a mes of C h a ma vi A n griv a rii a n d M a rsi , , .

Th e y h eld t h e c oun t ry up on t h e U pp er Ems a n d b e t w een t h a t ri ver a n d ,

t h e W e ser Th i s di st ri c t T a c i t us a ssures us h a d b een formerly oc c up i e d

.
, ,

by t h e B ruc t eri w h om t h e C h a in av i a n d A n g riva ri i h a d ex p ell e d a n d

,

a l most ex t i r a t e d T h e M a rsi lik e w i se di sa

pp ea r a n d a re n ot a a i n
p .
, g , ,

h e a rd of ; i t i s p rob a bl e t h a t t h ey mel t e d i n t o some n e i g hb ouri n g c l a n

99
.

But t h e B ruc t eri a re i n a sub se que n t a g e a g ai n foun d i n t h e i r a n c i e n t

3 0
B ucl eri,
r
, ,

se a t s a n d i n a ug me n t e d n umb ers a n d p ow er .

T h e fl a t a n d swa mp y c oun t ry b e t we en t h e L ow er Rhi n e a n d t h e Ems

w a s o c c up i ed by t h e F ri s ii ; t h e i sl a n d s a t t h e mout h s of t h e Rhi n e a n d
M euse a n d t h e ma rshy groun d s b e t w een t h ose ri vers by t h e B a t a vi a n d
'

, ,

C a n i n e fa t es 31
T o t h e e a st w a rd of t h e F ri sii t h e c oa st b e t ween t h e Ems

”
. , p

C/i a iw i, a n d t h e Elb e w a s h eld by t h e C h a n c i T a c i t us d e sc rib es t h em a s a .

ow erful n a t i on h by h x u l si on o f t h e A n sib a rii h a d b ecome

”
p w o t e
,
e p , ,

n e i hb ours t o t h e C h a t t i T h e R oma n s h e a dd s re a rd e d t h em a s
g .
g , ,

n obl e st of t h e G e rma n n a t i o n s si n c e t h e y
p referre d rest i n g t h e i r p ower
,

ra t h e r u on j ust i c e t h a n forc e
p Th e i r n eut ra li t y i n t h e w a rs b e t w e en t h e
.

Roma n s a n d t h e i r formid a bl e n e i g hb ours t h e C h a t t i ma y h a v e w on for , ,

t h em t hi s e ul og i um T h e a c c oun t o f t h e m t ra n smit t e d by Pli n y i s i n

3 2
.
,

ev ery resp ec t l e ss fl a t t e ri n , g H ere i n t h e sp a ce of a si n g l e d a y a n d ,

ni ht
g ,h e sa y s t h e o c ea n fa r a n d w id e t w i c e a d v a n c e s a n d rec e d es
, , , ,

o c c a si on i n
g suc h a st ruggl e b et w ee n t h e e l emen t s t h a t on e mi g h t d oub t ,

w h e t h e r t h e e n t i re reg i on sh ould b e a c c oun t e d t o t h e l a n d or t h e se a .

T h e i n di g e n t i n h a bi t a n t s b uild t h e i r h ut s up on a rt ifi c i a l moun d s a b ove

t h e re a c h o f t h e hi g h est fl ood s W h e n t h e t id e is i n t h ey l ook lik e
.
,

9"
Ta o G erm c 3 0
. . . . T ac it us A n n i 5 6 ; 1 1 2 5, 50 —Hist iii 59
. . . . . . . .

9°
Ch a ma vi A ccord in g t o Pfi sl cr t hey t oo
. k G e rm c 2 . . .

t h eir n a me from t he d ist rict o f Gli e m, or Ha m, T he coun t ry of t he F risu, or F riesen , in

on t h e L i
p pe, uasi C ha m e u, or C h a m g a u
q - — . clu d e d a ll t h e n o rt hern p rov in ces of t he ki n g d om
A n g r iva ri i , A n ge rn , or Eng ern , of Pfi ster f . o f Holla n d Z ealan d a n d t recht w ere p roba
. U
M a rsi , ca lle d Marsa t ii b y P li n y Hist N a t b ly occup ied b y t he Ba t avi, or t he C an inefa t es,
Oln o lib iii c 1 7 p 559 —Ta c
. . .

lib iv c 1 5
. . . or b y b o t h . . . . . . . . .

3°
T he Ma rsi a re several t imes men t io n ed b y G erm c 29 a nd 3 4
. . .

a?
T a c G e rm c 3 5 . . .
 C HAUCI , C HER U SC I I MBRI
“

C hap ii Sec . . . , C , &c .

77

mari n ers in th e i r b ark s w h en i t ret i res th ey re sembl e shi p wrec ked

.
“
'

sa il ors Th ey e n de avour t o c a tc h t h e fi sh a s t h e y p a ss by th e i r h ut s
.

w ith t h e re t re a t i n g t id e The y h ave n o c a t t l e a n d un lik e th e i r c oun try ; .

, ,

men milk forms n o p art of th eir food Th e y d o n ot even hun t for th ei r

,
.
,

w ood s a re t oo di st a n t Th ey t wi st se a w ee d a n d r ush es i nto rud e n e ts .

-

a n d for fuel sc ra e up t h e mud w i t h t h e i r h a n d s

‘
'

a n d d ryi n it a t h er l n

”
p g r

t h e w i n d t h a n t h e sun w a rm b ot h t h e i r food a n d t h e i r ow n st i ffen ed

'

li mb s w i t h t h e h ea t e d c l a y Th e i r on ly dri n k is ra i n w a t er p reserve d i n .
-

p i t s w i t hi n t h e i r h ut s
33
.

All owi n g for t h e t on e of ex a g g era t i on whi c h st ran gen ess i s a p t t o

e n g e n d er we rea dily rec og n iz e a st a t e of soc i e t y a d a p t e d t o t h e n a t u
,
re

of t h e c oun t ry ; a c ommun i t y of fi sh ermen fen c i n g out t h e oc e a n t id es ,

by rude dyk e s up on w hi c h t h ey b uil t t h e i r h ouses ; liv i n g up on t h e

,

rod uc e of t h e i r n e t s a n d h a v i n g no ot h er fue l th an t h e turf w hi c h t h e y

p ,

T h e c oun t ry e xten di n g a l ong t h e c oa st of t h e d w lli g

d ug out of t h e i r b ogs
N ort h S ea from t h e effl ux of t h e Ems t o th a t of t h e Weser a n d t h e Elb e figggg
.

g gfif
” ,
e n

a
on

to t hi s h ou r
p re se n t s i n t h e ma i n t h e sa m e p hy si c a l fe a ture s,
34
323 3113:
1
, .
1

T o t h e sout h e astward of t h e C h auc i l a y t h e l a n d of t h e Ch erusc i W

- d th
,
eser, an e

a ra c e w hi c h for a p eri od n obly sust a i n e d t h e h on our a n d i n d e p en d en c e 2 3 mm

1
, ,
,

of t h e i r c oun t ry Th e i r t erri t ory c omp re h en d e d t h e reg i on s b et w een t h e

.

Weser a n d t h e U p p er Elb e t o i t s c on fluen c e w i t h t h e S a a l e wh ere t h ey b t w th , e een e

b ord ere d up on t h e H ermun duri T h e C h a t t i w ere t h ei r n e i g hb ours t o llfi

d th e’ a fl
z
35 e
.

t h e sout h w est w a rd .

T h e ori g i n a l l a n d of t h e C i mb ri or K i mb ern i s st ill t h e subj ec t s b m th , , rz e

of c on t rov ersy T a c i t us t h ought h e h a d met w i t h a wea k remn an t of t hi s “ la d

.
p i ul f en n s a o

c el eb ra t e d ra c e i n t h e Jut i sh p en i n su
n

l a T h e di sc overy ga ve oc c a si on t o .

t h e e l eg an t p a ra gra p h b efore a dverte d t o

36
W hil e t h e stirri n g re c ollec L .

t i on s i t re c a ll e d w ere fl oa t i n g i n h i s i ma g i n a t i on i t i s n ot surp ri si n g t h a t ,

t h e hi st ori a n sh ould h a v e overl ook e d t h e p rop ri e t y of id en t i fyi n g by

sa t i sfa c t ory d e t a il t h e C i mb ri of M a ri us w i t h t h e re d uc e d t rib e h e i n t ro

duc es t o us un d er t h a t n a me T h e g eogra p hi c a l p osi t i on of t h e old .

C i mb ri c ra c e (i f t h e n a me ever w a s a n y ot h er t h a n a n a me of a ssoc i a t i on )
i s a t l e a st v ery d oubtful 37
.
, ,

P I571 N a t Hist lib x vi c l

3°
. T he accoun t
.

of Plin y i s en t it led t o t he p referen ce over t ha t of

. . . . . T a c G erm c 3 7
36

glori a in g en s, & c
.

”
P arva n un c civit a s, sed
. .

T acit us, sin ce h e w as a n eye wi tness of t he sta t e - 87

S ch ilt er, in hi s ex cellen t G lossary t o t he
of t he coun t ry h e d escrib es durin g his ca mp a i n s A n t i q T eut on i c w, vol iii p 1 6 2 sug g est s t he
g
'

. . . . .

i n G erman y un d er t he comman d of G erma n ic us . b est et ymology He d erives i t from t he old

.

34
T h e C han ci p ossessed t h e low swa mpy T eut on ic w ord Ch a mpj ,a fi g h t or b at tle ; hen ce
c oast s of Bremen , Ea st F ri eslan d at d t he D uch
y
-
Chempj er or Ch i mpfier, a w arrior — a soun d t he ,

of O ld en b ur
g Roman s w ould rea d ily chan g e in t o Ci mb er
—
.
.

Cluv G erm A n t lib iii e 1 9

. Ta c G erm
. . . . . . . . H en ce, a lso, t he Fren ch an d En glish w ord
36 Ch a mp i on for on e w ho mai n t a in s a not her s
'
c . .

V OL . I .
L
78 I
S O L A N D CL I MA T E O F G ERMA NY .
[Book I .

N ort hward of t h e D a n ube i n t h e S a x on i l of F ra n c on i a an d t he

'

, c rc e

d uc hi es, g eog ra p h ers p l a c e t h e n a t i on of t h e H ermun d uri , a p eop l e wh o

”
live d i n fri en dly i n t erc ourse w i t h t h e R oma n s T h e Q uad i oc c up i ed .

v i a , L ow er Aust ri a a n d a p art of H un g a ry
88
au in LoWel M ora T h e ea st ern fron ti er
gUSg“8 a n d
z
’
i .
,

Moravia .of G erma n y i s a rbi t ra rily p eop l e d by t h e a n c i e n t w rit ers with t rib es

of G a lli c a n d S a rma t i a n ori g i n S uc h are t h e Osi , L y g iz , A r a

'

. .

$ 2522; T he b a n k s of t h e O d er, a n d t h e reg i on exten di n g from th a t ri ver t o t h e

O der an d t h e
i st ul a , a re assi n e d t o Bur u ndi a n s a n d V a n da ls, ra c e s d est i n e d y e t t o
40
V l sm la Bur ,
V . g g
sl umb er for a ri od n ob sc uri t y till th e y re a p p ear a s t h e c on querors of
i
an d
$332 ? p e -

G a ul , S p a i n , a n d A fri c a .

T h e R oman s h a ve l eft us a n un fa voura bl e p i c ture of t h e soil a n d

c li ma t e of G erma n y Th ey d escribe t h e sk y a s g rey a n d c h eerl ess ; t h e
.

l a n d w h olly a b a n don e d t o n a t ure , d esti t ute of roa d s, a n d c overe d wi t h

i mp en etra bl e swa mp s a n d forests M aki n g every a ll owa n c e for t h e p re .

j udi c es of p erson s use d t o l ook up on t h e ever smili n g l a n d sc a p e a n d

4‘ -

tra n sp aren t sk y , a n d t o enj oy t h e soft a ir of I t a ly ; a n d somethi n g ,

p erh a p s, for t h e sen se of t h e d a n gers w hi c h l urk e d in t h e d a rk forest s a n d
t ra c kl ess w a st es o f G erman y , th ere i s n o rea son t o d oub t t h a t t h e c li ma te
colder a n d of t h e c oun t ry w a s b oth c old er a n d moi st er th a n it i s a t p re se n t T he .

E z iffilow ; gra d ua l d ec a y of t h e forest s p roduce d swa mp s a n d fa voure d t h e grow th

e ls

a bou

mm h es w d of b og ; a n d t h e v a p ours from t h e soa k e d a n d sp un gy soil c a rri e d off t h e

n ds in

g en i a l w armt h of w hi c h w ell d ra i n e d a n d c ulti va t e d l an d s a re n a t ural ly

“t est s , -

more t en a c i ous T h e H ercy n ia n or Orcy n ia n forest i s d esc rib e d by

.

C aesa r a s six t y d a y s j ourn e y i n l en g t h a n d n i n e i n w id t h

42
A seri es of .

fore st s, e x t en di n g from t h e south w est ern t o t h e n ort h ea st ern e x t remity - -

of G erma n y , ma s till b e t ra c e d , i n t erru t e d , i n d ee d , by ma n y w id e

y p
i n t erva l s, y e t st ill ma rki n g w i t h suffi c i en t a c c ura c y t h e di rec t i on , a n d
e ven t h e di men si on s of t h e
grea t H erc y n i a n forest T h e thi c kly w ood e d -
.

c a use by ba t tle . See Du Ca n g e, G loss . voce T a c G erm c 2 8 But solid reasons w ill,
. . . .

I t h in k , ap pear h erea ft er for cla ssin g all t he se

Pfister in his History of G e rman y, ( vol i
, . . t rib es a mong t he T eut on ic ra ces .

p. su
g g est s a n oth er et ymology A ccord . T he Burgun d ian s are n ot n a med b y Ta »

i n g t o t he M a lberg G loss t o t he L ex Sal ic a , he

. . c i lus ; b u t P li ny , w ho wrot e b efore him, men
sa s, t he w ord C m
y y a r sig n ifi es a comrad e or t ion s t hem N a t H ist lib iv 0 1 6
. . L ikewi se . . . . .

compa n ion ; hen ce C mren , a c om a n ion shi T he V a n d als a re b ut on ce, a n d

y p p of S t ra bo, lib vi i. .

w ar, an appella t io n which must va n ish o f i t self th a t i n cid ent ally n ot iced b y T a ci tus, G erm c 2 . . .

a s soon a s t he en t er rise w h ic h
p gave rise t o i t Cluver , lib i ii c 46 p 6 9 6 , en umera tes t he
. . . . .

w a s a t a n en d But h a vin g c arefully looked

. a ut h ors w ho spea k of t hem .

t h roug h a ll t he Malb er Raro ab orbe n ost ro n avib us ad it ur Q uis

g G losse s t o t he Sal ian
‘1
.

L a w in C an c ian i s e d it of t he Barb a ric codes, p orro p raet er p ericulum horrid i et ig n ot i ma ri s

'
.
,

a n d n ot h a vin
g b een fort un a t e enoug h to meet A sia a ut Africa, aut tal ia relict fi, G erma n ism I
w it h t he word , a m un a ble t o con fi rm t he con
I e t e re t ? in formem t erris, as era m ecalo, t rist em
p p
j ec t ure cu l i n aspect uq ue , n isi si pat ria sit ? T a c G erm
—
.
. .

3°
T a c G erm c 42 Cluv lib i ii c 3 1
— c 2
. . . . . . . . . .

p 62 1
. . L ud en , vol i p 47 4 . . . . Comm lib . . vi . c . 25 .
C hap ii Sec L ]
. . .
HABIT AT I O NS O F THE G ERMA
_
NS .
79

distri c t s n ow k n own by t h e n a mes of t h e S c hwartz W a ld t he O d en W a ld -

,
-

t h e S p essart t h e H a rz t h e T h ii rin g er W a ld t h e B oh mer W a ld a n d

, ,
-

,
-

t h e Ri esen G eb irg i n a n ci en t t i mes ran i nto on e a n ot h er formi n g a , , ,

w id e b el t of woodl a n d from t h e Rhin e n ear Ba si e t o t he fron tiers of

'

, ,

P ol a n d I t p roduce d oaks of en ormous g rowt h a n d a b ound ed w i t h whi h w c ere

m
.
,

g a m e a n d a n i al s of t h e c h a se A m on g t h e l a tter t h e g ig a n ti c uru s or m . , ,

w ild b ull an d t h e st a t ely elk t h e l a rg est of t h e d eer sp ec i es most fhfi f

f th
’ e
, , , e

a tt rac t ed h e a dmira t i o
t n of t h e Rom s B th a es
a n o r c ar e n o w ex i
t n c t in £511
U u th
.
2 r si e

t h e fore st s of G erma n y
43
.

I n t h e con st ruc t i on of t h eir h ouses t h e G erma n s preferre d wood t o H u f th o ses o e

G e rmans
st on e o n a c coun t of i t s g re a t e r a b un d an c e a n d t h e ease w i t h whi ch it i s
,

wroug h t W e c a n h a rdly d oubt th a t th e i r mode of b uildi n g resembl e d

.

t h at w hi c h still p reva il s i n t h e c old er an d more w oody di st ri c t s of _

G erma n y a n d S c a n din a v i a w h ere t h e roug h h ewn trun k s a re l a id h ori bui lt f th

m
- e

y u
, e

gfl j
‘
z on t a ll
p on on e a n oth er a n d t h e i n t erst i c e s st op p e d up w i t h a st i ff , ees’

c om ost of c l a y a n d stra w T h e a n c i en t G e rman s use d t o roof t h e i r d f d th an roo e i vi

p .

h ouse s w i t h t h a tc h B esides t h ei r usua l dw elli n g s th ey d ug d eep p i t s.

, ,

w hi c h t h ey c overe d ov er w ith dun g or sod s l eve l w i t h t h e g roun d , ,

and u se d a s store h ouses a n d w orksh op s or a s a re fug e a g a i n st t h e seve ri t y ,

of t h e w ea t h e r or eve n a s l a c es of c on c e a l men t for t h eir p ersons a n d

p ,

p ro p ert y i n t i me s of w a r or p ubli c di st urb a n c e

“
.

T h e T eut on i c t ribe s a bh orre d t h e c on fi n emen t of c i t i es a n d t own s I n Th G m . e er an s

hm nage s
w h a t ever dire c t i on t h e R oma n s p en etra t e d i n t o G erma n y t h e y foun d i n
“ “ '

, ,

t h e i n t eri or of t h e forest s ma n y g ra ssy g l a des l a rg e t ra c t s of frui t ful , ,

mea dow a n d fi eld i n cl osures of h e dg e a n d p a li sa d e fa rm y a rds or c ourt s

, ,
-

a n d l on g s t ra gg li n g v ill a g e s an d h a ml e ts T h e h ouses w ere b uil t w i th

45
.

w id e op en sp a c es b e t ween th em ; t h e si t ua tion of e ac h d w elli n g w as

d etermi n e d by mere co n ve n i en c e suc h as t h e n e i g hb ourh ood of a g ood ,

Cars C omm lib vi c 2 6 , 27

43
. Ta c An n . . . . .
— . . C aesar i nd eed , comma n ds t he Ub n to r emove
,

lib iv c 7 2
.
Q uib us ( G erman is) i n g en ti um
. . . from t h e coun t ry t o t h e t own s , ( C omm lib v i . . .

b elluarum fera ces sal t us, mod ic a d omi armen t a 0 10.

yet , if h e mean t n a ti ve t ow n s, i t i s si n
sun t g ular t h at t h ey sh oul d all have van ish ed b et ween
—
.

T ao G erm c 1 6
‘4
L uci en ( vol i p
. . . . . . . t he ag es of C e sar an d T a cit us V elleius P a ter .

quot es Moser s O sn ab rii ckische G eschich te, cu lus, w ho served n in e y ears i n G erman y un d er
’
vol. i .

p 1 13
. . Ti b erius, foun d n o t own s t here T he men t ion .

il ag es or vici ; b ut n eit her Opp lda nor

45 V l
of t ow ns in ot h er w rit ers i s so v a ue , t h a t w e d o
g
-

Civi ta t es, w ord s whi ch i mpli ed a n umb er of n ot kn ow w h et her t h ey are speakin g of t he

dwellin g s surroun ded b y w alls T h e Civi ta s . Roman G erman y or of t h e in d ep en d en t coun t ry
w as o f n ecessit y a mu n i c ipi um or t own , g o on t h e ri g ht b an k of t h e Rhin e A mmian us .

vern ed b
y a sen ate an d mag ist rac y T h e O ppi . Marcellinus, w ho g ives c op ious a ccoun t s of t he
d um was merely a w alled t own w it hin some R oman w ars w it h t he T ran s Rhen an e G ermany -

mun icip al d ist rict : in t h ese sen ses, n o d oub t , d oes n ot n ot ice e it h er t ow n , or cast le, or fort ress
c it ies a n d t own s w ere un kn ow n t o t h e G erma n s . b elon g ing t o the n at ives .
80 I
D ST R B T O I U I N OF T HE L A N DS ; [Book I .

i
Sp r n g , a fert il e t ra c t of l an d ,
a wood for a h un ti n g -

groun d , an d a g ood
t i mb er
46
sup p ly of .

T h e w a rlik e d ve n t urous sp i ri t of t h e G erma n s i n c li n ed t h em

an d a

more t o p ast ora l t h a n a g ri c ul t ura l p ursuits B ot h C aesa r a n d Ta c itus .

i n form us t h a t t h ey di v id e d out t h e p rod uc t ive l a n d s a c c ordi n g t o vill a g es

,

or c ommun i t i e s a n d t h a t t h ese l a n d s w ere a g a i n a ll o t t e d t o i n di v id ua l s

,

by a fix ed rul e or c ust o m of t h ei r own N o p erson or c ommun i t y w a s .

a ll ow e d t o se t t l e up on t hi s a ll otme n t or t o t a k e more th a n a si n gl e y e ar s
’
,

c rop from i t ; a ft er w hi c h i t b ec a me fa ll ow or w a s t ra n sfe rre d t o a n ot h er ,

se t o f c ul t i v a t ors U n d er suc h a sy st em we are n o t surpri sed t o l e arn

.

t h a t th e y did n ot b est ow l a b our i n p rop ort i on t o t h e a c tua l fert ili t y of t h e

soil ,
t h at th e y p l a n t e d n e ith er orc h a rd s n or g a rd e n s t h a t t h ey n e ith er ,

i n c l ose d n or i rri g a t e d t h e i r n a tura l p a st ure s b ut t h a t t h e y c on fi n e d t h em

se l ve s st ri c t ly t o t h e ra i si n g of suffi c i en t g ra i n for t h e su
pp ly of t h e
yea r 7
.
4

T h e acqni si tion No G e rma n th ere fore p ossesse d a p rop erty i n a n y Sp ec ifi c p orti on of

, ,
O f la l d ed r0
f fi l an d 48
F or t hi s ex t ra ordi n a ry p oli c y C aesa r a ssi gn s re a son s t oo p h l lO SO
°

Pe’tl n ot - .

c a l t o h a ve h a d muc h I n fl ue n c e u on S O rud e a
v ou d b th
Ge
re

Z
e
p h i p eo
p p l e Th e y were .

p ossessi on s mi g h t t emp t t h em t o
t oms .
a p p reh e n s ive h e t h oug h t t h a t fix e d
, ,

e x c h a n g e a li fe of w a rlik e a d ven t ure f or on e of a gri c ul t ura l sl oth : t h e y

fe are d h e sa y s t h a t t h e a c q ui si t i on of l a rg e l a n d e d p rop ert y mi g h t

, ,

e n a bl e t h e fe w w h o w ould ob t a i n i t t o O p p ress t h e p oorer sort : t hey

w i sh e d t o gua rd a g a i n st t h e e n feebli n g e ff ec t s of c ommodi ous w ea th er

p roof d w e lli n g s ; a n d g e n e ra lly a g a i n st t h e c orrup t i on s fa c t i on s a n d

, , , ,

d i ssen si on s i n c id en t t o t h e p ossessi on of w e a l t h or (a s w e sh ould t erm i t )

, ,

t o t h e g row t h of a l a n d e d a ri st oc ra c y But we ma y more sa fely a t t rib ute .

t hi s p ec uli a ri t y t o t h a t c on t emp t for l a b our w hi c h n a t i on s i n t h a t st a g e o f

c i v iliz a t i on fre quen t ly e n t ert a i n T h e fre e w a rri or w ould n ot st 0 0 p t o t h e .

sp a d e or t h e p l oug h a n d t ook li t t l e i n t e rest i n t h e p rod uc e of t h e soil a s

,

l on g a s t h e w ood s y i eld e d h im w ild c a t t l e a n d ve n i son a n d t h e Sp oil s of ,

h is en emi es furn i sh e d h i m w i t h t h e fe w l ux uri e s h e d esi re d T h e li t t l e .

ra i n h e re qui re d w a s ea sily ra i se d A n d i n d ee d w e h a ve n o i n t i ma t i on
g .
, ,

of a n l a w s ec ifi c a lly rohibi t i n g t h e a c qui si t i on o f a fix e d p rop ert y i n

y p p

4°
Hen ce t he fre quen cy of t he t ermin at ion s t h e D ut ch w ord s H eem H uy s , , or H usen form ,

Feld Wa ld, , or Wold , Brun n or Bor n in , t he t he t ermina t ion s i n n umera ble tow n s a n d vii
of

na mes of G erma n t own s an d villa g es T he eq ui lag es i n En g la n d , Holla n d , a n d t he e t herlan d s N

—
. .

v a len t t ermin a t ion s F ie ld Wold Bourn or Bu rn , , ,

‘7
Ta c G erm c 1 6
. Cass C omm lib vi 0 2 2
. . . . . . . . .

a re e q u ally fa milia r t o us : st ill more fr e q uen t ly I yisler, H ist of t he G erm vol 1 p 1 43

. . . . . .

t he w ord H a im H elm or H a n sen w as ad d ed 4°

N
e q ue q u i sq ua n ag ri mod i i m cert um,
, .
r
t o t he na me of t h e chie f of t he c la n or c a n t on , a ut fi ne s h ab et p ropri os, & c Caz s C omm . . .

si
g n ify i n g t he h ome o r d wellin g ( ma n sion ) of lib v i c 20
. . . .

t he c h ief T he eq uivalent En glish t erm H a m,

.
Cha p ii Sec l
. . . .
] T RA DE, AG R C I U L T U RE AN D P ROD U CT I O N S ; 81

l a n d ; tha t ki n d of p rop erty seems ra t h er t o h a ve b een di sc oun t en a n c e d

'

by t h e h a bits a n d p rej udi c es p e culi a r t o t h a t st a ge of c i viliz a t i on T h e .

a n n ua l c h a n g es ma
y t h ere fore a ft er a ll h a ve referen c e t o t h e l a rg e
'

, , ,

fa ll ows w hi c h t h ei r i n a rt ifi c ia l a gri c ul t ure ren d ere d n ec e ssa ry ; a n d ma y

h a ve b een i n t roduc e d merely w i t h a v i ew t o p reven t t h e t ot a l ex ha usti on
of t h e b e t t er l an d s S t ill t h e i n fe ren c e t h a t l a n d e d p rop ert y w a s
.

un k n own t o t h e a n c i en t G erma n s rema i n s un i mp ea c h e d T h e w h ol e of .

t h e l a n d w a s vest e d i n t h e c ommun i t y a t l a rg e a n d w a s a pp ort i on e d

'

, ,

t h roug h t h e a g e n c y of t h e ma g i st ra t e s a mon g t h e sep t s or cl a n s i n t o whi c h ,

t h e c a n t on or g au w a s di v id e d I t must re ma i n a ma t t er of d oub t . .

w h e t h er t h e a n n ua l mi gra t i on s h a d t h e effec t of removi n g t h e i n divid ua l

on ly or t h e en ti re c ommun i t y from t h e l a n d o c c up i e
, d d uri n g t h e p revi ous ,
49
yea r .

We a re i n p ossessi on of very li t t l e i n forma t i on reg a rdi n g t h e tra d e a n d T d d

a g ri c ul t ure of a n c i en t G erma n y T h e ki n d s of g ra i n most fre q uen tly g mult m
.
a
ra e an
‘ ”
g rown w ere oa ts a n d b a rl e y
50
T h e oa t s w e re groun d i n t o me a l a n d e a t en .

i n t h e sh a p e of p orrid g e 1
Th e i r b a rl e y supp li e d t h em w i t h b e er F d f t h .
5
. oo o e

p m
W h ea t an d ry e w ere like w i se grown T h e l a n d w a s ri c h in n a t ura l pl " i e
.

a t u d t h e c a t t l e ma i n t a i n e d u on t h e m c on st itut e d t h e ri c h es of
p s re s ; a n p
t h e p eop l e M ilk a n d t h e fl e sh of t h e i r h erd s t h e ve n i son o f t h eir p du t i
.
, ro c on s,

forest s c h ee se a n d w ild frui t s w i t h a li t t l e b rea d c on sti t u

,
t e d t h e food of , ,

a ll c l a sse s
52
T h e ri vers of G erma n y p rod uce d g rea t a b un d a n c e a n d
.

v a ri e ty of fi sh a n d t h e moors w ood s a n d ma rsh es a b oun d e d w i t h ma n y ,

ki n d s of w i ld fowl W i t h suc h re sourc es a s t h ese w e c on c lud e t h a t t h e

.
,

l a n d p roduce d en oug h t o ren d er t h e p op ul a t i on i n t hi s sc a t t ere d c on d i ,

v

ti on i n dep en d en t of sup p li es from ot h er c oun t ri e s But fa mi n e w h en it M

m
, f ub .
,
ean s o s

ust h a ve b een severely fe l t ; a n y sen sibl e i n c re a se of p O pula x ii ? E

i
oc c urre d , gg“ ,

ti on re n d ere d mi g ra t i on 3 me a sure of sel f p reserva t i on a n d t o t hi s c a use .

“ m “? -

,
sca

a mon
g ot h ers w e ma y a tt rib ut e t h e p re dil e c t i on of t h e G erman s for t h a t
,

‘9
See F
L uden s in gen ious e ssa y on t he
.
’
—P li ny , Hist N a t lib
. . . x v. c . . 30 . say s t ha t t he
G emein d en , G a ue, St aa t en , an d Ma n n eien of c h err
y foun d it s w ay t o t he Rh in e
h ad .

t h e an cien t G erman s, i n w hich he comb a t s, I A n d in x ix lib

c 42 he t ells us t h a t t h e vine
. . . .

t hin k successfu lly , t he op in ion s of t hose wri t ers h ad b een successf u lly in t rod uced from Bhet ia .

w h o represen t t he G erma n ic n a t ion s a s mere But M a scou ( Hist o f t he G erm b ook v c . . . .

p ast oral a n d n omad ic t rib es, a n d vin dicat e s t hin k s t h a t t he Rhin e w a s i n deb t ed t o t he Em
p .

t h eir clai m t o t errit orial as w ell as n a t ion al P rob us for i t s vi n eyard s P li n y ( Hist N a t . . .

localit y a n d p ermanen ce G esch d es deut sch . . . lib x ix c

. . li k ewise not ices a gi g a n t ic species
.

V olkes, vol i p 47 9 , et seq . . . . of t urn ip , radish , or carrot , of t he si z e of a n ew

5°
Ta c G erm c 23 , 2 6
. . . . b orn c hild , b rough t fro G erman y , an d pro m
P li n H ist N a t lib x vi ii c 1 7 d uced as a g reat d elicacy a t t h e t ab le of t he
—
. . . . . . .

T a c G erm 0 23 0 433 C omm lib iv Emp T ib erius

—
5“
. . . . . . . . .

0 1 lib vi 0 22
. . . P omp om Mela , lib iii c 3
. . . . . . .
 EXT ERN AL C O MMERCE AN D C L O T H IN G .
[Book I .

p ec uli ar medy a n d t h ei r p erp et ua l t en d en c y t o b reak b oun d s i n a n y

re ,

di re c t ion w hi c h p romi sed th em a p l en t i ful sup p ly of food 53

.

G erman y p rod uc ed few a rti c l es of c ommerc e T h e n a ti ve g a n t or .

,

g oose yi eld e d d own a n d fe a th ers t o p ill ow t h e h ea d s of t h e l ux uri ous

,

Roma n s a n d t h ey a d orn ed t h ei r p erson s h ouses a n d furni t ure w i t h am

.

, , ,

b er b roug ht from t h e sh ores of t h e B a l t i c ?4

T h e G ermans h a d n o c oi n of
t h e i r ow n b ut use d t h e sma ll silver mon e y of t h e R oma n s for t h e p ur oses
, p
Sla ves .
of t h e i r t ra ffi c T h e t ra d e i n sl a ve s n o d oub t w a s kn own t o t h em All
.
, , .

c a ti v e s t a k en i n w a r b e c ame sl a ves a n d w e k n ow from T a c it us t h a t

p ,

t h ere w ere more w a y s t h a n t hi s by w h i c h a freema n mi g ht b e re d uc e d t o

'

sl a ve ry I f men mi g h t se ll t h emse l ves t o di sc h a rg e g a mbli n g d eb t s

.
,

t h e y must h a ve b een t ol era bly fa mili a r w i t h t h a t ki n d of t ra ffi c a n d ,

s l a ves must h a ve b een n ot on ly a v a l ua bl e b ut a n e a sily di s osa bl e k i n d

p
of p ro ert y
p
55
T h e c ommerc e c arri e d on w i t h G erma n y by t h e R oman s
.

w a s more c on sid era bl e on t h e sid e of t h e D a n ub e th a n on t h a t of t h e

Rhi n e T h e n a t i on s i n t h e l a tt er qua rt er w ere p erp etua lly embroil ed
.

w i t h R ome ; whil e i n t h e former t h e fri en d shi p of t h e H ermun d uri

mig ht i n troduc e t h e Roma n t ra d ers i n t o t h e h e art of G erma n y Aug s .

b urg t h e August a V i n d elic iorum of t h e R oma n s w a s t h e g rea t st a p l e

, ,

or ma rt for
g ood s i n t e n d e d for t h e G erman ma rk e t A t ra d e of some .

ki n d w a s c a rri e d on w i t h t h e Q ua di from C a rn un tum i n P a n n on i a ;

and , t h roug h i t some k n ow l e d g e w a s ob t a i n e d of t h e c ourses of t h e
,

i n t eri or ri vers a n d of t h e sh ores of t h e B a l t i c Up on t h e w h ol e h ow .

,

e ver i t se ems p rob a bl e t h a t t h e c ommerc i a l i n t erc ourse b e t w e e n t h e

,

R oman s an d t h e G erma n s wa s n ever very a c ti ve a n d t h a t i t w a s a l most ,

56
w h olly c arri e d on by b a rt e r up on t h e fron t i er .

A rt s a nd ma .
I n a rt s a n d ma n ufa c t ures t h e G erma n s h a d n ot a d van c e d b e y on d t h e
11 ufac t ures
su mm f em ere d w e a on s an d
.

pp ly of t h e c o on e st w a n t s o f li e Th e y t p p .

forg e d p l oug h s ; t h ey w ov e t h e w ool of t h e i r sh eep i n to c oa rse g a rmen t s ;

En g i neeri ng t h e y w ere t ol era bly e x ert c a r e n t ers t h e i r en g i n e eri n g w a s c on fi n e d t o
.

p p
t h e erec t i on of w ood e n st oc k a d es a n d a b a t t i s c on st ruc t e d o f e a rt h b oun d ,

t og et h er by w i c k erwork a n d stren gt h en e d w i t h b e a ms of t i mb er Th e .

Clothi n g ordi n a ry c l ot hi n o f t h e T eut on i c t rib e s c on si ste d o f a sa g u m or ma n t l e

g
.

7 5
of c oa rse c ot l h fa st e e up on t h e
n d b re a st by a p i n or a s h a r
p t h orn ;
sh ee ski n s a n d t h e furs o f w ild a n i ma l s furn i sh e d wi n t er c l ot hi n g Th e
p .

d resses o f t h e p oorer c l a sses w ere very sc a n ty l e a vi n g a grea t p a rt ,

5’
L a d en b oo k iii c 2 p 444
, . .
'
. . .
5’
Tao G erm C 5
. . . .

5‘
T a o G erm c 4 5 G les um ipsis ( Bar 5"
Cluv G erm An t lib i p 1 3 2
—
. . . . . . . . . . . . .

b aris) in n ullo usu; rud e leg i lur ; in forme p er 57 P l i n

y H ist N a t lib x i x c l
, . Ta c G erm. . . . . . .

fe rt ur ; d on ec lux uria nost ra d ed it n omen . c . 17 .Woollen clot h, prob ab ly a mere blan ket .

P li ny , H ist Na t lib . . . x x vii . c . 3 .

 C hap ii Se c
. . . MA RR I AG E; P ERSO N AL AN D D OMEST I C HABI T S .
83

of th ei r person sex p osed even duri n g t h e severi t i es of w i n t er T h e ri c h .

w ore d resses fitt e d c l ose t o t h e b ody a n d ma d e so a s t o di sp l a y i t s p ro ,

o rt i on s t o a dvan t a g e ; i n W i n t er t h e y use d t h e t hi c k er a n d more c ost ly

p
ki n d s of fur Th e d resses of b ot h sex es di ffere d very li t t l e e ith er i n
.

sh a p e or ma t eri a l : t h e women h owever a l w a ys l eft t h e a rms b a re from

, ,

t h e sh ould er t o t h e wri st ; t h e y we re fon d of orn a men t a n d d eli g h t e d i n

'

v i vid c ol ou rs p ar ti cu l arly t h e sc arl et d y e of t h e R oma n s

,
58
.

S EC T I O N II .

S oc i a l , Poli ti ca l, a nd Mili ta ry Customs f

o the Germa n s .

T H E G erma n s did n ot en c oura g e p re a ture ma rri a g e s m

M a t ri mon y wa s Marriage . .

n ot , t h erefore , c on tra c t e d t i ll n a ture h a d fully fitt e d t h e y oun g c oup l e for

t h e p erforma n c e of i t s d uti e s T h e ma rri a g e rit e w a s p erforme d i n t h e

1
.

resen c e a n d w ith t h e a ssen t of t h e re l a t ive s on b oth sid e s P olyg amy P olyg amy per
p .

w a s un usual , a n d p ermi t t e d on ly t o kin g s a n d c hi efs by w a y of di s ,

t i n c t i on or for stren g th en i n g p oliti c a l a lli a n c es C on t ra ry t o t h e c ust om ° h ief3

.
°

of o t h er n a t i on s, t h e h usb a n d c o n ferre d a d ow ry up on t h e w ife ; t h e

a rt i c l es b est ow e d w ere fi gura t i ve of h er future c on di t i on ; th e y c on si st e d B ide1 Pre r -

sents em ble
of a yoke of ox en , a b r1 dl e d c h a r e r, a sh 1 eld , a sw ord , a n d a Ja veh n m at ic of t h e
g
i mp lyi n g t h a t sh e wa s t h en c efort h t o reg a rd h ersel f a s h er husb a n d s $1 15? ’ 3 t

c omp a n i on a n d a ssi st a n t i n t oil a n d i n d a n g er, i n t h e l a b ou rs of p ea c e

a n d i n t h e v i c i ssitud e s of w ar, re a dy t o ri sk a ll a n d t o en d ure a ll by hi s

?
s id e
Adultery w a s a c ri me of ra re occurre n c e Wh en de tec te d t h e h a i r of t h e Adult y ; .
, er

offen di n g fema l e w a s c ut off a n d sh e w as ubli c ly d riv en from t h e h ouse of

p ,

t h e i nj ure d husb a n d i n t h e p re sen c e of t h ose rel a t i on s w h o h a d w i t n esse d

an d sa n c t i on e d h er v ow s Aft er t hi s sh e wa s sc ourg e d t h roug h t h e I t pu i h
. s n s

vil l a g e an d t h en c on s i gn e d t o ob sc uri t y a n d di s ra c e
,
g T h e e duc a t i on of .

t h e c h i ld ren c onsi st e d i n litt l e more t h a n i n en uri n g t h em t o h a bi t s

of en d ura n c e ; t ea c hi n g th em t o b e ar fa t i ue c old an d h u n er a n d t o
g g , , ,

3
d esp i se h ardshi p s d a n g ers a n d even d ea t h , , .

I n t h ei r p erson s t h e G erma n s w ere n ot c l ea n ly P overt y a n d sl ot h a re P l . erson a an d

d m t h o es i c a
1 n c on 3 1 st en t w 1 t h a tt en t i on t o
p erson a l n e a t n ess Th ei r food w a s c oarse ly bit . s,

dressed a n d c on sume d w ith i n ordi n a te vora c i t y

, H un ti n g d ri n ki n g .
, ,

fe asti n g w ere t h e amusemen t s ; w ar t h e oc cup a t i on of t h e ma l e p Op ula

, ,

5"
Tao G erm c 1 7 2
T ao G erm 20
—C
. . . . . . .

I
b id c 1 8, 2 0
. . .
3
I
bid c 1 9
. . . ass . Comm lib . . vi . c . 19 .
84
’

MO RAL S ; F UN EREAL C U ST O M S ; SL AV ES .
[Book I .

ti on All t h e d omest i c d ut i es a n d p rob a bly ma n y of t h e more l a b ori ous

.
,

Hospitali t y .
out d oor oc c up a t i on s d ev ol ve d up on t h e w omen , H osp i t a li t y w a s st ri c t ly .

ob serve d ; fri e n d a n d st ra n g e r w ere a lik e se c ure of a w e l c ome un d er t h e i r

V ic es —g lut roofs A mon g t h ei r v i c es g l ut t on y a n d d run k en n ess a re t h e h ea vi est

y
.

t on d runken
c h a rg e d a g a i n st t h e m by t h e Roma n s Th ey w ere fon d of fe a st i n g a n d
,

n ess. .
,

a ddi c t e d t o i mmod era t e d ri n ki n g ; a n d for t h e g ra t ifi ca t i on o f t hi s p ro

p en si t y th ey p a id d ea rly for t h e w i n e s of G a ul a n d I t a ly All p ubli c .

a ssembli es a ll riv a t e me e t i n g s t h e e n t ert a i n men t of g uest s f a mily

p , , ,

fest iva l s a fford e d w e l c ome oc c a si on s for c a rousi n g s a n d d ri n ki n g mee t

,

i n g s T h e R oma n s were n ot more st ruc k w i t h a n y p ec uli a ri t y th a n t h e

.

e n ormous d ra ug h t s of w i n e t h e y w ere c a p a bl e o f q ua fl i n g w i t h out a a

pp
; a n d T a c i t us c on fe sse s t h a t i f p ut t o t h e t est t h e G erma n s
'

ren t e fi e c t , , ,

w ould t urn out a s formid a bl e a n t a g on i st s a t t h e b oa rd a s t h e y h a d

p rove d t h emsel ves t o b e i n t h e fi eld

‘
a l re a dy .

T h e G erma n s b urn t t h ei r d e a d T h e w a rri or s a rms w ere a l wa y s c on

’
F unereal cus .

t oms .

sumed w i t h h i s b ody ; some t i me s h i s w a r h orse H i s on ly mon umen t -

.

w a s a hill oc k of t urf or st on e s h ea p e d up over h i s re ma i n s by fri en d s ,

rel a t i ve s or foll ow ers

, N ot ma n y t ears w ere sh e d over h is a sh es b ut
.
,

g ri e f sa n k d e ep a n d l a st e d l on g L a men t a t i on s w ere a b a n d on e d t o t h e
.

w omen ; t h e men b eli eve d i t t h e i r dut y t o c h eri sh t h e me mory of t h e

d ec e a se d a n d t o p erp e t ua t e i t by emul a t i n g h i s
,

Sla ves S l a ve s w e re n ot a n un usua l ki n d of p rop ert y Thi s c l a ss c on si st ed i t .

,

seems
p a rt ly o f
, p ri son ers t a k e n i n w a r a n d p a rt ly of n a t i v es w h o volun , ,

t a rily sold t h emse l v e s i n t o c a p t i v i t y S uc h w e a re t old w a s t h ei r l ove of .

, ,

g a mbli n g t h a t w h en t h ey h a d l ost t h e i r a ll t h e y n ot un fre quen t ly st ak e d

, , ,

t h e i r p erson s a n d w h e n t h e l a st t h row w a s l ost c a l mly surre n d e re d t h e m

, , ,

t h ei r t rea t men t se l v e s t o b on d a e i n di sc h a r e of t h e d eb t S l w er i n g e n era l

a n d con di tion
g g a v es e .
, ,

h uma n ely t re a t ed ; t h e y were n ever use d w i t h w a n t on c rue l t y a n d

.

a l w a y s a ll ow e d t o e nj oy a n a m l e sh a re of t h e fruits of t h e i r own l a b our

p .

F reedmen . T h e fre ed men w e re n ot muc h a b ove t h e sl a v es i n c on di t i on a n d n e ith er

c l a ss e nj oy e d a n li i l i h
y p o t c a r g ts .

W e h av e a l rea dy t ra c e d a s fa r a s t h e d e fec t ive i n forma t i on w e p ossess

,

w ould e n a bl e us t h e gre a t n a t ion a l divi si on s o f A n c i e n t G erma n y

, T he .

i n t ern a l or soc i a l di vi si on s of t h e n a t i on s a mon g t h emsel ve s c l a i m a sh ort

n ot i c e W e h a ve a l rea dy ob served t h a t t h e l a n d w a s reg a rd e d a s c ommon
.

a n d n a t i on a l
p rop ert y a n d t h a t n o on e w a s a ll owe d t o se t t l e p erma n en t ly
,

up on a n y p a rt i c ul a r sp ot o f l a n d Thi s a rra n gemen t i f i t h a d ex t en de d.

,

t o c ommun i t i e s a n d n ot t o i n di vid ua l s a n d fa mili e s merely w ould h a ve

, ,

re n d ere d a n i n t e rn a l t erri t ori a l di v i si on i m ossibl e B u t t h e c h a i n of

y p .

Ta c G erm . . cc . 20 —2 3 , a nd 25 .
5
Ib id . c . 27 .
 C ha p ii Sec
. . . RAN K S IN SO C I ET Y . 1 85

ev
‘

id en c e t o t h e exi stenc e of suc h di v i si on s from t h e earli est ti mes is

c om l e t e T h e R oma n s c a ll t h em p ag i a n d vic i w ord s w hi c h c or
p . ,

re sp on d a c c ura t ely e n ough w i t h t h e G erma n g ei ue a n d g emeinden s i g n i fy

'
‘

i n g c a n t on s a n d c ommun e s 6
.

A t h reefold d i st i n c t i on of ra n k s found e d p a rt ly up on bi rt h a n d p a rt ly Di ti t i
'

f
m
, s nc on o

ob t a i n e d a mon g t h e p ri mi t i ve G erma n s $ 3131

“
up on p erson a l di st i n c t i on
' '

, .

T a c i t us di st i n gui sh e d t h e mby t h e n a mes of 1 Ki n gs or c hi efs 2 N obl es , .

, .
,

an d 3 F reeme n . S l a ves a n d freed men w e re n ot reg a rd e d a s c i t iz en s a n d Sl v

. d ,
a es an

T h e ki n g s a n d c hie fs it i s s a id w e re i33 15
i 1 -
1 “

1
6 1 14
t h erefore n ot e n t i t l e d t o ra n k . _
, , i

c h ose n from a mon g t h e bi rt h n obili t y ;

d
b ut t h e lea d e rs i n w a r w ere -
an

sel ec t e d fromme n of a n ra n k most ren own e d for t h e ir mili t a ry a b ili t y a n d

y
va l our Thi s see ms t o p oi n t remot e ly t o t h a t d ist in c t ion b et w e en t h e c ivil
.

a n d mili t a ry serv i c e of t h e st a t e w hi c h forme d t h e b a si s of a d mi n i stra t i on 1 1 N bl . o es .

un d er t h e F ra n ki sh ki n g s a n d duri n g t h e e a rli er p eri o d s of t h e G erman i c ,

e mp i re A g en era l e qua li t y of ri g h t s sub si st e d a mon g t he free p Op ula 1 1 1 F m

. . ree en

Yet whil e ma i n t a i n i n g t h e exi st en c e of a bi rt h n obili t y we may

°r
t i on .
,
-

re a dily c on c e d e t h a t t h a t n obili t y c on si st e d i n t h e v ol un t ary or r a t h er ,

c ust oma ry h oma e

'

a id t o ren ow n e d a n c e stry a n d sup eri or w ea l t h or t o

g p ,

b th c ombi ed
o n
]
Th ere see ms good re a son t o b elieve t h a t t h e c i vil a n d
C aesar sa ys t hat t h e Sue vi h a d a h u n dred g ensium, an d ( t he e uivalen t ) Comes P ra q
6

p a gi or can t on s C omm lib vi 0 22 . T he . . . . . c in ci a .

w ord p a g us i s in deed some t imes used t o d eno t e 7 T a c itus

, G erm c 1 3 T he d ist in ct ion
. . .

a villa g e or open t ow n , b ut more fre uen t ly it q b et ween t he civi l an d milit a ry chiefs w as ex

mean s a d ivi sion or d ist ric t of coun try : t hus in p ressed b y t he t erms konig , kong ( ki n g ) , a n d
_

'

C aesa r ( C omm lib i c O mn i s ci vi ta s Hel

. . . . h erz og , hert og ( d uk e) D r Pfi st er ( vol i
. . . .

vet i ae i n q u a t uor a os di visa est

p g I n a li e sen se . k p .
‘

d en ies t he ex ist en ce of heredit ary n o

A mm M a rc elli n us ( lib x x i c
. speak s of t he . . . b ilit y . He a ffi rms t hat t he p eople c on sist ed
b ut of t wo classes, vi z freeman a n d serf s A ll
.

p a g us of i n g V a diomarus k T h e la t er R oman . . .

h isto rian s an d t h e L a t i n writ ers of t h e mid d le t h e fr e emen , h e sa y s, h a d e ua l votes in t he q

a sse mblies of t h e
a g e s use t h e w ord in t h is sen se on l
y T hus, in . p eople : t here w a s, in fact , b ut
t h e R i uarian la ws, t it x x x i
p ( we meet w it h on e est a t e (
p But h e a dmit s t he p re

”
. . . .

t he t erms p a g u s R i uarius, a n d short l

p y after feren ce volun t arily g iven t o cert a in families, t he
w ard s, ( t it lx x x vi ii in t he sa me sen se, in si g n is n ob ilit a s, an d t h e ma gn a p a trfim
m
. .

pr ovi n c i al R ip ua ria T he w ord g a u ( p ro . erit a of T a c it us . d o n et I

n ou n c ed k
g ow , li e cow ) h as al w ays re ta ined it s see h ow t h ese t erms c a n b e re con c iled wit h an y
fi
sig n i c a t ion t hrou h out ev ery a e d ow n t o t he
g g o t h er supp osit i on t h a n t ha t of a b irt h n ob ili ty -
.

p resen t t ime T hus w e h ave t o t hi s d a y t he

. A cust oma ry n obili ty a t t a ch ed t o p a r ti cula r
T urg a u, t he p a g us Ti guri n us of C e sar ( Comm . d escen ts i s n o o t h er t han a n h ered it ary n ob ilit y .

1 c . . t he Wormsg a u o r pa gus V ormace n sis
of t he mid dle a es ; t h e A ar a u N ord a u,
g g
N
Rhei ng a u ( a ssa u) , H en n eg a u( Hai n ault ) , 850 3
T ha t whi c h is set t led b y cust om i s al so set tled
g ,
b y la w a mon g n a t ion s w ho h ave n o ot her law
t h an cust om I t w as n o d oub t cla i med a n d
.

o f t h e la t er a es
g T he e arly ra n ki sh i n gs F k c on ced ed as a g m
a t t er of ri h t , sin ce i t con ferred
‘

d ivid ed t he la n d n ot a ft er t he ex a ple o f th e R0
, m a ual i cat ion for t h e chi e ft a in ship ,alé an d i m
q fi
x
mans, a s L eh ma n , C li ron d St a d t Spey er, p 7 4, . . .
p lie d a d i squa lifica t ion i n t h e remai n in g ran k .

su pposes, b ut , a ft er t h e c ust om of t heir G erman I n add it ion t o t he dist in ct en umera t ion of t hree
a n cest ors, i n t o g éiue or can t on s, over ea ch of
i
whi ch t hey p laced a gra f, or civil g overnor a nd T he c i vil ch ieft a in ship a s d st in g ui shed from
j ud ge , w hom t he Cap i tula ri es alw ays d esig n a te t h a t o f t he D u x or mili t ary lea d er S ee T a c . .

b y t he L a t in n ames Comes P a g i , Comes P a G em 0 7 . . 0

V on . I .
86 N AT I O NA L A SSEM BL I ES , ,
[Book I .

military fi w ere fre q ue n tly un i t ed i n t h e sa me person s

of c es Thi s .

a p e a rs from t h e mod e of i n a ug ura t i on w hi c h wa s t h e sa me i n b ot h c a se s

p ,

a n d a mon g a ll n a t i on s of G erma n i c ori g i n T h e p erson c h ose n w as .

ra i se d on a shi eld h is foll owers t h e n c a rri e d h im a b out up on t h e ir

,

s h ou ld ers a n d exhibi t e d h im t o t h e a ssembl e d p eop l e a s t h e i r c hi ef

,
8
.

G en era l c ounc ils of n a t i on s a n d t rib es a ssembl e d every n e w a n d full

.

moon t h ose p eriod s be i n g reg a rd e d a s t h e most p rOp i t ious All free men
,
.

w ere e n t i t l e d t o a t t en d t h e m E very ma n a p p ea re d i n a rms a t t h e

‘

asse mbli es of t h e p eop l e t h e sw ord t h e shi e ld a n d t h e l a n c e w ere c on, , ,

sid ered a s t h e b ad g e s of p erson a l fre e d om n or w ere t h e freeb orn y out h

of G erma n y ermi t t e d t o a ssume t h em un t il a p ubli c a ssembly of t h e

p ,

g a u h a d e m a n c i p a t e d t h e m fr o m p a re n t a l c o n t rol a n d a dj ud e d t h e m
g ,

qua lifi ed t o b ea r arms wi t h h on our t o t h emsel ves a n d a dva n t a g e t o t h e

st a t e . Wh en a you t h w a s t h us a d op t e d i n t o t h e c ommun i t y h e w as ,

u bli c ly i n vest e d by t h e c h i e f of t h e g au w i t h a shi e ld a n d a l a n c e a n d

‘

p
by t h a t c e remon y i n t roduc e d t o t h e a ssembly a s a memb er of t h e c om
,

mon we alt h a n d a p a rta k e r of a ll i t s c ivil a n d p oli t i c a l ri g h t s

,
9
.

Th us a ssembl ed t h e grea t c oun c il e xhibi t e d t h e a pp ea ra n c e o f a forest

,

o f s e a rs e n c i rc li n
p g a fe w of t h e most di st i n g ui sh e d of t h e p ri n c es
,
T he .

p ri est s of t h e g a u p resid e d : t h e ki n g w a s h e a rd fi rst ; a ft e r h im i n suc ,

c e ssi on t h e n obl e s t h e e ld ers t h e e x p eri en c e d a n d t h e e l o quen t a mon

, , , g
t h e p eop l e T h e ora t ors used t he l a n g ua ge of p ersua si on n ever t h a t of ,

c omma n d a n d t h e mul t i t ud e e x
p r e sse d t h e i r di sse n t by murmurs t h e i r ,

a p p rob a t i on b y st riki n g t h e i r s e a rs a g a i n st t h e i r h oll ow shi e ld s The

p .

p ea c e o f t h e m ee t i n
g w a s so m e t i m es di s t urb e d by
p ri va t e or p a rt y
b ra wl s ; a n d on t h e se oc c a si on s t h e n a t i on a l c oun c il s w ere i n t errup t e d
by tumul t s a n d sulli e d by bl ood sh e d M a t t ers affec ti n g t h e w h ol e c om .

mun i t y were di sc usse d h ere : mi n or a ffa i rs (suc h is t h e un sat i sfa c t ory

e x re ssi on of T a c i t us f o the ri n c e s a n d c hi efs
p ) w ere l e t t p Th ese .

c lasses, viz . i ng en ua s, a nd serous b y

n o bi lis, See also Ei chh orn D eut sche St aa t s un d Rechts
T a c it us, ( G erm c t he t w o . rst o f w h ic h
. fi G eschich t e, vol i p 50 , n o te ( h )
. . . .

o n ly w e re ro erl
* T hus Bren n o, t he c hief of t he C a n in efa t es,
( t he t hird h a vin g n o
9
es ta t es,
p p y
pol1 t ical rig ht s at all w e fi n d t he sa me d ivision w as ra ised up on a shi eld a n d e x hi bi t ed t o t h e
o f t h e p eo le i n t o a d a li n u
p g s, i n g en ua s, an d p eople as t heir ki n g T a cit us, Hist lib iv c 1 5 . . . . . .

ser ou s , re t a in ed 1 11 t h e A n lo Sa x on law s
g T he -
. A ccordin g to Ca ssi od orus, ( V a riara m lib x , .. .

sa me i n t he C a it u la ry d e p a rt ib us Sax on iae, Ep 3 1 p t h e same usag e p revai led from

"

p . . .

where we fi n d t he d ivi sio n in t o n obi lis i ng en uas, ,

t i me i mmemorial a mo n g t he G oths T he ele .

a n d li tu s, ( Edh ili n g e, F ril i n i , a n d L a z z i or

g va t ion o f C hlod wi g or C hlovis ( A D t ook . .

L a ssi ) . I n t he S alian law w e h av e t he same pla ce a ft er t he sa me fashion ; as also t h a t of

d ist in ct ion s G ri mms D eut sche Rech t s A lt er G un d eb al d , ( A D See G reg orii T a ro
’
. .
.

t hii mer, lib 1 p p 2 26 , 227 Se e also Ta c itus, n ensz s, Hi st lib ii 0 40 an d i l l) vii c 1 0 In

G erm c 44 —Wz li ch i n d A nn al es Sa x on iae, lib i
. . .
. . . . , . . .

t he la t er a ge s of t he emp ire t he Ro man s a

. . . . .
ppear
t o h a ve ad op ted or borrow ed t he sa me c ust om
It ug h t to b e n ot iced t h a t t he t hree r a n ks
.

Cluv G erm A n t i c 46 p 3 09
o

in t he t e x t are mad e up of t he t wo fi rst cla sses

. . . . . . . .

T a ci t us, G erm c 1 3
o f T a ci t u
. . .

s .
 .
C ha p i i S ec
. . . MA G IST RATES ; C RIMES AN D . . P UNI SHMENT S .
87

mbli es el ec t e d t h e j udg es or G a u g raves a n d a ssoc i a t e d w i t h t h em a T h y pp i t

a sse ,
-

,
e a on
i il m gi
g i ven n umb er
th e c v
of a sse ssors g en e ra lly on e h un d re d
° 1 a s
Th ese p erson s h t
'

, .
a e,

e sid e d ov er t h e c i vi l tr ib un al s of t h e c a n ton an d p rob a bly t h e ir uri s

p r j , , ,

di c t ion e x t e n d e d t o al l ci v il sui t s an d offen c es t h e c og n iz a n c e of w hi c h

ll
.
,

w a s n ot esp ec i al ly re serve d by c ust om for t h e a ssembli es of t h e p eop l e

Th ese l a t t er c omp reh e n de d al l off en c es a g a i n st t h e st a t e ; t re a son d esert M tt g ,
a ers co

i n g t h e b a n n er of t h e c hi ef g oi n g over t o t h e en emy an d some oth er : iiid i li

b th e e

, , x a s -

c ri mes of ma g n i t u d e Tra i t ors a n d d eserters w ere h an g e d or stran g l ed sfgifg m

.
e

c ow a rd s a n d i n fa mous p erson s w ere smot h ere d i n some re mot e b og a n d ,

t h e p l a ce of t h e i r b uri a l k e p t sec re t t h a t t h e memory of t h e msel ve s an d ,

t h e i r c ri me s mi g h t p eri sh t og e t h er Min or offen c es or suc h a s w ere c og Ci il t ibu l , ,

v r na s
i mp
g ra ff a n d t h e Z en t gra fi were c ommut a bl e by fi n e s or d w g ld
fi ' ose n es
n i z ab le by t h e G a u _
, , an ere e s,

“ wa e
w ereg eld s of g rea t er or l ess a moun t a c c ordi n g t o t h e rep ute d ex t en t of w t ui h
v “
, ,
p o er o n s
p
t h e 1 nj ury S ma ll trespa sses mi g ht b e a t on e d for by fi n es of c a t t l e or pit lly
.
ca a

h orse s p a rt t o t h e inj ure d p erson a n d p a rt t o t h e kin g or st at e Even , .

rd e r mi g h t b e c omp oun d e d for by t h e p a y me n t of bl ood —

,

mu
_

mon ey t o t he
n ear est re l a t i on of t h e d e c ease d Mut il a t i on s ma i mi ngs t h eft s l Ob Ofl .
, , ,
‘
-
‘
e nc es

h eri e s h omi c id e it sel f were re g a rd e d ra t h er a s c i vil i nj uries t h a n a s :fifig

i
fzgj ff
’
, , r

o ffen c es a g a i n st t h e p ub li c p ea c e T hi s w as n a t ura l i n a c ommun i t y s fl d e re r s s

m smy m
wh ere ev ery ma n w as d eeme d c om
. .

es
e t e n t t o ma i n ta i n hi s ri hts a n d
p g
a ve n g e h i s qu arrel s w i t h t h e sword I f h e w a s t h e w e a k er t h e c ommu .
,

n it
y w ould c h a rg e it se l f w i t h n o hi g h er d ut y t h a n t o p rocure c omp en sa
t i on for t h e d a ma g e d on e T h e p ow er of p un i sh i n g a s c ri mes o ffe nc es .

a gai n st p erson an d propert y e xi st e d i n n o ma g i st ra t e or p ubli c a u t h orit y .

. T he re were n o c ri mes b ut t h ose a g a i n st t h e common wea l t h S uc h a . .

C en t en i sin gul is ex pleb e comit es, con silium man s , t he EarlA n glo Sa x on s an d t he
of the -

si mu l et a uct ori t as, ad sun t T a c G erm c 1 3 G ra fi of t h e Fran k s H e w as n o d ou

‘

b t t he
A

. . . .

u Q ui j n ra p er p ag os vi cosq ue redd un t "

. .

p erson w ho ren d ered j ust ice p er mcos, w hile

'

G eri n 1 2 T hese cen t umviri are supp osed to

. . t he c omes or p ri n ce p s w as t he j ud ge of t he
be t he g erm of t h e p etty t rib unal s k n ow n in p a g us T h e vi cus t here fore may , wi t h o ut vi o
' '

v ari ous p a rts of G e rma n y b y t h e n a mes of Z en t len ce t o t h e w ord s of T ac it us, b e re ga rd ed as

s no n imou
g erich t e, ( court s of cen t umvi ri, ) t h e p re siden t s y s wi t h cen t e n a ry L ud en ( vol 1 p 49 1 8
)
—
. . . .

of wh ich w ere c all e d Z en t g ra fen or Z en t g re

-
d erive s t he word graf from g raii e or gr a ve, an
C omes ce n t e n arius is t he L a t in term b y
.

v en .
g
a ed p erson T hus al so t he A n glo Sax on ear l
.
-

w hi ch t he offi c e of Zen t g raf i s ren d ered i n t h e -

or ea r ld er ma n n ( eld er, seni or, se na to r ) w hose
-

,
,
b arb ar ic cod es S ee , a mong ot h ers, L eg L ongob
. . . o ffi ce closel
y corresp on d s wi t h t ha t of t he T e u -

A istulp h i , § 46 , 47 , 6 0 , 6 1 , & c a p Ca n ci a n i , . . t on i c g raff See t h e L aw s of Edward t he C on

.

vol i p 2 0 2 . . Ca p i tula ri es, li b ii i c 1 0 ; an d

. . . . . fessor, cap 5 5 Wilkin s, L L A n g lo Sax p 20 4
. . . . .

lib i v c 2 3 a p C an cia n i, v ol ii p 2 7 4
. . . . . T he . . . . But G rimm ( D eut sch e R echts Alt ert hii mer,
c omit a t us, g rafi sh aft t hi n ks th i s d eri va t ion i n a dmissib le He
'

g rav eship , w a s d ivi ded

, p . .

in t o cen t en aries or hun dred s ; an alog ous t o t he ven t ures t o sug g est an ot h er e tymology , from
—
‘

d i vi sion of th e A n glo Sai rou coun t ies at t rib uted Ra w t ect us, domus an d g ar avj o , t he same as
—
, ,

t o ki n g Alfred : in ma t e , comrad e
'

T he court of t he gra fi , or g i sa lj , g
o es ell e P rofe ssor
rt —t h e Z en t
, .

cou n t , i s our p ri mit ive cou nt

y co u Ei ch horn ( i n his D eut sche St aa t s un d Rechts
geri cht , our hun d re d court T he come s cen . G esch ic h t e, vol 1 p 5 0 , n ot ef ) pron oun ces in
. . .

t en arius of T a c it us 1 8 t h erefore a di sti n c t offi cer favour of more g en erall received de riva t ion
y .

from t h e comes or ga u grail of t h e ol d Ger

“
-
88 I I
C V L AN D MI L I TA RY IN ST I T UT I ON S .
[Book I .

st a t e ofld sub si st n o l on g er t h a n w hil e t h e n a t i on st ood a t t h e

t h e la w c ou

l owest st a g e of c i viliz a t i on A n d t h a t e ve n t h en i t s i n c on ve n i en c e w a s .

seve re ly fe l t i s p rove d by a c on t ri va n c e d a n g erous a n d e v a si v e of t h e g e

,

n e ra l l a w e t t h e on ly o n e by w hi c h g re a t off e n d ers mi g h t b e ma d e t o
y ,

N e i t h er p un i sh men t s b on d s n or

”
fe e l t h e w e i g h t of p ubli c i n dig n a t i on .
, ,

st ri p e s c ould i t i s t rue b e i n fli c t e d up on fre e me n ; b ut t h e p ri e st h oo d

, , ,

w e re i n v e st e d w i t h t h e p ow er of t h e sc ourg e a n d t h e d un g eon n ot a s of ,

th e i r own a ut h ori t y or a t t h e biddi n g of t h e ma g i st ra t e b ut a s t h e org a n s

, ,

of t h e di v i n e w ill a n d a s i f by t h e e x p re ss c omma n d of t h e g od s
, .

C i
on n ex d Thi s st a t e of t h e la w rud e a n d b a rb a rous a s it w a s p re sen t s t h e e a rli est
on a n
, ,
t d y f th
rudi men t s of a sy st em of leg i sla t ion wh i c h w h en e n g ra ft e d up on t h e
en en c o e
d m
‘

i il
c v an 1 , ,

y i t it u rema i n
s of R oma n j uri sp rud en c e w a s foun d by n o me a n s un fa voura bl e
l i ta r ns

t f th
i on s o e ,

t G
a n c i en
t o t h e a dva n c e of c i v iliz a ti o n
er
T h e mili t a ry i n st i t ut i on s of t h e a n c i e n t
m
.

a ns.

G erma n s p osse ss a si mila r p rosp ec t i ve i n t erest ; a n d i t i s n ot ven t uri n g

t oo muc h t o a ffi rm t h a t t h e c omb i n e d i n fi uen c e of b ot h p re p a re d t h e w a y
,

for t h a t rema rk a bl e i n st i t ut i on w h i c h i mp a rt s a p ec uli a r a n d di st i n c t i ve

c h a ra c t er t o t h e hi st ory o f t h e middl e a e s I t w ill b e rea dily p erc e i ve d
g .

t h a t t h e rel a t i on of c hi ef a n d foll ow er a s i t e xi st e d i n t h ose e a rly t i mes , ,

mi g ht e a sily p a ss i n t o t h a t of lord a n d va ssa l ; a n d t h a t t hi s p ri mi t iv e -

e n g a g e me n t c e me n t e d i n t h e fi rst i n st a n c e on ly by a sen se of h on our

, , , ,

mi g h t b e c ome c ompul sory a s soon a s t h e p ower of t h e c hi ef e n a bl e d h imt o

c on fer a
p e rma n e n t i n st e a d of a merely t e mp ora ry obli g a t i on up on t h e
foll ower A s t h e i r c iv il l a w s se em a l most t o p re sup p ose a st a t e of p er
.
-

p e t ua l w a r so t h e i r mili t a ry i n st i t ut i on s we re n o l ess c a l c ul a t e d t o c oun

,

Mlt yi i ar t e n a n c e t h e sa me supp osi t i on

as T h e y out h of t h e c a n t on c oll e c t e d ro un d .

t
t h e most t ri e d a n d b ra v est o f t h e c hi efs ; n o t on ly w ere t h e y n ot a sh a me d
soc na lon s or

co mp i a n on
h ip
t o b e seen i n h i s t ra i n b ut v i e d w i t h on e a n o t h e r t o ob t a i n h i s g ood
s s.

G l e ei t e . ,

O p i n i on a n d t o b e re w a rd e d w i t h t h e fi rst p l a c e i n h is e st ee m
R p l
d uti
ec i
f th
es o
roca

e
, I t wa s .

c h f ie d h ant h e p rid e of t h e c hi e f t o h a ve a n umerous b ody of t h e b ra ve st a b out h im;

is
f ll w
i t g av e h im c on se que n c e i n p e a c e a n d sa fe t y i n w ar ; i t n ot on ly i n c rea se d
o o ers.

h is i n fl ue n c e a mon g h is own c oun t ryme n b ut sp re a d h is ren own a mon g ,

t h e n eig hb ouri n g n a t i on s b roug h t h imp resfen t s a n d e mb a ssi e s from o t h er ,

t rib e s t o soli c i t h i s a ssi st a n c e or d ep rec a t e h i s h ost ili t y ; so t h a t t h e

,

mere t error of h is n a me w ould oft e n c omp a ss h is e n ds w i t h out a bl ow .

I n b a tt l e i t wa s di sg ra c e ful t o t h e c hi ef t o b e surp a sse d 1 n va l our by h is

,

c omi t a t u s or g el e i t it wa s e qua lly so t o t h e foll o wer n ot t o emul a t e

“

t h e p row e ss of h is c hi e f T o surv i ve h im w a s i rre t ri eva bl e d eg ra d a t i on

'

. .

T h e c omi t a t us wa s h is d efe n c e a n d h is st re n g t h t h e g l ory o f t h e

Ta c G erm c
. . . I fi n d n o i n t ima t ion elec t ive lik e t hose of t he Roma n s —
t h is last
w ho t hese
priest s w ere, or w het h er t h ey were seems prob able.
 Ch a p ii Sec
. . . MI L I TA RY HABIT S .
89

a ssoc a t es i wa s t he g l ory of t h e c hi ef ; t h e ir d e ed s w ere h is d eed s ; he

fb ugh t for v i c t ory , t h e y fo r h im
13
.

war w as ly oc c up a t i on w hi c h c ou
the on ld l ea d t o ri c h es or c on fer d i s Milit y h bit ar a s.

t i n c t i on t h e G erma n y out h
, t h ere fore w ere e a g er for opp ort un i t i es , ,

of a c qui ri n g mili t a r f a me W h e n a l on g i n t erv a l of t ra n q u illi t y i n t er

y .

ven e d t h ey offe re d t h e i r serv i c e s t o t h e ir n e i g hb ours w h o w ere a t wa r

, .

T h e c hie fs p rov id e d t h e m w i t h a rms a n d a c c out reme n t s a n d en t ert a i n e d ,

t h em w i t h fe a st s a n d b a n quet s a l wa y s relyi n g up on t h e b oot y i n p ro ,

Sp e c t for t h e mea n s o f d efra yin g t h e ex pe n ses of t h e re t i n ue 14

i Th e y w ere D li ght i w ; .
e n ar

a t a ll t i me s re a di er t o d e fy a n e n e m a n d t o e arn w oun d s th a n t o c ul t i
y
va te t h e g rou
,

nd a n d a w a i t t h e sl ow re t urn s of t h e se a son s
, Th e y .

th oug h t it sh ow e d a t a me a n d d a st a rd sp i rit t o a c qui re by t h e swe a t of

t h e b row t h a t w hi c h mi g ht b e h ad for bl oo d But w h en n o w a r w as a t .

h an d t h e G erma n w arri or lik e h i s fell ow of N ort h Americ a e i t h er

foll ow e d t h e c h a se or a b a n d on e d hi msel f t o i mm
, , ,

od era t e i nd u
, lge n c e dd t t ,
a i c i on o

e a t i n g an d d ri n ki n g a n d sl e e i n g or idli n g a w a y t h e i n t erva l s of d e 3 :31; i

p ,

b auc h ery H ouse h old c a re s d ev olve d up on t h e w omen t h e a g e d a n d t h e P

.
, ,
ea ce

i n fi rm I n sh ort lik e o t h er b a rb a ri a n s t h e y t o ok d eli g ht i n su d den L f i l t

m
. ove o v o en
, ,
t m t
t ra n si t i on s from a st a t e of t h e hi g h est ex c i te e n t t o t he pr ofoun de st
ex c‘ e en

5
rep ose a n d sl ot h
1
.

T h e offen sive w ea po n s of t h e G erma n s w ere a l on g t wo e d g e d sword Th m f

‘

e ar so

an d t h e l an c e or f ramea A lon g curved shi eld wa s t h e i r on ly d efen si ve G m

th i t e a n c en
16
er an s
, . .

sw ord, shi eld,

13
T a c G erm c 1 3 , 1 4 an d p ossession s of t h e con quered n at ion s sp eedi ly
—T a c G erm uh
. . . .

‘4
Cass C omm lib v c
. . . . . . . . a fford ed .

sup . G erma n an t i q ua ri es ren d er t he w o rd s Ec card ( ap Ca n c i a n i Barb L eg An t iq . . . .

comes a n d comi t a tu s b y t h e T eut on i c lea d o r leut vol ii p . . d erives t he w ord g elei t from t he
.

m
_

an d t he c u mul at ive g eleut , t er s of p erpet ual old T eut on i c le i t en , t o lea d or c on d uc t See al so

D u Ca ng e, Gloss voce Leudes — L a den , vol i
.

occurrence i n t he law s of Fra n k s, Sa x on s, R 1

—
. . .

sian s, An g les, J ut es, & c b oo k i ii c 6 n 2 4 p 7 3 5 Grimms D eut sch.

’
O rig in ally t he w ord
m
. . . . . . . .

lea d or lea d ean t n o more t h a n Rec ht s Alt er p 6 52

p erson or i n
-
. . .

d i vid ua l b ut w h en a ma n became a laud in t he Ei ckh orn ( St a at s un d Rech ts G e sch vol i -

. . .

s en se of t h ose la w s, h e w as n o lon ger a volun t a ry 1 6 p 5 5 ) g oes a st ep fa rth er t h an a m in I

‘

follow er of t h e ch ief, — m
.

his c on dit ion w as alread y c lin ed to follo w hi m i n supp osin g a for al vow

”
ch a n g ed t o t h at of a va ssal T he c omes of . of ob e d ien c e an d fi d elit y t o p as s fr om t h e free

T aci t us wa s merely a volun tary or t emp orary follow er t o t h e chief I t i s prob able t ha t cust om .

as socia t e of t h e ch ief, wi t hout p rej ud ice t o h i s w ou ld d e fi n e an d limit t he con n ex ion suf fi cie n tly
lib erty , n ec ru b or in t er comi t es a spici As . for t h e purp oses of an associ a t i on of a t emp orary
y et t here e x ist ed n o p erman ent leg al b on d n a t ure lik e t hi s Wh en i t b eca me p erman en t , .

betw een t hem ; b ut i t is easy t o perceive h ow t h e en g a g emen t was red uced in to Writ in g a n d
rea d ily such n ew rela t ion mi g h t b e i n t rod uce d , ’
s et t led by law See t he formula ry of t he oa t h ,
.

a p M a rcu lf F ormulariaa Baluz vol ii 3 9 5

‘

a n d h ow fav ou ra ble t o feud ali t y suc h a st a t e of . . . . . .

t hi n g s must ha ve b een All b en e fi t s alrea d y 15

T ue G erm c 1 5 . Q uot ies b ella n on
m
. . . .

fl owed t hroug h t h e chi ef t o t h e follo wer ; t he in eun t , ul t umven a t ib us, plus p er ot ium t ran si
fi rmest t ies of h on our b oun d h im t o his p erson , g un t , dedi t i somn o, cib oq ue
—t he ut most p en al t y at t ached t o d esert in g or
.

16
Pfi ster ( G esch d D eut sch vol i p . . . . . .

b et ra yin g hi m i n t he fi eld ; h e w as armed , fed , d eri ves t h e f ra med o f T a cit us from t he ve rb

a n d clot h ed b y h im —n ot hin
-
,

g seemed w an t in g fi a men old G erm t o t hrow ; or fromp mmen , t o

’

. .

t o ri pen t h e c on n ex ion i nt o vassalag e b ut seme r un t hrou g h , t o perforat e Hen ce t he modern .

g rea t p erman en t t ie lik e t h at whi ch t he la n d s G erm sub st , Pf rz eme, a pun ch or b od kin

’

. .
90 D SC PL I I IN E AN D T RA I NIN G .
[Book I:

”
a nd la n ce i
a r n our A ma il or h el met s Th e c l ot hi n g
few h oweve r w ore c oa t s of
hm m m of t h e w a rri or w a s i n e n era l sc a n t y some t i mes h e wen t n a k e d i n t o
. .
, , , .

ffé
'

g ; .

b a t t l e H e a d orn ed h is shi eld w i t h t h e c h oi c est c ol ours a n d d evi ces ;

.

t h e l oss of i t w a s p un i sh e d w i t h t h e forfe i t ure of c i vil ri g h t s a n d e x c l u

si on from t h e reli g i ous c ommun i on of h i s c a n t on .

T h e usua l ord er of b a t t l e for t h e n fa n t ry w a s a d eep wed g e sh a p e d

fifiiify ififi
f
i
l e' -

ly
c a va r .c ol umn or p h a l an x t h e b ra vest w arri ors c l a i me d t h e fron t ra n k s The .

st re n g t h of t h e a rmi e s wa s d eeme d t o c on si st i n t h e i n fa n t ry T h e move .

men t s of t h e c a va l ry were si mp l e an d i n a rt ifi c i a l ; i t w a s usua l t o mix

t h e m w i t h i n fa n t ry ; for w hi c h p urp ose a n umb er of t h e most a c t i ve
y oun g men w ere t ra i n e d t o run b esid e a n d k e ep p a c e w i t h t h e h orses ,

res ervi n t h e li n e w i t h out di mi n i shi n g t h e i mp e t us of t h e c h a r e

p g g .

Th ese p erson s a c t e d a s t h e h orse men s a ssi st a n t s i n t h e fi g ht a n d th e i r ’

sub st i t ut e s w h en sl a i n
1 8

”
.

M d 1x el c1 v1 We a re t old t h a t t h e n umb ers of t h e c a va l ry were fix ed a nd th a t on e ,

3323333 h un d re d men w ere sel ec t ed for t h a t serv i c e from e a c h g a u or c a n t on

”
.

sa y s T a c i t us c a ll e d t h em cen t em or h un d re d men
'

3535553223
‘9
Th “
e i r own p eop l e , , , ,

a n d w h a t w a s ori g i n a lly a mere n umb er b e c ame a di st i n c t i on an d a n

'

h on our T hi s re ma rk i s very ob sc ure b ut i t se ems t o po i n t t o t h e c en t en us

.

a s t h e sa me offi c er w i t h t h e F ra n ki sh c en t en a ri a s z en d g ra v or c en t
gra v
- -
, , .

Th us t he dut i e s of t h e c en t g ra v w ould b e t h ose of a j ud ge i n p e a c e and

”
-

o f l ea d er of t h e c a v a l ry of t h e h u n dre d i n w a r We sha ll h e rea ft er fi n d . .

t h o se d ut i es so c on st a n t ly un i t e d a mon g t h e d e sc en d a nt s of t hi s p ri mi t i ve
ra c e a s t o a ut h oriz e a re t ros ec t i v e i n feren c e t h a t suc h w a s t h e c ust om
, p
a mon g t h e a n c i e n t G erma n s t h emsel ve s
0
.

Emul ti i a onT h e me mb ers of every g a u a n d h un d re d w en t t o t h e fi e ld i n on e b ody

n
,
w it d b y
e very ma n fi h t
a r ex c e ’
f i n c re a si n g ea c h ot h er s c on fid e n c e by t h e t i e s of ki n dre d
th pe rese n c e o
g
k f lk
1ns o

M ud ,
d
d mg un d er t h e e y e s of t h ose ki n sfolk a n d fri en d s w h ose di sa pp rob a t i on h e
an
an ,

1353233121
9 m os t d rea d e d a n d w h ose a
pp l a use h e most c ove te d , I n l on g a n d di st a n t .

d ren . ex p edi t i on s t h e i r w i v e s a n d c hild re n foll ow e d t h e m t o t h e fi eld st i mula t

”
,

i n g t h ei r v a l our by t h e i r c ri e s a n d e xho rt a t i on s Th e se sa y s T a c i t us .
, ,

w ere t h e most sa c re d w i t n esses ; t hese t h e most hi g hly v a l ue d a p

l a ud ers of t h e i r d e e d s
21
p .

’
1 Ta o G erm c 6 and a j
p rofusio n of c on ec t ure, he ha s p rod uced 31
—
. . . .

1°
T a c uh sup. Cat s C omm lib i
. . . . . c . 48 . s ste m o f terri t oria l d ivisio n s a n d sub d ivi sions of
y
a nd Ill) iv c 2. . . . fi
fa r t oo a rt i c ial a c h ara ct er for i t s ow n c red it .

T a o G erm c 6 I t is a serious a n a chron ism t o c on foun d t he i h

‘

. . . .

’
T h is c o rresp on d s wi t h D r Pfi sler s c o n st it ut io n s of on e
.
period w it h t h ose of a n o ther ;
j ec t ure O esc h d er D eut vol i p 1 45 M
. . . . . . . . i t w it hd raw s from o ur vi ew t he st ep s b y w h ich
L ud en ( G esc h d es d eut sch V ol vol i p 50 3 , k a n a t ion ad van c es fic m o ne st a e o f c iv iliz a t ion
. . . . . .
g
places t he z en t gra v at t he hea d of a t o a n o t he r, an d b ecome s a fruit ful so urce of
’

n ot e -

su bd ivisio n w hi ch h e cal ls a z ehe n t or t it hi n g , a g roun dless t h eories an d idle c on ect ure j .

d in s io n o f h is ow n , b o rrowed fro m t ha t of t he Ta c G erm c 7

’

. . . .

A n g lo Sa x ons I n d eed , b y d in t of g rea t lear n i n g

-
.
 0 11 5
1 11 11: Sec RELI G I O N O F T H E AN CI E NT G ERM A N S
' '

.
.
.
91

S EC T I O N III .

Mor a l Ha bi ts a n d Religi on of th e A n ci en t Germa ns .

A C C O R D I N G t o C aesar t h e p ri e st h ood of t h e a n c i en t G erma n s did n ot P i th d r es oo

form a se p a ra t e c a st e lik e t h e D rui d s of t h e C el t i c n a t i on s Th ere wa s .

n o c l a ss of rsons a mon g th e m se t a p art t o su e ri n t e n d t h e w orshi

p e p p of
t h e g od s n or did t h e y p ay muc h a t t en t ion t o Sa c rifi c es
‘
,
Th e y a c k now .

l edg e d n o ot h er div i n i t i es t h a n th ose vi sibl e p ow ers of n a t ure from whi c h

th e y d eri ve d b e n efi t T h e Sun V ulc a n us a n d t h e M oon h e a ssures us Di i it i
.
, , , ,
v n es
m
Were t h e i r fa v ouri t e g ods W i t h t h e rest t h ey w ere n ot a c qua i n t e d even it?
d ° ° n’a n
.

9
by rep ort .

T h e a c c oun t of t h e re lig i on of t h e G erma ns w hi c h w e d eri ve from ,

T a c i t us di ffers ma t eri a lly from t h a t of C aesa r H e t ell s us

, t ha t t h ey .
,
“

h on oure d M ercur y most a mon g t h e god s At c ert a i n sea son s t h e y even M uy

”
. erc r .

d e eme d i t ex p e d ien t t o p rop i t i a t e h im w i t h h uma n vi c t i ms : t h e y sa c ri

_

fi ee d a n i ma l s t o H ercul e s a n d M a rs a n d a p ort i on of t h e S uevi c n a t i on ul

fim
erc es

3
were a ddi c t e d t o t h e w orshi p of I si s _
.

Wit h out a tt emp ti n g t o rec on c il e th e se disc ord a n t a c coun t s w e ma y R ligi f th ,

e on o e

G
so di st i n c tly a ffi rme d by
er
ob serve t h a t t h e a b sen c e of a p ri estly c a st e
, ,

C é sar i s n ot i mp ugn e d by T a c i t us
,
T h e se quel of h i s d e sc ri p t i on 1 8 t h e.

more re mark a bl e a n d t h e more c re dibl e b ec a use i t li e s b e y on d t h e ord i

”
, ,

n a ry sc op e a n d p l a y o f R oma n i ma g i n a t i on w hi c h ra t h er d eli g ht e d ,

i n id en ti fy i n g t h e div i n i t i es of every oth er n a t i on w ith i t s own t h a n i n ,

c asti n g a b out for a more p hil osop hi c a l ori g i n I n ot h er resp e c ts h e .

,

proc eed s t h e y b eli eve t h a t t h e g od s c a n n ot b e c on fi n e d w i t hi n w a ll s ;

,

n or by rea son of t h e va st n e ss of t h e i r n a t u re b e re resen t e d un d er t h e

, p ,

s i mili t ud e of a n y h uma n fi gure Ta c itus ma y w hil e h e w rote thi s .

,

a ge h a ve h a d i n h i s mi n d t h e
p a ss , p ure t h e i sm of t h e P ersi a n ma g i ;
a n d t h e a b sen c e of t e mp l es a n d i mage s a mon g t h e G erma n s ma y h a ve

ap p ea re d suffi c i e n t t o j ust i fy t h e a n a l og y w i t h out furt h er evide n c e

4
But .

N on mult um sacrifi cn s stud en t —t h y d

e o deren t D eos, quib us omn ia d eb eren t esse p a t en
'

lay an y grea t st ress up on ,—are no t much

, ,

(
n ot t ia a c li bera , q uorumq ue h ic mun dus omnis
ad di c t ed t o sa cri ces fi . t emplum e sset et d omus Whet her id ola t ry
.

9
Can C omm lib vi 0 2 1
. . . . . . w as of la ter grow t h, or w het her t he z e al of t h e
3
T a c G erm c 9
. . . . early C hr ist ian missionaries mi sled t hem in t his,
4
See a b ea ut iful p aral lel pa ssag e i n Ci cero as i n some ot h er p ar t icu lars, t o c all t hin gs by
de 26 “
M ag i Persa . wron g n a mes, it i s cert ain t ha t t h ey are loud
ru m q
uib us auct orib us, erx es i n fi ammasse X an d veh em en t in t heir c h arg es of i mag e w orship -

t emp la G ra cia d ici t u r, uod p ari et ib us in clu q ag ain st t h e h ea t hen s of G erman y .

 D IV I N l T I ES O F T H E A N C I EN T NS I
92 G ERMA .
[Book .

h oug h t h ey ere c t e d n o t emp l es n or t o our k n owl e d g e se t up a n y

t , , ,

i ma g es of t h e di vi n i t y y e t t h e y a p p oi n t ed c ert a i n sp ot s c hi efly i n t h e
, ,

d a rk est a n d most my st eri ous rec e sse s of t h e i r forest s for reli i ous w or
g ,

shi T o t h ese sa c re d soli t ud e s t h e y g a ve t h e n a mes o f t h e i r d s an d

p .

g o ,

pp roa c h e d t h e m w i t h a we a n d reveren c e a s t h e vi sibl e d we lli n g p l a c e s

5
a -

of t h e d e i t y H ere a ll sa crifi c es w ere p erforme d a n d a uguri es a n d

.
, ,

o t h e r reli g i ous ri t es w ere c el e b ra t e d ; a n d hi t h er t h e

p e op l e re sorte d
t o c on sul t t h e resid en t g od a n d by h i s a ssi st a n c e t o di ve i n t o t h e , , ,

sec re t s of fut u ri t y .

S uc h i s t h e sc a n t y a moun t of t h e ori g i n a l a n d di re c t ev id e n c e w e p os
se ss a s t o t h e re li i on of t h e a n c i en t G e rma n s
g S ome furt h e r p a rt i c ul a rs .

ma y b e g a t h ered from i n c id en t a l n ot i c e s a n d from t h e reli g i ous p ra c t i ces ,

T ui t T ut o f sub se q uen t a e s
s o or e ,
g T h e g re a t p ri maev a l div i n i t y of t h e T e ut on i c n a t i on s
.

gi ffi fiififilty w a s t h e T uisto or T eut of T a c i tus from h im t h e y d erive d t h e i r ori g i n a n d

e

t h ei r n a m e But w h et h er h e w a s t h e sa me w i t h t h e M erc ury for w h om

.
,

t h e y a re sa id t o h a ve e v i n c e d so d ec id e d a refere n ce it i s i m ossibl e t o
p p ,

d e t ermi n e w i t h out ven turi n g t oo fa r i n t o t h e reg i on s of a n t iqua ri a n c on

,

j c ot ure 6
.

Th ere a pp ea rs t o b e b e t t er g roun d for b eli evi n g t h a t Ta c i t us mea n t t o

m ifl figm
‘

é
d esi n a t e t h e

a
’
f
g ep g o d W od a n o r Q od a
u n
7
un d e r t h e n a me o f M erc ury
uy rr mt u n a me i n d e ed oc c urs for t h e fi rst t i me i n t h e L o mb a rd hi st ory of P a ul us
c r s.
, ,
, T h e ,
.

Di a c on us w h o w rot e i n t h e middl e of t h e ei g h t h c en t ury ; b ut t h e di rec t

,
g

t est i mon y of t h a t hi st ori a n see ms t o l a c e t h e ro osi t i on t h a t Wod a n w a s

p p p
t h e d e i t y w h omT a c i t us d escrib es un d er t h e n a me of M erc ury out of rea son
}
a bl e d ou b t A sec on d d e si g n a t i on for t he supreme di vi n i t y ma y b e t ra c e d
.
9

i n t h e n a me of l r t h e g od of th un d er W h en t h e H ermun d uri b efore

, .
,

Ta c G erm c 9 . . . . t he h uman ra ce t he i mmedia t e offs

prin g of t he
T hus T uisto or Teut is id en t ifi ed by ma ny D e it y .

w it h t he T heut h or T hot h of t he Egyp t ia n s, 7 T he Odi n of t h e n ort h ern T eu t on es .

w hose a t t rib ut es so clo sely rese mble t hose of t he 9

Woda n san e, quem a dj ut a lit era q uidam
G reek H ermes a n d t he R oman M erc ury But G w o da n d i x erun t , ip se est q ui a pud Roman os
sin c e —s u
.

c h i s t he reason i n
g of Ol a v G erm A n t . . . Merc uri us d icit ur ; et ab un iversis G erman iae
li b i c 2 2 p l 5 6
. . . t he G erma n s were n o t in
. . .
g en t ib us ut D eus ( G o d e , G ot ) ad ora t ur : q ui
c onn ex ion e it he r w it h G ree k s or R oman s, t he
y n on c i rca h aac t e mpora sed lo n g e a n t e rius n e c ,

c ou ld n ot ha ve d erived t he ir M ercury fromt he m . i n G erma n ia sed in G raec ia fuisse p erh ib et ur

, .

I n asmuc h, t h erefore , a s t he
y w orship p ed h im a s P a ul D i a c d e G est is L on g ob Il l) i c 9 C on f
t he g rea t est a mon g t h e g od s —in fa c t as t he
. . . .
. . . .

, n ot e 7 6 M ur a l Sss Rr
. t al vol i p 4 1 1
. . . I . . . . .

p rima l d eit y , i t is ob vious t h a t t hey, a s w ell as

- 9
L ud en ( vol i p t h in k s t ha t Wod a n,
. . .

t he Egyp t ia n s, G re ek s, a n d Ro ma n s, had d erived O din , T hor Freya , a n d ot h er d e it ie s of t he

.

h im from o n e c ommon source , v iz t he G rea t . G ot h ic a n d n ort h ern n a t ion s, w ere un k n own to

F i rst Ca use, a n d t h a t , in fac t , t he service o f t he a n c ien t G erman ic ra c e s But t h is o pin ion .

T eut or Merc ury a mon g t he T e ut on ic ra ces w as a rises fro m t oo o b viou s a n i n clina t ion t o re
a re mn a n t o f t he
pure monot heism of t he p ri presen t t heir relig ion as more p urely mon ot he
mze val ma n , w hom t hey sy mb oliz ed un d er t he i st ical t h a n it really was .

n a me o f Ma n n , t h e son of Teu t/i , t hus ma ki n g

 C hap ii Sec
. . . P O LYT HEI SM —RELI G I O US RI T ES '

.
’

93

t h e d ec i s ive b a t tl ew i t h t h e C h a t t i i n w hi c h t h e p ower of t h e l a tter n a t i on

-

wa s e n t i rely b rok en are sa id t o h a ve d evot e d t h e a rmy of t h e en emy

,

t o M a rs a n d M erc ury w e ma y reason a bly a ssume t h a t Th or a n d Wo d en

10
.
,

were t h e d e i t i e s w homT a c i t us h a d i n vi ew Od in wa s b ut a n ot h er n ame

'

for t h e forme r of t h ese div i n i t i e s We a re i n d e ed un a bl e t o dist in guish

’

. , ,

t h e i r a t t rib ut es w i t h a n y c ert a i n t y ; p rob a bly n o v ery d efi nit e di fferen c e

e xi st e d i n t h e c on c ep t i on s of th e w orshi p p ers t h e msel ve s; I n l a ter a ges ,

t h e p oe t i c a l my t h ol og i st s of t h e n ort h h a ve i n t roduc e d di st i n ct i on s ; b ut
i t i s i mp ossibl e t o a ssi g n a n y ve ry remot e or a ut h en t i c ori gi n for t h em .

A t al l e vefi t s i t c a n a d mi t of n o d oub t t h a t t h e T e u t on i c na t i on s w or; Th T ut i e e on c

p ly
,

m t n a i on s o
s hi e d a di v ersi t y of g od s A on g a w i d e ly Sp re a d a n d b a rb a rous ra c e t h m
,
pp . , e ,

.a di st i n c t i on of n a mes (eve n up o n t h e supp osi t i on t h a t t h e b e i n g rep re

s e n t e d wa s Ori g i n a lly on e an d t h e sa me ) n a t ura lly d r a w s a ft e r i t a di ve r

it div id e s t h e p ri ma l n ot i on i n t o p a rt s or at t rib ut e s ,

a n d g iv es p erson a li t y t o ea c h S uc h ,i t ma y b e g en era lly a ssume d w a s

Th ere seem
.
,

t h e ori g i n of p olyt h ei sm g ood rea son for a c qu

’

,
s no . it t in g
t h e b arb arous G erma n s of t hi s orig i n al w ea k n ess of h uma n n a t ure or
'

a t trib u t i n g t o t h em p urer c on c e p t i on s of t he n a t ure of t h e d e i t y t h an

is c on si st en t w i t h t h e st a g e of c i v iliz a t i on a t w hi c h t h e y st ood
a t ry or re re sen t a t i v e w orshi p m
.

Th ou g h id ol p ,
a
y n ot hav e b ee n fa mili a r S gui y ,
an n ar

mi
t o t h e a n c i e n t G erma n s w e fi n d a mon g t h e m t h ose sa n gui n ary rites
ss.
,

e c uli a r t o n at i on s w h ose p a ssi on i s w ar Th u s t h e v i c t ori ous H ermun duri

p .

s a c rifi c e d t h e i r p ri son ers t o M ars a n d M erc ury T h e v a ri ous c l a n s of t h e .

S uev i Se mn on e s w h o w e re i n th e h a bi t of a ssembli n g on c e ev ery y e ar

13
,

i n a h a ll owe d grove for t h e c e l eb ra t i on of a n a t i on a l fe st iv a l c ommen c e d

t he h orrid ri t e by t h e sl a ug h t er of a h um
,

a n v i c t i m ; a n d t h e sl a ve s
4 1
who .

atten de d up on t h e c a r of t h e g odd ess H ert h a d uri n g h er p eri odi c a l

’

’0 Ta c A n n lib x iii c 57
. . . . . . G esch d er D eut sch en , vol 1 p 1 47
. . . . .

T he Edd a s, supp osed t o h ave b ee n writ t en 19

T hat t his variet y of n ames for a d ei fi ed p er v

in t he t hirt een t h cen tury L a d en ( vol i p 7 43 son is n ot wi t h out it s d a n g ers i n a muc h more
’

. . . . . .

q
uot es Bed e s G en ealogy of t he Sax on rom t he c h ara c ter
ci vili z ed a g e , ma y b e g a t h ered f
’
n ot e

of t h e R oma n C a t h oli c forms ad op t ed in t he

p rin ces Hen g ist an d H orsa , w ho lan d ed in Bri
-

t a in i n t h e y ear 449 : Era n t ( Hen ist et Hor g w orsh ip of t h e V irg in , whose n a mes an d at tri~
j
se ) fi lii Vi ctg i lsz , c u us p a t er Vi lla , cu us p a t er j b ut es are as n umerous as t he t emples a n d shri n es
'

j
Vect a , cu us p a t er Vod en Eccl Hi st lib i d edica t ed t o h er servi c e ; each i mag e, in rea lit y,
'

. . . . .

c 15
. .T his, he say s, t ra ces Wod en up t o t he mid re p resen t in g a d i st in c t obj ect of w orshi
p T he . .

dl e of t he t hi rd ce n t ury, a n d n o hig her A ccord .

-r
l oss o f t he scrip tures, a n d t he d e cay of civi li
i n gly h e deni es t ha t t he g od s of t h e A n g lo S ax on s
,
-

z a t ion ( if t he supp osit ions h e con c ei va b le) ,

an d Sc an d in a vi a n s w ere ever t h ose of t h e an ci en t w ould i n evi t ably g i ve rise t o a host of g odd esses
G erman s T h e inferen c e is v ery w ea We k .
'

a s d ist in ct i n p erson as t h e v arious a t t rib ut es

prefer Ta c i t us a n d P a ul W a rnef ried l yi st er g oes . n ow asc rib ed t o h er numerous i ma es g .

al most t he w hole len g th wi t h L a d en i n reg ardin g T a c A n n lib x iii c 57

‘3
. . . .

t he an cien t religi on a s a pure mon ot heism 1 ‘ Ta c G erm c 3 9

. .
. .

VOL . I .
 ”
HERT HA—T HE AL CES—SO RT I L EG E . .
[Book I .

ma n i festa t ion s , we re d row n e d in a lake at the con c l usi on of h er p eregri

i
n a t on s .

Hert ha .
T he sup ers ti t i ous
j ust a ll ud e d t o i n t rod uc es t o us an oth er
p ra c t i c e
di vi n i t y i n t o t h ose a l rea dy men t i on ed
a ddi t i on S even t rib es of t he .

Her worship .
g r ea t S u e v i c ra c e w orshi
pp ed the
g odd ess H ertha or Mother Ea rth w h om , ,

th ey b eli eve d t o p osse ss g re a t i n fl uen c e over t h e fort un es of i n di v idua ls

a s w ell a s o f n a t i on s H er w orshi p w a s di st i n gui sh e d by a p ec uli a r a n d
.

a re ma rk a bl e ri t e I n a n i sl a n d i n t h e oc ea n (t h e B a l t i c )
. sa y s Ta c i ,

t us , i s a vi rg i n grove w i t hi n w hi c h i s a c on sec ra t e d c a r c overe d w ith a

, ,

rob e w hi c h n on e b ut a s in g l e p ri e st i s p ermi t t e d t o t ouc h

, I n t his .

ve hi c l e t h e g odd ess i s su ose d t o b e re sen t a n d t h us d ra w n by c ows

pp p , , ,

s h e i s esc ort e d fort h by h er T h e d a y s of

p ri est w i t h gre a t ob serva n c e .

h e r a rri va l a n d soj ourn a re d e di c a t e d t o j oy a n d fest i vi t y ; n o w ar

i s e n t ere d up on n o a rms a re b orn e ; e v ery sw ord i s sh e a t h e d : e a c e is
p
th en on ly k n ow n t h en on ly c h eri sh ed till t h e p ri est re c on duc t s t h e g od
, ,

d e ss b a c k t o h er sa n c t ua ry a s if sa ti a t e d w i t h h er c on verse a mon g
,

mort a l s a ft er w hi c h t h e c a r a n d t h e rob e a n d (if y ou thi n k fit t o b eli eve ,

i t ) t h e g odd ess h ersel f ar e b a t h e d i n a my st eri ous l a k e S l ave s mi n i ster .

,

w h om t h e l a k e i n st a n t ly sw a ll ows up H en c e t h e se cre t h orror t h e .

,

my st eri ous d rea d of t h a t b ei n g w h om n on e b e h old w i t h out p eri shi n g .

Th e Alces . T h e N a h a rva li a n ob sc ure t rib e w orshi pp e d a d i vi n i t y n ot rep re sen te d

, ,

by a n y i ma g e w h om t h e y c a ll e d Al c es or t h e tw i n god s T h e A e st y ii
’
-
.
, ,

h on oure d t h e mot h er of t h e g od s a s t h e sy mb ol of t h e i r sup erstiti on h er ,

w orshi pp ers w ore t h e fi gure of a b oa r a b out th e i r p erson s a s a t a li sma n

a ga i n st t h e w ea on s of t h e ir e n e mi e s
p .

S ort il ege w a s muc h est ee me d a mon g t h e G e rma n s a s a mod e of a s

c e rt a i n i n g t h e w ill of t h e g od s a n d fa t h omi n g t h e sec re t s of fut urity
, A .

fa vouri t e me t h od of div i n a t i on w a s t h e foll ow i n g a fe w t w i g s w ere c ut -

from a frui t t ree ; t h es e w e re a g a i n di vid e d i n t o sli p s a n d c ast a t ra n d om

-

up on a w hi t e rob e T h e p osi t i on s of t h e severa l sli p s w ere t h en ex

.

a mi n e d a n d t he o n ost i c w a s d e t ermi n e d a c c ordi n g t o some k n own

, p g
r

ru l e I f i t t urn e d out un fa voura bl e a ll c on sul t a ti on up on t h e ma t te r i n

.
,

questi on wa s a t a n e n d for th a t d a y ; i f fa voura bl e furt h er c on fi rma t i on ,

’
5
Ta o G erm c 40
. . . . al i n t ima t e s t ha t id ols w ere n ot un k n ow n t o
most
Roma n o i n terp ret at i oue C ast orem e t P ol t he ot h er t ribe s T he p ereg ri n a superst it io
.

luce m memoran t , h e un d er t he n a me o f A lces

. . . sh ou ld here b e un d erst ood of t he ot her t ribes far
Ta ci t us ( G erm c . ad d s emp ha t ica lly ,
. N ul a n d n ear, w hic h st ren g t h en s t he i n feren ce t ha t

la simula cra , n ullum p ereg ri n e sup erst it ion is t h eir w orship w as n ot e q ually un t ai n t ed wi t h
vest ig ium, ut
pa t res t a men , ut j uven es venera n id ola t ry .

t ur. T his p a rt ic ula rit y i n n o t in g t h e ab se n ce ‘7

T a o G erm c 45 . . . .

of a n i ma e of t he t wi n god s of t he a har vali, N

g
-
 P ROPHET ESSES .
95

w a s soug h t i n t he bi rd s An oth e r met h od muc h in Di i ti by

cr es a n d
i fli gh t of . .
,
v na on

cre di t c on si st e d in h a rn essi n g c ert a i n h orses b re d i n t h e sa cre d g rov e s

,
.
, ,

t o a c on sec ra t e d c ar a n d l ea di n g t h em fort h a c c omp a n i e d by t h e p ri est

' ’
“

a n d t h e c hi ef of t h e t ribe wh ose d ut y it w a s t o ob serve a n d e x p ou

.
n d t he

n ei g hin g s of t h e a ni ma l s A n ordi n a ry d ev i c e for d et ermi n i n g t h e e ve n t By th

. mb t e co a .

of a p roj ec te d war or mili t ary e x e d i t i on wa s t o ma t c h a p ri son er of t h e

'

p
h ost ile n at ion a g a in st a c h a mp i on of t h ei r ow n
'

T h e even t of t h e duel
‘ '

.
. .

wa s reg a rd e d a s a sure p re sa g e of t h e re sult of t h e i n t e n d e d en t erpri se 18

.

T h e G erma ns a t t ribute d c ert a i n p rop h e t i c p owers t o t h e i r wome n T h e P ph t . ro e esses .

in fluen c e of t h e fema l es seems t o h ave b ee n gre a t er t h a n 1 s usua l I nt h e

p a ra ll e l c on diti on of soc i e ty e l sew h ere Th e y sh a re d t h e d a n gers of w a r .

wi t h t h e ir hus b a n d s a n d a c qui re d th ere b y t h e ri g ht t o a dvi se as w ell as

“

t o l ove a n d c h eri sh ; the y c h eere d th em t o t h e b a t t l e —th e y rew a rd e d

, .

m
‘

i n vi c t ory w i t h t h e i r smil es a n d p ra i ses ; a n d t h e i r re p roa c h e s i n

.

t he
d efeat h a ve b een kn own t o a rrest t h e i r fl i g h t a n d rest ore a d oub t ful
'

b a tt l e S uc h a p osi t i on in soc i e t y a fford e d c on si d era bl e sc op e t o w omen

.

of st ron g a n d ma sc uli n e t e m ers w hil e i n ot h ers i t w ould n ot fa il t o

p ,

i n fl ame t h e i ma g i n a ti on a n d foste r a h i g h t on e of feel in g i n a ll C aesa r , .

men t i on s p rop h et esse s i n t h e a rmy of Ari ovi st us Ac c ordi n g t o P lu .

t arc h t h e se sibyl s p re di c te d fut ure even t s from t h e W hirl p ool s a n d

19

e ddi es of ri ve rs Thi s rep ut a t i on for t h e p rop h et i c fa c ul t y some t i me s

.

i mp art e d g rea t p oli t i c a l p ower t o t h e i r w omen Auri n i a V e ll e da a n d Au i V ll .

, ,
r1 n a, e e
a d Gm g ’e n "
G a n n a a re di st i n gui sh e d by Ta c i t us for t h e g re a t i n fluen c e t h e y e x erc i se d
ov er t h e mi n d s of t h e i r c oun t rymen T h e fi rst of t h e se w a s reg a rd e d .

a lmost a s a div i n ity ; t h e t wo l a t t er e nj o ye d a hi g h de gree of re

9°
vere n c e .

T h e form of oa t h usua l i n p ubli c c omp a c ts a mon g t h e G erma n s c on F orm of oa th .

s i st e d i n st re t c hi n fo t h t h w d t h l w hi c h w ere re g a rd e d a s
g r e s or or e a n c e ,

t h e p ro er symb ol s of t h e w a r od a n d e i r fa i t h up on t h em
21
p g p l e d i
g g n t h -

,
.

All t h e reli g i ous c eremon ies of t h e T euton i c ra c es h a d a re fe ren c e t o t h e i r

ru li n g p a ssi on for w a r Yet it must b e a dmi t t e d t h a t t h e i r n ot i on s of t h e
.

19
T a c G erm c 50 A mm M a rcell lib x x x i c 2 ; a n d t his la tt er
C omm lib i c 50 —P la t i n V i t a C aesa ri s
. . . . . . .
. .

19
. . . . . . . fa ct i s men t ioned in c onj un ct ion wi t h t h e very
9° T a c
G erm c 8
. Hist lib iv 0 6 1 . . .
-
. . . . . an c i en t cust omo f va t ic in a t ion b y sli ps or sa plin g s
Hist lib v c 24
. . . . . a d vert ed t o b y T ac it us See also n ot e ( i ) ad .

21
A mm Ma rcelli nus, lib x v n c , 1 2 p 1 9 5
. . . . . . A mm M a rcell lib x vii c 1 2 an d lib x x x i c 2
. . . . . . . . . .

A d mitt in g t h a t t his cust om i s n ot iced a t a di s n o t e ( v) 1 9 5 6 7 3 J u st i n , lib x liii P om p

pp , . . . . .

ta n ce of t wo c en t ur ies an d a h alf fro m t he a e M ela lib i i 0 l , a n d a v ariet y of aut horit ies t o

g , . . .

of T a ci t us, viz t he rei n of C on st an t ms, A D 3 58 , t he an t iqu i t y of t h e p ra ct ice a re t h ere q uot ed ,

g . . .

y e t t here is st ron g test imon y t o i t s a n t i qui t y . t og et h er wi t h la t er t e st imon ies t o it s con t in ua n ce

V irg il w as fa mil iar wi t h it , ZEn eid lib v T he . . . d o wn t o a much lat er p eriod .

A la n i are said t o h ave w orshipp ed a sw ord ,

96 N OT I O N S O F T HE D V N E I I N AT U R E
.
[Book I .
‘

di vi n e turewere purer a n d t h ei r worshi p l e ss sa n g ui n a ry ; t h a n th a t of

'

na ,

t h e C el t i c n a ti on s T h e c a t a l og ue of t h e i r di v i n iti es i s rema rk a bly sma ll

.
,

a n d t h e mod e s of w orshi p few a n d si mp l e Th ei r reli g i ous n ot i on s w ere

.

n e i t h er ros s n or d e g ra di n g L i vi n g n e a rly i n a st a t e of n a t ure th e y

g .
,

reg a rd e d i t s p h e n ome n a w ith more a t te n t i on t h a n a p eop l e l e ss e x p ose d

t o i t s i n fl ue n c e s w ould h a ve d on e T h e g od of t h e el eme n t s c l a i me d t h e
e a rli est sh ri n e —t h e d e i t y of w a r t h e fi rst p l a ce i n t h e i r e sti ma t i on
.

, Wi th .

di sp osi t i on s t h us pre p a re d a n d a s i t were a ttun e d t o t h e p a rt th e y were

, , ,

d esti n e d t o p l a y i n t h e g rea t sc h eme of P rovid en c e th e y en t ere d i n to t h e

,

mort a l c on t est w i t h t h e g i g a n t i c p ow er of R ome ; n ot i n c ombi n a ti on n or ,

’

by suc h c on c ert e d e ffort s a s mi g h t h a ve e x p ose d th em t o a n n ihil a ti n g

reverses b ut si n ly a n d i n div id ua lly
, g y e t w ith suc h a n i n t en si t y of u
p r
p ose a s n o d efea t c ould t a me n o h umili a ti on c ould subd ue I n t hi s st a te
, .

t h e y w ere reserve d for t h e d ec a y of t h a t w i t h eri n g d esp ot i sm a n d d e st i n e d,

t o b ec ome t h e d estroy ers of t h e old a n d t h e foun d ers of a n ew soc i a l

,

sy st e m i n Eur0 e a n d t h e w orld
p .
 o HAP . 11 1 .

DR U SU S , RU S
VA , A N D G ERMA N I C US IN G ERMAN Y .

A F T ER t h e rep ul se of t h e b a rb a ri a n s wh o h a d d e fe a ted L olli us t h e Rhi n e C diti d

;1
on or n
,

b ec a me t h e un di sp ut e d b oun d a ry of t h e emp i re t o t h e e a stw a rd T h e

.
.

D a n ub e forme d a n e qua lly st ron g b a rri er t o t h e n ort h wa rd ; a n d from

b oth li n es t h e i n dep en d en t trib e s w ere ex p ose d t o t h e overwh el mi n g
st re ss of R oman t a c ti c s a n d p oli c y a n d t h e st ill more formid a bl e i n roa d s
,

of R oma n v i c e s Th oug h i n sen sibl e of t h e i r d a n g er t h e y w ere soon th y f l th m e ee e

ma de t o fee l st ra i t en e d a n d c oerc ed t o fi n d t h emselves c h ec ke d a n d 223 2n

. ,
1 8
-

—
, 3

a n d c om
“M L
c urb e d a t a ll t h e old i ssues a n d o utl et s of t h e i r ow n c oun t ry
'

e ll ed e i t h er t o c u l t i v a t e t h i ti e fore st s a n d fe n s w i t h g rea t er i n
p e r n a v

d ust ry or t o e xh aust t h emsel ves up on a st ron g a n d w e ll d efen d e d

,

fron t i er .

Th oug h frette d a n d c h a fe d by t h e se n ew ob st a c l es t o th e i r l ove of Ob t l t

o
s ac es o

milit a ry rov in g t h e y w ere fa r from reg a rdi n g n a t ion a l umon a s a p ossibl e p liti l’ i o ca “n on '

muc h l e ss a n effec t ua l rem

, ,

e dy for t h e i rk some n ess of t h e i r p ositi on The .

s t ru ct u re of soc i et y w a s a d vei se t o a n ki n d of p oli t i c a l un i on n ot foun d e d

y
up on some i m medi a te n ec essity some urg en t d a n g er some c ommon p a s
, ,

si on E a c h t rib e f0 1 me d a n i n d ep en d en t st a t e di vid e d from i t s n ei g h

b ours by ea i t h en m
.
,

oun d s or wood en
, p a lisa d es or p a thl ess forests a n d
,

wa stes Th e i r mod es of w arfa i e va ri e d : on e t rib e foug h t on foot a n ot h e r

.
,

on h orseb a c k a t hi rd l e d a sea fa ri n
g li fe E a c h h a d i t s fe ud s a n d i t s
.

e n mi t i es w ith i t s n e x t n e i g hb o ur ; some old g rud g e t o re sen t some

'

st som
_
,

a n c i e n t di sp ut e t o adj u , e re c en t i nj ury t o a ve n ge All were al ike .

p roud of th e i r n a t i on a li t y a n d j ea l ous of e a c h oth e r

, B ut t h e re la y M ilit y
.
ar asso

i n t h e c h a ra c t er of t h e i r i n st i t ut i on s a n d eve n of t h e i r p rej udi c es t h e

m
, ,

see d s of a more c on g en i a l un i on t h a n a n y t rea t i e s c o uld i n so rud e a f

_

z fgggt
'
d ‘ “
, n

st a t e of soc i e t y h a ve p roduc e d
, M a n y of t h e i r i n d ep e n den t t rib e s G m
.
er a n s;

a c k n owl e d g e d t h e t ie o f a ki n dre d ori gi n T h e memb e rs of t h e g rea t

.

Suev i c fa mily sp rea d t h e mse l ve s from t h e H a rz moun t a i n s sout h w ard t o ,

th e M a yn e t h e Up p er Rhi n e a n d t h e D a n ub e a l on g t h e c ourse of t h a t
, , ,

ri ver ; a n d t h en c e ag a i n n orth wa rd th rough t h e h eart of C en t ra l G erma n y =

98 A U G UST U S RESOL V ES U PO N T HE C O N Q U EST O F G ERMA NY .
[Book I .

t o t h e sh ores of t h e B a l t i c O t h er grea t fa mili e s of n a t i on s supp ose d

.
,

t o h a ve b e e n i n di c a t e d by T a c i t us un d e r t h e n a mes of I st a von es a n d

”
I ng cevon es p ossesse d t h e t ra c t of c oun t ry b et we e n t h e Elb e a n d t h e
l
,

G erma n O c e a n un d e r t h e t rib e n a me s of C h erusc i C h a n c i A n griva rii

, , , ,

B ruc t eri M a rsi a n d F ri sii Amon g a ll t h ese n a t i on s a n d sep t s t h e

, ,
.
,

ri n c i l e of mili t a ry a ssoc i a t i on a d v ert e d t o i n t h e l a st c h a t e r

p was
p p , ,

e q ua lly p re v a l e n t N e i t h er n a t i on a l e n mit i es n or p rej udi c es c ould n eu

.

t ra li z e t hi s p ow erful i n d uc eme n t t o un i on ; a n d w h en eve r a l e a d er a rose

c a a bl e o f a w a k e n i n g t h e old sy mp a t hi e s o f ki n d re d a n d g i v i n g li fe t o
p ,

t h e i n d w elli n g S p i ri t o f ad ve n t ure t h e re w a s 11 0 d ea rt h of w a rri ors rea dy

,
?
t o ri sk a ll a n d e n d ure a ll un d er h is b a n n ers
, ,

S EC T I 0 N I .

Ca mp a ig ns f
o D rusus i n G erma ny .

A ugust us t e T H E n a tura l rel uc t a n c e of t h e e mp eror August us t o e x p ose hi mse l f i n h i s

1332155; old a ge t o t h e t urmoil s a n d c ares of a w a r of c on quest yi e ld ed t o t h e

”
a n d t h e i m ul se of o ul a r fe eli n g
su
n e c essi t i es o f h i s p osi t i on I
e th e co n ‘
p p p t was .

q uest of G er
many u bli c ly k n own th a t J uli us C aesa r h a d roj e c t e d t h e c on quest of G e r
p p
ma n y , a n d from h im t h e v i ew s of t h e R oma n a rmy a n d p eop l e h a d
But t h e ex t e nsi ve n a t u r e of C aesa r s sc h eme
’
re c e i v e d t h e i r di re c t i on .

sui t e d n e i t h er t h e a g e n or t h e t e mp er of h i s su
3
c cessor ; a n d i t a p p e a rs a s

if h e h a d re sol ve d ra t h er t o a wa it for t h e a t t a c k of t h e G erma n s t h a n t o

ec ome hi mse l f t h e a g g re ssor A t h is d e p a rt ure from G a ul h e l e ft
H e lea v e
e
com b .

me n d of th e D rusus, h i s y oun g e r a n d fa v ourite st e p son , i n c omma n d of t h e a rmy of

arm y of the t h e Rhi n e w i t h a ll t h e a dva n t a g es of a c om l et e a n d w ell d e fen d e d
Rhi n e p
-

.
,

fron t i er b esid e s ma n y a d va n c e d p ost s on t h e ri g h t b a n k of t h e Rhi n e

h gfg
A U - l

”
-

, .

Th e U sipet es T h e U si e t es a n d T e uc h t e ri h a d a a i n b e c ome t rib ut a ry si n c e t h e i r l a t e

a n d T eu c h t eri
p g
make a n i n d efe a t ; b ut some fresh e x t ort 1 on of t h e Roman s on c e more i n duc e d t h em
4

roa d
i n to th e
“ we r e to c ross t he Rhi n e a n d ra va g e a p a rt of t h e L ow er G erma n i a A ft er t hi s .

ma ny
p rovoc a t i on , D rusus foun d li t t l e di ffi cul t y i n ob t a i n i n g from A ug ust us
‘ Ost-
woh ner, d w ellers in t h e w est ; I ng woh ner, si
g ht of.

o r I n n woh n er, d w ellers in t h e in t e rior 1

Se e pp 6 9 , 7 0
S e e a n t e n t rod t o c 11 —
. . .

9
P a g e 88 , a n d n o t e 1 4 p 89 I P lut in V it a C ae
— —
. . . . . . .

T he sa me feelin g w h ic h g a ve ri se t o t he saris Florus, lib iv p 1 22 . Vel l P a t lib ii

. . . . . . .

g rea t C i mb ric an d T eut on ic assoc ia t ion s, t o t he C aesar i n t en d ed t o ha ve p re fa ced his op era

8

le ag ue o f t he Helve t ic cla n s, a n d t he g reat c on t ion s ag a in st G erman y b y t he subj ug a t ion of al l

fed e racy of t he S uevi c A riovi st us, w as st ill in full t h e n a t ion s be t ween t he C a sp ia n a n d t he Ad ria ti c ,
ope ra t ion . T he a n c ien t h ist ory o f G erman y i s, a n d t o h a ve
penet ra t ed i n t o G erma n y b y t h e
in fa c t b ased upo n t h is p rin c iple of a ct ion , a n d
. L ow er D a n ub e P la t in V it a C az saris
. . .

become s v a gue a n d un in t ellig ib le w hen it is lost S ee a n t e, p 45 . .

Chap . 111 Sec
. .
F I RST C AMPA I G N
_
or D R USUS .
99

mi ssi on t o d e al w i t h t h e G erma n s a s h is own a mbi t i on ml gh t di c t a t e

'

p er _ .

”
T h e i n v a d ers w ere ea sily d riven b a c k a n d p rep a ra t i on s were ma d e for ,

th e p erma n en t est a bli sh me t o t e R n f h o m a n

p ow er i n t h a t c oun t ry
5
, .

I t a p p e ars t o h a ve b een t h e p l a n of D rusus t o swee p t h e r ig h t b a n k of D u su p l u .

r s
’
a
fm m
t h e Rhi n e from i ts mout h s t o i t s sourc e s
,
W ith t hi s v i ew h e c rosse d t h e .
° a

ri v e r w i t hi n t h et erri tory of t h e B a t a v i a n a t i on w h om t h e R oma n s h a d ,

a in e d b i il e s a n d e x e mp t i on s r are ly c on fe rre d u on t h e subj e c t

g yp r v e g p
lli f t h u bli c t h e y a id n o t rib ut e a n d w ere ri v il e e d a a i n st
a es o e r e
p p p g g
t h e e x t ort i on a t e sy st em of p rov i n c i al a d mi n i st ra t ion —
,

th e y were re
d d u se fu l i n stru m e n t of w a r ; as a ood sw ord w h ose t e m er
g a r e a s a g p
mig h t b e i nj ure d by roug h usa g e 6
I n re t urn for t hi s h on oura bl e t re a t .

men t t h e B a t a vi freely op en e d t h e ir Coun t ry a n d l e n t t h e ir bl ood t o t h e

, ,

servi c e of t h e republi c I f t h e R oma n g ov ern men t c ould h a v e b e en ma d e

.

w i ser by e x p eri en c e t h e ex a mp l e of t h e B a t a v i mi ght h a ve le d t h em t o

,

t h e r i g h t me t h o d of c on quest i n G erma n y But from t h e p ri vi l eg e s c on .

-v

ferre d up on th a t fa voure d n a t i on w e ra t h e r l ea rn t o a p p rec i a t e t h e 0 p ,

p re sse d c on di t ion of t h e rest t h a n t o a d mi re t h e w i sd om w hi c h di c t a t e d

.

t h e e x c ep ti on T h e effort s of D rusus w ere di re c t e d a g a i n st t h e Usi p e t es tt k th

g
.
e a ac s e
,

t h e T e n c h t eri a n d t h e S i c a mb ri i n suc c ess i on But t h ese t rib es wi sely r iiiitfii d

mm
s ’
, . e ,a
n

a void e d g en era l a c t i on s c on fi n i n
g t h e ms e l v e s t o a d esul t ory d efen si ve 3
,

w a rf a re ; a n d D rusus c rosse d t h e L i pp e w i t h out mol e s t a t io n or di fi c ul t y

f b t tl
.
a e

H ow fa r h e p en et ra te d i n t o G erma n y i s n ot k n ow n ; h e i s sa id t o h ave
a t t a c k e d t h e C h a t t i a n d t o h a v e fou h t w i t h t h e M a rk ma n n e n on t h e
g
-

M a y ne ; b ut we h ea r of n o p erma n en t or eve n b rilli a n t a dva n t a g e ga i n ed Th mp ig u

7
epa a

by h im i n t h e c ourse of t h e se op era ti on s T h e diffi c ulty of marc hi n g fifl fi ; .

‘

l a rg e b odi e s over t h e d e sol a t e ma rshy a n d en ta n gle d di st ri c t s of n ort h i “ ult , ,

“s res

e a st ern G e rma n y a n d t h e a dv a n t a es e n j oy e d by t h e e n e my for d e fe u

, g
siv e w a rfa re b e c a me a
pp a ren t a n d a c h a n g e of syst emw as resol v e d up on
, ,

for t h e en sui n g c a mp a i g n .

W h i l e D rusus w a s emp loy e d i n Upp er G e rman y h e sent direct ion s t o 742 , .

t h e B a t a v i t o b uild a fl e et a n d t o h a st e n t h e p rep ar a t i on s for e mb a rki n g D

_

“ 1 8 0 8 re

t h e a rmy a s soon a s i t sh ou l d a rri v e But t h e di ffi c ul t i es of n a vi ga t i n g l t i fio ves o n

d G ma y
.

va e er n
t h e low c oa st s of H oll a n d i n d uc ed h im t o a b a n d on t h e p l an of ru n n in by
g sea.

out of t h e W a a l or t h e Rhi n e H e t h ere fore d ug a shi p c a n a l fromt h e H t e conn ec s

t b my
.

former r1 ver 1 n t o t h e l a t t er so a s b ot h t o sa v e d i st a n c e an d en a bl e h 1 m t o a : “ 3n
1
, .
5
b y a shi p -
c an a l .

5 Vell Pa ter lib 11 c 97

"

F lor lib iv 0 l 2
7 orosi us, lib vi 0 2 1 —
—
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

M an et h on os e t a n t iq ue societ a t is in si g n e : Ma scou con ec t ures t ha t bot h l orus j F

'

p. 4 46 .

11a mn ec t rib ut is c on te mn un t u an d O rosi us d rew t heir in forma t ion fr om t he lost

r, n ec
publican us
at t eri t . Ex empt i o n erib us e t c olla t ionib us, et . b oo s o f L i vy s Hist of t he G erman s V ol i
k ’
. . . .

t a n t um in usum p rm liorum sep osi t i , velut t ela

.

p 7 9 of t he En glish t ran sla tion

. .

a t que arma , b elli s reservan t u r T a o G erm c 29 . . . . .

l OO SECO ND AN D T H RD C AMPA G I I NS OF D R U SU S .
[Book I .

fl ee t by t h e Y ssel i n t o t h e l a k e o f t h e V lie n ow c a ll ed t h e
t ra n sp ort h is ,

Z uy d er z ee a n d t h en c e i n t o t h e G erma n O c ea n by t h e T ex el
,
8
.

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g I n t h e y e a r of R ome 7 42 a n d t h e 1 1 t h b e fore C h ri st h e e mb a rk e d h i s
a es
, ,
th F i m
a rmy on b oa rd a n ume rous fl e e t i n t en di n g t o a t t a c k t h e F ri sii a n d t h e
e r s n

an d Ch u i a c c ,

“
C h a n c i ; b ut a t t h e v e ry out se t of t h e e x p edi t i on h e b ec a me i n vol ve d
“ a
, ,

a mon t h fl a t s a n d sh o a l s of t h a t d a n g e rous c oa st a n d w ould b bly

g e
p ro a ,

n ev e r h a v e rea c h e d t h e ro o se d o i n t o f di se mb a rk a t i on b ut for a
p p p
sea son a bl e t re a t y w i t h t h e F ri sii w h o p il ot e d h i s fl ee t i n t o t h e Ems , ,

a n d e n a bl e d h i m suc c essfully t o e n c oun t er t h e n a v a l owe r of t h e

p
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.

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L pp d th g
a n d t h e a rmy t ook u i t s w i n t er
1 e , an e
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p q u a rt e rs w orn o u t w i t h t h e un a c c ust ome d ~
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t oil s of a n a v a l c a mp a i g n 9
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A U c 7 43
, . Th ese i n si g n ifi c a n t resul t s i n d uc e d D rusus t o revert t o op era t i on s by
, ,

l a n d I n t h e foll ow i n g sp ri n g t h ere fore h e c rosse d t h e Rhi n e i n t o t h e

.
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f 9 m t erri
t ory o f t h e U si p e t es w h o re t re a t e d n ort h w a rd b e fore h im a n d forme d
ga
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s ,

a j un c t i on w i t h t h e i r a lli es t h e B ruc t e ri M e a n whil e t h e S i c a mb ri i n t h e .

,

mod ern bi sh op ri c of P a d erb orn w ere e n g a g e d i n a w a r w i t h t h e n e igh l ,

b ourin g c a n t on s of t h e C h a t t i ; t h e ir c oun t ry w a s b a re d of w a rri ors a n d ,

t h e rest of t h e i n h a bi t a n t s b e t ook t h e msel v es t o t h e hill s a n d w ood s;

w mA c c ordi n ly D rusus ma rc h e d t h rou h i t w i t h out ob s t ruc t i on t o t h e b a n k s
p: S f i o f t h g g
“ va

e W ese r But muc h t i me h a d a l rea dy b e e n c on sume d ; t h e

6 an 3 0
10
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e e ser. .

iy
m n w i t h i t s st orms a n d c old ra ms vsa s a
S th
ca rc t
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e

y of
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Ro man mp ; a t ca pp g
r
,

rov i si on s b e a n t o b e fe l t i n t h e R oma n c a m M e a n w hil e a se n se of

p g p .

c ommon d a n er a e a rs t o h a v e u t a n e n d t o i n t ern a l di sc ord a mon

g pp p g
th b b i
e art h e G erma n s
a r a ns t h e S ue vi a n d t h e C h a t t i t h e C h erusc i a n d t h e S i c a mb ri ,

52533 c oll ec t e d t h e i r forc e s i n t h e rea r of t h e R oma n s a n d i n t errup t e d t h e i r

5
53333 ,

c ommun i c a t i on s w i t h t h e Rhi n e a w a re o f t h e i m e n di n
th R
rusus
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ans a n d th
e 0'
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D p g .
,

Rh m fl b v d a n er d t rm i n e d u o n a t i me ly re t re a t : a n i n a us i c i ous sw a rm o f
u d
rro n d
e
g an
ee e p , p
h ; th
a re b ee s served t o a c c oun t t o t h e sold i ery for t h 1 s d 1 sc oura g 1 n g resol ut i on A s
e .

my f D u
ar
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s s on it t h
o
e r e t r
s rev
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r
t p r oc e e d e d t h e e n e m y h a ra sse d t h e a
rm y,
o n a ll sid e s and ,

t re at ;

8
T he F lrv u s ld en s o f t he R oma n s Some . Ha mb l 7 bo . .
—
S l
’
c z a t en s Hist West ph p 2 8
. . . .

c rit ic s h a ve t houg h t t ha t h e me rely e n la rg ed t h e A ccord in g t o D io Ca ssi us ( lib liv c 3 3

. . . .

o pe n i n Y
ssel i n t o t he R h in e b elow t he Sic a mb ri w ho rema in ed in t he
g o f t he p.

See t he J esuit S ch a len s e x celle n t c oun t ry b et ook t h emselves t o t he T eut o n ic moun

’
D oesb urg .

H is t ory o f West ph alia , p 28 fol ed Munst er,

. . . .
t a in s, b y w h ich he p rob ab ly in t en ded t o in d ica t e
1773 . t he Ha rz .

9
D i o Ca ssi us, lib liv c 3 2 p 7 6 2 fol ed
. . . . . . . .
C ha p . m Sec . F O U RT H CA MPA G I N OF D R USUS .
101

at l e n g t h suc c ee de d i n so c omp l e t e ly surroun di n g a n d h emmi n g i t i n

a mon g ra v i n e s h oll ow w a y s a n d fore st s t h a t li t t l e b ut p a t i en c e a n d
, p er , ,

se vera n c e see me d w a n t i n g ou t h e
p a rt of t h e a ssa il a n t s t o a c c omp li sh t h e
d est ruc t i on of t h e ir e n e mi es 11
T h e G erma n s w ere so c onfiden t of suc .

c ess t h a t t h e y di v id e d out t h e s oil s o f t h e R oma n s by a n t i c i a t i on

, p p .

T h e C h erusc i c l a i med t h e h orses t h e C h a t t i t h e t re a sur e t h e S i camb ri , ,

t h e c a p t iv es
1
But t hi s ov erwee n i n g c on fid e n c e p rove d fa t a l t o t h e i r
.
2

h op e s I n st ea d of a w a i t i n g t h e gra d ua l b ut i n fa llibl e effe c t s of h un g er

.
,

t o il a n d h a ra ssi n g a t t a c k t h e y c oll ec t e d t h e ir forc es t o d ec id e t h e fa t e

, ,

o f t h e l e g i on s a n d se c ure t h e i r p re y by on e i mp e t uous a n d t umul tuous but l

,
ll t h ose a e

m m 21333n5“?
7 3
assa u lt Th e di s
. a d v a n t a g es of t h e R o a n p os i t i on w e re fu lly c o -

e n sa t e d by t hi s ra sh c on d uc t of t h e i r a dve rsa ri e s ; t h e G erma n s w e re

gi f
fi
'

r
p
di sp erse d w i t h gre a t l oss a n d D rusus c on t i n ue d h is ma rc h b a c k t o t h e
'
'

Ems a n d t h e L i pp e w i t h out i mp edi me n t A t t h e c on fluenc e of t h e .

l a t t er riv er w i t h t h e Aliso or Else b e ere c t e d a st ron g fort w hi ch D uu b uild , ,

r s s s

h e c al l e d Al i so from t h e li t t l e ri ver on w hi c h i t w a s b uil t

, F urt h er .

i W tPh ‘
'

i
t o t h e sout h w a rd i n t h e l a n d of t h e C h a t t i h e foun d e d a sec on d st a t i on
n eS a a

nd H i
, ,
a ess a .

t o fa c ili t a t e t h e en t ra n c e i n t o t h e T ra n s Rh e n a n e c oun t ri e s a n d k eep t h e

”
-

i n h a bi t a n t s i n c h e c k 1
Th ese h ow e v er w ere t h e on ly re sul t s of a t oil
.
3
, ,

so me a n d e x p e n si v e c a m a i g n T h e army h a d i n d ee d
p rocl ai me d
'

p .
, ,

D rusus I mp era t or up on t h e fi e ld a ft er t h e d efe a t of t h e c on fe dera t e d

f ‘
,

G erma n s ; b ut A ug ust us did n ot c on fi rm t h e t i t l e S h ort ly a ft e rwa rd s .

t h e e mp eror c a me i n t o G erma n y i n p erson ; a n d a l on g c h a i n o f more

t h a n fi fty fort i fi e d p ost s w a s est a bli sh e d a l on g b ot h b a n k s o f t h e Rh i n e t o Augutu ,
s s
b ui ld fift
p rot e c t t h e Roma n fron t 1 ers a n d serve a s a sec ure b a s1 s for fut ure op era f u gl g
s
?
, or esses on

t i on s a g a i n st t h e i n d e p e n d e n c e of t h e G erma n i c n a t i on s of t h e i n t eri or 4 th b k “ 1 e an s

t h Rh i
.
e ne
M a n y of t h ese c a st l es b ec a me t h e r udi men ts of t h ose n obl e c i t i es w hi c h
.

'

st i ll a d orn t h e b a n ks o f t h a t ma n ifi c en t st re a m g
A U C 7 44
.
.

I n t h e foll ow i n g y e a r D rusus e n t e re d up on a fourt h c a mp a i g n w i t h st ill

. . .

B C 9
‘

. . .

more formid a bl e forc e s H e a dv a n c e d from t h e n ort h ern c on fi ne of t h e figfi ffi .

U bii t h roug h t h e l an d of t h e C h a t t i t o t h e W e ser

, Th a t r i ve r h a d b een S .
SU S

t h e limi t of all for mer i n v a si on s ; b ut D rusus n ow fearl e ssly p a sse d h d .

e a van ce s

i t an d re a c h e d t h e b a n k s of t h e Elb e w h ere h e foun d hi msel f c om—h G m

t t h Elb ; o e e
, t e er an s

p ell e d t o h al t T h e G erma n s t rue t o t h e i r p l a n of d efe n sive w a rfare

.
t t mdi
hi ,
re rea s'

p p erse on s a

ret re a t e d or di s ers e d b e fore t h e a dv a n c e of t h e R oma n s N 0 b a t t le w a s p h s tl rp a c e

p f tlz
.

p t
foug h t n o V i c t ory w a s w on n o sp 0 1 l w a s g a i n e d ; n o en e my p resen t e d h l m my d
I s in 3 o e

, , ar e

pressed
‘
1
D io Cassi us, lib li v c 3 3 p 7 63 . . . . . . a ut h ori t yd oes n ot a pp ear S ee G esc h d es . .

‘2
Flor us, lib iv c 1 2 . . . . d e ut sch en V olk es, vol i p 1 88 Di o C assi us
. . . .

13
D io Ca ssi us, ub i sup ra .
( lib liv c 3 3 p
. . . .men t ion s on ly t w o fort s
.

1‘
Florus ( lib iv 0 a t t rib utes t he lin e of
. . . erec t ed b y D rusu s Ali so w as on e ; an d a secon d
.

fort s on t he Meuse a n d R hi n e w h oll y t o D rusus . on t h e b a n ks of t h e R hi n e , i n t he l an d of t h e

L ud en asc ribes t h em t o A ugust us , b ut upon w h a t C ha t t i .

V OL . I .
 102 DEAT H or D R U SU S .
[Book 1 .

l f t o tri ump h over a n d t h e mi n d s b ot h of t h e c hi ef a n d t h e soldi ers seem

se ,

t o h a ve yi e ld e d t o t h e me l a n c h oly i mp ressi on s w hi c h t h e g l o omy a n d ,

li fel ess w ild ern ess i n w hi c h t h ey w ere w a n d eri n g w a s so w ell a d a p t e d t o

G m ro d u ce A t t hi s j un ctu re a w oma n of more t h a n mort a l st a t ure i s sa id
a er
p p an ro . ,

pb
t o h a v e sudd e n ly st e p p e d a c ross t h e p a t h of D rusus e x c l a i mi n g a l oud
etess c rosses
h p th f
t e a o , ,

W er O i n sa t i a bl e ma n d ot h t h y ma d a mbi t i on l ea d t h e e !
“
2253: fig hi t h , I t i s n ot ,

g i ven t h ee t o see t h e a c c omp li sh me n t of t h y d e si g n s B eg on e for t h e

d th
ea .
,

t erm of t h y d e ed s a n d of t h y li fe i s a t h a n d T h e fa c t of suc h a n a p p a .

ri t io n is n o t i m rob a bl e T h e e n t h us i a st i c t e m er o f t h e G erma n fema l e s

p p .
,

w hi c h a c q ui re d for t h em t h e re
p u t a t i o n o f t h e p ro
p h t i c fa c ul t y
e
1
ma y ,
5

h a ve sug g est e d t hi s mod e o f st riki n g t error i n t o t h e mi n d s of t h e Roma n

e l d h i t s O n t h e ot h er h a n d t h e l a t t er by n o me a n s
g n e ra a n s roo
p .
,

re fu se d b e li e f t o re t en si on s o f t hi s n a t ure T h e sudd e n n e ss o f t h e
p .

mot i on s of t h ese sibyl s a n d t h e p re t ern a t ura l w ild n ess o f a sp e c t t h e y ,

“

a l w a y s a ff ec t e d ma a ve c o n t rib ut e d t o st up i fy t h e mi n d s of t h e s e c
.

y h , p
t a t ors a n d p rev e n t t h e m from p ursui n g t h e i n t rud er rusus i mme
16
gi gm
rt rea s
, D .

dia t ely c omme n c e d h i s re t re a t up on a n e w li n e of c oun t ry

e o a ns

re ud d uere s S t ra n ge .

fifi gfi g si g h t s a c c omp an i e d t h e ma rc h ; w ol ve s h owl e d a roun d t h e c a mp a t

n i h t ; t wo y out h s rod e t h rou h t h e Roma n a rmy w i t h out re si s t a n c e i n
g g
b roa d d a y ; t h e c ry of fe ma l e l a men t a t i on s w a s h ea rd i n t h e a ir a n d e ve n ,

t h e st a rs a pp e are d t o t h e e x c i t e d i ma g i n a t i on s of t h e t roop s t o b ec ome

, ,

mi n g l e d a n d c on fuse d i n t h e h e a ven s T h e even t co n fi rme d t h e p re di c .

t i on o f t h e p rop h e t e ss D rusus did n o t live t o revi si t t h e b a n k s of t h e

.

”
D th f D u Rhi n e
ea o r
; h e di e d o f t h e c on se q ue n c e s of a fa ll from h is h orse a b out a
u
mon t h a ft er t h e a c c id e n t in t h e t hi rt i et h y e a r of h s a g e
s s'
"
i ,
.

P t d
resen I t w a s fort un a t e for G e rma n y t h a t sh e w a s w i t h out c i t i es a n d t own s
e
,
li
t h e p ossessi on of w h i c h must h a ve fi x e d t h e g ra sp of R ome u on t h e
vera nce o f
,h G m
e e ,“ p
h m md
l and I t e q ua lly fort un a t e t h a t t h e h a bi t s a n d c on di t i on of t h e
e e

t th
o b e a sen ce
w a s .

of c m es a nd

15
S ee D i o Ca ssi u s, pp 1 48, 1 49 . . oval form it h as assumed i n t h e course of d eca y .

T he class of a ppa rit ion s t o w h ich t his b elon g s Eutrop i us ( lib vii c a n d D i o C a ssiu
. . s ( lib
.
.

is v ery n ume rous i n t he h i st ory of Ro me See . lv . b ot h men t io n t his mon umen t ; t he

s evera l i n st a n ce s q
uot e d in t h e n ot e t o a p a ssag e former, a p ud M a g un t i a c um, t he la t t er, ap ud
i n Dio Ca ssius, lib lv 1 vol ii p 7 7 0 o f t h e
. . . . . . . R/i en um . See also S uet on i us in V it Cla ud c i . . . .

folio H amb urg ed it io n See al so P li n i i Ep ist hon ora rium c i t umul um e x erc i t us ex c it a v it "

—
. .
.

l ib v ii e p 2 7 a n d Ta c i tus, A nn l1h x i 0 2 1 Ol li o of F reisi n g en , i n t he t w elft h c en t ur ,

y
. . . . . . . .

k
L i ew ise Sueton ius i n Cla ud i o, c 1 T his su . . d escrib es t h is mo n umen t ( Ch ron lib iii c 4 . . . . .

p erst it ion w as con g en ia l t o t h e Roman imag in a p . mmed ia t ely a ft er t he d ea t h of D rus us,

I
t ion t o w hic h t h e gen i us loci w a s a fa milia r d ivi
, w hic h p rob a bly o c curre d a t t he fort ress of A liso,
n il y a p pea rin
,
g g en eral ly un d e r a fe ma le form, t h e g ua rd s a n d le g ion arie s e rec t ed a n a lt a r t o
w a rn in g , t hrea t en in g , or en courag in g . h im n e a r t h a t pla ce I t w as d est royed b y t he
.

’7 D i o Cassi u s, lib lv l T he bo d y of D ru G erma n s a ft e r t he d efea t o f V a rus, an d a a in

g
-
. . .

su s w as c arried t o M a in t z , w h ere a
pyra mid al rest ored b y h is son G erma n icus See S t r uv .
.

mon umen t w a s ra ise d t o his memory , t he re Syn t ag m H ist G erm D iss i v

. . 1 8 p 1 04, . . . . .

ma in s of w h ich n ow g o b y t he n ame of t he 1 0 5 , a n d Sch a len Hist West p h p 33 . . . . .

Ei ch elstei n or Acorn roc , from t he elon g a t ed

,
-
k
C hap iii Sec L ]
. . . T REAC HER Y OF A U G U ST U S .
103

eo
p p e l dily a d a p te d t h emselves t o t h e on ly sa fe sy st em of resi st t w th d
so re a -
o n s, e11 e

A t hi rd c i rc umsta n c e n a mely t h e d ea t h of D rusus a t t hi s e a rly 3 233 531

11 5 1
1 8
an ce .
, , 1 1 1

ro re ss of R oma n
5221331t
1
e ri od of h i s c a reer Con t rib u e d t o a rre st t h e li cy
1 ?

p t , p g p o .

H is c a mp ai g n s t h oug h t h e i mmedi a te resul t s w ere n ot d e c i sive w ere g ra

, ,
C ti u d on n e

d ua lly l ea di n g t o t h e l i g ht me t h od of ma st eri n g t h e c oun t ry ; h i s mili t a ry d g t t h an ers o e

fG ° er

p ost s a n d c ol on i e s w ere fa st e n croa c hi n g up on t h e free te rri t ori es t wo 1

b ridg es st ron g ly fort ifi e d w ere t h rown a c ross t h e Rhi n e on e a t M a i n t z s gggg z f

, ,
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s c
c

a c i t y w hi c h a c k n ow l e d g e s D rusus a s i t s foun d er a n d a n ot h er a t B on n ; ,

a fl ee t of row b oa t s k e p t a c on st a n t g ua rd u on t h e ri v er p rot ec t i n g t h e t h t
p Khm
11 , a 0 11 1 11

n av i g a t i on a n d w a t c hi n g t he movemen t s o f t h e n e i g hb ouri n g t rib es ; t h e

‘

h ei g h t s of M oun t T a un us i n t h e t erri t ory of t h e C h a t t i w ere st ron gly bm i f t

19
, , er or s

fort ifi e d a n d forme d on e of t h e a dv a nc e d p ost s of t h a t l on g c h a i n of

,

fort resses whi c h se c ure d a n d c on n e c t e d t h e R oma n c on que st s fromth R m

_

e o an s se .

“m m
M a in t z t o Ali so on t h e L i p p e in t h e h e a rt of We st p h ali a T h e n a t ive s i g th gh t
,
w “
.
n
e

on en

b eg a n t o en t er i n t o fri en dly i n t erc ourse Wi t h t h e m1 11 t a ry c ol on i es by bRmk f th an

“
o e

w hi c h t h e y w ere g a rri son e d ; t h e g li t t er o f t h e R oma n c i viliz a t i on w a s

ra dua lly roduci n g i t s e ffec t u on t h e G erma n out h a n d t h e l ove o f
g p p y ,

i n dul gen c e t h e d e sire of di st i n c t i on s h on ours a n d rewa rd s ha d a l re a dy

, , , ,

induc e d ma n y t o p re fer t h e sp l en d i d servi c e of Rome t o t h e p ri v a t i on s of

s a v a g e l ib er t y T h e m i sc on duc t of t h e
.
g ov e rn e n t a l on e c ould h a ve m
frust ra te d t hi s w i se poli c y a n d t om t h e ve il from t h e ey es of t h e d a z z le d
,

b a rb a ri a n s .

A ft e r t h e d ea th of D rusus t h e c omma n d of t h e a rmi e s on t h e Rhi n e A U C 7 45

“

. . .

B C 8
w a s i n t rust e d t o h is b rot h er Tib e ri us I n t h e foll ow i n g y e a r Aug ust us T ib iu m .
er s

hi msel f w en t i n t o G erma n y a n d Ti b erius c rosse d t h e Rhi n e w i t h a sggsmd ,

c l e

e
on

owerful a rmy e G erma n s i t se ems n ow sue d for p e a c e ; b ut t h e A ug u t u

.

p T h .
, ,
s sh e

fégfimfl
w
S i c a mb r i d ec li ne d sen di n g en voy s w i t h t h e re st ; a n d August us reg a rdi n g fi
‘

, ,

a ll t h e n a t i on s w h o h a d t a k en a p art i n t h e la t e w a rs a s on e c on fe d e ra t e 3
335332
9
; 1

b ody re fuse d t o t re a t se p a ra t el y w i t h a n y T h e S i ca mb ri t h en t h o ug h t cgmfth i

,
.
s ns er

rop er t o a c c e d e a nd t h e e n vo y s o f most of t h e n a t ion s of L owe r G erma n y

S'

p , ,

c on si st i n g of t h e c hi e fs of e a c h t r i be a p p e a re d b e fore t h e emp eror But ,

.

far from gra n t i n g t h e t erms th e y soug h t Aug ust us p rot ra c t e d t h e n e g o ,

t i a t i on s a n d i n t h e e n d c o n si g n e d t h e dup e d a n d mort ifi e d en voy s t o

, , ,

c ust ody i n di ffe re n t t own s of t h e prov i n c e T h e hi g h Sp i ri t e d p ri n c es .

,

un a bl e t o b rook t hi s p rod i g i ous t rea c h ery or t o b e ar t h e t ed i um of 1 mp r1

.

son me n t fe ll by t h e i r ow n h a n d s ; t h us a t a bl ow riddi n g t h e i r c oun t ry

, , ,

of a ll reg a rd fo r t h e i r sa fe t y a n d d e p ri v i n g t h e Roma n s o f t h e frui t s o f

,

0 2
t h e i r d e t e st a bl e p oli c y .

19
S ee sup p 9 7 . . . Di o Ca ssi us, lib lv
9°
6 p 776 C omp a re . . . . .

19
A ch a i n o f hi lls t o t h e east ward of May t h e con d uct of Caesa r t oward s t he sip e t es a n d U
en c e an d n ort hw ard o f F ra n fort on t h e M a y n e k . T en cht eri, sup p 45 ,
. . .
104 S U C C ESSF U L P O L I C Y O F T BER US I I .
[Book I
F or t h e p re se n t suc c e ss see me d t o a t t e n d t h e mea sure s of A ugust us
,

t h e c oun t ry b e t ween t h e Rhi n e a n d t h e W eser w a s subd ue d a n d g a r

m
I

rison e d ; t h e g a ll a n t S i c a mb ri w e re c om ell e d t o a b a n d on t h e i r
s
T h e u h y p p os i t i on

u on t h e ri g h t b a n k fort y t h o usa n d (or a s some c ri t i c s re a d n i n e t y t h ou

53223531; p , ,

W ser sq bdue sa n d ) p erson s of t h a t n a t i on w ere t ra n sp l a n t e d t o t h e R oma n p rov i n c e of

a i g mson e g
G erma n i a I n feri or a n d t h e n a me w a s for a t i me e ra se d from t h e li st of
n a

m
T he Sica mb n ,
femd “
g t h e i n d ep e n d en t n a t i on s of G erma n y
21
.

S EC T I O N II .

Esta blish men t of t he M a rcoma n n i un de r M a rbod i n Boh emi a —I n surrect ion i n I lly ri c um —D fi e za t

a nd D estr uct i on f
o Th ree Roma n L eg ions un d er Qui n c t zl z us Va rus i n G erma ny .

D o mit iu s D U R I N G t h e t emp ora ry re t i remen t of Tib eri us from p ubli c li fe , D omi l

t i us A h en ob a rb us w a s i n t rust e d w i t h t h e d ut y of st re n g t h e n i n g t h e
i n Ge rma n y
d ep e n d en c e of t h e sub mi ssi ve di st ri c t s i n n ort h w e st e rn G erma n y
.

Bet ween t h e .

years fi a n d l
B C . , I n t erc ourse w a s e n c oura g e d fort 1 fi e d p ost s w ere mul t i p l i ed a n d a roa d , ,

mp l e t e d from t h e Rhi n e t o Ali so on t h e L i p p e W h e n T i b e

wa s co .
‘

m i g i rius re t urn e d from h i s vol un t a ry e x il e a t Rh od es t o t h e c omma n d

a n, a a n

o f t h e a rmy i n G erma n y h e d e sp a t c h e d S e n t ius S a t urn i n us a g a i n st ,

t h e C h a t t i a n d un d ert ook i n p erson t h e subj ug a t i on of t h e C a n i n e fa t e s

,

o n t h e B a t a v i a n fron t i er a n d of t h e i r n ort h e rn n e i hb ours t h e A t t ua ri i

g ,

a n d B ruc t eri H e e n t i c e d t h e C h erusc i i n t o a n i n sidi ous c on n e xi on w i t h

.

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e n R ome a n d p ersua d e d t h e m t o sub mi t t o t h e q ua rt eri n g of t roop s a mon g
ra a es ,

fgffiiflffi , t h em T h e re fra c t ory C h a n c i o n t h e ot h er h a n d w e re subd ue d by t h e

.
, ,

el p of t h e i r h ere di t a ry e n emi e s t h e C h erusc i

912523 323 h a n d t h e n a t i on s w h o st ill
0

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1 1 1

re t a i n e d t h e sembl a n c e o f i n d e p e n d e n c e se e me d rea dy t o l e n d t h em

sel ve s t o t h e i r mut ua l d est ruc t i o n T h e Roma n s h a d g ood c a use t o e x ul t .

i n t h e suc c e ss of t h e i r a rms a n d p oli c y All G e rma n y —sa y s V elle ius .

P a t erc ulus w h en summi n g up i n h is rh e t ori c a l fa shi on t h e resul t s of t h e

, , ,

c a m a i g n s o f Tib eri us h s b e x l ore d by o ur a rms : n a t i on s w i t h

p a ee n p
n a me s hi t h e rt o un k n ow n h a ve sub mi t t e d : t h e g i g a n t i c y out h of t h e
“

C h a n c i i n v a st n umb e rs h a v e fl un g t h e mse l v e s a t t h e foot o f t h e i mp e

, ,

r i a l t rib un e : t h e o w e r of t h e L on g ob a rdi a n a t i on o f more t h a n T e u

p ,

t on ic fe roc i t y i s b rok e n : l a st ly a n e v e n t n ev e r b e fore c on t e mp l a t e d

, , ,

Sueto n i us in A ug u st c 2 1 —I d i n T i beri o, in h ab it a n t s of t h e old t ra ct M asc ou

p en d en t
9’
.
,

c 9 — Ta c A n n l ib x i c 3 9
. . . .

. , . . A t a sub se q ue n t
. . . . Hist o f . t he G erma n s, vol i p 8 6 . . . .
-
S ee also

p erio d , h o w e ver t he y a re men t ion ed b y M a rt i a l

, ,
S cha len , H ist West ph P 3 4 .

Cla ud i a n , a n d S z d on ius Ap olli n a ri s, as t he in d e Ta o . A n n lib i c 4

. . . . .
Cha p iii Sec
. . . MA R BO D .
1 05

muc h l e ss a t t emp t e d h a s b een a cc omp li sh e d a Roma n a rmy h as p en e

’

.
,

t ra t e d up w a rd s of four h un d re d mil e s i n t o t h e i n t eri or of G erma n y from

-

t h e Rhi n e t o t h e Elb e w h ere i t di vid e s t h e S e mnon e s a n d t h e H ermun

,

duri O ur fl ee t c i rc umn a vi g a t es t h e b a y s of t h e oc e a n t ra versi n g se as

”
.
,

h i t h ert o un h ea rd of a n d un kn ow n t o t h e very mout h s of t h e Elb e , ,

subdui n g w h ole n a t i on s by t h e w a y a n d c on ve yi n g a b un d a n c e t o t h e

c a m s of t h e C aesa r
2
p .

But d uri n g t hi s p eri od of p rosp eri t y a n d t ri ump h even t s w ere i n p ro T h M ,

e a rc o

g re ss w hi c h di sp e ll e d t h e se v i s i on s of a mbi t i on a n d sudd e n ly c a ll e d fort h

1

t h e w h ol e st ren g t h of t h e e mp i re t o t h e d e fen c e of i t s ow n h on ou
“ FYB h mi
r and
° e a

df u d an o n

1 nt e r1 t D u ri n t h e a b sen c e of T 1 b e r1 us from G erma n y t h e H er w ful

g y g p a o er

ki g d m ,
.

mun d url a n umerous S uev w t r1 b e h a d e n t ere d i n t o a c l ose c on n ex 1 0 n

n o .

, ,

w i t h R ome Ab out t h e sa me t i me t h e S uev i c M a rk ma n n en of t h e M a y n e 32123335

.
3 ,

an d Upp er D a n ub e h a d re li n qui sh e d t h e i r fron t i e r gua rd i n t h a t q ua rt er -

un d er t h e i r c hi e f M a rob od or M a rb od a n d h a d e st a bli sh e d t h e mse l ves ,

p erma n e n t ly i n t h e mod ern B oh emi a a ft er ex p e lli n g or subj ug a t in g t h e ,

B oii t h e a n c i e n t i n h a bi t a n t s Th e i r n a me of a ssoc i a t i on n ow b ec a me
, .

t h e n a t i on a l a pp e ll a t i on a n d t h e mili t a ry c omma n d of t h e i r c hi e f w a s
,

c on ve rt e d i n t o a re a l
g p ow er T h e R o m a ns
3
m e a n w hil e di s ose d of t h e
.
p , ,

forsa k en t erri t ory t o t h e H ermun d uri w h o i n re t urn b e c a me t h e ever ,

.

st e a dy fri e n d s of t h e e mp l re .

But t h e p ow er of t h e M a rk ma n n en of B oh emi a a n d t h e c h a ra c t er of M b d ar o en
g

t h e i r c hi e f g a ve t h e g re a t est un e a si n e ss t o t h e R oma n s of P a n n on i a a n d
N ori c um M a rb od lik e ma n y y oun g G erma n C hi e ft a i n s h a d sp e n t h i s {fig m ‘’

j
n
.
, ,

y out h i n Rome a n d b e c ome fa mili a rly a c qua i n t e d w i t h t h e mili t a ry dis

4
,

c i li n e a n d
p p oli c y of t h e e mp i re Aft er ma ki n g hi mse l f ma st er of B oh e
.

mi a h e a p p li e d h is n e w ly a c qui red p o we r t o t h e e x t e n si on o f h is i n fluen ce

,
-

amon g t h e surroun di n g n a t i on s S ev era l n e i g hb ouri n g t rib e s a c kn ow

.

l edg e d h is sove rei g n t y a n d h e w a s a t l e n g t h en a bl e d t o c oll e c t a st a n di n g g i

, or an z es a
“ d mg my
a rmy of se v e n t y t h ousa n d i n fa n t ry a n d four t h ousa n d c a v a l ry d rill e d a n d
an a’
,

di sc i p l i n e d up on t h e Roma n mod e l A p e ri od of t en or t w e l ve y e a rs w a s .

a ff ord e d h i m t o org a n iz e a n d t o t r h e ex e rc i se d t h e m i n e x

”
y h i s t ro op s

ed i t i on s a g a i n st di st a n t n a t i on s a n d S p re a d t h e t e rror of h is a rms t o t h e
'

p ,

e x t re mi t i e s o f G erma n y I n h i s d e a l i n g s wi t h t h e R oma n s h e some t i mes

.

use d submi ssi v e a n d h umbl e l a n gua g e ; a t ot h ers h e sp ok e w i t h g re a t er ,

b oldn ess b ut by a ffordi n g on severa l oc c a si on s a refuge t o t h e d is fi d t h

'
‘
o en s e
_

h e c ommi t t e d a n offe n c e w h ic h t h e p oli c y of 13

1
a ffec t e d subj e c t s of R ome 3 3322
-

t h e rep ubh c most h l g h ly resen t e d a n d a l w a y s V 1 S1 t ed wi t h ex t reme seve “ sub ct s

t h i di t er s ec
,
j e ,

Vell P a ter lib 11 p 2 20 ua, prog red i , ub i , cum prop t er p o

3
en t e s eo
. . . . . .
g
Vellei us P a terculus w ish es it t o b e und er t en t iora ma refug isset , sua fecerit p ot en t issi ma
3
ar .
’

st ood t h a t M arb od w a s a n x ious t o esc a e R o L ib ii p

p . . .

man ob serva t ion A voca t a proen l a R oman is

.
4
S tr a bo, lib . v uc l
. . .
 10 6 T BER
I IU S A GA I N ST MA RBO D .
[Book I .

r i t y B efore h im la y t h e p rovi n c es of P a n n on i a a n d N ori c um w h ose

.
,

a ll eg i a n c e t o t h e e m i re w a s a l rea dy more t h a n d oub t fu l H e h a d sur

p .

roun d e d hi msel f by n a t i on s e i t h e r i n t i mid a t e d or subd ue d by h is a rms

t h e fron t i er o f I t a ly w a s sc a rc ely t w o h un d red mil es di st a n t from h is d omi

M me, n i on s ; A u u t u s c e i d t h a t i f e rmi t t e d t o ra lly t h e w h ol e d orma n t
a nd e
g s
p e r v e
p , ,

s t re n g t h o f G e rma n y a roun d h i s st a n d a rd h e mi g h t sh ort ly c on t en d for , .

t he e mp ire t h e sea t o f e m i re i t sel f ; a n d Tib eri us h i msel f a ft erwa rd s a d mi t t e d i n

p
o

t h e se n a t e t h a t Phili
p h a d n ever b een more formid a bl e t o A t h e n s or
Py rrh us t o R ome ?

T he “ m, e T h e est a bli sh men t of a R oma n d omi n a t i on i n N ort h ern G erma n y a n d ,

t h e fri e n dly di sp osi t i on of t h e H ermun d uri a ff ord e d a g ood op p ort un i t y ,

t o c rush so d a n g erous a n e i ghb our T h e c omma n d of t h e a rmy of t h e .

h im .
Rhi n e w a s i n t rust e d t o S en t ius S a t urn in us ; Tib eri us p ut hi msel f a t t h e
h ea d of t h e I llyri a n l eg i on s ; a n d i n t h e s ix t h y ea r a ft er t h e birt h of ,

A D 6 . . . C h ri st a c ombi n e d move me n t a g a i n st t h e d omi n i on s of M a rb od w a s c on

, :

c e rt e d b e t w e en t h e t wo l ea d ers S a t urn in us c ut a roa d a cross t h e d en se

.

H erc y n i a n forest a n d a dva n c e d t h roug h t h e t erri t ory of t h e C h a t t i

,

t ow a rd s t h e D a n ub e w hil e Tib eri us ma rc h e d from C a rn un t um a l on g t h e

,

c ourse of t h a t st re a m t o e ffe c t a j un c t i on w i t h h i m on t h e fron ti e rs o f

N ori c um Thi s O p e ra t i on w a s suc c e ssfully e x e cut e d ; t h e j un c t i on

.

t ook p l a c e w i t hi n t h e v i ew o f M a rb od s a d va n c e d g ua rd an d the
’
,

t w o c or s t oo k u a i t i hi hly d t a e ous for t h e e n sui n g c a m

p p p os on g a v a n g
"
p a ig n .

Ma rbod is i n t eri m t h e di scon t en t whi c h h a d b e en l on g fermen t i n g i n t h e

In t he , ,

fitfiiggg I ll y ri a n a n d P a n n on i a n p rov i n c e s b urst fort h i n t o on e si mul t a n eous i h

g
,

su rrec t i on un d er t h e c omma n d of t wo c hi e fs n a me d B a t o a n d Pi n n es
i I nr i
“ on n r
I n
um
.
,
c

“ b iu m k t hi s e merg e n c y Tib eri us offere d a d v a n t a ge ous t erms of p e a c e t o M a rb od

.

er s es .

m M a c c e p t e d t h e t erms
it “
H ere t h e d R il d d
"“
$35 g o o fo r t un e of o e
p re v a e ; a rb o

offere d a n d t h e c ombi n e d a rmi es of Tib eri us a n d S a t urn i n us t h us O

, p p or ,

t un ely se t a t lib ert y h a st en e d t o t h e d e fe n c e of I t a ly w hi c h for a mome n t

, ,

e x eri en c e d a re e t i t i on o f t h e t errors o f t h e C imb ri c i n v a si on T h e in

p p .

I u eti i surrec t i on h a d S rea d lik e a c on fl a ra t ion a l on t h e w h ol e P a n n on i a n

h um
n s rre

“ a n
on n
p g g
7
a n d I lly ri a n fron t i e r a s fa r a s t h e c on fi n es of M a c e d on i a a n d Th ra c e .

o h un d re d t h ousa n d i n fa n t ry a n d t w el ve t h ousa n d c a v a l ry rose i n a rms

ffifégggy gf
b
s
T w ’

t h R ma
e a t t h e si n a l of t h e c hi e fs t o a v e n e t h e wron s of t h e i r o resse d a n d
pp
o n

m
ove m o
g g g
g
a ffli c t e d c oun t ry A d ee p sen se of i nj ury l e n t vi g our t o t h e i r bl ows a n d
'

. ,

a c q ua i n t a n c e w i t h R oma n t a c t i c s i m a rt e d a formid a bl e c on si s t e n c y t o
p
Al m n ry t h e i r mili t a ry O e ra t i on s A u u t u d l a re d i n t h e se n a t e t h a t un l e ss
ar 1n a
p g s s ec . ,
“ d
i mme di a t e me a sures w e re t a k e n t o st op t h ei r p rogress t h ey mi g h t b e a t ,

3
Velle i us P a t ere lib . . 1 1.
pp 2 21 , 222
. .
—L u Vell P a t lib 1 1 p 2 22
. . . . . .

d en , vol i boo k ii c 4
. . . . .
7 S ueton in T ib erio, c 1 6
. . .
C ha p iii Sec
. . . I L L Y RI AN IN SURRECTI ON .
107

t h e g a tes of R omei n t en d a y s F orc e d l oan s were ra i sed for t h e serv i c e

.

of t h e st a t e ; re t i re d v e t e ra n s w e re c a ll e d out ; sl a v e s w ere e ma n c i p a t e d
.

an d i n c orp ora t e d wi t h t h e regul a r t roop s even kn i g h t s a n d sen a t ors were

en roll e d t o st re n gt h en t h e a rmy d est i n e d t o c over t h e c a p i t a l W i t h t h e
,
.

e x c e p t i on of t h e l eg i on s qua rt e re d i n t h e more di st a n t p rov i n c e s t h e w h ol e ,

forc e of t h e e mp i re w as p oure d i n t o t h e i n surg e n t di st ri c t s un d er t h e

'

su re me c omma n d of Tib eri us B u t n ot w i t h st a n di n g t h ese p rod ig i ous Ti b iu t k

p .

mm d
er s a es

effor t s t h e w a r w a s p rot ra c t e d i n t o t h e fourt h y e a r ; a n d w a s t ermi n a t e d g i m i

'
th e co an
a a ns e n ,

at l en g t h ra t h er by p rud e n t c on c essi on s on t h e p a rt of t h e emp i re

by t h e m e re v i g o u r o f h e r a r m s
8
.
t
ft
l o a. c ose

T h e p a c ifi c a t i on of t h e I llyri a n p rovi n c e s w a s c el eb ra t e d a t Rome w i t h f u y

' a er a
’
o r ea rs
i t res s a n ce.
e x t ra ordi n ary fe st iv i t i e s a n d rej o i c i n g s H on ours w ere h e a p e d up on A D 1 0 .
, ,

Tib eri us a n d up on G erman i c us t h e son of D rusus w h om August us h a d fiz gjgififif

, ,
e
s

a ssoc i a t e d w i t h Tib erius i n c omma n d ; a n d t h e un w a rlik e p op ul a c e i t upt d by n e rr e

i t llig f
of Rome a b a n d on e d i t sel f t o a sen se of se c uri t y t o w hi c h i t h a d b een t h t t l d
n e en ce o
e o a e

a t t h 1 s mome nt o f se l f co n ra t u
t u ti f
a st ra n g er for severa l y ea rs B u s r c on o
p a st t .
g th l gi
-

ee e on s

l a ti on a n d t riump h t h e n ew s a rriv e d of t h e t ot a l overt h row a n d d e st ruc t i on bmy th Gd th

'

an s a n
e er
e

o f th ree R oma n l e i on s t h e d e a t h of t h e en er l n d t h rui n of t h a t d th f th

g , g a a e
ge e ral ,
ea o e

domi n i on i n t h e i n t e ri or of G erma n y w hi c h h a d b een w on at t h e e x p en se

n '

of a n a g e of t o il a n d o f t h e n obl e st bl o o d of R ome
9
.

A t t h e d e p a rt ure of S e n t i us S a t urn i n a s t o c o O p e ra t e w i t h Tib erius A 7

-
, ,

a g a i n st M a rb o d ,
fi ve c omp l e t e l e g i on s w i t h sev e ra l d e t a c h e d c oh ort s ,
-

a n d a b ody of c a va l ry w ere l e ft b e hi n d t o g ua rd t h e R oma n c on ques t s th c o mman d e

f th R m
,

i n We st p h a li a un d er t h e c omma n d of Q uin c t ilius V a rus T h e former

o e o an
.
,

n ors h a d fo un d e d ma n y n ew c ol on i e s a n d e st a bli sh e d n umerous

W t Ph l eS a ‘a '

g o v er ,

s t a t i on s a mon g t h e seve ra l t rib e s b et w een t h e Rhi n e a n d t h e We ser .

M a rke t s i n i mi t a t i on of t h e Roma n N un d in ae h a d b ee n i n t roduc e d a n d Judi i u

1°

m
c o s con
o d t fs t
,

t h e p eop l e w ere b ec ommg so g ra dua lly fa ml li a rl z e d W1 t h t h e l a n g ua g e fifi2

u
“ ?
m
c o o

a n d c ust oms of t h e ir n ew ma st ers t h a t fa r from re re t t i n

di g 8
g t h ey s ly P rece n °
c a rc e
,g , ,
vern ors

see me d t o ow n ma st e rs
.

p erc e i v e t h a t t h e y w e re n o l o n g er t h e i r Th eir T h i l b t i
um f g d
.
e r
n nn
i er es
e
lib e rt i es h a d n ot hi t h ert o b e en i n fri n g e d ; t h e i r p rej ud i c es a n d feeli n g s th i l w d e r a s an
,

h a d b een Sp a re d t h e i r c ust oms h a d n ot b ee n v i ol e n t ly b rok e n i n up on ;

a n ot h er a g e of si mil a r oli c y w ould i n fa llibly h a v e d on e more tow a rd s t h e
p

D i o Cassi us, lib lvi

9
. . 1 6 When Bat o , t he
. n a t ion s of the F or t he even t s of t his
repub lic .

P a nn on ian c h ief, surren d ered t o T ib erius, he was , w ar see t he i n fl a t ed ab rid g men t of Vell P a t er c . .

ask ed t he c a use o f t h e la t e ferocious a n d t reason

p 2 24 22 9 an d D i o Ca ssi us, lib lvi ll l7
—
6 -
. . . .

a ble reb ellion of h is coun t r men H Vell P a t ere lib ii p 22 9 D i o Cassi us,
'
“
y e .re pl i ed , It 9
. . . . . .

w as t he fault of y ou R oma n s, w ho, i n st ea d of lib lvi § 1 8

‘

. . .

shep h erd s an d d o s, sen d wolves t o

g g uard your in e d ay mark et s or assemb lag es, as well for
N -

fl oc k s . T he J esuit Sc h at en ( Hi st West ph . . t he ordin ary purposes of t ra d e a s for h earin g t he

p . ob serves t ha t t his w as a fair d esc ri t ion
p n ew s, a n d rec eivin
g n ot ic es of p ublic reg ula t ion s
o f t he cruel a n d ra acious con d uct of t h e R oma n
p a n d hea rin
g t h e p ub licat i on o f new law s .

g overnors t ow ard s t he subj ect s an d a ssocia t ed

 108 V AR U S IN G ERMA NY .
[Book I .

x t i n c t i on of i n d e p en d e n c e i n G e rma n y t h a n c ould h a ve b e en a c c om
'

p lish ed w i t hi n t h e sa me p eri od by t h e w h ol e di sp osa bl e mili t a ry forc e of

Rome .

Ch t f
a rac er o
Q ui n c t ilius V a rus h a d b e e n re move d from t h e govern men t of t h e old
th wg
e ne o
V u a n d se t t l e d rov i n c e of S y ri a t o th a t of t h e n ew a c qui si t i on s i n G e r
v ern or ar s
p
H e w a s mild i n h i s ma n n e rs b ut of i n d ol e n t b odily h a bi t s , ,

Pmm ob st i n a t e
'
eda n t ic a n d ra a c i ous H e b e c a me i mme di a t ely i n t en t 12
p ,p ,
.

U p on i n t rod uc i n g t h e rout i n e o f S yri a n a d mi n i st ra t i on i n t o t h e g ove rn

me n t of t h e h a l f re c l a i me d b a rb a ri a n s of G e rma n y ; h e forc ibly sub st i
H t bh h
e es a t ut e d R oma n la w i n t h e p l a c e of t h e a n c i e n t c ust oms of t h e c oun t ry ;
s es

Rw ’w an
R oma n h a bi t s of soc i et y for t h e rud e free d om o f b a rb a ri c ma n n ers ; h e
i

ere c t e d t rib un a l s t o su e rse d e t h e n a t i ve j ud g men t se a t s of t h e G a u

p
-

s up d
erse es th e

G ra ff a n d Z e n t g ra fi ; t h e fi sc a l a n d c ri mi n a l l a w s of R ome w ere
1 3
‘

8233:$3 d
0 1 -
‘

en forc e d w i t h a ll t h e
p e d a n t ry of j udi c i a l form ; c i t a t i on s a n d p roc e sse s
'

Z t g fi ;
en o
ra

an d tw d u
,n
w ere mul t i p li e d
ces
c on t emp t s w ere i n c urre d a n d a h ost of a d voc a t es a n d ,

roc ura t ors s e t t l e d lik e a s wa rm o f l oc ust s u on t h e l a n d

“
32 13 322
31 0.
p p .

V a rus d e t ermi n e d t o sup eri n t en d h i s i mp roveme n t s i n p e rson a n d for ,

t h a t p urp ose h e q ui t t e d t h e Rhi n e a n d t o ok up h is res id e n c e a t Al i so

on t h e L i p p e w i t h t h ree out of t h e fi ve l eg i on s h e c omma n d e d l e a v i n g
, ,

h i s un c l e L uc A sp re n a s w i t h t h e ot h er t w o b e hi n d h i m i n t h e t e rri
.
o

t ory of t h e U bii I n t hi s n e w sea t of g ov e rn me n t h e w e n t on b uildi n g

.

um m
, S ., es
t own s c ol on i e s a n d b a rra c k s ; h e a ssume d t h e st a t e o f a sovere i g n
e , ,

summon i n g t h e n a t i v e c hi e fs a roun d h i s t rib un a l

“
ri n c e a ffe c t i n
figs p , g to ,

li st en t o t h e i r c oun sel s si t t i n g i n j ud g me n t up on t h ei r di sp ut es a n d , ,

ra e ly di rec t i n g t h e e x e c ut i o n of l e g a l se n t e n c es a n d d e c re e s e q ua lly
an d g v
th m m
n c om reh e n sibl e t o t h e sui t ors i n rea son a n d i n form
m i Th u s t h e fre e
e‘ ‘s s'

an d h k s oc s p .

h
fi
ud i b orn a n d hi g h S p i ri t e d G erma n mi g h t b e h old his c hi e f h is ki n sma n or
L ge
e'
r c ee -

, ,
c
if iim
ox i lif h is fri en d sc ourg e d lik e a sl a v e or ex p i ri n g un d er t h e a x e of t h e li c t or ,
i hm m
,

lik e a t ra i t or or a c ow a rd lo
T h e G erma n c hi e fs di sse mbl ed t h e i r resen t
“ S e s'
.

Th G m e er me n t ; t h e y a ffe c t e d t h e ut most d efere n c e for h i s d e c re e s a n d a d mi ra t i on of

an s
m
liiiiéiiiiiii ii h i s w
l
i s d om V a rus w h o i n t h e t ru .
e S i ri t of a n ori e n t a l rul er sa w on ly
p ,

w i t h t h e e y es o f ot h ers h ug g e d hi msel f i n t h e g e n era l sa t i sfa c t i on h i s ,

11
D io Ca ssi us, lib lvi 18 . . . c 1 9 p 580
. . . .

‘2
Vell P a te rc t hus d escrib es h is chara ct er
. .
1°
W e ma y very fa irly assume t h a t suc h scen es
V ir in g e n io mit is, morib us q uie t us, ut corp ore w ere a c t ua lly w it n essed from t he spe ech a t t ri
.

e t a n imo i mmob ilior : ot ic ma g is ca st rorum q ua m b ut e d b y T a c it us ( A n n l ib i c . t o A rmi . . .

b ellicaz assue t us milit ias ; p e c un ize vero q ua m n ius a ft er t h e t reas on o f Se g est e s an d t he ca

p
n o n con t e mp t or so of his g o vern men t o f t ure o f h is w ife .
Q uod i n t er A lbim e t
S yria qua m p a uper d i vz t em in g ressus, R he n umv i rg a s, e t secures e t tog a mvid erin t A liis .

p erem reliq uit g en t ib us ig n ora n t ia i mpe rii Roma n i, i n ex p ert a

"
d ives p a u .

esse su
'

'
3
See p 87 n ot e l l
. . .
p p li cz a , n esc ia t rib ut a , & c See a lso t o .

V ell P a ler c lib ii p 2 22

. . . . . t he sa me v ie w, S ch a t en , Hist West p h p 4 l , . . . .

'
5 S ee t he p roo fs in C luv G erm A n t lib iii . . . . . a n d L ud en , vol i
p 2 29
. . . .
 C h a p iii Sec
. . . CO N SP I RAC Y O F A RM INIU S .
1 09

a dmi n i st ra t i on a p p ea re d t o p roduc e h is t a x e s w ere ea sily c oll e c te d h is ,

l awy ers p rosp ere d a n d h i s b old sc h eme for a c c el erat i n g t h e c iv iliz a t i on of

,

t h e n ew p rov i n c e see me d t o reb uk e t h e t i mid p oli c y of h i s p re d ec essors .

T h e R oma n c on t e mp t for b a rb a ri a n s c on t rib ut e d t o fa c ili t a t e t h e V u b ar s a an

e x t e n si v e c on sp i ra c y w hi c h w a s n ow se t on foot a t t h e v e ry h e a d q ua rt e rs 3 35322535
1 1
-

1 1

“m ;
o f V a rus hi mse l f B a rb ari a n s a re a c ut e ob servers of i n di vid ua l c h a ra c t er s
. .

T h e g overn or see me d re a dy t o run i n t o t h e i r t oil s A t t h e i r sugg est i on t h e th y p u d . e ers a e

l egi on s w ere w e ak e n e d by d e t a c h men t s sen t t o t h e a ssi st a n c e of p re 32253? s

te n d e d a lli e s or t o sup p ress p re t e n d e d i n surrec t i on s or p l a c e d a s g a rri
, ,

son s i n t h e di st a n t t ow n s a n d v ill a g e s or ma rc h ed o ut t o c l ea r t h e roa d s ,

of robb ers a n d e sc ort c on v oy s of p rov i si on s

, M e an w hil e t h e con sp i ra t ors t h y u u d . e s rro n

surroun d e d h i s p erson ; e x c l udi n g i n forma t i o n or g a rbli ng t h e i nt e lli g en c e fifff fii tfi fi

g
‘ ‘

e n

rec e i v e d w hil e t h e y t ook t h e p romp t e st measure s for i n st ruc t i n g t h e i r 8

“ 3 0 °C
,

ow n foll ow ers a n d p rep a ri n g t h em for a g en era l out bre a k a t a si g n a l

from t h emse l v 7 1
es .

Ar mi n i us or H erma n n t h e son of S i egemir a p r i n c e of t h e C h erusc i A mi iu

, , , ,
r n s, or
'

w a s a t t h e h e a d of t hi s c on sp i ra c y H e Wa s a b out t w e n t y fi v e y ea rs old gi2 ?? e .

-

h i s p erson w a s st riki n g ly h a n d some a n d h i s c ount en a n c e b ea me d w i t h pi Y ,

.
° ° ns f a° 1

H e re a dily fa t h ome d t h e c h a ra c t er of t h e
8 1
s i ri t a n d i n t e lli g e n c e
p .

ov e rn or ; h e a t t a c h e d hi mse l f t o h i m a n d b ec a me h i s i n t i ma t e a ssoc i a t e
g ,

a n d t a bl e c omp a n i o n L ik e t h e S uev i a n M a rb od , h e h a d serv e d for p p

19
. re ossesses

a t i me i n t h e R oman a rmi es a n d ob t a i n e d t h e h on ours of c i t iz en shi

p a n d 215 3533
8 ;

kn i g h t h ood ; a n d V a rus foun d i n him a p erson w h ose c on versa t i on a n d

ma n n ers p a rt ook of t h e b a rb a ri a n fra n k n e ss soft en e d d own by t h e p oli sh ,

of R oma n soc i e ty But V a rus ov erl ook e d t h e l e sson s of cra ft a n d di ssi

.

mula t ion w hi c h mi g h t b e l e a rn t i n t h a t sc h ool ; A rmi n i us h owever h a d gi pl f

'

s an or
, ,
w y
rofi t e d by t h e m rst h e o en e d h is sc h e me t o a fe w on ly of t h e most
e con s ac ’

p A t fi p . ,
.

t rus t y of h i s fri e n d s ; h e i n st ruc t e d t h e m t o fl a tt er t h e v a n i t y a n d i n d ul g e

t h eh umours of t h e g ove rn or ; h e p oi n t e d out t h e fa c ili t y of overp o wer i n g
t h e R oma n l eg i on s i n t h e i r p rese nt un supp ort ed a n d di sp e rse d p osi t i on ;
a n d c on c ert e d a p l a n for d ra w i n g V a rus st ill furt h er from h i s re sourc es t d w V u , o ra ar s

a n d i n vol v i n g h i m i n di ffi c ul t i e s from w hi c h h e p ossesse d n e i t h er 1 11 63 3 53 2213

8

n e c essa ry forc e of c h ara c t er n or t h e t a l e n t t o e x t ri c a t e hi msel f In i i

:z ggig g
e v fl
.

t he m
c

ea n t i me t h e B ruc t e ri M a rsi An griva rii a n d C h a t t i e n tere d i l d

“

n an
, , , ,
.

i n to se c ret c orresp on d en c e w i t h t h e C h erusc a n c hi e fs ; b ut so w id e a

c o n s i ra c y w a s ill c a l c ul a t e d for se c re c y a n d S e e st e s a ma n O f
’

p
-

g g re a t S g t hi ,
e es es, s
f th i l w
i n fl uen c e a mon g t h e C h erusc i a n d fully i n forme d of t h e p l a n s of t h e b t y hi mt
a er n- -
a ,
.
, e ra s o

c on s i ra t ors reve a l e d t h e m w i t h out r mi n i us h a d

V
e erve t o V a rus A 3“
r s ,
p ,
.

D i o Cassius, lib lvi

17 18 19 S c h a ten , . . , . d er D eut vol i p
. . . is relied upon
. for his ag e .

Hist West p 42 Di o Ca ssius, lib lvi c 1 9

—
‘9
. . . . . . . .

1°
Vell P a t ere h b u p 2 3 0
. Pfiste r ( G esch
. . . . . .

V OL . I .
 1 10 IN FAT UAT I O N O F V AR US .
[Book I .

h im by t h e a bd uc t i on of h is d a ug h t er Th usn eld a ; b ut b esid es

offen ded
t hi s c a use of c omp l a i n t , S eg est e s p erc e i ve d t h a t h i s i n fl uen c e a mon
g
h is c oun t ry men w a s ec li p se d by t h e more b rilli a n t q ua li t i es of A rmi

E t 1 1
di“2 333223it
n i us Thi s ill feeli n g w a s k n ow n t o V a rus, w h o, a c c ordi n gly a t t rib ut ed
.
-

t h e “ m a son t h e w a rn i n g s of S e g e st es a s muc h t o resen t me n t for former i nj uri es a s t o

,
,

h is j e a l ousy of t h e fa vour h is son i n la w e nj oy e d a t t h e c ourt of t h e - -

g o vern or I n stea d of ex a mi n i n g i n t o t h e t rut h o f t h e i n t elli g en c e , h e

.

re fuse d e ve n t o li st e n t o t h e c h a r e b rou h t a a i n st h i s fa v ouri t e

g g g ; an d
ppreh e n d a ll t h e c hi e fs, t h a t h e mi g h t h a v e a n op p ort un i t y
w h e n urg e d t o a

of di st i n ui shi n
g g t h e t ra i t ors from t h e fa i t h ful h e re p roa c h e d h is a dvi sers ,

w i t h v a i n a p p re h en si on s a n d g roun dl e ss c a lumn y fi
’0

V m s sug m Thi s c on d uc t of t h e g overn or p l a c e d S eg e st es a n d t h e R oma n p arty

“m a m “
a t t h e merc y O f t h e c on sp i ra t ors , w h om V a rus c on t i n ue d t o t rust a n d
dra w n i nt o t h e
i n te rxor upon mp l oy a s b efore
e S ome t hi n g mi g h t p erh a p s b e a ll ow e d fb r t h e
.
, ,

i iizihébi theh a bi t ua l c on t emp t of t h e R oma n s for t h e c a p a c i t y of t h e b a rb a ri a n s

a e i s

w
some t hi n g for a n a t ura l c on fid e n c e i n t h e sup e rb army h e c omma n d e d ;
a ge "

b ut n ot hi n g sh ort of t h a t sp ec i e s of i n fa t ua t i on p ec uli a r t o t h e feebl est

c l a ss o f i n t e ll ec t s c ould a c c oun t for t h e t ot a l a b se n c e of c a ut i on h i s sub

se que n t c on d uc t b et ra y e d A sudd en i n surrec t i on i n a di st a n t p a rt of

.

t h e p rov i n c e a fford e d a p re t ex t for en t i c i n g V a rus a n d h is l eg i on s

A . furt h e r i n t o t h e i n t eri or Ab out t h e b eg i n n i n g of t h e mon t h of Sep
.

A U
t emb er i n t h e t en t h y ea r of t h e C h ri st i a n era t h e R oma n a rmy move d
' '

, ,

from i t s qua rters t o sup p re ss t hi s remot e di st urb a n c e T h e Ch erusc a n

m
T h Ch u
e er s .

i ggfz d c hi e fs w ere p ermi t t e d t o rema i n b e hi n d up on t h e p re t e x t of a sse mbli n g

h
n

t h ei r forc e s for t h e servi c e i n h a n d L i t t l e t i me i n d e e d w a s re qui re d for .

, ,

g t him lf t h a t
es es se u r ose ; every man w a s a l re a dy a t h is p ost ; a n d a mon g t h e rest
p p
.

S eg e st e s hi msel f V a rus p roc ee d e d a l on g t h e Weser t o t h e n ort h w a rd i n

.

t h e di re c t i on of t h e su p ose d i n surrec t i on
p E a c h c or s of h i s a rmy
p .

don s a ll p
m
re
a rc h e d se
p ara t e ly a n d c a re l e ssly li t t l e d re a m i n
g o f t h e p eril s w hi c h ,
caut i on
w e re t hi c k en i n g roun d t h e m B ut soon rumours a rose of c ommot i on s
Th G m
.

m
e er an s
up i
s r r se a n d 1 11 h i s re a r
; R oma n c i t ize n s O ffi c ers of t h e re ven ue a n d of t h e l a w , ,
“
332 ? h a d b e en sl a i n t h e R oma n p ost s a ssa il e d a n d t h e d e t a c h e d b od i e s of
, ,

232
d
°
1
l eg i on a ri es sur ri se d a n d sl a u h t e re d
p g V a ru s s t il l fel t or
p re t en d e d t o .
,

feel un b oun d e d c on fid e n c e i n t h e t e rrors of R oma n j ust i c e ; h e i ssue d

,

c i t a t i o n s a a i n st t h e offe n d ers i n d ue form of la w ; a n d c on t i n ue d h i s

g
ma rc h reg a rdl ess of t h e sn a res n ow fa st c l osi n g a roun d h im a n d h is

”
d evot e d l eg i on s T h e G erma n c hi efs st ill c on t i n ued t o foll ow t h e army
.

0
Di o Cassi us, lib lvi 19 —T a cit u Ann man u pe rien t i éq ue bellorum in t er Roman os
—
. . c . . s, .
, ex
li b i
. . c . 55 . milit es p rin ceps Vell P a t erc lib i i p 23 0
. . . . . . .

Ex erc it us omn ium fort issimus , d isc iplin a,

C hap ii i Sec
. . . F O REST O F T EUT BU RG . 111

as fri e n d s lli es w hil e d et a c h men t s were sen t forw ard s for t h e V u ; bl k

an d a ,
ar s oc

P th m d
a c c umul a t i n m m
'
“ e a s

p urp ose of g i p e di en t s i n i t s w a y by e re c t i n g st oc k a d e s , ,

an d c ut t i n g t h rou h t h t a l t h li n e of mar c h so t h a t t h e sli g h t est

g e r ees o n
g e ,

u t f w i n d mi h t fli n t h m t h w od a t h s or c a use t h e m t o fa ll
g s o g g e a c ross e o
p ,

up on a n d c rush t h e p a ssi n g soldi ers By t hi s t i me a ll supp li es from d t ff hi

.
22
an cn o s

upp1i
t h e re a r w e re c ut off ; t h e w e a t h er b e c a me c old an d t e mp est uous ; t or
“
s es’
-

ren t s of ra i n re n d ere d t h e mi sera bl e r oa d s of t h e c oun t ry a l most i mp a s W th b ea er e

m t e mpes
t h e c on st a n t moi st ure rel a x e d t h e b ow st ri n g s soa k e d t h e shi e ld s t u
“ es
sa bl e
‘

d
-

, , on s roa s

i mP bl i '

a n d rust e d t h e sp ears of t h e soldi ery ; sa n gui n a ry a fi ra y s ar ose b e t w ee

a ssa e
n
th G m e er an s

t h e t roop s a n d t h e i r t rea c h erous a lli es b ut t h e se V a rus a ffec t e d t o t re a t t h

‘

fi th o e
m y
ro

a s mere c a m a rre l s a n d di smi sse d t h e c om l a i n a n t s w i t h t h e sev erest

as

p q u , p
a d mon i t i on s T h e a rmy soon qui t t e d t h e op en c oun t ry a n d foun d i t se l f
.
,

in volve d i n n ew d ifl i c ult i es T h e n umb ers of t h e b a rb ari a n s b ec a me more

.

a l armi n g a n d th e i r h ost il e di s osi t i on l e ss e q ui v oc a l A sudd en on set Att k t h ut ac eo

, p d
.

p t
up on t h e out p ost s a n d stra gg l ers of t h e a rmy d rove a mul t i t ud e of d e t g gl
os s a n
f s la ers o

my
fen c el ess w omen c hild ren a n d c a mp foll ow ers for re fuge a mon g t h e
th e “ ‘

, , ,

c row d e d ra n k s a n d i n c re a se d t h e di sma y w hi c h t h e di sc ov ery of th e i r

,
23
c on diti on h a d a l re a dy b e un t o s rea d t h rou h t h e l e g i on s
g p g .

V arus n ow a l t ere d h is di re c t i on ; h e c l ose d i n t h e di fferen t c orp s A l m f th ,

ar o e
R m
d estroy e d a ll h i s h eavy b a g g a g e a n d suc c eed e d i n ex t ri c a t i n g t h e a rmy V u d
o an s

, ar s e.

for t h e momen t from t h e t ra c kl ess fore st s t h roug h w hi c h his li n e of marc h “W h b g 3 ‘s a ‘

g g m d
.

a e or er

h a d hi t h ert o c on duc t e d h im A st ron g c a mp w a s ma rk e d out a nd hmdi m umb

. ,

1 s ar
sen c er

y .

fort ifi e d a n d di sc i p l i n e a n d c on fid en c e w e re p a rt i a lly re st ore d

, S t ill t h e H t t h .
e en ers e

d en se forest of T eut b urg i n t h e mod ern bi sh op ri c of P a d erb orn la y i n h i s fig;

,
“T “
,
e

re t rea t a n d e very d a n er h e h a d so l a t ely e sc a e d wa s t o b e a g a i n

, g p
e n c oun t ere d t h e a t ta c k s o f t h e G erma n s b e c a me h ourly more a n d more i t t n c essan a
t acks “ t h
di st ressi n g ; a s t h e st ren g t h a n d Sp i ri t s of t h e Roman soldi ers de c li n e d G m ; e
er an s

t h e a ud a c i t y of t h e b a rb a ri a n s i n c rea se d ; t h e w e a t h er st ill c on t i n ue d
st ormy ; a n d a t t h e a roa c h of n i h t t h e a rmy foun d i t self i n vol v e d i n h u t d a s e
pp g
.
, ,

a l a by ri n t h of moun t a i n a n d forest a n d sw a m
.

t h e i ssue s of w hi c h w ere
p ,

oc c up i e d by t h e e n e my i n suc h forc e a s t o ren d er e v ery a t t em t t o forc e

p
a
p a ssa g e h o e l e ss
p O n e c h a n .c e s t ill re m a i n e d ; a n e m i n e n c e i n a n H
t
tt mpt
mp
e a
o en c a
e s

,
o en
p gl a d e of t h e forest a p p ea re d t o a fford a secure p osi t i on for t h e but i p s re

p p ush ed for i t a n d h ere t h e mort a l strugg l e t u l t t k

t d by
n i g h t ; t h e e xh a ust e d t roo s
ven e
, rn a a ac s

man s resort ed
f

D io Ca ssius, lib lvi 21 , accoun t s t he fall

. . t o t he p edieh t of c on
ob vi ous ex

ing of t h e forest t rees as on e of t h e most serious

-

st ru c t in g ab a t t is a n d sew in g t h e t rees half asun der,

ala mit ies w h ic h b efel t he Roman s H e assig n s so t ha t t h e a ut u mn al g al es mig ht fl i n g t hemupon

c .

n o ot h er c ause for i t t han t he st orm st a t e of t h e

y t he enemy, or, a t all even t s, con t rib ut e t o a ccumu
w ea t her T h is, h ow ever, i s ob vi ousl in suffi cien t
.
y , la t e imp ed imen t s i n hi s pa t h .

an d t he supp osit ion o f L ud en D i o Ca ssi us, li b lvi

( vol i p h as . . .
93
. 21 . .

been ad op ted wi thout h esi ta t ion , t ha t t he G er

 1 12 DEST RU CT I O N O F T H REE R O MA N L EG I O N S .
[Book I .

mmen c e d co T h e R oma n s t oo k p ossessi on of t h e e mi n e n c e a n d

.
,

a t t em t e d t o surroun d t h e mse l ve s w i t h t h e i r a c c ust ome d e n t ren c h

p
men t s ; b ut t h e G e rma n s g ra n t ed t h em n ot on e momen t s re sp i t e ’

t h roug h out t h e n i g h t ; a n d w h e n morn i n g d a w n e d t h ey w ere fo un d ,

w t h out d e fe n c e T h e C h erusc a n s a n d t h ei r a lli e s c l ose d i n up on t h e

i
d i sord e rly a n d d esp a i ri n g ma sses ; a S i mul t a n eous rush t ook p l a c e up on
.

.
.

mm d s s ose

a n d re a r of t h e w e a ri e d a n d di s i ri t e d R oma n s ; V a rus
“ “ th “
h f fl k
p e
m a ns .
t e r o n t a n s ,
p ,

i l d hi mse l f w a s w oun d e d an d a b a n d on i n g a ll h o e f e ll u on h i s o wn
u
x dllii li5— s {
p p , ,

w i t h h i m p eri sh ed a ll t h e g e n era l s of t h e a rmy a n d t h e g re a t b ody

a rr

l ug h t
s a d sw ord
ere .

of t h e soldi ery ; fe w p ri son ers w e re ma d e a n d on ly o n e sma ll b ody ,

esc a e d t o c a rry b a c k t h e t idi n s of a di sa st er un e q ua ll e d si n c e t h e d a

p g y
t h a t C ra ss us a n d h i s a rmy w ere c ut off i n t h e d esert s of P a r t h ia f
t4

St gt h f t h
ren T h e a rmy c omma n d e d by V a rus w h en c oll ec t e d w ould n ot h a ve
o e , ,

$323 T 1; a moun t ed t o fe w er t h a n fi ft y t h ousa n d c omb a t a n t s But p rob a bly n ot more .

w a s p resen t w i t h hi m a n d i t ma y t h ere fore

V m ?5
t h a n o n e h a l f of t hi s forc e
a s'
,

b e re a son a bly a ssume d t h a t t h e n umb ers of t h e sl a i n a n d p ri son e rs did

n ot
g re a t ly e x c ee d t w e n t y t h ousa n d B u t t h e sl a ug h t e r w a s n o t c on fi n e d .

t h e fi e ld up on w hi c h V a rus fell ; t h e d e t a c h men t s w hi c h w ere c ut

6 ?
to
off a n d t h e n umb er of c i v il offi c ers fi sc a ls a d voc a t es a n d p roc ura t ors
, , ,

sa c rifi c e d t o t h e fi e rc e ve n g e a n c e of t h e i n sul t e d a n d opp resse d n a t i ve s ,

ma y h a ve d oubl e d t h e n umb e r of t h e v i c t i ms T h e p ri son ers w e re d e a lt .

w i t h a c c ordi n g t o t h e c a p ri c e of t h e c a p t ors or t h e c ust oms o f t h e severa l

Th R m e t rib e s?
o an
7
A fe w w ere offere d up on t h e a l t a rs of t h e g od of w a r ; t h e rest
fillifififi if were di v id e d out a mon g t h e v i c t ors a s sl a ves t h e R oma n l a w yers t a k e n
a‘ i’ 8 2

“ my i ‘h w e re
e
u t t o d ea t h w i t h sc o fl s a n d t ort ures t h e b oot y i n a rms a n d t re a
t ph i
ro es p
h u g up m
n
sure w a s e q ua lly a p p o rt i o n e d ; t h e c h 0 1 c e s t a rt i c l e s a l on e w ere re se rve d t o

El
iit l
-
“
a
i c,

b e h un g up a s t rop hi e s i n t h e sa c re d g rove s T h e e a g l e s of t h e v a nqui sh e d .

l eg i on s w e re a ssi g n e d t o t h e C h a t t i t h e M a rsi a n d t h e B ruc t eri ? The 9

b ody of V a rus w a s foun d i n a h a l f c on sume d st a t e —i h t h e mid st of d e

, ,

sol a t i on a n d d ea t h t h e R oma n soldi ers h a d ma d e a fee bl e a t t e mp t t o p a y

t h e l a st h on ours t o t h e b ody o f t h e i r fa ll e n l ea d er T h e G e rma n s c ut off .

t h e h e a d a n d se n t it a s a n a cc ep t a bl e p rese n t t o M a rb od ; b ut t h a t p ri n c e ,

c 12
.
D io Ca ssi us, lib lvi
—Vell P a t erc lib ii p 23 0
. .
21 Florus, lib iv
.
.

.
.

. .
.
—
.
. . G erman os D ruso , t an t um v in d ict ze e t crud eli
t a t is repe n sum in Roma nos
N
a

i h i l, sa ys Florus ( lib i v 0 1 2 p
.
”
9
I t c o n sist ed o f t h ree co mple t e le g ion s ; as 2°
. . . . .

ma ny a las or d ivision s of cava lry ; six d eta ched in sult a t ion e b a rb a rorum in t olerab ilius, p rcc c ip ue
coh ort s a n d t h e p roport ion a t e n umber o f a ux i
,
t a msu i n ca usa r um p a t ron os ; ( q uorum) a liis
,

liarle s a moun t in g t o a t le a st as ma n y more in n um o c ulos, al iis ma n us a mput a b a n t un ius os s ut um,

be rs .
— ,

L ud en vol i p a nd n ote 9
, p 6 58
. . . . . . rec i sa prius [Mg r/d ; q ua m i n man u t e n en s b ar
‘

T his i s t he co mputa t ion o f S ch a te n , Hist . b a rn s T a n dem, i n q uit , v ipera sib ilare de

West ph p 44 . . . sist e
7 Ta c A n n f lib i c 6 1
’
Q uan t um sa ys 9°
S i m/vii, C orp Hist G erm vol i p 6 6
—
. . . . . .
, .
. . . . .

S ch a len , ( Hist West ph p . . . sm vit um in n ot e 86 Pfi st er, G es d er D e ut sch vol i p 9 1

. . . . . . .
 C h ap iii Sec . . . T HE RO MA NS EV AC UAT E G ERMA NY .
1 13

n ot for t h e momen t di sp ose d t o re t a i n so d a n g erous a t rop hy sen t it Marb od w h o , ,

t o R ome , w h e re i t w a s d e c en t ly i n t erre d
30 rest o es i t t o r

t h e Roman s .
.

A sma ll d e t a c h men t of t h e V a ri a n a rmy w a s sa ve d by t h e p re sen c e of Caed i us with

mi n d of i t s c omma n d er C aed i t ius w h o i n t h e h our of e x t reme d a n g er, effects hi s
8 smg l bo y
, ,
.

E ,

c on t ri v e d t o w i t hd ra w h i s di v i si on from t h e ob serv a t i on o f t h e b a rb a ri a n s,
esca e
p '

w h o w ere t oo i n t e n t up on p ill a g e t o ob serve w h a t w a s p a ssi n g in a di st a n t

a rt of t h e fi e ld H e t h e n c a use d t h e t rump e t s t o soun d , w hi c h i n d uc e d
p .

t h e G erma n s t o b e li e ve t h a t A sp re n a s w a s a t h a n d w i t h suc c ours from t h e

Rhi n e a n d t h us ob t a i n e d t i me t o g a i n up on h is p ursue rs A sp ren a s, Th e Roman
, .

i n d e ed w a s n o soon er i n forme d of t h e di sa st er t h a n h e a dva n c e d t errit ories of t roops i n t h e

,

th e alli es re
c a ut i ously t o re li e v e a n d p rot e c t t h e fug i t i v e s J ud g i n g , t h e n t h a t h i s treat a cross th e .
,

forc e w a s i n suffi c i en t t o c h e c k t h e p rog ress of t h e t ri ump h a n t b a rb a ri a n s, Rhi n e and .

h e h a st ily w i t hd re w t h e re ma i n i n g t roop s a n d g a rri son s t o t h e l eft b a n k

of t h e Rhi n e , a s muc h wi t h a v i e w t o t h e i r sa fe t y a s t o k e e d
.

p own t h e
C i s Rh en a n e G erma n s w h o sh ow e d a di sp osi t i on t o foll ow t h e e x a mp l e
-

of t h e i r c oun t ry me n ; a n d t h us a t on c e a b a n d on e d t h e w h ol e frui t s of t h e a ban don a ll

t oil some an d sa n g ui n a ry c a mp a i g n s of D r sus a n d Tib e ri us, a n d t h e qn est s

th ei r c on
u .

31
rew ar d of t wen t y y e a rs of i n c e ssa n t ex ert i on and e x p en se .

3°
P a terc lib n c 1 1 9 —Ta c An n
Vell cord in
g t o t h e hyp ot hesisa d op ted in t ha t work ,
—
-
. . . . . . . .

vol i p 7 l . .Wit h respec t t o t h e d at e of t h e

. . V arus must h av e b e en ret rea t in g fromt he Weser
overt hrow of V arus, b ot h D i o Cassius a n d Vel d ire ct ly upon t he fortress of A h so or Else o n t he
lei us P a terc ul us re fer i t t o t he consul shi p of P . L ipp e ; a n d t he spot w here he p eri shed is a ccord
C orn D olab ella a n d C a ius J ul S ilan us, in
. . in g ly pla ced b et w ee n t h e cit y of P a d erb orn a n d
t he y e ar of Rome 7 6 3 T a ci t us say s it oc . t h e t ow n o f D e ut mold , or D iet mold , i n t he T eu
cu rre d si x y ea rs b e fore t h e fi rst e x edi t ion of t enw ald L ocal t ra d it ion h as ret ai n ed a t race of
p .

G erman i c us, w hic h t ook pla ce in t h e year 7 6 8 . t his memorable even t in t h e n a mes of t w o b rooks
I n an ot h er place h e t ells us t ha t i t occurred forty or b ec k s w h ic h fl ow d own from t h e T eu t ob urg
years be fore t he g rea t d efea t of t he C h a t t i in t he h ills i n t o t he Sen n e— moor, a t t heir foot , c alled
yea r 80 3 ( A w hic h b ri n g s it t o t he sa me
. U . t h e Rod en or Rot /z en Beck, t he Red or Blood y

year, v iz 7 63 of Rome A ll ag ree t h at t h e n ew s

. . Be c k, an d t he K n oc hen beck, or Brook of Bon es,
was re ceived almost a t t he same momen t a t w hereab out g rea t q uan t it ies of h uman b on es,
'

w hi c h t ha t of t he p a cifi ca t ion of P an n on ia a nd a rms, a n d coin s ( prin c ip ally of J u l C ae sar a n d .

D al ma t ia w as ann oun ced Whet her, t herefore, . A ug ust us) h ave b een d ug up T 0 t hi s d a y t he .

t h is e vent occurred i n t h e y ea r 1 0 or 1 2 of t he c h ain of forest h ills re t a in s t h e n a me of t h e T eu

C hrist ian era d ep en d s upon t he d eb at ed q ues t eberg ; an d t he n a me s of several villa g es, e g . .

tion , w he t her t h e b irt h of C h rist is t o b e placed Wi zmtr up , Wi n nfi ld t , Wi n n beck, from t he old -

in t he y ea r of Ro me 7 5 3 or 7 5 1 T h e Jesui t s . T eut on i c Wun n eit , oi Wi nn en ( w hic h Sch ilter '

,

in hi s G lossary, T hes A n t i q T eut vol iii ad

_

a pp ear t o h ave ad op t ed t h e la t t er era ; see

-

. . . . . .

Scha t en , H ist West p h p 40 T he Ben edi c t in es verb , i n terprets b y t he L a t in w ord s g rassare,

”
‘
. . . . .

o f St M a u r assu
. me t he former See A rt d e V e rif .
'
. vuln erare , lsad ere, vi n c ere,) ma t erially st ren g th en
les D a t es, vol i p 3 5 0 . . . . t h e b od y of t ra d it ion al evid en ce t o t h e ident i ty of
T h e s c en e o f t h e c lad es V arian a is pla ced '
t h e sp ot See a list of t he crit ics a n d an t iquari es
.

b y all t h e a ut horit ies in t he T e uten W a ld or -

w ho con c ur in plac in g t he sce n e of t he clad es
Sa ltus T eut oburg ensi s See Ta o A n n lib i . . . . . V a ri an a a t or n ear t h e t own of D iet mold , i n t he
c 60
. an d D i o Ca ssius, lib
. lvi § 2 lfi w i t h t he . . Mon um Pad erb p 2 1 . 2 See also several
. . . .

cri t i cism o t L ud en , v ol i p 23 6 I n t he ma p , in gen i ous e t y molog ical d educt ion s, an d a com

'

. . . .

a t tac h e d t o Rt n k s ed it ion of t h e M on umen t a p arison of n arra t ives ap Cluver G erm A n t i q

’
. . . .

P a d erb ornen t ia ( N orib 1 7 1 3 p t h e S al t us . . . hb iii c 1 9 p 580

. . . . . .

T eut ob u rg en sis se a ra t es t he v a lle o f t h e Wese r

p y
29
Vell P a t erc lib n c 1 20
. D io Ca ssi us,
. . . .
-

from t h e sources of th e L ipp e an d t he Ems A o T he vi ct ory of Armin iu

"
. li b lvi
. 22 . . s, sa s
y
 A P P REHE S O N I NS O F T HE RO MA NS [Boo k I
1 14 . .

S EC T I O N [I L—A D 1 0 . .
—1 7 .

Ca mp a ig ns of G erma n i cus, th e S on o
f D rums, i n G erma ny .

Ew an ? “ d est ruc t i on of V a rus a n d h i s l eg i on s c aused n o l ess c on

T un n ew s of t he
pp h
st ern a t i on a t R ome t h a n t h e I lly ri a n w a r h a d d on e four y e a rs b efore
a re en sron s

t th R m

”
o e o an s. .

No on e d oub t e d sa y s S ue t on i us t h a t i f l lly ri c um h a d n ot
, p re ,

c i se l a t t h a t momen t l a id d ow n i t s a rms t h e v i c t ori ous G erma n s w ould

y ,

h a ve j oi n e d t h e P a n n on i a n i n surgen t s l
August us c ould h ardly b eli eve .

t h a t a mili t a ry forc e c a p a bl e o f d est royi n g t h e fl ower of t h e R oma n a rmi es

,

a t a bl ow c ould b e st opp e d i n i t s c a ree r by a ri ver ; or t h a t t h e w e a k

,

remn a n t of t h e a rmy of t h e Rhi n e d w i n dl e d a s it wa s by t h e d raug h t s ,

ma d e up on i t for t h e I llyri a n w ar a n d t h e t ot a l a n n ihil a ti on of t h ree ,

e n t i re l e g i on s c ould for a ny t i me w i t h st a n d t h e on se t of t h e v i c t ori ous

,

c on fe d era t es b a c k e d a s b e fully e x e c t e d t h e y w ould b e by t h e C is

p , , ,

F t i g i f Rh e n a n e G erma n s
ra n c r e H is gri ef for t h e l oss of t h e l eg i on s re sembl e d
?

“ A W tu
or severa l mon t h s h e refuse d t o
p ermi t h i s h a i r or h is h ea rd t o
“ s'

p h ren sy f
b e t ri mme d ; h e i s ev en sa id t o h a v e st ruc k h is h e ad a g a i n st t h e w a ll s ,

e x c l a i mi n g i n a p a roxy sm of g ri ef Q uin c t ilius V a rus g i ve me b a c k my , ,

l eg i on s At t h e sa me t i me t h e n umb er of t h e R oma n p eop l e fi t t o b ear

a rms h a d b e en a l re a dy so re d uc e d by t h e e xi g e n c i e s of t h e P a n n on i a n w a r

t h a t h e w a s d ri v en t o t h e severe st me a sures t o c o mp l e t e t h e p re p a ra t i on s
H t t n ecessa ry t o mee t t h e a p p re h e n d e d a t t a c k
e re sor s o All G erma n s a n d G a ul s .

fffi fifiiz w ere sen t a w a y from R ome forc e d l ev i e s w ere ra i se d t h e ve t era n s were
x '
n a ,

a n d a mul t i t ud e o f sl a v es w ere e n roll e d e a rmy t h us

figy f“
P i g
? u c a ll e d out T h
‘ n

8 0 ar s.
,
o o .

a n d T i b eri us W i t h out w a i t i n
o

ra i se d w a s se n t forwa rd t o t h e Rh i n e
c

g to ,

c el eb ra t e h i s t ri ump h over t h e I llyri a n s h ast ily t ook t h e c omma n d a n d , ,

‘
se t off for t h e se a t of war .

g un ma n . But n o soon e r lli es freed from t h e p re

w ere t h e C h erusc a n s an d t h ei r a
“
sen c e o f t h e i r O pp ressors t h a n t h e p ressure w hi c h h e ld t h e l ea g ue t og e t h er
“N a“ 8
t h eir a lli es sea

rm i e a ft e r seems t o h ave b ee n re move d —t h e t ri b es se p a ra t e d ; a n d e a c h h a s t en e d t o

h is ow n t erri t ory t o w i p e out a ll rema i n i n g ma rk s of servi t ud e —

t h eir vict or t o
y
c lear t h eir t er t o d est roy ,
ri tories of t h e

Roma ns .

Fl u ( lib iv c 1 2 p on ce more t hrew coun t ri es of t he

Cha t t i, T en chteri , Bructeri,
“
or s, . . . . .

b a ck t he limit s o f t he emp ire from t he oc ea n t o C h a n c i, a n d C herusci .

t h e R h in e . M a scou( Hi st of t he G erm vol i . . . . Suetomus in Ti ber c 1 7 . . .

p. ob serves t ha t t he L ow er G erma n p ro D io Ca ssius, lib lvi 23 . . .

v in ce mu st h a ve ex t en d ed to t h e Wese r, i f n ot S ud an i n A ug c 2 3
. . . .

fa rt her, a n d t ha t i t comprised , a t all even t s, t he D i o Ca ssi us, l ib lvi 23 p 822 Also. . . . .

Sud in A ug ub i supra
. . .
C hap i ii Sec
. . . G ERMA NI C U S I N G ERMA NY .
1 15

the R om forts an an d
t o e x p e l t h e g a rri son s
, T h e obj ec t of t h e l ea g ue .
5

see ms n ot t o h a ve ex t e n d e d b e y on d t h e lib era ti on of t h e i r ow n c oun t ry from

Roma n t h ra ld om Tib eri us t h ere fore foun d t h e t h rea t e n e d fron t i er in a Th t d g

f; gét h
.
e s li

T h e G erma n s h a d n ot e ven a pp roa c h e d

6
st a t e of p rofoun d t ran q uilli t y . Zr
t h e Rhi n e ; a n d h e a cc ordi n g ly c on t en t e d hi mse l f w i t h a sh ort a n d i n d ec i gig gin g
-

si ve i n c urs i on i n t o t h e e ma n c i a t e d di st ri c t s —h e re st ore d t h e di sc i p li n e
s

A D 11
p A fi é 75 54
of t h e a rmy w hi c h h a d suff ere d g re a t ly by t h e d e fe a t of V a rus ; a n d i n t h ; g mgm ,
'

, , e ,

t h e foll ow i n g sp ri n g h e g a ve up t h e c omma n d t o G e rma n i c us t h e son of 1 33; fi ;a

"
,
g t ? ,

h is b rot h e r D rusus a n d re turn e d t o R ome ,

6 m iu .
an c s~

T h e d ut y of a ve n g i n g t h e d e a th of V arus a n d retri ev i n g t h e h on our of A n 1 2 ,

. . .

t h e R oma n a rms n ow d evol ve d up on on e w h o p ossesse d b ot h t h e t a l en t

,

a n d t h e re sol u t i on t o p erform i t t o t h e utmost Ei g ht l eg i on s w ere .

st a t i on e d o n t h e Rhi n e w hi c h tog et h er w i t h c a va l ry a n d a uxili a ry

, ,

troop s c ould h a rdly a moun t t o l e ss t h a n a h un d re d th ousa n d men F our

,
R .
o

m th
of th ese l eg i on s w ere c a n t on e d a mon g t h e T ri b oc m N eni e t es a n d V a n Rh
an s on e

i ;fu , , ne o r

i on es t h a t i s from t h e c on fi n es of Al sa c e t o t h e v i c i n i t y of M a i n t z t h e
g , ,

o t h er ; four w ere
p ost e d a l on g t h e b a n k s of t h e L ower Rhi n e from t h e gzn
! er '

st a t i on a t B on n t h rou h C ol on i a U bi orum a n d t h e C a st ra V e t era

’
g t o t he
c on fi n es of F ri esl a n d D eta c h men t s w ere th row n a c ross t h e river t o G m i u er an c s
t h w gm
.

g a rri son t h e c a st l e s a n d out p ost s b uil t by D rusus for ob serv i n g t h e

ro s “

, i t th son s n o e

mot i on s of t h e G erma n s i n H essia a n d W e stp h a li a 8 T h e a rmy of t h e 35513 “ .

3
5
3

Upp er Rhi n e w a s c omma n d e d by C a i n s S ili us t h a t of t h e L ow er Rhi n e

by Aul us Osec i n a ; G erma n i c us a ssumed t h e sup reme c omma n d of b ot h 9
.

I n t h e y e a r 1 4 a ft er C h ri st Ti beri us suc c ee d e d t o August us i n t h e A i f ccess on o

,
me u
emp i re B ot h t h e n ew e mp eror a n d h is a d op t e d son G erma n i cus were
n s’
.

w e ll k n ow n t o t h e Rh en i sh a rmi e s T h e soldi ery h a d l e a rn e d t o c on t ra st

.

t h e p op ula r ma n n e rs of t h e l a t t er w i t h t h e d a rk a n d sull en t e mp er of
t h e former Di slik e t o Tib eri us h a d t urn e d t h e i r vi ew s t ow a rd s G erma Th Rh i h
. e en s
u y
, ,

n i c us a s t h e i r fut ure sovere i n a n d a di s osi t i on t o e x a l t t h e i r fa vouri t e ii iff iii ii

‘ n n

g p , i o

G m i “
le d a t fi rst t o a c t s of i n sub ordi n a t i on a n d a ft erwa rd s t o op en mut i n y wh fu
er an c
.
, o re ses

A t some ri sk t o hi mse l f G erma n i c us d e c li n e d t h e emp i re offere d t o h i m

,
Zfigggggt h ,
e
e

a n d suc c e e d e d a ft er ma n y a i n ful e ffort s a n d muc h bl ood sh e d i n sub ti y d

p pap hp gld
i n a
, ,
“ e e
d ui n g t h e reb elli on 10
But t o re t a i n i n ob e di en c e t h e di sord erly a n d
'

muti n ous ra bbl e w ith wh ic h si n c e t h e d estruc t i on of V a rus s l eg i on s t h e

,
’
,

Sch a teu, in his History of West phalia ,

5
b ably mean
t h a t t h ey w ere ept in chec k k by t he
p 5 0 i n fers, fi om a p assag e in D i o Cassius,
. . corps o f observa ti on un d er A spren a s .

lib lvi . 2 4 t h a t severa l fort s or p raasid ia upon

. .
6
Vell P a terc lib ii 0 1 20
. . . . . .

t he Ems a n d t he Weser were st ill ret ain ed b 7 Sa n ten , n ea r Wesel, on t he Rhine

y .

t he R oma n s, a n d t ha t th e p ossession of t hem 9

Sch a ten , Hist West ph p 48 . . . .

aft erw ards fa c ilit a t ed t he d isemb ark a t ion s of T a c A nn lib i c 3 1

. . . . . .

G erman ic us i n t hose rivers But t he Word s of I bid

— —
. .

D i o Ka i a i P ep/t a w a t égbp ovpij eq a a v more pro

'
 1 16 F I RST C A MPA G I N OF G ERMA NI C U S .
[Book I .

m R oman a rmi es on t h e Rhi n e h a d b ee n rec rui t ed i t w a s n e c essa ry t o l ea d

ed“
{ fitt
1

o o ,

t h e m i n t o i mmed i a t e a c t i on
10 0 0 “ o 0

m i u
an c s, .

A D 14 ~
H e t h erefore a ssembl e d a b ody of t we l ve t h ousa n d l eg i on a ri e s w i t h
-

,
H e s i r ses
an d ging h a me i g h t sq ua d ron s of c a va l ry a n d t we n t y S i x c oh ort s of a ux 1 h a ry t roop s a t -

fizzfgfi gf C ast ra V e t era a n d a dva n c e d t h roug h t h e C assia Sy lva t owa rd s t h e

’ l l
ne ,

c oun t ry o f t h e M a rsi A s soon a s h e w a s c l ea r of t h e w ood s h is sp i es .

,

b roug h t h i m w ord t h a t t h e G erma n s w ere t o b e e n g a g e d t h a t n i g h t i n a

sol emn b a n q ue t i n g a n d fest i vi t y G erma n i c us t h ere fore sen t forw a rd .
, ,

C mc i n a w i t h a b ody of li g h t t roop s t o surp ri se t h em w hil e h e foll ow e d a t ,

h is l e i sure w i t h t h e l eg i on s; T h e R oma n s a d va n c e d qui c kly a n d sil en t ly

t h roug h t h e forest fa v oure d by a b ri g h t st a r li g h t T h e vill a g e s of t h e
,
-
.

M a rsi w ere surroun d e d a n d t h e R oma n soldi ery a l rea dy reeki n g w i t h , ,

t h e bl ood of t h e i r fe ll ow c i t iz en s sh e d d uri n g t h e i r l a t e re b elli on w e re i n -

,

a t em er w e ll sui t e d t o t h e sa n ui n a ry t a sk i m ose d u on t h em N e i t h er
p g p p .

a e n or sex w a s s a re d
g p ; t h e a g e d t h e w omen a n d t h e c hild ren w ere , ,

sl a ug h t ere d w i t h out me rc y ; a n d t h e c oun t ry for fi ft y mil e s roun d , ,

t ot a lly rui n e d All e difi c e s w h e t h er sa c re d or p rofa n e sa y s T a c i t us

.
, , ,

a n d a mon
g t h e re st t h e most c el eb ra t e d t emp l e of th ose n a t i on s w hi c h

”
, , ,

t h e y c a ll T ang/21 m 1
w ere l eve ll e d w i t h t h e e a rt h O ur soldi e rs c a me off
,
2
.

w i t h out a w oun d see i n g t h e y h a d t o d e a l w i t h n on e b ut sl e e p i n g n u

, ,

One o f th a rme d e or sc a t t ere d e n emi es

, O n e of t h e t h ree e a g l es b el on g i n g t o t h e .

V a ri a n l eg i on s w a s re c a p ture d i n t h e sa c re d g rove of T a n fa n a w h ere t h e ,

M a rsi a n d t h e B ruc t e ri h a d d ep osi t e d t h e t rop hi e s of t h e i r v i c t ory

1 3
.

Th R m
e o O n t h e i r re t urn t o t h e Rhi n e t h e R oma n s w ere obli g e d t o rep a ss t h e
a ns
,
‘ k
:ggfigg g, C aesi a n forest b ut h ere t h e B ruc t eri T ub a n t es a n d U si p et e s rouse d by
m
, , ,

re sen t men t a g a i n st t h e w a n t on m rd e rers of t h e i r un a rme d

fi éifi fj
d
u a n d un
‘ e‘
r

C i f t sus ec t i n a lli es st e e d a c ross t h e i r p a t h Th e y re ma i n e d mot i on l e ss

g
aes an ores
p pp , .

un t il t h e w h ol e Roma n a rmy h a d d efi le d i n t o t h e fores t Th ey t h e n

252233535 ski rmi sh e d u on t h e fl a n k s a n d rea r of t h e e n emy t o d ra w o ff t h e i r
2 1 1 .

p m
e p l
n re e , p ,

a t t en t i on from t h e ma i n d e si n ; sudd en ly t h e w h ol e b a rb a ri a n forc e

fi ffiffi x ns g
fa t
he m a d e a rush u on t h e rea r g ua rd c on si st i n g of t h e t w en t i e t h l eg i on a n d
r
p
-
,

A forest lyin g b e t ween Wesel a n d Coesfeld , freq uen tly mad e use o f t h e d ie in t he ir d ivi n a
t ion s a n d T a n fa n a mig h t t h us sig n ify t h e di vi n it y
p a rt ly in t he d uc hy o f C leve s a n d p a rt ly in t ha t , ,

o f West ph alia S ch a len , Hist West p h p 5 1 w h o di rec t ed t h e fort un es of men S chill er T h es

—
.
. . . . . , .

Cluv G erm A n t lib iii c 9 A n t iq G erm v ol i ii p 2 8 3 Sch a l en , i n h is

—
. . . . . .
. . . . . .

H ist o f West ph alia , t ra n sla t es t he syllable Fa n ,

.

‘2
Ta c i t A n n i c 5 1
. F a n i n t he old T e u
. . . .
.

t on ic sig n ifi ed t he supre me P ow er or D eit y T a n ,

. q uasi r o wa y ; he conj ectures t ha t t h e godd ess
sin gul ar or Ten i plura l a cc ord in g t o Sh eri n gh a m,
, ,
may have b een id en tic al w it h t he H erth a or
D e O rig A n gl p 3 3 5 sig n ifi ed a d ie or d ic e , a
. . . .
T e rra Ma t e r of T ac it us ; since t he ea rt h in t h e ,

g a me o f cha n ce t o w hic h t h e G erma n s w ere muc h la n g ua e of most ot her n a t ion s, i s symb olica l of
g
a dd ic t ed
. T h e d ivin i ty T a n F a n mig h t t here e t h e p roc rea t ive an d orig in a t in g pow er Hist . .

fore h ave b ee n t he G o d of C h a n ce s a n d h is ,
West ph p 5 1 . . .

t emple t he Tem p le o f Fortune T he G erman s .

‘3
Sc ha t en , Hist West ph p 51 . . . .
C hap iii Sec
. . . SECO ND EXP ED I T I O N O F G ERMA NI C U S .
1 17

t he a T h e li gh t c oh ort s w ere t h rown i n t o c on fusi on by t h e

uxili a ri es .

d en se ma sse s of t h e G erma n s ; b ut t h e p romp t n ess of G erma n i c us

”
rest ore d t h e fort un e of t h e b a t t l e h e re mi n d e d t h e soldi ers t hat the —
t i me w a s c ome t o w a sh out t h e reme mb ra n ce of t h e i r l a t e re b e lli on , a n d
t o i mp a rt a g ra c e t o t h e i r re p en t a n c e , a n d p ut t i n g hi msel f a t t h e h ea d of
t h e t wen t i et h leg i on ,c h arg e d w i t h suc h v i g our t h a t h e drove t h e e n emy
from t h e w ood s i n to t h e op en g roun d s a n d sl e w ma n y of t h em t h ere , .

M e an w hil e t h e ma i n b ody h a d e merge d from t h e forest a n d fort ifi e d

th e i r c a mp ; t h e w h ol e a rmy t ook up a sa fe p osi t i on for t h e n i g h t ,
a n d on t h e foll ow i n g d a y , c on t i n ue d i t s ret re a t t o t h e Rhi n e w i t h out mo
,

14
le st a t i on .

T h e rec a p t ure th ree e a gl es of t h e V a ri a n l eg i on s a n d t h e s d p di

of two of t he , econ ex e .

i n di sc ri mi n a t e sl a ug h t e r of a mul t i tud e of un a rme d a n d d efen c el e ss

e n e mi e s ma y h a v e a pp e a re d t o G e rma n i c us a suffi c i en t rew a rd for t h e
,

t oil s of a fi rst c a mp a i g n Th a t of t h e followmg y ear se eme d t o p romi se A D 1 5

.
, ,

more solid a dva n t a ge s S i n c e t h e ex p ul si on of t h e R oma n s t h e old .

,

feud s b e t ween A rmi n i us a n d h is fa t h er ih l a w S e g est e s h a d b rok e n S g t “ - -

e es es

out a fre sh G erma ni c us w a s w e ll i n c li n e d t o p rofi t by t h e c i v il b roil s fifi fifl ‘?

.

of t h e e n emy ; b ut t h e p a rt y of S eg e st e s w a s a l re a dy p ush e d t o
e x t re mi t y by Armi n i us ; a n d t h e C h a t t i sh o w e d a di s o si t i on t o j o i n
p
t h e l a t t er H e t h erefore dire c t e d C aec i n a w i t h four l eg i on s fi ve t h ou Oma
.
, n,

sa n d a uxili a ri e s a n d a mul t i t ud e of i rreg ul a rs l ev i e d a mon

g t h e C is ,

Rh e n a n e G erma n s t o fa ll up on t h e C h erusc i a n d M a rsi w hil e h e C h g i d

,
en sc an

M ars
,

hi msel f w i t h four ot h er l eg i on s a n d d oubl e t h e n umb er of a uxili a ri e s

"
, ,

p roc e e d e d a a i n st t h e C h a t t i
g H e b urn e d M a t t i a c um th e i r p ri n c ip a l g m m m .
,
15
e

v ill a g e re st ore d t h e fort ifi c a t i on s of D rusus u on M oun t T a un us a n d

, p , ,

a ft er a me rc il ess ill f t h e O en c oun try d l u h t f i t d

g
a e o a n s a r li S g
p g p g e o s e ,
e

es’
vers e es

fen c el e ss a n d un w a rlike i n h a bi ta n t s re t urn e d l a d en w i t h b oot y t o h i s , , ,

he a d— qua rte rs a t M og un t ia c um C aec in a mea n w hil e a t t a c k e d a n d d e .

, ,

fe a t e d t h e M a rsi a n d p reve n t e d t h e C h erusc i from a ffordi n g a ssi st a n c e

,

t o t h e di st ressed C h a t t i But a ll t h ese mea sures se em sc a rc ely t o h a v e .

c h e c k e d t h e resi st a n c e o f t h e n a t i v e t rib e s ; t h ere a

p p e a re d n o re l a x a t i on
of h ost ili t y n o di s osi t i on t o a p p roa c h or t re a t w i t h t h e i r former ma st ers
p ;
-
,

G erma n i c us t h e refore w a s d oubly gra t ifi e d by t h e a rri va l of messen g ers

from S e g e st e s i mp l ori n g i n st a n t a ssist a n c e a g a i n st t h e en emi es by w h om
,

h e w a s b ese t ; a n d a g a i n st Armi n i us i n p a rt i c ul a r w h ose un d a un te d ,

T a c A n n lib i 51 ( Urg eschichte d er D eutschen , vol i p

‘4
. . . . c . . . . .

Some p erson s imag in e Ma t t iacum t o h ave

15
pla ces i t on t he sit e of t h e t own of Ma den or
b een id e n t ic al w i t h t he modern t ow n of M ars M e t z , on t he river Ma z z e, bet ween Main t z a nd
b urg in H essia Cluver G erm A n t lib iii C a ssel
—
. . . . .
. .

p 53 2
. Pfi st er ( vol i p
. followin g Ba rt h e, . . .

VOL . I .
 118 C APT V T I I Y OF T H U SN EL DA WI F E O F
, A RM INI U S .
[Book I .

i i t st i mul a t e d t h e w a rlik e a rd our o f h is c oun try men a n d k ep t a li ve

sp r ,

t h e v i n di c t i ve feeli n g s w i t h w hi c h t h ey reg a rd e d t h e l a t e O re ssors of

p p
t h e i r c oun t ry a n d t h e re c en t b ut c h ers of t h e i r d efen cel ess w i ves c hil
, ,
16
d re n a n d rel a t i ves , .

Th oug h Seg est es mi g h t p a lli a t e t h e p a rt h e h a d t ak en ag a i n st V a rus ,

h e c ould n e i t h er di sgui se n or d en y i t T h e R oma n s i n d ee d w ere n ot .

, ,

w ell i n c l i n e d t o a d mi t h i s e x c uses But t h e re n e w a l of t h e c on n exi on a t .

t h e p re sen t momen t p romi se d a d va n t a g es w hi c h for w a n t of more solid ,

wh d li o
? t rop hi es
e vers "
G erma n i c us did n ot c h oose t o foreg o
,
By some un k n own .

h d ug h
Tllu ld t h fa t a l i t y Th usn eld a t h e w 1 fe of Ar mi n l us h a d fa ll en i n t o h er fa t h er s

m
i a er
’
sne a t e , , ,

tgfif? p ow er : S ieg ismun d t h e son of S eg est es h a d b e en guil t y of d esert i n g t h e

‘
, ,

K m wo a'
se rv i c e of t h e U bi a n a l t a r t o w hi c h t h e R o ma n s h a d a t t a c h e d h i m a n d ,

over t o t h e d est roy e rs of V a rus : S i t h i ac us t h e son of Sie e mir

Eg mu g
w d f n
g oi n
er
g g ,

d a n d n ep h ew of S eg est es w i t h ma n y ot h er p erson s of di s t i n c t i on a mon

._ ie is n

u
S th i i ac s, an , g
h i s ret i n ue w ere a ll a lik e guil t y of t h e bl ood of t h e l eg i on s G erma n i c us
, .

“m a m
i
w a s a n x i ous t o ma k e hi mse l f ma st er of t h e p erson s of t h ese i mp ort a n t
c ul ri t s
p a n d w i t h t h a t v i ew h e i n si st e d t h a t S i eg i smun d sh ould b e c ome

t h e b e arer of h i s fa t h er s messa g e : up on t hi s c on di t i on t h e st ron g e st a s

’

sura n c e s of a rd on w e re h eld out t o h i m a n d h e w a s a t l e n g t h p ersua d e d

p ,

t o p ut h is t rust i n t h e p romi ses of R ome a n d t o p l a c e hi msel f i n t h e h a nd s ,

of G erma n i c us H e w a s c iv illy rec e i ve d ; a n d t h e R oma n s h a st en e d w i t h

”
.

out d el a y t o e x t ri c a t e S e e st e s from his eril ous c on di t i on a n d t o c on d u

”
g p ct ,

t h e i r n e w c li e n t s t o t h e Rhi n e Th usn e ld a w a s t re a t e d w i t h out di sg ui se a s

gi sn g
s u c
. , ,
e n s
t w d Thu a
o ar
p
s ri son er of w a r
s S h e w a s a woma n sa y s T a c i t us
. ra t h er a ft er h e r , ,
"e ld a
h usb an d s t h a n h er fa t h e r s h ea rt
’
S h e st ood t ea rl e ss a n d un d a un t e d
’
'

b e fore h er e n emy st ri v i n g on ly t o c on c e a l t h e a pp eara n c es of preg n a n c y

,

w hi c h mi g h t h a ve a dd e d a z est t o t h e c on t e mp t ibl e l ust of t ri ump h w hi c h

g l a n c e d i n t h e e y es of h e r e x ul t i n g c a p t ors H er fa t h er w i t h a l most .
,

i n c redibl e b a sen ess a b a n d on e d h is c hild w i t h out t h e a pp e a ra n c e of

,

rel uc t a n c e t o t h e u bli c i g n omi n y a n d moc k ery of a t ri ump h l ea v i n g i t

p ,

t o t h e R oma n t o d e t ermi n e w h e t h er sh e sh ould b e t rea t e d as t h e

d a ug h t er of a fri en d or a s t h e w i fe of a n
4 11 t h p B
ese c a u t u p o n t hi s m a t t er G er m a n i c us h a d a l re a dy d ec id e d Th u s n e ld a a n d .

222 353; h er b rot h er S ieg ismun d w ere p l a c ed i n se c ure c ust ody a n d reserv e d for
2
3 ,

c hi e f hi mse l f w a s a ll ow e d t o c on t i n ue a t
{ ix h h e d eg ra di n xhibi i T h
f
t t
-

g e on e .

f G m i u l ar e a n d e ven r d d i h n t of t e rri t ory n ea r C as t ra V e t era

o er an c s
g e w a, r e w t a g ra ,

T hus t he Germa n in t erpre t a t ion of t he passag e A rmin ius cou

be ig n ora n t t h a t peac e wit h
ld n ot
Rome w as b ut a n ot her n a me for subj ec t ion
—
i n T a c An n l ib i c 57 w ould run :
. . . . . L e ga t i a
. .

S egest e ven e run t , aux ilium oran t e s a d versus vi m '

7 T a o An n lib i c 57
. . S tra bo, G eog r
. . . .
.

po pularium a q ui s c ircumse deb a t ur ; v a lid iore lib vii

. .

a ud eo s Arm in io, q uan d o b ellum suad eb a t

"

p .
Ch a p iii Sec
. . . HI S A D D RESS T O HI S C O UN T RY MEN .
1 19

un d er R oma n superi n t en d en ce ; b ut n o a t t emp t w a s ma de t o ma ke use

of h i m a s a n i n st ru men t for re est a bli shi n g a R oma n p a rt y a mon g h is -

own c oun t ry men T h e ti me for tha t seems t o h a ve g on e by ; a n d for S g t i k

.
,
e es es s p s
i t i m gm
t un a t ely for t h e G erma n s con quest b e t ter sui t ed t h e w a rlik e di sp ositi on fi
n o n

, can ce.

of G erma n i c us t h a n t h e c orru i oli c y of Augu u Tib i us 18

p t ng
p st s o r e r .

T h e i n di gn at i on of Armi n ius a t t h e c a p t ure of his w i fe a n d t h e sl a v ery A mi iu p , r n s a

”
of h i s
y e t u n b orn offs ri n
p g v e n t e d i t se l f i n
p a ssi on a t e a pp e a l s t o h i s
,

c oun t rymen a n d fervid exh ort a t i on s t o resi st a n c e a g a i n st t h e sa n ui n a ry

g g i t h a a ns is

n em
y a n d ve n g e a n c e up on t h e fa i t hl ess t ra i t or wh o h a d b roug ht t h ese ; 2 g25 §m
r 0} 1
,

foul wron g s up on h i s coun t ry a n d hi msel f O h on oura bl e fa t h er ! h e ims . a

e x c l a i me d 0 grea t i mp era tor ! O g a ll a n t a rmy w h ose a c hi eve

m ans '

men t s a re a ll summe d up in t h e a bduc t ion of on e p oor w oma n ! whil e

I h ave sw ep t a w a y th ree w h ol e l eg i on s a n d a s ma n y g en era l s ; a n d
t hat n ot by t re a c h ery b ut ma n t o ma n i n op en b a t t l e
, T h e t rop hi es of my .

d ee d ma y b e see n t o t hi s d a y susp en d e d i n t h e n a t ive g rove s of G erma n y

i n h on our of t h e n a ti on a l god s ! L e t S eg est es c ul t i v a t e t h e en sl a ve d
sh ores of t h e Rhi n e
. le t hi m get b a c k t h e p ri est h oo d for h is son ; b ut
,
-

let t h e p eopl e of G erma n y n ever forg e t t h a t t h roug h hi m a n d suc h a s b e ,

t h ey h a d b een c on d emn e d t o w itn ess t h e rod a n d t h e a x e a n d t h e t og a , ,

of R ome b e t w e en t h e Elb e a n d t h e Rhi n e N a t i on s a t a di st a n c e ma y b e

i g n ora n t of Roma n govern men t —un a c qua i n t e d w i t h t h e d ea th strok e of
.

t h e li c t or —
-

s t ra n e t o t h e ex t ort i on s of t h e
p ubli c a n ; b ut w h en t h e y

”
'

, g
h a ve on c e fe l t a n d sh a k e n t h em off n e i t h er t h e d e ifi e d Augustus n or
, ,

t h e fa me d Tib eri us w ill t h e y dre a d more far l e ss a ra w y out h a t t h e ,

h e a d of a mut i n ous a rmy 19

.

A p owerful c hi ef n a me d I n guioma r t h e p a t ern a l un c l e of Armi Th G m i

, ,
e er an c
f d
n ius wh o h a d i n former t i me s b een w ell di s ose d t owa rd s t h e R oma n s
y con e era c

, p t d d d , ex en e an

f fid
l
t og e t h e r w i t h a ll t h e n ei g hb ouri n g trib es n ow a c c e d e d t o t h e c oa li t i on ffizfl fi ,

of w hi c h A rmi n i us w a s a c k n ow l e d e d G erma n i c us sa w t h e if£ :

h ea d
n
1
g .
!

st orm g a t h e ri n g a n d fe l t t h e n ec essi t y of di s ersi n t h e t h re a t e n i n g m ar.

,
p g
e l eme n t s b e fore t h e y sh ould b e c ome formid a bl e by un i on C aec i n a ri g i di .
, t

w i t h fort y c oh orts of i n fa n try ma rc h e d di re c t ly up on t h e Ems ; P e d o ti fG m ? “ ° e a ‘

, ,
11 1 0 11 8 .

w i t h t h e c a va l ry p roc ee d e d th roug h t h e l a n d of t h e Fri sii t ow ard s t h e C i

.
d e c n a an
P d m h by
sa me w hile G erma n i c us hi msel f w i t h four leg i on s emb a rke d on l d t t h
e o arc
oi n t r , s an o e

t h e Rhi n e a n d sa ili n g th roug h t h e c a n a l of D rusus a n d t h e Z uy d er Z ee £3;

8
-
, , ,

re a c h e d t h e mout h of t h e Ems b
y s ea T h e C h a uc i the h ere di t ar y t hith
.
by
,
er 5“

e n e mi e s of t h e C h erusc i en t e re d i n t o t erms of a c c ommod a t i on w i t h t h e

, £3 3 533
Roma n s L uc S t ert in ius wi t h a d eta c h men t of li g h t t roop s fe ll sud wmith th R
. .
, ,
a ns .
e 0

Stra bo, lib . x v n.

p 29 2
. .
—T ac . An n lib i
. . .
‘
9
Ta c A n n lib i
. . . . c . 59 .
 T H RD I EXPED I T I O N OF G ERMA N I C US .
[Book I .

d e n ly up on t h e B ruc t e ri , a n d a mon g t h e sp oil , rec ove re d t h e ea gl e of t h e

,

un fort un a t e t hi rt y fi rst l eg i on -
.

A ft er ra va g i n g t h e e n t i re di st ri c t b e t we en t h e Ems a n d t h e L i p p e ,

G erma n i c us sen t forwa rd C aec i n a i n t h e di rec t i on of t h e fa t a l fore st of

T eut ob urg w i t h i n st ruc t i on s t o sc our t h e w ood s, t o surve y t h e c oun t ry ,
,

and to p ra c t i c a bl e roa d s ov er t h e sw a mp s
c on st ruc t Wh en t hi s servi c e .

w a s a c comp li sh e d t h e w h ol e a rmy e n t ere d t h e ill omen e d forest i n sil e n c e

,
-

a n d i n sorrow T h e sp ot w h ere V a rus a n d h is l eg i on s h a d fa ll en a

.

sa c rifi c e t o t h e v i ol a t e d lib ert y a n d h on our o f a hi h s i ri t e d

g p p eop l e
-

w as ma rk e d by h e a p s of w hi t e n i n g b on e s ; some h a l f rui n ous moun d s -

sh ow e d w h ere t h e l a s t e n c a m me n t h a d b e en a t t e m t e d a n d hill oc k s of
p p ,

un b uri e d re ma i n s i n di c a t e d t h e p l a c es w h ere t h e g re a t est c a rn a g e h a d

t a k en p l a c e T h e ri t es of se p ul t ure w e re p erforme d a mid t h e l oud

”
.

l a men t a t i on s of t h e w h ol e a rmy ; n o on e k n e w sa y s T a c i t us wh e , ,

t h e r h e w a s b uryi n g t h e b on e s o f rel a t i ve or s t ra n g er y e t every reli c ,

wa s a s d e a r t o h i m a s t h e n e a re s t ki n d re d c ou ld h a v e ma e i t
d 2o
.

W i t h ey es overfl ow i n g w i t h t ea rs a n d h e a rt s b urn i n g w i t h t h e d esi re ,

of ve n g e a n c e G erma n i c us led h i s a rmy i n p ursui t of t h e re t i ri n g

,

G erma n s 1
Armi n i us k n ew t h a t t h e s t re n g t h of h is c oun t ry la y i n h er
.
2

wood s a n d ma rsh es ; h e t h ere fore re t re a t e d t o a p osi t i on a pp a ren t ly ,

op en i n fron t b ut i n re a li t y c ove re d by hidd e n sw a mp s

, his fl a n k s a n d
rea r w ere p rot ec t e d by d e n se forest s i n w hi c h t h e gre a t er p a rt o f h i s ,

i n fa n t ry w a s p ost e d U p on t h e op e n g roun d in fron t h e sh ow e d on ly suc h

n umb ers a s h e t h oug h t m
.

i g h t a ll ure t h e R oma n s t o t h e a t t a c k G erma .

n i c us g a v e i n t o t h e s n a re ; h e di re c t e d t h e c a v a l ry a n d li g h t i n fa n t ry t o

c h a r g e t h e fron t o f t h e G erma n p osi t i on I n t hi s op era t i on t h e a ssa il a n t s

.

foun d t h e mse l v e s i n t urn a t t a c k e d on b ot h fl a n k s by t h e G erma n w a r

ri ors w h o i ssue d sudd e n ly a n d i n g re a t n umb e rs from t h e w ood s
,
and ,

u t t h e c a v a l ry t o fli g h t T h e a ux ili a ry c oh or t s n ex t g a v e w a y an d
p . ,

t h e c on fuse d a n d mi n g l e d ma ss of h orse a n d foot we re p ush e d b a c k

up on t h e un solid a n d sw a mp y groun d b e hi n d t h em H ere mul t i t ud es .

eri sh e d a n d t h e rema i n d e r w a s b a rely sa v e d from d est ruc t i on by t h e

p ,

a d va n c e o f t h e l eg i on a ri e s le d by G erma n i c us i n p e rso n
2 2
.

A ft er t hi s e n g a g eme n t G erma n i c us i mme di a t ely re t rea t ed t o t h e Ems ,

w h ere h e emb a rk e d h is ow n c orp s di rec t i n g C aec i n a t o p roc ee d by t h e ,

di rec t roa d t o h is qua rt ers a t C a st ra V e t era W i t h a vi e w t o li g h t en .

Ta o A n n lib i c 6 0 , 6 1
. . . . . . fe red a severe C ert a in ly, in modern
repulse .

’1
I b id 0 6 2. . . w arfa re w e should n o t t h in k t he p h ra se
, cl
'2
S uch t hin k a fa ir summa ry of T ac it us s
I ’
ma n ib us aequis ab scessum, ap plicable Ta c . .

a ccoun t of t h is e n gag e men t T he Romans suf . An n lib i c 63

. . . . .
C hap iii Sec
. . . I
D SA ST RO US RET REAT OF CZEC I N A .

t h e shi p s over t h e fl a ts a t t h e mo ut h of t h e Ems t wo l eg i on s un d er l d ; Vit l , ,

an e

Vi t elli us w ere ord ere d t o ma rc h by t h e c oa st roa d t o a p oi n t w h ere iffglgtbfi

_

h e
-

wm
,

t h e fl ee t w a s t o t a k e t h em on b oa rd T h e i g n ora n c e of t h e R oma n s th e sea ‘

'

. ,

an d t h e a c t i vi t y of t h e en emy c on t rib ut e d t o ren d er t h e re t rea t

,

of b ot h t h e se di visi on s ex c ee di n gly di sa st rous A rmi n i us a dh ere d .

ri g idly t o t h e mod e of wa rfare w hi c h h a d a l re a dy

p rove d so w e ll

a d a t e d t o t h e h a bi t s of h i s c oun t rymen a n d so fa t a l t o t h e i r e n emi es C i t

p a c na a .
.
,
A
T h e li n e of ma rc h of C aec i n a la y i n p a rt a l on g a n a n c i e n t a n d d e c a y ed
"

m
c a use w a y ori g i n a lly l a id d own
,
by L D omi t ius Ah en ob a rb us a n d h t t mpt t 3
. ,
2
ea e s o

c on st ruc t e d o f b ea ms a n d wood w ork ov er a ma rshy t ra c t of a b out $

-

232323
, ,
A h mb b
t e n mil e i le g h T h e soil on e i t h er sid e c on si st e d of sli pp e y
? e a‘ “
s n n t . r

b og or t en a c i ous sli me ski rt e d a t some di st a n c e by g e n t l e emi n e n c es

, ,

c overed w i t h i mp en e t ra bl e fore st s A rmi n i us w i t h h is li g h t a rme d .

,
-

foll owers l ea vi n g b e hi n d t h em every t hi n g w hi c h mi g h t i mp ed e t h e i r

,

moti on s h a st e n e d t h roug h t h e w ell k n own b y w a y s a n d forest p a th s t o

,
- -

a i n t h e a dva n c e of t h e R oma n s w h o ma rc h e d sl ow ly t ow a rd s t h e sa me
g ,

p oi n t en c umb ere d w i t h b a g g a g e a n d un p rov id e d w i t h li g h t t roop s

,

c a a bl e of c o i n
p p g w i t h t h ose of t h e G erma n s
‘
C mc i n a foun d t h e c a use h fi d it i . a n s n

w a y (n ow t h e on ly p ra c t i c a bl e i ssue from h i s a c t ua l p os i t i on ) i n so rot t en 21 12 31321;

2
a n d d ec a y e d a st a t e t h a t i t b e c a me n e c e ssa ry ra t h er t o rec on st ruc t t h a n G
m er a n s,
,

t o re p a i r i t H e wa s by t hi s t i me c omp l e t ely surroun d e d by t h e e n e my

.
,

wh o oc c up i e d t h e c a use w a y a n d t h e fore st s on e i t h er sid e H e t h ere fore .

p i t c h e d a st ron g c amp up on t h e fi rme st g roun d h e c ould fi n d a n d but d , ri ves

them fmm t
.

h a vi n g d ri ve n t h e G erma n s from t h e c a usew a y di st ribut e d h i s troop s in

.

’‘
,

Worki n g p a rt i es a l on g i t w i t h st a t i on s a t i n t erva l s for t h e i r p rot e c t i on H mm

, , e co en ces

whil e h e k ep t h is reserve s in h a n d t o h a st e n t o t h e a ssi st a n c e of ziflix gffi

’
fi,
a ny
p a rt of t h e li n e w hi c h mi g h t b e h a rdly p resse d T h e G erma n s .

t urn e d t h e a dva n t a g es t h e y p ossesse d t o g ood a c c oun t ; t h e y b rok e

t h roug h t h e l on g li n e of t h e R oman s a t severa l p oi n t s ; t h e work men ,

i mmerse d i n b og a n d oo z e were i n c a p a bl e of re si st a n c e ; t h e st a t i on s
,

were surroun d e d a n d h a ra sse d on every sid e T h e C h erusc a n s a c c us i u u d d .

,
s s rro n e

t ome d t o use t h el r l on g s ea rs W l t h e ffec t e ve n on th e most sl i

d h a ar

p pp ery at h éfii , e

g r o u n d a n d
, a t e x t ra or di n a ry di s t a n c e s a vo id e d c l ose c o mb a t T h e
m ans ;
, .

Roma n soldi er re q ui re d a fi rm foot i n g t o h url h i s j a veli n w i t h a d va n t a g e

'

h e w a s b e sid es en c umb ere d w i t h a rmour a n d e r l ex ed by a os i di t f th

p p p m mm
,
s ress o e

t i on i n w hi c h i t w a s obv i ous t h a t n ot hi n g b ut sup eri or p hy si c a l st ren g t h

‘

9
I n t h e year A C 7 54, t h erefore i n t he
. U . . t a usch er -
Haid e)
i n t he lin e of th e t ow n s of
,

secon d y ear of t he C h rist ia n era Cluver ( G erm . . Ha m, A lem, a n d L urig h ausen , i n West ph a lia ,
A n t lib iii c 9 p
. . . h old s t he remain s of
. . .
t o b e t h e re mn a n t s of t h e causew a y of Domit ius .

b eams a n d woodw ork in h is t i mes dug up in t h e See also S ch ut en , Hist West ph p 55, who . . .

san d s an d b o s of t he M oor of Bret an sch urs

g ( Bre co n c .
1 22 D ST R ESS O F T HE RO MA
I NS .
[Book I .

h ardih ood a n d e n dura n c e c ould p l a c e h im up on a n e qua li t y w i t h t h e

,

e n e my But C aec in a w a s n ot a V a rus ; t h roug h out t h e fi rst d a y t h e

24
.

soldi e rs c on t i n ue d t h e un e qua l st ru ggl e w i t h a d mi ra bl e p ersevera n c e .

Ye t d a rk n ess b rough t t h em sc arc ely a n y re sp it e from t h ei r l a b ours a n d

“ sufferi n s T h e a c t i ve en e my w ere up on t h e a l ert a ll n i g h t Th ey h a d
i ééifiiii
g
g . .
,

fl d th w k i t see ms c on t ri ved t o d a m up t h e w a t ers up on t h e h i g h groun d s ; a n d

oo e or s
, ,

o en i n
p g t h e s l ui c es fl ood e d t h e st a t i on s a n d d row n e d t h e w ork s of t h e
,

R oma n s w h ose l a b ours w ere t h us ren d ere d d oubly e xh a ust i n g

, .

Th y b
e m ec o D ej ec t i on w a s fa st Sp rea di n g a mon g t h e i r ra n k s I n suc h a p o
e .

d t d; b t
srt i on C aec rn a k n ew t h a t i n a c t i on mus t b e fa t a l ; h e t h ere fore ma d e a
ec

ow erful e ffort t o c l e a r t h e w ood s on h i s fl a n k s ; h e forme d on e l e i on

p g
m h
a rs
on t h e ri g h t a n d a sec on d on t h e l e ft of t h e c a usew a y w i t h a st ron
g ,

a d va n c e d
g ua rd on t h e h a l f fi n ish e d roa d a n d a t hi rd l eg i on t o p rot ec t
-

t h e rea r A n a rrow sp a c e of fi rm g roun d lyi n g b et ween t h e forest a n d

. ,

t h e fe n en a bl e d h i m t o ma k e t h ese di sp osi t i on s
, T h e b a g g ag e w as sen t .

forw ard a l on g t h e v ery skir t s of t h e w ood s A ft er a d a y of i n c essan t .

fi g h t i n g g rea t bl ood sh e d a n d fa t i gue h e suc c ee d ed i n re a c hi n g t h e ex

, , ,

t re mi t y of t h e ma rsh a n d e n c a mp e d for t h e n i g h t up on st ron g er g roun d

;i fl gg g gg
ca n
‘
f , .
‘r

x oc m iii i Thi s n i g h t lik e t h e fi rst w a s S p e n t i n w a t c h ful n e ss a n d i n c essa n t

, ,
l m
a l a rms ; t h e w ood s resoun d e d w i t h t h e fest i v i t i es a n d tri um h a n t y e ll s of
a ar s‘

p
t h e b a rb a ri a n s T h e fi res of t h e R oma n s b urn t di mly a n d omi n ously ; a n d
.

t h e ir v e ry v o i c e s w ere b rok en i n t o h oa rse w hi sp ers a s t h e y la d

y own
d ej e c t edly b e n ea t h t h e i n t ren c h men t s or w a n d ere d i n rest l ess a n xi e t y ,

from t en t t o t e n t T h e c on t a g i on of sup erst i t i ous a l arm a ssa il e d e ve n t h e

.

st out h e a rt o f C asc i n a ; t h e b odi n

g sil e n c e of t h e c a mp t h e si mil a ri t y of ,

h is ow n p osi t i on t h e ex ul t i n g c ri e s of t h e b a rb a ri a n s a roun d h im b roug h t

, ,

t o h is mi n d t h e l a st n i g h t o f V a rus i n t h e forest o f T e ut ob urg a n d c on ,

j ure d up t h e bl e edi n g a n d mut il a t e d form of t h a t un fort un a t e l e a d er t o h is

m u q uit t e rr ifi e d i ma i n a t i on T h d wn of d a b roug h t n o b e t t er ros e c ts
e a s
g e a y .
p p
21255335 a l on g w i t h i t T h e li n e of ma rc h w a s rep e a t edly b rok en t h roug h by t h e
. .

fifi
i
hi
ce
G e rma n s ; t h e t roop s c row di n g t og e t h er for mut ua l sup p ort b ec a me
‘

; gg

”
a
, ,
a e.

a e sun k i mmov e a bly i n t h e d e e

o

c on fuse d a n d d i sord ere d ; t h e b a

”
gg g p
soil Armi n i us wa s seen c h e eri n g on h is c oun t ry men t o t h e b a t t l e
. .

B e h old ! h e ex c l a i me d V ar us a n d h is l eg i on s a g a i n ! le t t h e same
,

fa t e ov e rt a k e t h ese n ew i n va d ers .

T h e R oma n s were fa lli n fa st b e n ea t h t h e sp e a rs of t h e i r en emi es t h e

g
c a v a l ry slid a b out u on a soil sli ery w i t h sl a ug h t er : t h e h orse of
p p p
C ae c in a w a s kill e d un d er h im a n d h e n a rrowly e sc a p e d fa ll i n g i n t o t h e
R m“ f
,

,h bu b ui mh a n d s of t h e en e my T h e ra p a c i t y of t h e b a rb a ri a n s on c e more p roved
, o
a
e a .

Sch a tan , Hist . West ph . c . 56 .

Cha p iii Sec
. . . CE C INA EXT R I CAT ES HI MSEL F , 1 23

t h e sa lva ti on of the my ;
ar a p a rt of
b a g g a g e w a s a b a n d on e d t o
the
th em; a n d w hil e t h e y we re i n ten t up on p lun der t h e Roma n s g a i n e d ,

ti me t o surroun d t h emsel ves w i t h i n tren c h men t s stron g en ough t o

a fford a n a syl um for a n ot h er n i g h t But t h e l oss of t h e grea ter p a rt of M l h ly
.
e a nc o

t h e i r tren c hi n g t ools re n d ere d t h e work t oil some a n d i n effi c i en t ; t h e 5 12223332 .

t en t s of t h e army t h e d ressi n gs for t h e w oun d e d f h a d a ll b een a b a n

,

don ed t o t h e en e my I n t hi s d est itut e c on di t i on t h e soldi ery div id ed out

.

t h e i r l a st re ma i n i n g mea l soil e d a s i t w a s w i t h mud a n d g ore : t h e

,

stoutest h ea rt s b urst i n t o l oud l a men t a t i on s t h a t t h e li h t of a n ot h er d a y

g
sh ould see t h e d e a t h of so ma n y t h ousa n d s A fa l se a l a rm i n t h e n i g h t
.

h a d n e arly p rec i p ita t e d t h e d estruc ti on t o w hi c h a ll n ow l ook e d forward

a s a c ert a i n con su mma ti on a h orse b rok e l oose from i t s t eth er a n d t h e ,

sh out s of t h e p ursuers Sp rea d a p a n i c t h roug h t h e c a m t h e wh ol e a rmy

p
rush e d t owa rd s t h e g a t e O pp osi t e t o t h a t a t w hi c h t h e di sturb a n c e h a d

a ri sen C ae c in a w a s t h e fi rst t o p erc e ive t h e error ; h e ra n t ow a rd s t h e g a t e ,

a n d fi n di n g e xh ort a ti on s a n d a ssura n c e s v a i n h e t h re w hi msel f p rost ra t e

,

a cross t h e a p erture t h a t t h e soldi ers mi g ht ass ov er t h e b ody of t h e i r

,
p
c omma n d er i f t h e y p ersevere d i n t h e i r sh a me ful fli g ht Thi s a p p e a l t o .

t h e i r c omp a ssi on a n d sen se of h on our suc c ee d e d ; ord er a n d di sc i p li n e

were re store d b ut h op e c a me n ot a l on g w i t h t h e m
, .

I n t hi s d e sp era t e c on di t i on t h e milit ary c oll ec t e d n ess a n d ex p e ri en c e C i aac n a re

o f C asc i n a sug e ste d a n e x e di e n t whi c h h a d b e en ra re ly k n own t o fa il ;fi fiffi t

’
g p e a ,

a g a i n st a b a rb a ri a n en e my e l a t e d by suc c e ss H e direc t e d t h e t r0 0 p s t o 32 33
1 18
.

lie c l ose w i t hi n th e i r i n tren c h men t s t rust i n g t h a t t h e en e my e m wi th i h i n s

hm m
, ,
ut
b olden e d by t h e dre a dful l osses t h e army h a d a l rea dy susta i n ed a n d
l ren c e s'

t h e a p p ea ra n c e of d ej ec ti on w hi c h t h e i r i n a c t i v i t y would c a rry w i t h i t ,

mi g ht ma ke on e of t h ose h ee dl ess a t ta c k s from w hi c h t h e R oma n s h a d

on ma n y oc c a si on s d eri ve d suc h si n a l a d va n t a es
g g .

W i t h t hi s v i ew t h e l eg i on s reduc e d a n d w orn out a s t h e y were took T h l t d

, , , e e a e

th e i r st a t i on s i n sil en t ex p ec t a t i on of t h e i ssue M e a n w hil e t h e ex ul t i n g gfgfifj i

.
d
o
e ‘

G erma n s w h o n ow rega rd e d t h e d e struc t i on of C aec i n a a s c ert a i n fi ll]; b i

,
z; ,

p resse d t h e i r comman d ers t o l e a d th em t o t h e a ssa u lt of t he c am

p a n d th
Am m
fi
di f ee ce o

e n d t h e w a r a t a bl ow : Armi n i u
s‘
s di ssua d e d : h e a dv i se d h i s c oun t ry

men t o p ermit t h e Roma n s t o put t h emsel ves on c e more i n marc h a n d ,

t h e n t o surroun d a n d h a ra ss t h em by th ose i n c e ssa n t a t t a c k s w hi c h h a d

a l re a dy re duc e d th e m t o e xtremi t y I n g uioma r on t h e c on t ra ry urg e d
.
, ,

th a t a gen era l storm up on t h e Roman c a mp c ould n ot n ow fa il of suc c ess ,

a n d th a t t h e v i c t ory t h us d ec id e d w ould t h row more c a p tive s i n t o t h e i r

h a n d s a n d p reserve t h e b oot y i n b e tter c on di t i on for t h em Thi s

,
.

a dv i c e suit e d t h e gre e dy a n d c on fid e n t t e mp er of b a rb a ri a n s Ao .

c ord i n g l a t b re a k of d a t h e R oma n li n es w ere fi erc el y a ssaulte d

y , y , .
1 24 A N D REA C H ES T HE R H IN E .
[Book I .

T h e b e si eg e d t roop s ll ow e d t h e e n emy t o fill up t h e di t c h es t o ra i se

p
r he t
j a
wfi
es a
,

i ti g g, moun d s a g a i n st t h e i n t re n c h me n t s a n d e ve n t o moun t t h e w all s ; fe w

,

t h e ra mp a rt ; t h ose w h o w ere se e me d
iiz gggfi t
h
soldi e rs w e re and
fs e
‘ see n on
n e ee

a i t th
et re
mot i on l ess w i t h t e rror \Vh en t h e e n t i re b a rb a ri a n h ost h a d t h us c om
.

mi t t e d i t sel f i n on e t umul t uous a ssa ul t t h e a n x i ously e x p ec t ed si g n a l w as

a 0 e
Rh me w it h out ,

i T h ou n d a roun d t h e c a m w a s o e n a n d un en c umb e re d
g ven . e g r p p
a fa i r fi eld for R oma n t a c t i c s a n d v a l our ; t h e G e rma n s h a d fl un w y
g a a

a ll ord e r a n d c a ut i on ; a n d t h e R oma n c oh orts foun d li t t l e di ffi c ul t y i n

i n fli c t i n g up on t h em a severe a n d w ell meri t e d d e fea t I n guioma r -

.

e sc a p e d w oun d e d ; A rmi n i us w a s un h a rme d ; b ut a n O pp ort un i t y w a s

l ost of st riki n g a bl ow w hi c h w ould h a ve l a me d t h e n erve e ve n of Roma n

v a n i t y a n d fi n a lly st a m e d t h e fore st s a n d sw a mp s of G e rma n y a s d oome d
, p
a n d un a
pp roa c h a bl e g roun d But n ow t h e c h a rm w hi c h t h e V a ri a n
.

ove rt h row h a d t h row n a roun d i t w a s di ssol v e d ; a n d t h e soldi e r b e c a me

c on v i n c e d t h a t a s l on a s h e did n o t d ese rt hi mse l f t h e di sc i li n e a n d

g p
”
, ,

t a c t i c s of R ome w ould h ea r h im sa fe ly t h roug h ev e ry c on t i n en c y o f

g
?
b a rb a ri a n w a rfa re
A grippi n a, N o i mp e di men t st ood i n t h e w a y of a n un mol est e d re t re a t t o t h e
t he “ re “
Ge rma n ic us, Rhi n e Th ere a ll w a s c on fusi on a n d t error A re p ort p reva il e d t h a t t h e
. .

m 9 9 '5 ‘h e
‘

1e ion s of C aec in a h a d b ee n c ut ofl lik e t h ose o f V a rus a n d t h a t t h e

'
'

g
'
0
re a k m c ,
g d own
V i c t ori ous G erma n s w ere i n fu ll marc t o i n v a d e C a n ] T h e g a rri son
,

h
.

t roop s w ere i n t h e a c t o f b re a k i n g d ow n t h e b ri d g es a n d d e st royi n g

.

t he distresse d

or a b a n d on i n t h e i st s w h en t h e w i fe o f G erma n i c us t h e h ero i c
g r
p o , ,

A gri p p i n a by h er p re sen c e of mi n d a n d t h e i n fl uen c e h er g re a t qua li t i es

, ,

h a d a c q ui re d for h er b ot h i n t h e a rmy a n d t h e st a t e i n t erfere d t o sa v e ,

t h e m from t h e d i sgra c e o f fli g h t a n d t h e ex h a ust e d t ro op s of C aec i n a,

from ut t e r fa mi n e a n d d e st i t ut i on H er p re sen c e a n d a c t i v i t y S h e d
.

c on sol a t i on a n d c omfo rt a mon g t h e i r w e a ri e d ra n k s sh e sup p li e d t h em ,

w i t h p rovi si on s a n d w i t h h er o wn h a n d s serve d out d re ssi n g s for t h e

,

w oun d e d .

R trea t
e of T h e re t re a t of G erma n i cus by sea w a s a t t en d e d w i t h ma n y d a n g ers .

T h e t wo l e g i on s of Vi t elli us i n c on se q ue n c e of t h e i r i g n ora n c e of t h e
,

g age b y t b e t id e s a n d t h e sudd en se t t i n g i n o f t h e a ut umn a l g a l es l ost t h e i r e n t i re ,

b a gg a g e a n d c a mp e q ui p a g e b esid es ma n y soldi ers d row n ed b e fore

, ,

t h e y re a c h e d t h e
p l a c e of e mb a rk a t i on W h en t h e a rmy w a s c ol .

le c t e d i n w i n t er q ua rt e rs i t w a s foun d so muc h re d uc e d t h a t t h e e n t i re
-

, ,

re source s of G a ul S a i n a n d I t a ly w ere
p , p u t
,
i n re q ui si t i on t o su
p p ly i t s

25
Ta c A nn 0 63 —6 9 T he c o n d uct of c a n d of L ab ien us a ga in st t he T re
t h at of

c ioma rus —C o mm li b v c 5 7 a n d
. . . . .

C aac in a w as a ski lfii l re pe t it io n o f t he st ra t a g e m viri o t I n d u

'

. . . .

of C ae sa r u on h is ad va n ce t o t h e re lie f o t C i cero
p 5 8 , a n d lib vi c 7 an d 8
. . . T he un ifo rm success
.

w hen b esieg ed b
y t he N en ii ( C o mm lib v . . . of t his sp e c ies o f st rat a em i s remark able
g .
C hap iii Sec
. . . F O U RT H EXP ED IT I O N O F G ERMA NI C U S .
1 25

l osses i n h orses a rms e qui p a g e a n d t rea sure T h e ex p edi t i on C m ig

p
. a a n
, , , ,

th oug h skil fully p l a n n e d a n d ex e c ut e d w a s ex t re mely di sa st rous t o t h e t h 3 mm

d t 1 8 8 8 t on s 0
, e 0 ,

a rmy e n g a g e d i n it T h e d e p a rture from t h e c i rc umsp ec t p oli c y i fifi fi z ggf

c ‘

m
.

Augustus wa s i n i t sel f a n error t o w hi c h t h e c ra ft y a n d c a ut i ous Tib eri us ap 322

c ould n ot l on g rema i n i n sen s ibl e ; a n d w h a t eve r p ra i se ma y h a v e b e en
3 5 .

due t o G erma n i c us a s a soldi er t h e fa il ure of t h ree suc c e ssi ve c a mp a i g n s ,

must h a ve grea t ly sh a k en h is c redi t a s a st a t esma n a n d i n crea se d t h e ,

emp eror s a n x i e t y t o revert t o soun d er v i e w s T o t h e G erma n s on t h e

’
.
,

”
ot h er h a n d d ec i si ve suc c e ss w a s re n d ere d un a t t a i n a bl e n o t by a n y e rrors
, ,

of t h e i r l ea d er b ut by t h e ordi n a ry p re sump t i on a n d i n sub ordi n a t i on

,

c h a ra c t eri st i c of b a rb a ri a n w a rfa re Armi n ius a l on e st a n d s fort h i n .

,

t h e n a rra t i ve of T a c i t us sup eri or t o rep roa c h a t on c e t h e w i sest of h is

, ,

c oun t ry s c oun sell ors a n d t h e a bl est of h e r g e n era l s

’
.

G erma n i c us th oug h a w a re t h a t h i s remov a l from t h e c omma n d w a s a t G m i u

, er an c s

h an d st ill c l un g t o t h e h op e of rec overi n g t h e c on que st s of his fa t h er i n 533311 31

,
5
.

G erman y 28
Tib erius w e a re old e v i e d m s b a rren v i c t ori e s a n d
. t n hi h i , ,
P a?
,
“

w a s j ea l ous Of hi s extra ordi n a ry i n fl uen c e over t h e a rmy ; y e t h e did n ot

o
pp ose t h e re c rui t i n g a n d re e qui p men t of t h e Rh e n i sh c orp s ; G erma
-

n i c us w a s ermi t t e d t o d en ud e I t a ly G a ul a n d S a i n a n d t o l a v i sh h i s
p p , , ,

ri v a t e fortun e u on re a ra t i on s for a fourt h c a m a i g n

p p p p p .

By t hi s t i me h oweve r t h e n e i g hb ouri n g G a lli c prov i n c e s were foun d A D 1 6

, ,
. . .

i n c a p a bl e of supplyi n g t h e n e c essa ry h orse s st ore s a n d b a gg a g e c a rt s 35 33s ? , ,

-
’

for t h ese di st a n t a n d e x p en si ve l a n d c a mp a ig n s ; a n d G erma n i c us w a s i u n c s

n ow fu lly c on v i n c e d of t h e d a n gers of a l on g ret rea t t h roug h a c oun try

w i t h out p ra c t i c a bl e roa d s a n d i n t ersec t e d w i t h d eep ri vers forest s , , ,

a n d sw a m s A c c ordi n g ly h e d e t ermi n e d t o b uild a fl ee t hi t m

f p s gif
s a
p . o s

n umerous e n ou h t o e mb a rk a n d
g p rov i si on t h e e n ti re a rmy for t h e
sea son I t w a s t o c on si st of b e t t er a n d more ma n a ge a bl e sea b oa t s t h a n
.
-

h i s former v essel s w ere a n d t o b e furn i sh e d w i t h a p rop er n umb e r

,

of fl a t b ot t ome d c ra ft t o e n a bl e h im t o n a v i a t e t h e fl a t s a n d sh o a l s of t h e
g
-

C aeterum ad supplen d a ex erci tus d a mn a from t h e 5 5t h t o t he 7 2d ch ap ter of

'
95
n a rra t ive ,
cert avere G alliaa Hisp an iae, t alia ; q uod cuiq ue I t he l st book of his An n als I n p roof Of t h is, we

”
, .

pro mp t um, a rma , eq uos, aurum, ofieren t es : q uo may re fer t he rea der b y a n t icip at ion t o t he phi
'

ru m laud a t o st ud io G erman icus, a rmis mod o et losophica l eulog ium upon Armin ius in sert ed in
m
,

e qu i s ad b ellum sumpt is, propria p ecun ia ilit e m t he c on cl ud in g c h a pt er of t h e secon d A n nal s .

j uvi t utq ue cla d is memori a m etia m len iret , & c

— T a c An n lib ii c 5 I t is b y n o mean s
9“
. . . . . . .

T a c A n n li b i c 7 1
. . T his i s d e f a ct o a
. . . . . clea r t h a t t he rea son s w hi ch a ft erwa rd s i n d uced
c on fe ssion of d isa p oin t men t a n d d efea t T ib erius t o remove G erman ic us from t h e com
'

p .

27
T hat prej ud ice a n d va n it y w hich so se man d in G erma n y w ere of so purely selfi sh a
ri ously i mp a irs t h e cred it of ever o t h er Roman
y n a t ure a s T a cit us su
gg est s T here wa s more O f .

hist oria n , h ardly fi n ds a re st in g p la ce i n t h e

. b rillia n cy t h a n solid ity in hi s a c hievemen t s ; t h ey
c a n did an d
g enerous spirit of T a cit us w hen h e w ere ex ceed in g ly ex p en sive b ot h i n men a nd
has t he mea n s of ascert a in in g t he t rut h Ar . money , a n d a dd ed n othin g t o t he sub st an t ial
min ius, an d n ot G erma n icus, i s t he hero of his p o wer Of t h e emp ire .

V OL . I .
1 26 IN T ERV I EW O F A RM INIU S W I T H HI S BRO T HER F L AV I U S .
[Book I .

Whil e t hi s fl e e t w a s fi t t i n g out h e d esp a t c h e d t h e

\Vest p h a l ia n i
r vers .
29
,

l eg a t e S ili us up on a n e x p e di t i on a g a i n st t h e C h a t t i a n d h a st e n e d h im ,

se l f w i t h si x l eg i on s t o t h e reli e f of t h e c a st l e of Ali so w hi c h w a s ,

b esi eg e d by t h e C h erusc a n c on fed era t e s I mp e d e d by t h e st ormy .

st a t e of t h e w e a t h er S ili us c oll ec t e d o n ly a li t t l e b oo t y , a n d c a rri e d ,

G em r u off t h e w i fe a n d d a ug h t er o f a c hi ef o f t h e C h a t t i
an i c s A t t h e a pp roa c h .

125123 51 of G erma n i c us t h e C h e rusc a n s a b a n d on e d t h e si e g e of Ali so ; a n d t h e

1
2
9
50 ,

R oma n s foun d t h e fun era l moun d e rec t e d t o t h e me mory of t h e V a ri a n

l eg i on s d emoli sh e d by t h e G erma n s H e rest ore d t h e a l t a r on t h e We ser .

i n h on our of D rusus w hi c h h a d suffere d t h e sa me fa t e ; a n d sec ure d ,

t h e c ommun i c a t i on of t h e fort re ss of Ali so w i t h t h e Rhi n e by a

n e w seri es of fort ifi e d ost s a n d mili t a ry roa d s G erma n i c us t h e n
p .

an d mb k e re t i re d t o t h e t e rri t ory o f t h e B a t a v i
ar s. a n d e mb a rk e d h i s a rmy on b oa rd ,

a fl ee t o f o n e t h ousa n d s hi s w i t h w hi c h h e sa il e d i n t o t h e N ort h S e a
30
p , ,

a n d l a n d e d a t t h e mout h of t h e Ems .

H m h
e t
arc A ft e r c h a st i si n g t h e A n g riva ri i w h o h a d reb ell ed h e ma rc h e d di
es o
, ,
tb “
’

ow a rd s t h e W ese r ere Ar mi n i us h a d t a k en
e eser.
I t wb
n ervx e rec t l
y e t w h up a
p osi t i on

E
,

SSZQE B ot h A rmi n i us a n d h i s b rot h er t o

'
w i t h t h e i n t e n t i on of g i v i n g b a t t l e .
,

om T a c i t us g i v es t h e n a me o f Fl a v i us h a d rec e i v e d t h e i r mili t a ry
“
3532 w h
1“ 8“
,

e d uc a t i on i n G a ul a n d I t a ly a mon g t h e G erma n a uxili a ry t roop s i n t h e

a o f R ome M a n y of t h e p erson s t h us e n g a g e d h a d by t hi s t i me
p y .

row n re y i n fore i g n se rvi c e ; t h e i r h on ours a n d di st i n c t i on s e ven t h e i r

g g ,

mili t a ry p rej udi c e s w e re R o ma n Fl a v i us w a s on e of t hi s c l a ss ; a n d

, .

n ow w i t h out sc r u l e b ore a rms a g a i n st h i s c oun t ry W h en t h e R oma n s

, p , .

c a me i n S i g h t of t h e e n e my A rmi n i us se n t t o re q ue st a n i n t e rvi e w w i t h ,

h is re l a t i v e Fl a v i us O b t a i n e d C aesa r s p e rmi ssi on a n d t h e b ro t h ers me t ’

”
.
,

o n t h e O p osi t e b a n k s o f t h e W eser w hi c h fl ow e d b e t w een t h e h ost il e

p
e n c a mp me n t s Fl av i us h a d l ost a n ey e i n t h e se rvi c e of Rome ; A rmi
.

n i us i n qui re d \Vh e re h e h a d rec e i v e d h is h urt ?

,
T h e ot h er n a me d
t h e p l a c e a n d t h e oc c a si on A n d w h a t wa s t h e re w a rd a a i n in
g
q ui re d A rmi n ius I n c rea se of p a y a c h a i n O f h on our a c rown a n d
.
, , ,

ot h er mili t a ry d i st i n c t i on s A rmi n i us l a ug h e d t o sc orn t h ese p oor .

w a g es of se rv i t ud e Fl a vi us i n t urn en l a rg e d up on t h e g re a t n e ss of
.

R ome t h e p ower of C aesa r a n d t h e seve re c h a st i se me n t i n fli c t e d up on

, ,

t h e c on q uere d ; h e e x t oll e d t h e e ve r re a dy c l eme n c y of t h e e mp i re -

t ow a rd s re p e n t a n t re b e l s a n d a ss ure d h im t h a t i f h e re t urn e d t o h i s
,

a ll eg i a n c e n e i t h er h is w i fe n or h i s c hild would b e a n y l o n g e r re g a rd e d
,

a s e n e mi e s A rmi n i us w i t h out rep lyi n g t o c on sid era t i on s so p urely

.
,

Ta c A n n lib 11 c 5 a nd 6 3°
By t h e c a n al o f D rusus an d t he Z uyd er
—Ta c
. . . . . .

Z ee . . A n n lib
. . n . c. 6 .
Ch ap i ii Sec
. . . CA UT ION OF G ERMA NI C U S .
1 27

se lfi sh ,
dd resse d hi msel f t o t h e b et t er feeli n g s of Fl av i us
a Y our
c oun t ry h e sa id c l a i ms ou t h e a n c i e n t lib er t i es t h e h ouse h old g od s
, y , ,

O f G e rma n y c a ll up on y ou ; t h e mot h er t h a t b ore us b ot h j oi n s h er v oi c e

w i t h t h e i rs a n d i mp l ores y ou t o t a k e y our n a t ura l p l a c e a s a c hi e f of

,

y our p eop l e ra t h er t h a n rema i n a n a li en a n d a t ra i t or t o c oun t ry

, _
, ,

ki n d re d a n d fri en d s
, But t h e se a t t emp t s a t mut ua l p ersua si on w ere E d i mu
.
n s n

suc c e e d e d by a n g ry remon st ra n c e s re p roa c h es a n d men a c e s t h e i n t er

, ,

o i ri ver a l on e p rev e n t e d t h e h ost il e b rot h ers from i mb rui n g t h e i r

p s n
g
h a n d s i n e a c h ot h er s bl ood Fl a v ius i n a p h ren z y of p a ssi on c a ll e d for
’
.
, ,

h orse a n d a rms t o p ursue t h e i n sol en t reb el ; a n d A rmi n i us re t i re d

c h a ll en g i n g t h e t ra i t or t o t h e fi el d
31
.

O n t h e foll ow i n g d a y t h e G e rma n s a p p ea re d i n c li n e d t o di sput e t h e T h R m e o ans

p a ssa g e of t h e riv er ; G erma n i c us t h ere fore s e n t S t ert i n ius a n d fE m,

i ,

li us a cross w i t h e c a va l ry a t a di st a n t ford t o sw eep t h e grou d

t h n i n f ro n t i r ver

a n d t o c le a r t h e O osi t e b a n k of t h e e n emy for t h e u r ose of c on

pp p p ,

st ru c t i n g a n d fort i fyi n g a ro er b rid g e t o sec ure t h e re t rea t o f t h e a rmy

p p
i n c a se of mi sh a p M e a n w hil e C a ri ov a ld a g en era l Of t h e B a t a vi le d Th B t
.
, , ,
e a a Vi an s,
u d C i
h l S t roop s c on s1 st 1 n g of ex p ert sw 1 mmers ov er t h e ri ver w h ere t h e id fi wim
n er ar o

, , va a

c urren t w a s most ra id T h e G e m a n s fe i n e d fli g h t a n d d re w t h e
p r g
.
,

B a t a vi a n s i n t o a n a mb ush a mon g t h e w ood s C a ri ovald a fell a n d w i t h 332235 g .

,
1 sa

h i m ma n y of t h e most di st i n g ui sh e d of h i s offi c ers ; t h e R oma n c a v a l ry i ld i r ova a s

w h o h a d c rosse d by t h e ford w i t h di ffi c ul t y e x t ri c a t e d t h e rema i n d er tfliifi ég m .

a n,

T h e G erma n s t h e n re t i re d i n t o t h e w ood s a n d suffere d t h e en e my t o g

"
ggggg
t e le
gg , n

c om l e t e t h e i r b rid g e a n d c ross t h e ri ver un mol e st e d

p
3 m i .
2 “ 0 85 f vef

W e n ow a pp roa c h a n ot h er O f t h ose a mbiguous c on fli c t s from whi c h t h e

Roma n s c l a i m so muc h h on our y e t re a p e d so li t t l e re a l a dv a n t a ge ,
.

G erma n i c us h a d rec e ive d i n forma t i on c on firme d by t h e soun d s i ssui n g P iti ,

fA os on o r

mmm
from t h e fore st s i n h i s fron t t h e n e i g h i n g of h orse s a n d t h e g li m
s’

, ,

meri n g of w a t c h fi re s t h roug h t h e foli a g e t h a t A rmi n i us h a d t a k en h is ,

fi n a l st a n d a sh ort di st a n c e off i n a grove sa c re d t o t h e G erma n ,

H erc ul e s a n d t h a t h e i n t en d e d t o ma k e a n oc t urn a l a t t a c k up on t h e
,

c a mp . T h e c on duc t of G erma n i c us a t t hi s j un c t ure d e serv es n ot ic e z A i ty f nx e e

w h e t h er h e d oub t e d t h e sp i ri t of h i s t roop s a ft er t h e l a st y e a r s reve rse s

’
,

filz tizggfi
i f
or w h e t h er h e fe l t i n sec ure of t h e fid e li t y a n d z e a l of h i s offi c ers on t h e p °

ev e of a d e c i si ve e n a e me n t w e a re t old t h a t h e
,
g g p a sse d i n di sg ui se
,

t h roug h t h e a rmy i n t h e d e a d of n i g h t li st en i n g t o t h e c on v ersa t i on of t h e ,

soldi ers i n t h e i r t e n t s a n d a t t h e i r me a l s All h e h e a rd c on v i n c e d h im .

t h a t t h e c on fid e n c e of t h e a rmy i n t h e i r l e a d er w a s un i m a i re d a n d t h a t
p ,

t h e i r h a t re d o f t h e e n emy h a d s uffere d n o di mi n ut i on T h e ex p e c t ed .

T a o A nn lib
. . . n . c . 8, 9 , 1 0 . I bid . c .
1 28 BAT T L E O F I D I ST AV I SA O N T HE WESER .
[Book I .

a t t a c k did t a k e p l a c e , a n d h e re t i re d w i t h a li g h t en e d
n ot h e a rt t o h is
t en t , an d ro i t i ous d re a ms c on fi rme d h i s c o n fid en c e i n t h e i ssue of t h e
p p
pp
33
ahi ng bat tle
roa c .

A c c ordi n g t o R oma n c ust om on t h e e ve of a g en era l en g a g e

men t G erma n i c us c a ll e d a me et i n g of t h e a rmy a n d a dd re sse d suc h
, ,

t op i c s t o t h e t roop s a s se e me d b e st c a l c ul a t e d t o st i mul a t e t h e i r
c oura g e ; a n d p e rh a p s t o a ll ev i a t e a pp re h e n si on
, Di sp a ra g eme n t O f h is
,
.

a d v ersa ri e s forme d t h e sub s t a n c e of h i s sp ee c h T h e G erma n s h e ,

a ssure d t h em w ere b ut i n di ffere n t ly a rme d ; a n d t h oug h t h e i r on se t

,

mig h t b e formid a bl e y e t t h e y w ere i mp a t i en t of woun d s a n d i n se n sibl e

,

t o t h e di sg ra c e of d e sert i n g t h e i r l ea d ers ; t h oug h i n suc c e ss t h e y w ere

fe roc i ous a n d c ruel y e t i n di st ress t h e y w e re b ut sk ulk ers a n d c ow a rd s
, .

O n t h e ot h e r sid e A rmi n i us i s ma d e t o urg e t op i c s t oo fa l se a n d e x t ra v a

,

g a n t eve n for b a rb a ri a n c re d uli t y t o h a ve li st en e d t o Th e se R oma n s .

,

h e i s ma d e t o sa y w e re b ut t h e re fuse of t h e V a ri a n a rmy w h o t o a void

h a d mut i n i e d a g a i n st t h e i r O ffi c ers —
, , ,

t h e serv i c e , men w i t h sc a rs on
t h e i r b a c k s a n d li mb s di sa bl e d by t h e b uffe t i n g of w i n d s a n d w a ves

”
,

d ast a rd s w h o h a d c ome by sea t o e sc a p e fa c i n g a n e n e my by l a n d a n d

”
,

se c ure a s h a me ful re t rea t i f b ea t en But i n v a i n sh a ll t h e y rely for sa fe t y .

up on w i n d s a n d oa rs w h e n c omp ell e d t o fi g h t h a n d t o h a n d
'

T h e c on

”
.

c l udi n g e x h ort a t i on i s n a t u ra l R e memb er h e e x c l a i med “

t heir , ,

ra a c i t y
p t h e i r c rue l t y t h e i r p rid e : b ea r i n mi n d t h a t y ou h a ve n ow n o
, ,

resourc e b ut t o ma i n t a i n y our lib erty or t o d i e

34
,
.

B tt l f I di
a e o T h e G erma n a rmy w a s st ron gly p ost e d up on a p l a i n t o w hi c h T a c i t us
s

g i ve s t h e n a me of Idist a visa b e t w e en t h e ri ver Wese r a n d a li n e of i rre

t
a vnsa . 35
,

g ul a r hill s T h e ma i n b ody a s usua l re st e d up on a n O p en forest t h e

.
, , ,

g rea t er p a rt of t h em c on c e a l e d w i t hi n i t s re c esse s T h e w i n g s c on si st i n g .
,

of t h e Ch erusc a n w a rri ors w ere t h row n forw a rd a n d p ost e d u p on t h e hi h

, g
g roun d s i n a dva n c e of t h e p osi t i on rea dy t o fl a n k t h e R oma n a t t a c k ,
.

W hil e G erma n i c us w a s ma ki n g h is di sp osi t i on s for t h e b a t t l e a n d b e fore ,

Th Ch u an a rt o f h i s a m y w a s c ommi t t e d t o t h e a ssa ul t t h e C h erusc a n s

e
b d
y
er s
p r ,

ra shly a b a n d on e d t h e d e fen s i ve sy st e m u on w hi c h t h e ord er of b a t t l e

can s a an on
thei rd f e e n sn e
'

p
p i i
m on t h e R oma n S ki rmi sh ers
os t on a n d
ra shly t ka
w a
tac
s fou n d e d t h e y ru sh e d i p e t uou s ly u p t h e

c a va l ry i n st a n t ly c h a rg e d t h e m i n fl a n k a n d re a r a t o n c e
th R m
e ans a n d di s e rse d
p
o ; ,
th y
e di
a re s

d W th
e rs e
p t h em w i t h g rea t sl a ug h t e r
i A ft er t hi s t h e ma i n b ody w i t hd rew i n t o t h e
.

Armi n i us w a s
l u ht
wood s some d e t a c h e d c orp s w e re p ush e d i n t o t h e ri ve r
s a er.
g
A m u
r i ni s
woun ded .

3
Ib id . 0 . 13 .
—L a d en ( vol i p
. . . ma k es n ot e 1, ugg ests
s an et y A Ro ma n is
mology .

more of t he ma t t er than t here is an

y reason su p osed t o p o in t t o t h e pla in a n d i n q uire i t s
p
for . n a me t he b a rb a ria n replie s I t i st a v isa , it
T a o A n n l ib u
3‘
. . But h ow so , i f t he
. . i s a mea dow Modern G erma n — Es ist e in e
.

en e my w ere i n d eed so c on t e mp t ible ? w iese .

‘5
fif Pfi sler, G esc h d er D eut sche n , vol i p 9 7 ,
. . . . .
C hap iii Se c
. . . SECO ND BAT T L E O N T HE WESER .
1 29

woun d ed , and I n guioma r i s sa id t o h ave e sc a p e d on ly by c ut t i n g h is w ay

e n emy Th us muc h of t h e a c c oun t of T a c i t us i s, a t l e a st ,
36
t hr oug h t h e .

i
c on s st e n t . T h e se que l of hi s n a rra t i ve h owev er t h rows a d oub t up on , ,

t h e w h ol e .dd s th a t t h e rout Of t h e G erma n s wa s t ot a l a n d d ec i

He a ,

si v e ; t h a t t h e sl a u h t er l a st e d from a n e a rly h our i n t h e morn i n

g g
t ill n i g h t fa ll a n d t h a t t h e c oun t ry t o a di st a n c e of t en mil es from t h e
, ,

fi eld of b a t t l e w a s c overe d w i t h t h e i r S l a i n ; t h a t t h e Roma n s t h en

,

erec t e d a moun d i n t ok en of v i c t ory w i t h t h e n a me s O f t h e v a n q ui sh e d ,

n a t i on s i n sc rib e d up on i t ; a n d t h a t t h e b a rb a ri a n s we re SO ex a sp era t e d by

t h i s i n sul t t h a t a b a n d on i n g t h e i r re sol ut i on of re t i ri n g b e y on d t h e Elb e

, , ,

a n d forg e t ful of w oun d s a n d sorrow a n d d e fea t t h e y a g a i n fl ew t o a rms

, , ,

t h a t t h e y ma d e a s udd e n a n d well c on c ert e d on set up on t h e R oma n s

-

a n d t h rew t h e m i n t o di sord e r
7 3
.

T h e resul t O f t hi s a tt a c k 1 s n ot men t i on e d ; b ut on t h e foll ow i n g d a y Th G m e er ans

t h e rout e d a rmy i s a g a i n foun d i n p osi t i on b e t ween t h e ri ver a n d t h e ;jf

l th
l wfifig f y o a

m m
,

w oo s d i n c,
l ose d by d e e
p s w a p s a n d by a v a ll um o r o un d, hi
w c h d t k up
wp m t
,
an
ne
a

o
t
“
a

forme d t h e b oun d a ry b e tween t h e C h erusc a n a n d A n g riva ri a n t er

ri t ory . T h e fron t w a s a c c e ssibl e on ly t h roug h t hi c k woods ; t h e i r
c a va l ry w a s k e p t out of si g ht rea dy t o fa ll up on t h e l eg i on s a s soon
'

, .

as t h e y sh ould b e i n vol v e d i n t h e i n tri c a t e a n d di ffi c ul t a pp roa c h es

G erma n i cus a ft er surveyi n g t h e e n e my s li n e

’
t o t h e i r p osi t i on . , ,

di rec t e d Tub ero w i t h t h e c a va l ry t o p en et ra t e t o t h e fron t of t h e

G erma n s p ost e d i n t h e p l a i n O n e di vi si on of i n fa n t ry w a s ord ere d
.

t o a ssa il t h e w ood a n d a n ot h er t o a t t a c k t h e moun d on t h e o

, ppo
si t e win g G erma n i c us led t h e l a t t er c ol umn i n p erson The G m i u . er an c s
a t t acks
.

a ssa ult h ere w a s rep e ll e d a n d t h e soldi ers w ere w i t hd ra wn t ill t h e 3

, 1i? 1

ma c hi n es for c a st i n g st on e s a n d mi ssiles c ould b e b roug h t up t o dis Th G m e er a ns

fl ng?
i
l odg e t h e d efen d ers A g a i n st t hi s sp ec i es of a rt ill ery t h e n a ke d
.

G e rma n s c ould offer n o e ffec t ua l res i st a n c e ; t h e i r w a rri ors w ere swep t

from t h e ra mp a rt a n d t h e R oma n s e n t ere d t h e forest s i n t h a t di rec t i on
, ,

w hil e t h e i n fa n t ry on t h e O pp osi t e qua rt er a n d t h e c a va l ry i n fron t , ,

foun d li t t l e di ffi c ul t y i n e st a bli shi n g t h emse l ves on t h e op en fron t of t h e

G erma n p osi t i on But h ere t h e R oma n s foun d t h e msel ves i n c l ose d
.

b et ween t h e river a n d t h e li n e of forest hill s oc cup i e d by t h e e n emy ; w hil e -

on t h e ot h er h a n d t h e ret re a t of t he l a tt er w a s c ut O ff by i mp a ssa bl e
,

ma rsh e s in t h e i r rea r : b ot h p a rt ies see med t i e d t o t h e st a ke w i t h li t t l e ,

c h a n c e O f sa fe t y b ut i n v i c t ory A c c ordi n gly t h e c on t est w a s ob st i n a t e D p t u

. es era e c o

a n d sa n g ui n a ry ; A rmi n i us w a s di sa bl e d by h i s re c e n t w oun d from

fl t '
c '

t a ki n g a n a c t i ve sh a re i n t h e en g a g emen t ; b ut t h e li on h ea rt e d I n g ui oma r -

36
Ta c An n lib
. . . 11 c.
. 17 .
“7
Ta c An n lib
. . . 11 . c. 19 .
 1 30 R ET REAT O F G ERMA NI C U S .
[Book I .

fl ewfrom on e p a rt of t h e li n e t o t h e ot h er e n c oura g i n g a ll by h is ex a mp l e ,

an d re se n c e O n t h e o p osi t e s id e G e rma n i c us e x p ose d h i mse l f i n t h e

p .
p ,

fron t of t h e ba t t l e I n ord e r t o re n d e r h is p erson t h e more c on sp i c uous

.
,

h e rod e w i t h out h is h el me t c a lli n g t o hi s soldi e rs t o Sl a y on a n d S p a re

,

u h e ex t i r a t i o n o f t h e v a n q ui sh ed w ould
n on e for n o t hi n
, g b t t p p ut a n e n d
t o t h e war .

of T h e i ssue of t h e b a t t l e i s up on t h e a c c oun t O f T a c i t us l e ft a l t og e t h e r
,
,

d oub t ful A t a l a t e p eri od of t h e d a y i t i s sa i d G e rma n i c us w i t hd rew a

O

d oub tf ul . .
,

l eg i on from h is li n e of b a t t l e t o fort i fy a c a mp ; t o w hi c h a t n i gh t fa ll , ,

w h e n sa t i a t e d w i t h sl a ug h t e r, t h e w h ol e a rmy re t i red T h e c a v a l ry h e .
,

a foug h t w i t h d oub t ful suc c e ss ; w hi c h c o uld n ot h a ve b e en w i t h p ro

dd s ,

ri e t sa id of t h e m i f t h e v i c t ory h a d b e en d ec i s i ve si n c e a t t h e c l ose
p y , ,

G e rman ic us O f a suc c e ssful b a t t l e t h e y a re t h e p ri n c i p a l a n d a l most i n di s e n sa bl e

,
p
mast e of t h e
a g e n t s i n c om l e t i n g t h e d e st ruc t i o n a n d d i sp e rsi on of a n e n e my
r

fi eld “ ba t tl e ; p In .

t hi s c a se moreove r w e h e a r o f n o b oot y t a k en ex c e p t i n g a q ua n t i t y of
hOrb y
e erec t s a
, , ,

a rms p i c k e d u on t h e fi e ld o f w h i c h t h e C m
,
sar re are d a t ro hy Wi t h
p , p
o n e of t h ose v a un t i n g l e g e n d s s o c om mon d uri n g t h e d e c li n e of R oma n

”
re a t n e ss u r ort i n
g t h at t h e a rmy of Tib eri us C aesa r a ft e r v a n
g p p , ,

u ish i n a ll t h e n a t i on s b e t w ee n t h e Rhi n e a n d t h e Elb e h a d e rec t e d

q g ,

t h a t mon ume n t t o M a rs t o J up i t er a n d t o Aug ust us , ,

.

a n d ret reat s But i n fa c t , t h e Roma n s un d er G erma n i c us h a d n ever rea c h ed t h e

me m
, , ,
e se
e a n d h a d n ot ev e n c ome i n c on t a c t w i t h a ll t h e n a t i on s b et w ee n t h e
a'
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m
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’m ‘
fii f g gjed
t Rhi n e a n d t h a t ri v e r t h y et h a lf

H e e mba rlmon c on sume d e t i n t h e mon t h O f J uly G e rma n i c us w i t hd re w h i s a rmy t o

.

y , ,
t he E“
t h e mout h of t h e Ems e mb a rk e d t h e ma i n b ody on b oa rd h is fl ee t lyi n
,
g
t h ere a n d se n t t h e rema i n d er by l a n d t o t h e i r qua rt ers on t h e Rhi n e 39
, .

m
W re k a n d
'

c S h ort ly a ft er t h e fl ee t h a d q ui t t e d t h e ri v e r i t w a s o vert a k en by O n e of , .

ggggg t h ose n ort h ern g a l es a g a i n st w hi c h t h e row b oa t s of t h e R oma n s w ere

p f
-

a n y o f t h em foun d ere d a t se a , ot h ers w ere w rec k e d

313335 13; b u t ill p rov id e d M .

on t h e c oa st s of t h e C h a uc i a n d A n ri va rii ; o t h ers a g a i n w e re d ri ve n
g
v o a ge
y

i n t o t h e w id e oc ea n a n d obli g e d t o t a k e re fug e i n t h e p ort s of t he

b a rb a ri a n B ri t on s —
,

ma n y h orses a n d c a t t l e p eri sh e d a g re a t qua n t i t y

O f a rms a n d st ore s w a s l ost or S oil e d ; and w h e n t h e g a l e sub sid e d
p , ,

G erma n i c us w a s en a bl e d t o c oll ec t b ut a sma ll squa d ron of t h e st out e st

shi s ; b ut w i t h t h e se re a rdl ess o f t h e e ril s h e h a d j ust esc a e d , h e
p g p
, p
g a ll a n t ly p roc e ed e d i n sea rc h O f h is w re c k e d a n d sc a t t ere d c omp a n i on s .

By d egre e s ma n y st ra g gl ers d rop p e d i n from t h e B ri t i sh c oa st s, or from

t h e more di st a n t sh ores a n d i sl a n d s O f t h e N ort h S ea —n or d id t h e i m
-

3"
D eb ella t is i n t er Rh en umA lb i mq ue n a t ion i M a rt i et J ovi et August o sacravi sse .
—T a c. An n .

b us , e x erc it um T ibe rii C aesa ri s ea mon ume n t a l ib i i. . 0 . 23 .

3“
c . 24
.
C h ap iii Se c
. . . HI S R EC A L L A N D T RIU MP H .
13 1

men se moun t of t h e l oss b ec ome a pp a ren t t ill a ll wh o could b e

a

rea son a bly su ose d t o h a ve survi ve d t h e t e m est w ere c oll ec t e d

p p p .

T h e rep ort of t h e d e st ruc t i on of t h e fl e e t w a s n ot sl ow i n rea c hi n g t h e G m i u er an c s

G erma n s W i t h h eroi c a n d i n t hi s i n st a n c e p oli t i c p romp t i t ude G er

.
, , ,

ma n ic us resolved by a sudd en i n c ursion up on t h e C h a t t i t o i mp re ss zgijifg i

'

e ‘ "
, ,
r o

t h e e n emy w i t h t h e c on v i c t i on t h a t a p ower w hi c h a ft e r suc h i n c a l g i t th

E ti
e
a l
h f
,

c ula b le l osse s c ould w i t h un subdue d S i ri t a n d un i m a i re d mea n s fa ll

a

, p , p ,

up on i t s e n emi es must b e b ey on d t h e re a c h of F ort un e h erse l f

,
0
But .
4

n o o t h er a d va n t a e resul t e d from t hi s e x p e di t i on t h a n t h e rec a p t ure of

g
t h e l a st of t h e mi ssi n g ea g l e s of t h e V a ri a n l e g i on s T h e t roop s w ere d pl hi . an aces s

p i wi
T h e e n t i re c a mp a i g n h a d b ee n a seri e s t qum
k ee s n n
t h en p l a c e d i n w i n t er qua rt e rs -
. ep fl s,

art i a lly di sg ui se d by a few b r illi a n t b ut b a rre n d ee d s o f fifii

z sfizif
f
’
of di sa st ers
‘
p , s

a rms Not a foo t O f groun d w a s g a i n e d ; t h e fa ll of V a rus w a s un t i

:ég
.
b or es ar

a ven g e d ; i n S i t e O f d ome st i c en emi e s p u bli c di sc or d a n d t rea son a

p , ,

severe woun d a n d t h e l oss o f t wo w ell con t est e d a n d bl oody b a t t l e s t h e

,
-

p o w er of A rm i n i us t h e c a
p it a l en e m y w h, o se d e st ru c t i on w a s t h e l oudly ,

p roc l a i me d O bj e c t of t h e ex p e di t i on rema i n e d un b rok en h i s i n fl uen c e -

, ,

un di mi n i sh e d — h is c oun try fre e 41

, .

T h e rea l a moun t a n d v a l ue of t h e muc h v a un t e d suc c e sse s O f G erma T i b i u -

er sia
l t ll so ves o reca
n i c us c ould n ot esc a e t h e Ob se rva t l on of t h e sa a c l ous T 1 b er1 us T he G m i u
p g . er an c s,

former w i t h a sp i ri t un subdue d by ex p eri e n c e st ill re g ard e d t h e c on quest

, ,

O f G e rma n y a s t h e sure re wa rd of a n ot h er c a m a i n Tib eri us j udg e d

p g .

o t h erw i se Th ere h a d b e e n h e sa id e n oug h of a c hi eve me n t s e n oug h

.
,
'

, ,

of c a l a mi t y e n oug h of v i c t ory —h e h a d h e d e c l a re d
, hi msel f effe c t e d , ,

gre a t er t hi n g s i n t h a t c oun t ry by a d roi t ma n a g e me n t t h a n h a d ever y et

”
b ee n a c c omp li sh e d by a rms ; n or did h e d oub t t h a t t h e C h erusc i a n d t h e
ot h er reb elli ous n a t i on s mi h t a ft er c on sul t i n g t h e ven g ea n c e d ue t o
g ,

R ome b e sa fely l e ft t o t h e e ffe c t s of i n t ern a l di sc ord

, T h e h esi t a t i on of .

G erma n i c us b roug h t a rep e t i t i on of t h e c omma n d w i t h t h e sa rc a st i c Ob ,

serva t i on t h a t if t h e w a r w a s st ill t o b e c on t i n ue d h e ou h t n o t t o
,
g g rud g e ,

h i s b rot h er D rusus t h e on ly opp ort un i t y a fford e d h im t o e a rn h i s l a ure l s ,

a n d t o a c q ui re t h e t i t l e of I m e ra t or si n c e t h ere w a s n ot a t t h e momen t
p ,

a si n g l e e n e my i n a rms a a i n st t h e e m i re ex c e t i n
g p p g t h e G erma n s T h e .

C aesa r ob ey e d a n d w en t t o R ome t o c e l eb ra t e a t riump h over a n un wh gi up

, o ves
th mm d
c on quere d p eop l e
42 e co an .

O n t h e 26 t h O f M a y i n t h e seven t een t h y ea r of t h e C h ri st i a n era G er M y 26th

, ,
a ,

ma n i on s t riump h e d ove r t h e C h erusc i C h a t t i a n d A n griv a rii a n d a ll t h e kibfii A ‘

,
io
, ,
'

n a t i on s b e t w een t h e Rhi n e a n d t h e Elb e Pi c t ures of t h e moun t a i n s a n d TG iummph f .

r °
er a n i cus .

N ullis c asib us superab iles . Ta o A n n

. .
0
Pfi ster, G esch d er D eut schen , vol i p 1 0 1
.
. . . .

lib ii
. . c . 25 .
‘2
Ta c An n lib ii 0 2 6
. . . . . .
1 32 SEG EST ES .
[Book I .

i
r vers whi c h h a d
b een crossed a n d Of t h e b a tt l es fough t were exhibi t e d , ,

Si g i mu d
e s nt o t h e won d eri n g g a z e of t h e p op ul a c e
, S ieg ismun d a n d Si t h i a c us son s of .
,
Sit h i u
S eg e st es a n d S ieg emi r t h e fri en d s O f t h e R oma n p e op l e a n d even t h e
ac s,

, ,

w i fe of t h e l a t t er fi g ure d a mon g t h e c a p t i ves

“ d"en
, L ib y s a p ri e st a n d .
, ,

T h eud eri c h a c hi ef of t h e S i c a mb ri w i t h c a p t ives of va ri ous ra n k s a n d

, ,

l on g st a n di n g foll ow e d i n t h e p roc essi on But t h e g re a t orn a men t s Of

, .

“ t hi s mea n a n d di s ra c eful exhibi t i on w ere t h e n obl e Th usn e ld a a n d h er

fi ffifikgfi
‘ ?
g
li u l d i i n fa n t son T h umelic us t h en i n t h e t hi rd y e a r of h is a e S eg est es
i
n e c s, e n
g
hi msel f wa s p re sen t a s a sp ec t a t or of t h e d eg ra di n g scen e —a b ec omi n g
.
,

rec om e n se for h i s i n fa t ua t i on a n d t rea son

43
p .

St ra bo, lib Vi i g ives a d et ai led a ccoun t of

. . G erma n icus d ied t wo years a ft erward s, in
t his w ort hless t riump h T acit us sn eers at it
.
, Syria , n ot wi t hout susp icion of p oison T hus
.

Bellumq ue , q uia con fi cere p roh ib i tum era t , n eld a w a s t ra n sferred t o R a ven n a ; h er son
p ro c onfisct o a cc ip z eba tur, i e b y t h e ig n oran t T humelicus, a ccord in g t o T a cit us, grew up t h ere
’

”
. .

c on te mp t t o t he
,

an d chea t ed c rowd T a o A n n lib i i 0 41

. . . . . . . a n O bj ec t O f mock ery a n d

A coin of a n e q ually veracious ch ara ct er w as wret c hedly d emoraliz ed It a lia n s Ed ucat us

”
.

st ruc k up on t h e o cc asi on , w it h an i n script ion on Ra ven n aa puer, mox ludib rio con fl ict at us Ann . .

t he reverse, Sig n is recept is : d evi c t is G er

“
lib i c 58
. . . .

man is . Mascou, vol i b ook iv 1 7

. . . .
 C HAP . IV

RO ME A BAN D O NS HER S C HEM E O F CO N Q U EST , F O MENT S I

D S C O RD IN
G ERMA NY , AN D S UP P RESSES A G REAT I NSU RRECT I O N O F T HE BA

S EC . 1 . A D . , 19 .

Wa rs between Armin ius and M a rbod—D ef ea t of t h e la tter —P oli c

f Ti beri us —M a rbod ex
p elled
—D y o

by Ca tua ld a ea th o
f A rmi n ius .

N O T l on g a ft er t h e e x pul si on of G erma n i c us t h e p rop ri et y of t h e p oli c y W b tw ,

ax
-
e een
md
rec ommen d e d by Tib eri u A S soon a s t h e fiffifiii f
r s
s w a s p rov e d by t h e ev en t .
t

re ssure o f t h e R oma n a rms w a s re mov e d t h e S uev i c M a rM a n n en

p ,

un d er M a rb od a n d t h e C h erusc i un d er Ar mi n i us b ec a me e mb ro il e d
, ,

w i t h on e a n ot h er T h e c a uses of t hi s w a r a re n ot sa t i sfa c t orily a ss1 g n e d

.
,

T h e n a t ura l re st l essn ess O f t h e Germa n s t h e i r l ove of w a r t h e i r , ,

j e a l ousy Of t h e i r n e ig hb ours t h e p op ul a r c h a ra c t er of t h e p ower O f A r

min ius t h e Ob n oxi ous form of M a rb od s a ut h orit y —on e or a ll th ese
,
’

, ,

c au se s t og eth er seem t o h a ve le d t o t h e ru t u re w i t h out a n s e ifi

p y p c c ,

T h ra l me mb e rs of t h e C h erusc a
1
g r i e v a n c e on e ith er sid e e s ev e . n an d

M a rk ma n n i c c on fe d era c i es a p p ea r t o h a ve t a k en t h e p a rt w hi c h seeme d
b e st t o t h em T h e L on gob a rdi a n d t h e S emn on es t wo Suev i c trib es
.
, ,

w en t over t o Ar mi n i us w hil e I n g uiomar d e sert e d t o M a rb od for n o b et t er ,

re a son k n own t o T a c itus t h a n t h a t h e t h oug h t i t d erog a t ory t o serve

, ,

un d er a n e p h ew h i s j un i or i n y e a rs a n d st a t i on
,
2
A g rea t b a ttl e w a s .

foug ht l ess i n t erest i n g i n i t s d et a il t h a n i t s c on se quen c es

, T h e ri g h t .

w i n g s of b ot h a rmi es w ere rout e d w i t h gre a t sl a ug h t er a n d t h e fortun e ,

o f t h e d a y w a s so n e a rly b a l a n c e d t ha t b ot h p art i e s l ook e d forw a rd w i t h

,

c on fid e n c e t o a re n e w a l of t h e c on t est on t h e morrow But M a rb od n ot M b d i d .

,
ar o s e
f t d
c h oosi n g t o ri sk a ll u on on e e n a e me n t a n d mi st a ki n
ea e

p g g g t h e t rue n a t ure ,

of h i s s i t u a t i on w i t hd re w h i s a rmy t o st ron g er g roun d

, Thi s w a s .

p a rt iz a n s d e serte d h i m ; h e w a s
'

re ard e d a s a c on fessi on of d e fe a t ; h i s
g

T a o A n n lib ii 0
. . . . . 44
.
p ut s in t o t h e mout hs of t he G erman heroes are
An n lib i i 0 4 5
. . . . . T he Spee ches T acit us much t oo Roma n See lib i i c c 45 a n d 46
. . . . .

V OL . I . S
134 OV ERT H RO W O F MA R BO D .
[Book I .

obli ge d h a st ily i n t o t h e t erri t ori es of h is M a rk ma n n e n a n d i n

to re t re i , ,

t h e e n d t o a pp ly t o Tib e ri us for a ssi st a n c e

,
T h e e mp eror re p li ed t h a t .
,

h e k n ew O f n o c l a i m h e c ould h a ve up on R ome a g a i n st t h e Ch erusc a n s ,

see i n g t h a t w h en t h e R oma n s were a t w a r w i t h t h a t p eop l e h e h a d n ot

, ,

st i rre d t o t h e i r a ssi st a n c e H e h owever sen t h is son D rusus in t h e

.
, ,

a ssume d c h a ra c t er of a me di a t or b ut w i t h i n st ruc t i on s t o d o h i s b est i n ,

fome n t i n g di sc ord a mon g t h e G erma n n a t i on s a n d t o a c c omp li sh t h e ,

d own fa ll of t h e to t t eri n g p ow er O f M a rb od .

A p rop er i n st rumen t for thi s i n sidi ous p urp ose Sp eedily p resen t e d itsel f .

C a t ua ld a a y oun g c hi e f of t h e G ot h on e s a n a t i on subj e c t t o t h e Ma rkma n

, ,

n i c ki n g d om h a d b e e n d ri ve n i n t o e xil e by M a rb od
, T h e p re c a ri ous st a t e .

of t h e S uev i c ki n g s a ffa i rs n ow en c oura g e d h im t o se ek re d ress a n d v e n

’

g e a n c e for t h e w ron g s h e h a d suffere d H e c oll ec t e d a c on sid era bl e b ody O f .

a dh e re n t s a n d a t t h e i n st i g a t i on of t h e R oma n s i n v a d e d t h e l a n d s of t h e
, , ,

M a rk ma n n en b rok e i n t o t h ei r c a p i t a l t own st orme d t h e a dj a c e n t c a stl e

, , ,

an d ossesse d hi msel f o f a ll t h e t re asures of M a rb od b esid es t h e a c c umu

p ,

l a t ed st ores of t h e R oma n merc h a n ts a n d sut tlers w h o h a d fix e d t h e msel ves

M b
eid t h o w t h e re for t h e p urp oses O f t ra ffi c
ro s
3
A ft er t hi s d i sa st er M a rb od forsa k e n by
.
, ,
h im lf up
a ll d e t ermi n e d t o t h row h i msel f up on t h e p rot e c t i on o f Tib eri us
se on

th p t t
e ro ec i on , He .

se d t h e D a n ub e i n t o N ori c um a n d w rot e t o t h e e m eror i n c on

ofT b u i eri s, ‘

a s p
p ,

fi d e n t l a n g ua ge remi n di n g h im of t h e p re feren c e h e h a d a l wa y s man i

,

fest ed for t h e a lli a n c e O f R ome ov er t h a t of t h e ma n y n a ti on s w h o h ad

u d b l c ou
er a ver a rt e d h i s fri en d shi p w hil e h e w a s y e t a p owerful ki n g Tib eri us ‘

”
n .

a t h e mi g ht rely upon a sa fe a n d h on oura bl e re t rea t i n I t a ly

pl dg f hi
e e or s

erson al li rep li e d t h
p ,

b ty ;
er
i f h e c h ose t o re sid e t h ere ; a n d t h a t if hi s a ff a i rs c on duc te d h im e l se
w h ere h e mi g h t d ep a rt a s freely a s h e c a me
, But w hil e h e h eld t hi s .

fri e n dly l a n gua g e t o M a rb od i n p ri va t e h e d ec l a re d p ubli c ly i n t h e ,

se n a t e t h a t Phili p of M a c e d on h a d n ot b e en a more d a n g erous e n e my t o

At h e n s n or Py rrh us n or An t i oc h us t o R ome t h a n t hi s ve ry M a rb od he
, ,

e n l a rg e d a t t h e s a me t i me up on t h e di st i n gui sh e d t a l e n t s of t h e i n ?

di v id ua l t h e fi erc e a n d w a rlik e c h ara c t er of t h e n a ti on s w h om h e on c e

,

ru l e d ov er t h e i r d a n g erous p roxi mity t o t h e emp ire a n d h is ow n g ood

, ,

'
T he w ord s of T a cit us ( An n l ib i i c de. . . . lan d fo r t he leg it ima te purp oses of commerce.
serve t o b e n o t iced V e t eres illio S uev orum w ere n ot regard ed as un d er t he p rot e ct ion of t he

prae dze , e t n ost ris e p rovin c iis lix e a c n e g o t i st a t e

a .

t o res rep ert i, q uos j us c ommercii, d e in c up ido Ta o A n n lib I ] c 6 3

. I t ca n hardl y be
. . . . .

au g en d i p ecun ia m p ost remum oblivio p a t ri

,
a , q uest ion ed t ha t Marb od allud ed t o t he ad van
suis q ue mq ue a b se d ib us host ilem in ag rum t ag eous t rea t y c on clud ed w i t h T ib eriu s a t t he

t ran st uli t
. T he w ord s h ost il is a e r w ere g "
b rea k in g out o f t he g rea t llyrian an d P a n n on ian I
not a ppl ic able t o t he d omin ion s of Marb od , w ho reb e llion i n t he six t h y ear of Chri st , ( see
p 1 0 6) .

w a s ac t ually a t p eac e wi t h t h e R oman s ; ye t so a n d t h a t t he pre fere n ce for w h ic h h e

give:
n arrow w ere t he n ot ion s O f Ro ma n p a t riot ism, himse lf cre d it con sist ed in h is rej ect ion of t he
th at t hei r own merc han ts, set t led i n a foreig n overt ures of t he i nsurg en ts .
Chap iv Sec L ]
. . . CAT UAL DA AN D V AN NIU S .
1 35

ma n a g emen t ti n g t h e d own fa l l of so formid a bl e a p ower Th e

in effec .

un fort un at e p ri n c e relyi n g up on t h e sol emn p l e d ge of sa fety a n d free

,

d om h e h a d rec e i ved c a me i n to I t aly a n d a s ma y b e rea dily c on c e ived

, , ,

w as n e ver a ll owe d t o quit t h a t c oun t ry more H e was d et a i n e d for but i d t i d . s e a ne

t R
'

W i t h a V i e w of p ut t i n g h i m
t ll
e i g h t e en y e ars i n c ust ody a t R a v en n a ,
'

forwa rd i n c a se t he S uev i sh ould a g a i n t urn resti ve

5
But n o Oc c a si on ft w d
igh t Y w
.
e
a er
een
ar s
e

n t e d it sel f for ma ki n g suc h a use of t h e p ri son e r

.

p re se M arb od
g rew .

r y i c a ti v i t y a n d i n c urre d t h e c on t e mp t of h i s j a il ers for a wa i t i n

g e n p , g
t h e n a tura l t ermi n a ti on of hi s e xi st en c e i n t h e d eg ra d e d c on di t i on t o
w hi c h t h e i r own t rea c h ery h a d re d uc e d him
6
.

T h e st ory of C a t uald a t h e n ew soverei gn of t h e S uevi c Markma n n en C tu ld i

, a a a s

w h om t h e R oma n s h a d s e t u p in he p l a
t c e o f M a rb od i s st ill more b ri ef ’
, .

Aft er a sh ort re i g n t h e H e m d ur t e c l ose a lli e s of t h e emp i re were mu dui t th

r u n i h ,
by t h H
, ,
n
e
r a
e"
e

le t l oose up on h i m un d er a l e a d er n a me d V ib ilius C a t ua lda wa s d e

piz zf figjgg.
i .
e s

fe a te d a n d e x p ell e d L ike h is l a t e ri va l h e took re fuge un d er t h e i n

. ,
,

sid ious p rot ec t i on of R ome a n d w a s d e t a i n e d a t F orum J ulium i n t h e h fli t t h

8
e es o e
, ,
mpi di
T h e t ra i n s or G e l e i t s b ot h of Ma rb od a n d (E
e re, a n s
Na rb on e n sia n G aul . a d t i d t ,
-
e a ne a
uli
t uald a h a d foll owe d t h e i r l e a d e rs t o t h e fron t i ers b ut w ere n o t a ll owe d tygg fij
“
, ,

t o p roc e e d fa rth er l est th e y sh ould di st urb t h e t ra n quilli t y O f t h e p ro

v i n c es A di stri c t h owever w a s a ssi g n e d t o th em on t h e l eft b a n k of Th i f ll w
.
, ,
er o o ers
tt l d
t h e D a n ub e n e ar i t s c on fluen ce w ith t h e M a rosc h or Ma rsch i n t he th i M
are se e on

, , e r ve, a.

mod ern ki n gd om O f H un g a ry w h ere t h e y were a ll owe d t o sett le un d er QZii liz ggy h i

,

t h e sovere i gn t y of a Q ua d i a n pri n c e n a me d V a n n ius

.

A D 19 .
. . .

Th us fa r t h e st a tesma n like v i ews of Tib eri us ex p re sse d in his l et ters “

of rec a ll t o G e rma n i c us
9
h a d b een a mp ly j ust ifi e d I t w as suffi c i ent ly . _

rove d t h a t t h e t urb i d en t b a rb a ri a n s mi g ht b e a b a n d on e d w ith some

p ,

sm a ll a i d from Roma n c ra ft t o t h e d e st ruc tive O era t i on of t h ei r own

”
p ,

vi ol e n t p a ssi on s T h e sa me v i e ws w ere a b out t o rec e i ve fu

. rt h er c on

fi rma t ion i n t h e fa ll of on e b efore w h om t h e stout est h ea rt s of R ome h a d

more t h a n o n c e b een ma d e t o qua il I fi n d sa y s T a c it us a mon g Th p p l.
, , e ro osa

t h e wri t e rs of t h ose ti mes t h a t l e t t ers from A d g a n d est ri us a p ri n c e of t iu

f A dg d ° an ° s’

p i
, , s, a
r r n ce

t h e C h a t t i w e re rea d i n t h e se n a t e p rop osi n g t o p ut Armi n i us t o de a th ‘

fffifi fi j
i
, ,

if p oi son w ere se n t h im for th a t p urp ose T h e a n sw er re turn e d was mi iu i .

,
n s, s re

t h a t t h e R oma n s we re n ot i n t h e h a b i t of reven g i n g t h emse l ves u on h i ; j t d by T i ec e .

p .
er a s

5
Si quan do i n solesceren t Suevi, ua si re q 7 Th e pre ssion o f T ac it us, ( A n n lib ii
ex . . .

dit urus i n g m ost en t ab a t ur

re n u
"
Ta o An n . . . c. de m C a t uald mc a sus, & c
I see s t o .
"
m
lib ii 0 6 3 a ut h oriz e t h e in feren c e t h a t h e w a s overt hrown

”
. . . .

C omp T a c ( ub i sup ) wi t h Sa ci ou in T i b
. . . . . b y t h e sa me p ra ct ices a s t h ose w hich h ad proved
c 37 a n d En t rop lib vi i c 6 C on sen uit , so suc c essful ag a in st Merb od
u
. . . . . . . .

sa ys T ac it us, mult m immin ut a clarit at e Ob T he mo dern re us F j .

n imia m vi ven d i c up id it a t em c 63 See Ta o A nn ii 0 2 6 an d p 1 3 1 of t his

9
. . . . . . . . .

hist ory .

S 2
1 36 D EAT H O F ARMINI U S .
[Book I .

mi es by sec re t a ssa ssi n a t ion b ut by fa i r a n d Op en w a rfa re ; for

t h ei r e n e ,

w hi c h di g n ifi ed rep ly Tib eri us t ook c redi t t o hi msel f a s p l a c i n g h i m up on

a l ev e l w i t h t h ose a n c i e n t i m era t ors w h o di sc oun t en a n c e d a n d rev e a l e d
p
t h e p l ot for oi son i n g ki n g Pyrrh us
p But b e t hi s a s i t ma y a ft er t h e.
,

b ut b mi s d e a rt ure of t h e R oma n s a n d t h e e x ul si on of M a rb od Armi n i us b eca m

eco

p rm by
n

e p
ar p e ,

m g t t h un o ul ar by a i mi n a t sovere i n owe r Th e n h avi n g h a d rec ourse t o

ai in
p
a
p e
g g p .
,

a rms a n d fou h t for some t i me w i t h v a ri ous suc c ess h e a t l en t h fe ll by

soverei g ty n
,
A mi r u n ,“ , g , g ,

3 515 31; t h e t rea c h ery of his ki n sfolk H e w a s b eyon d a ll d oub t t h e lib era t or of
1 3 .
5 , ,

“ h
is c t G erma n y on e w h o sh ook t h e d omi n i on of t h e R oma n p eop l e n ot i n t h e
arac er
,

w e a k n e ss of i n fa n c y a s ot h er p ri n c es a n d l ea d ers h a d d on e b efore h im ,

b ut i n t h e p rid e a n d ma t uri t y of i t s p ower ; of quest i on a bl e suc c e ss i n

t h e fi eld y e t i n w a r un c on quere d
, H e di e d i n t h e t hi rt y e i g h t h y ea r of
.
-

h is a g e a n d t h e t hi rt e e n t h O f i t s p ow er
, H is memory li ve s i n t h e son gs .

O f h i s b a rb a ri a n c oun t ry men : un kn own i n d e e d t o t h e a n n a l s of t h e

”
G reek s wh o n ot i c e n on e b ut th e i r own w orthi es ; a n d Of mod e ra t e fa me
,

a mon
g us Roma n s w h o w hil e we e xtol t h e p a st n eg l ec t t h e e x cell en t of
, , ,

more rec en t t imes 1°

.

S EC T I O N II A D 19 —6 8
—V
. . . .

Fri i
s an Wa r—Ch a n g e of P oli t ica l Con n ex ions i n G erma n y Corbulo a n d G a n n asc us — erri t

a nd M a lori ch — —
Va n g lo a n d Si d o Ba tt le of t h e Ch erusca n s a n d H ermun d uri .

F O R a p eri od of n ea rly fi ft y y e a rs a ft er t h e d e a t h of Armi n i us t h e hi story

of G erma n y c on si st s of li t t l e more t h a n di sj oi n t e d n ot i c es of S i n gl e t rib es ,

ri n c i p a lly t h ose w h om v i c i n i t y t o t h e fron t i e rs of t h e e mp i re or a n c i e n t

p
c on n exi on w i t h R ome b roug h t un d e r t h e n ot i c e of t h e R oma n w ri t ers .

T h e free b ord e r trib es b eg a n t o a t t ra c t more a t t en ti on a s t h e sy stem of

-

p rov i n c i a l a d mi n i st ra t i on b ec a me more O pp ressi ve a n d c orrup t Th e .

The Roma n subj e c t a lli es of t h e e mp i re t o t h e n ort h w a rd of t h e Rhi n e B a t avi , ,

C a n i n e fa t es a n d F ri sii w ere duri n g t h e rei g n O f Aug ust us a n d a p art of

, ,

“1 “ mh s
t h a t o f Tib eri us t rea t e d w i t h forb ea ra n ce a n d g ood fa i t h
, Th ere w ere .

a re tre a t ed
wi t h for ear i n d ee d Roma n resid en t s a mon g t h em a n d fort ifi e d st a t i on s h ere a n d
gg
-

,
an ce an ood
fai t h b y A u t h ere ; b ut wh il e t h e i r n ei g hb o urs t h e p rov i n c i a l G a ul s w ere a p re y t o
m
, ,

t h e e x t ort i on p rid e a n d a va ri c e of t h e Roma n g ov e rn ors t h e t rib ut e s

h
fiffi , , ,

i mp osed up on t h ese fa voure d a lli es se em t o h a ve b ee n a l most n omi n a l ,

a n d t h e se rvi c e s d e ma n d e d ure ly mili t a ry or suc h a s sui t e d t h e h a bi t s

p ,

an d
p rej udi c es o f t h e p eop l e .

A U C 7 74
. . . . T wo y ea rs a ft er t h e d ea t h of G erma n i c us d a n g erous i n surrec t i on s b rok e ,

out a mon g t h e T rev i ri a n d E d ui whi c h s rea d ra idly t o t h e i n t eri or

A '

p , p

Ta c A n n lib
. . . 11 . c . 88 .
 Cha p iv Sec
. . . IN S U RRECT I O N O F T HE F RI SII .
137

p i
rov n c es O fG a ul ; a nd seri ous fe a rs w ere e n t ert a i n e d a t Rome t h a t t h e
reb e l s w ould fi n d rea dy a ssi st a n t s i n t h e fre e G erma n i c t rib es b e y on d

t he Rhi But t h ese a pp re h en si on s w ere groun dl e ss S i n c e t h e fa ll of Th b d

1
ne . . e or er

A rmi n i us a n d M a rb od th e C h erusc i a n d M a rk ma n n e n h a d b een so d e ep ly

, lit ii;
i mmersed in w ars a n d b roil s t h a t Tib e ri us did o t hi k n t n i t n ec e ss a ry to w “ “

d o more t h a n n ouri sh t h e fl a me of di sc ord w hi c h h e b e li eve d woul d w aste

t h ei r st ren g t h a n d subd ue t h e i r feroc i ty But t h e fi re burn e d w i t h out c on .

sumi n g w a r an d t urmoil w ere t h e e l e me n t i n w hi c h t h e se e n erg e t i c a n d

fi erc e b a rb a ri an s li ve d a n d t h rove ; t h e ir hi st ory in d eed if t h e w h ol e , ,

l a y b efore us w ould p rob a bly exhibi t li t t l e e l se ; a n d Tib eri us w a s in

2
,

e rror i f h e b e li ev e d t h a t t h e c a uses w hi c h O p era t e so d e st ruc t ive ly up on

hi g hly c iviliz e d a n d c omp li c a t e d p oli t i es w ould p ro duc e t h e sa me effec t s

up on t h e i n a rt ifi c i al fra me of b arb ari c soc i et y 3
Yet h i s p oli c y h a d t h e
im
. _

me di a t e effec t of divert i n g t h eir a t t e n t i on from t h e emp ire ; a n d

yfififi fi
n ot hi n g i s rec ord e d of t h e m i n R oma n hi st ory for a p eri od of t we n t y e i g h t f mt h
n

r m -
o e e

4 pi re .

y eaI S .

I t h as b een O b serve d t h a t t h e fi sc a l e xtort i on s of R ome h a d n ot y et ( l i u fl h

1g
enh s e
,
v eb
D rusus w e a re t old h a d in zi ftfg
i n

p en e t ra t e d t o t h e a lli e s n ort h of t h e Rh i n e
'
.
, , , no

c on sid era t i on of t h e i r
p overt y i mp ose d a li g h t t rib ut e up on t h e F ri sii $53 .3? n
, ,

c onsi st i n
g o f n ea t s hid e s fo r t h e use of t h e
’
a rm y L i t t l e a t t en t i on h a d giig figff
’ d
,
.
‘ f
v c
‘

b e en p a id t o t h e st ren gt h or qua lity of t h e hid es t ill O len n ius t h e d u lt y , ,

an cr e .

c a p t a i n of t h e d i st ri c t c h ose t o d e ma n d t h a t t h e y sh ou , l d be O f t h e
ex tr a ordi n a ry t ou h n e ss a n d siz e of t h e ski n O f t h e Uru s or w ild b u ll
g .

Th e se t h e n a t i ves foun d i t i mp ossibl e t o p roc ure for t h o ug h t h e i r w ood s

mi g h t furn i sh a c ert a in q ua n t i ty t h e g re a t er p ort i on were produc e d from ,

t h e i r d ome st i c c a t t l e w hi c h w ere most ly sma ll a n d n ot n umerous Up on

, , .

t h e first fa ilure O f p a ymen t t h e i r h erd s w ere se iz e d —

.
a t t h e n e x t t h e ir ,

l a n d s w ere se que st ra t e d ; a n d l a st ly t h e i r w ive s a n d c hild ren w ere t ak en

, ,

a n d sold a s Sl a v es Th e ir c omp l a i n ts w ere n ot a t t en de d t o T h e w h ol e A D 28

.
. . . .

p op ul a t i on fl e w t o arms ; a n d t h e soldi e rs emp l oy e d i n c oll e c t i n g t h e h

A U C 78 1 “ ‘ ' °

T p pl e eo e
t ri but e w ere sei z e d a n d h a n g e d u on t h e s o t u k u m m m
0

O l f
‘

p p e n n i s t oo re g e i n .
e ar s
d d f t t
t h e c a st l e of F levus w h e re h e w a s i n v e st e d by t h e Pri sm L uc 1 us i gtzi Ll
;A m
l le
-
, p . O rz

A p ron ius t h e p rop raet or of L ower G e rma n y h a st e n e d t o hi s re li ef p m

, At , .
’

h is a pp roa c h t h e F ri sii ra i se d t h e si eg e a n d t ook up a p ositi on on t h e ,

c oa st
p rot e ct e d by t id e fl a t s a n d low fl ood e d l a n d s A p ron ius a tte mp t e d
-

, 4 .

1
Ta c Ann iii. . . c. 44 .
O pera t ion as t he c a uses of discord . See p 9 7 .

C ompare pp 8 8 an d 89 ; an d g enerally
. Of t hi s
hi st ory .

c ha p ii sect 2 of t hi s hi st or
. . .
y
. . From t he year 1 9 , when V an n ius wi t h t he
3
T he Roman max im, “ D ivide et imp era , re mn a n t O f Ma rb od s an d C a t ual d a s followers
’ ’

a ppli ed wi t h li tt le force t o a st a t e of t h in s li e
g k w as set tled in Hun g ary, ( see p 1 3 5 ) .

t ha t w hich prevailed in G erma ny T he prin . t he y ea r 47 , w hen t al a s wa s ma d e kin g of t he

I
ciple of u n ion w as as ra id a n d sud den i n i t s Cherusci See p 1 3 9
p . . .
| 33 V CT O RI Y O F T HE F RI S I I .
[Book I .

t o force t h e p ositi on in fron t by a rt ifi c i a l a pp roa c h es, a n d a t t h e sa e m

t i me t o out fl a n k i t by t h e ri g h t But t h e di st a n c e s w ere t oo g rea t ;
-
.

an d t he movemen t s w ere ill t i med

ill ex ec ute d T h e fl a n k a t ta c k -
and -
.

fa il e d ; t h e severa l c orp s of w hi c h i t c on si st e d were met a n d d efea t e d i n

d e t a il by t h e Fri sii ; a p a rt on ly w ere sa ve d by t h e t i mely a dva n c e of
t h e ma i n b ody t o t h e i r a ssist a n c e T h e F ri si a n s ren ewe d t h e a t t a c k .
,

an d a t l e n gt h c omp ell e d t h e wh ol e R oma n a rmy t o qui t t h e fi eld w i t h t h e

w it h
g t l oss of ma n y di st i n gui sh e d offi c ers a n d men a n d t h e di sgra ce of l ea vi n g
rea ,
lm
t h e i r d e a d un b uri e d up on t h e fi e ld O f b a t t l e S O ill c on n ec t e d were t h e .
-

move me n t s w hi c h le d t o t his di sa st er or so c omp l e t e t h e overthrow t h a t , ,

t wo b odi es on e of n i n e h un d re d a n d t h e o t h er o f four h un d re d men w ere

, ,

c ut O ff : t h e former w e re foun d w a n d eri n g i n t h e w oods a n d w ere ,

d est roye d by t h e i n furi a t e d en emy ; t h e l a t t er ma d e t h e i r w a y t o a

fort ifi e d v ill a b el on g i n g t o on e Erup t oric h a ret i re d O ffi cer of merc en ari es
5
,

i n t h e Ro ma n se rv i c e Th e i r rec e p t i on t h ere w as n ot suc h a s t o eu .

c oura g e t h em t o h op e for h is rot ec t i on a n d t h e y t ook refu e from

p g ,

surre n d er a n d di sh on our i n vol un t a ry d ea t h Thi s d eep di sg ra c e t o th e .

Roma n a rms w a s n ot a ven g ed Tib e ri us a b sorb ed i n h is own d ark a n d .

,

t ort uous p oli c y c h ose t o di ssembl e t h e l oss so sust a i n e d ra t h er t h a n

,

Th “ m en t rust a w a r T h F ri si a n s w ere e ma n c i a t e d from t h e

6
e an,
t o a n
y o n e e p .

ok e o f R ome a n d ma i n t a i n e d t h e i r lib ert y t h e n c e forwa rd w i t h fi rmn ess

$31 ;tn y
“
, ,

t h oug h n ot a l wa y s w i t h t h e d esi re d suc c ess

resen !
p

an d] D uri n g t h e re i g n of C a li gul a w h ose folli es a n d a troc i t i es i n c urred

, ,

a w e ll d ese rve d fa t e n o n ot i c e of momen t oc c urs re l a t ive t o t h e G erma n i c

A U C 7 94
. . .

A w u mt h t h
-

,
e

trib es But i n t h e b e g i n n i n g of t h a t of h is suc c e ssor C l a udi us we l earn

pl t t i i t h i n c id e n t a lly from D i o C a ssi us t h a t S ul i c ius G a lb a d e fea t e d t h e C h a t t i
s
at d ari .
, ,

mm
ia n e
ra g a 0 .
p ,

ese n o t i c es merely i n di c a t e t h a t
“N
n d P ubli us G a b i n ius t h e M a rsi Th
AD A, a .

t h e h ost ili t i es b e t w ee n t h e R oma n s an d t h e b ord er t rib e s of t h e Rhi n e h a d

n ot c e ase d e n t i re ly T h e sa me hi st ori a n rema rks th a t t h e thi rd e a g l e
.
,

of t h e V a ri a n l eg i on s w a s re c overe d up on t h e former of t h ese oc c asi ons

8
.

5
T he G ron ovi us ed it O f Ta c read s C rup . . over G ab ini us, w ho t he n ce acquired
t h e C ha n ci t o
t orich q uasi C hrod orich , or Roderic h A n n t h e sirn a me of Ch a ucic us T he c ap t ure of t he
"
. . .

lib i v c 7 3
. . . .
last of t he missin g e a g les is, as we h a ve seen , at
T he w ord s of T ac it us a re, D issimula n te t rib ut ed by T ac it us t o G erman ic us ( A n n lib ii . . .

T ib erio d a mn a , n e c ui b ellum p e rmit t ere t , e x w ho foun d i t b urie d i n on e o f t he sacred

"
c .

p re ssion s w h ic h le a ve i t d ou b t ful w het her he g roves of t he C h a t t i T his g ood fort un e will

.

a c t ed from j e alou re min d t h e rea de r of t h e fi n d i n

s , o r i n p ursua n c e o f t he p eac e
y g o f t he t rue c ross ,

ful b ut in sidi o us polic y he ha d a d opt ed i n h is an d O f ma n y a prec ious relic d u rin g t he Holy

d ea lin gs wi t h t he T eut on ic b orderers . Wa rs T he ven era t ion Of t he leg ion aries for
.

Ta o A n n li b iv c 7 2, 7 3
. . C o mpa re . .
Masc ou, Hist of t he G erm vol i b ook iv 0 23
—
. .
. g
t h eir ea le s w as n o t , pe rh aps, les s pro found t han
t ha t O f t he soldiers of t he cross for t he e mb le m
. . . . .

L a d en . vol i p 3 3 4 3 3 7 o f t h e fai t h I t w as i mpera t ive upon th e R0

8 —S ee also S uel in
. .
. . .

D i o C assi us lib l x , . . . . man lea d ers t o rec over t he t hree ea les ; t hey g
Cla ud c 2 4
. T his writ er a t trib ute s a vic to ry
. . w ere n ot likely t o be un successfii l .
 ‘

Chap i v Sec
. . . I T A L U S KI NG OF T HE C HER U SC I .
1 39

T h e G erma n s, h e furt h er t ell s us, w ere hi g hly v a l ue d by t h e R oma n s a s

a uxili a ry t roop s ; th a t C a li gu l a c ommi t te d h is p erson t o a g ua rd Of G er
ma n merc en a ri es ; a n d t h a t , i n t h e re i gn Of C l audius, t h e a ux ili ari es from
t h e ri g h t b a nk of t h e Rhi n e , p a rt i c ul arly t h e B a t a vi , di st i n gui sh e d th e m
selve s a g a i n st t h e B ri t on s of Esse x , a n d t ook a n imp ort a n t p a rt i n t h e

ca th eir c a p ita l Ca melodun urn

p t ure of , .
9

I n t h e a b sen c e of c on n ec t e d hi st ory si n gl e i n c id en t s some t i mes th row A D 47

, . . .

a s i n ul arly st ron li ht u on t h e i n t ern a l c on di t i on of n a t i on s O f thi s

g g g p .

n a t ure i s a n ev en t me n t i on e d by T a c i t us t o h a ve oc c urre d i n t h e rei g n of i il w c v a rs.

C l a udius I t a p pe a rs t h a t ever si n c e t h e d e a th of Armi n i us t h e C h erus

.
, ,

c a n s h a d su ffere d t h e e xtremes of a n a rc hy a n d c i vil dist ra c t i on M ost of

‘

th e ir n obl es h a d p e ri sh ed a n d of a ll t h eir c hi efs a si n gl e sc i on a lon e

,

re ma i n ed a n d he w a s t h e son of a t ra it or a n d d w e lt a t Rome
,
.
But .

we ary of mut ua l sl a ught er it a pp ears t h a t w i t h t h e t h oug htl e ssn ess

“

, ,

of b arb a ri a n s w h o ra re ly h a ve more th a n on e obj e c t i n vi e w a t a t ime

, ,

a n d a s ra rely k n ow more t h a n on e w a y of a rri v i n g a t i t a l a rg e p art y w a s ,

foun d wi lli n g t o overl ook t h e i mp ort a n t c on sid era t i on s th a t I t a lus t h e son S li it I t l , o c a a s,

of Fl a v i us t h e trai tor b rot h er t o t h e h ero i c Armi n i us w a s a R oma n by iii? 13 533 2?

1
-

, , 0

h ere ditar y p rej udi c e b y birt h a n d by e duc a t i on Th ere rema i n ed fi ffigfiw

m
s
.
, , ,
'

h owe ver n o on e el se t o re presen t t h a t a n c i ent l in e of p ri n c es t o whi c h i

g gf gg
s e f
,

t h e C h erusc a n n a ti on w a s so st ron g ly a t t a c h ed A n emb a ssy w a s th ere .

fore sen t t o R ome t o Offer t h e c hi eft a i n shi p t o I t a lus : C l a udius rea dily Cl udiu a s con
m
ri n c e w ith mon e y a n d a b o dy of st i p e n di a ry
ge
c on sen t e d ; h e fu rn i sh e d t h e
p
troop s a n d di smi sse d h im w i t h a n i n t ima t i on t h a t t h oug h h e w as n ow
, ,

ra i se d t o t h e roud st a t i on of a sovere i g n p ri n c e n o e l eva ti on c ou ld

p ,

a b so l ve h im from h is a ll e i a n c e t o t h e c oun t ry of h is bi rt h or from h i s

g ,

dut i es a s a Roma n c i t iz en .

I t alus a pp e ars t o h a ve p ossesse d p op ul a r t a l en t s a n d for a t i me b ot h I t l i p p , a as s o p

i l d i h h h t i n ot k n own h ow l on
p a r t e s were
p e ase w t e a c o t er I s .
g t hi s
un usual c on c ord l a sted ; b ut a ft er a ti me t h e more rest l e ss Sp i ri t s b eg a n
, ,
t fi t ? b ut
d
a
an a
rs
ver se

t o di sc ov er t h a t h e w a s t oo muc h of a R oma n for t h e m ; t h e y reg a rd e d b g ri n s

m t u
h is c on t i n ua n c e in p ow er a s d a n g erous t o G erma n lib e rt y a n d ea p e pi i
i in o s s
m g , e oa a ea
m
ra t e d t h e n e i g hb ouri n ib by i m u i o h i m a ll t h e un a tri ot i c if }; fifiifii
’ ’

g t r e s
p t n
g t p
sen t i men t s a n d O ffen c es of h i s fa t h er Fl a v ius But h i s fri en d s st ill .

forme d t h e maj ori t y in n umb ers an d i n fluen c e ; th e y d efen d e d h im by

se tti n g Off t h e merit s of h i s a n c e st ors a a i n st t h e d emerit s of h i s
g p a ren t ;
th ey ex c use d t he l a tt er up on t h e groun d t h a t h e w a s n ot t o b e bl a me d for
ma i n tai n in g i n vi ol a t e t h a t fa i t h w hic h h e h a d c on tra c te d w ith t h e full
san c ti on of his c ou n t ry ; a n d th a t t h e obj ec ti on s set u a a i n st h is son
p g

Di o Cassi us, lib lx Camelodun um, t he presen t b orough Maldon

9
. . 20 , 2 1 . of .
 1 40 C O R BU L O AN D GA NN A SC U S .
[Book I .

mere
p ret ext s t o serve t h e turn of a fe w t urb ul en t a n d a mbi t i ous
w ere
A civil “ en
p erson s I n t h e c i vil w a rs w hi c h e n sue d I t a lus w a s p rob a bly suc c e ssful ,
mm
.

b ut a s t h e c on c l usi on of t h e n a rra t i ve of T a c i t us i mp li es, w i t h out a d van

,

t a g e t o h i s c oun t ry or si n g ul ar c re di t t o hi msel f
10
.

T h e C h au i I n t h e mea n t i me t h e C h an c i h a d e i t h er b ec ome w ea ry of t h e i r c on
c ,

t t h e i st i a
n ex i on w i t h R ome or, more
a n
g
t on of G
i an
p rob a bly , t h e y h a d b egun t o p erc e i ve t h e
,

fjjfigzgj ge a d va n t a g es w hi c h th e ma n y h a rb o urs aest ua ries, a n d i n t ri c a c i es of t h e i r

‘
L ’
,

c oa st resen t ed for ma ri t i me a d ve n t ure G a n n asc us a C a n i n e fa t e , a n d

p .
,

formerly a merc e n ary i n t h e R oma n serv i c e h a d for some t i me p a st ,

i n fest e d t h e ri c h a n d un w a rlike c oa sts of G a ul w i t h a li g h t p i ra t i c a l

s q ua d ron A t h i s i n st i g a t i on , t h e C h a uc i w ere i n d uc e d t o ma k e a n i n cur
.

si on i n t o t h e R oma n rov i n c e o f L owe r G e rma n y , a t a

m d e fi‘va e
eri od w h e n by
p mv nc e of n p p ,

Lower Ge r t h e d ea t h o f t h e g overn or S a n gui n ius M a xi mus, t h e l eg i on s w ere d e ,

many
T ym u rive d of t h e i r l e a d er B u M i mu sh ort ly a ft erw a rd s suc c e e d e d
.

h
p s t a x s w a s .

Pd ‘
n
ed b y D°
n ti us C orb ulo
by D omi t i us Co rb ulo a g ood soldi e r, w h o rest ore d t h e l a n g uid d i sc i p li n e
‘

b ot h b y l d
of t h e l e i on s, a n d re n d e re d t h em on c e more formid a bl e t o t h e b a r
an

a n d sea ;
g
“ 1 47 b ari a n s
,
T h e fl e e t s on t he Rhi n e a n d on t h e B a t a v i a n c oast s w ere
.

re a i red a n d c oll ec t e d ; a n d run n i n

p g out o f t h e h a rb ours a ga i n st t h e
li g h t se a b oa ts of t h e C h a n c i t h e y sa n k ma n y of t h em, a n d p ursued
-

G a n n a sc us from t h e c oa st s i n t o t h e i n t eri or of t h e C h a uc i a n t erri t ory .

h e c ompels T h e F ri si a n s wh o si n ce t h e d efe a t of A p ron ius h a d ren oun c e d a ll c on

,

‘h e “ Sim “
n ex i on w i t h R ome
more c omp ell e d t o g ive h ost a g es a c c ep t
, w ere on c e ,

R oma n g a rri son s a n d re c e i ve t h e ma i st ra t es w h om C orb u lo t h oug h t fi t

m gu g ,

t o p l a c e i n offi c e a mon g t h e m A t t h e same t i me un d er c ol our of n eg o

an n sons '
.
,

c i a t i n g w i t h t h e C h a uc i h e se n t a ssa ssi n s w i t h h i s en v oy s t o murd e r t h e

,

rest less G a n n a sc us a roc e e di n n ot reg a rd e d d erog a t ory t o t h e h on ou

”
p g , r

o f t h e e m i re or o f t h e a e n t s t h e msel ve s n c e st ra t a g em
‘

p g S i s a y s ,

T a c i t us w a s n e i t h er unj ust n or di sh on oura bl e w h en p ut i n p ra c t i c e

,

a a i n st t ra i t ors a n d reb el s A c ordi n g ly a t Rome t h e a c t of C orb ulo

l l
T h Ch i c
e
g anc , ,
m a en ge
.

w a s est i ma t e d ra t h er by i t s c on se quen c es t h a n i t s mora l meri t s

“5 v
th i l d ;
e r ea er
T he .

i t
v an ce s
m u rd er of G a n n asc us b rok e off t h e n e g oc i a t i on s w i t h t h e C h a n c i ; t h e
n o
th t mt r ;
el '
r e
p e op le fl ew t o a rms t o a v en g e t h e d ea t h of t h e i r l e a d er ; b ut C orb ulo
or
,

rom t i n a n t i c i a t i n t h n se q ue n c es of h is ow n a c t a d va n c e d W i t h
p p p g e c o ,

T he y b rea ks sh ort o ff w it h t he ob se r
st o r or se rved un fri dl y power, he be ca m ip se
e n e
an
,
va l io n

a fil i c t a b a t.
Per laat a , p er a d versa res C heruscas
T a c A n n lib x i c 1 7
. . . . . .
f a c to, a t ra nsfuga an d a V i ola t or fi de i , it h
,

w ho m n o fa i t h w as t o b e kept T h us, t rmal

.
w
A nn x i 0 1 9
. . G an n a sc us w a s rega rd ed as
. . c on n e x io n s w i t h Rome , c on ferrin g no rig h t s,

a n o ut la w a men ab le t o d ea t h W hereve r h e sh o u
,
ld mig h t st ill i n volve men in a ll t he con seq uen ces
b e fo un d . T he Ro ma n s ma d e n o d iffere n c e b e a n d p en al t ie s of t re a son T he emp z re of Rome,
.

t w ee n a hired merce n ar a n d a c it iz e n as far as

y . li k e h er g e n uin e suc c essor t he ch urch o f Ro me ,
S rea d w id e t he n e t of a leg a n ce so as t o lo se n o
re spe c t ed t h e obli a t io n s o f a lle ia n ce
g g I f suc h .
p i l
an on e at a n y t ime a fte rwards se t u for h imse lf, ower fo r w a n t of clai mi n g i t
p p .
C ha p iv Sec . . . C HA N G ES IN G ERMA NY .

”
h is l eg i on s i n to t h e h eart of t h e c oun t ry T h e Roma n c ourt h ow ever .
, ,

i n qui re d Wh y h e sh ould h a ve ma d e a n ew en emy w ith out n ec essity

, ,

a n d wh y h e ex p ose d t h e st a t e t o d a n gers
? I t w a s obj ec te d by a ll p art i es
t h a t i f suc c ess i n st ea d of fa il ure h a d a tten d ed t h e p oli c y of C orb ulo so ,

a bl e a l e a d er a s h e w a s must b e d a n g e rous t o t h e p ubli c p ea c e un d er so

i n d ol en t a p ri n c e a s C l audius a n d a n i mp era tive order w a s t ra n smitt e d but i all d s rec e

by C l udm
t o him t o w i t hd ra w t h e Roma n t roop s a n d g a rri son s t o t h e C i s Rh en a n e
a '

rov i n c e C orb ulo w i t h p ra i sew ort hy forb ea ra n ce ob e y e d t h oug h

p .
, , ,

h e k n e w th a t h i s c omp li a n c e e x p osed t h e a rms of R ome t o t h e moc k ery

of t h e b a rb a ri a n s a n d t h e c on t emp t of h er a lli e s
1 2
.

I n t h e n ort h of G erma n y t h ere fore w e fi n d a reve rsa l of p oliti c a l , ,

c on n exi on s t o h a v e t a k en p l a c e Wi t hi n a very few y e a rs t h e C h erusc i Th Ch u i

.
,
e er sc
m
on c e t h e c h a mp i ons of G erma n lib ert y w h om t h e t ru 332213
1e
e i n t ere st s of t h e i r 3 ,

Rm
c oun t ry sh ou ld h ave k ep t a l oof from a ll c on n exi on w i t h R ome h ad e'
‘

a c c ep te d a sove re i g n a t h er h a n d s At t h e sa me t i me t h e C h a uc i t h e Th Gh u i ,
,
e a c

h ere dita ry en emi es of t h e C h erusc i a n d on c e t h e fa i t h ful a dh eren ts of §§ t1232§ii

e e

t h e e mp i re h a d b e en i rretri eva bly a li en a t e d by t h e foul p oli c y of C orb ulo y

“
, .

O n t h e ot h er h a n d t h e c on duc t of t h e C h a tt i a t a ll t i me s t h e most nu T h Ch tti

, ,
'
e a

merous a n d p owerful of t h e Rh en i sh b ord erers exhib ite d a muc h grea t er i t n d t h i

l a one are con
, s s en e ,

degre e of c on si st en c y : t h e y p e rseveri n gly n ouri sh ed th e i r a n c i en t

j ea l ousy of t h e versa t il e C h erusc a n s ; t h e y c on t i n ued t h e sw orn en emi es fizg t d wifh n ec e

of R ome ; a n d a s soon a s t h e R oma n fa c t i on b ec a me t h e d omi n a n t

a mon g t h e C h erusc an s th e i r a n i mosi t y seems t o h a ve b rok en out i n t o

,
.

13
a c t i ve h ost ili t y .

W hil e t hi s di sp osi t i on exi st e d a mon g t h e T euton i c n a t i on s of t h e But Cl udiu a s

n ort h Rome h a d li t tl e t o fea r A h ostil e un i on w as n ot w ithi n t h e

'

.
,

f
sc op e of p ossibili t y a s l on g a s sh e c on fi n e d h erse l f t o oli t i c a l i n t er
eren ce'
,
p
fere n c e me re ly or t o t h e rep ressi on a n d p un i sh men t of i sol a t e d out ra g e s
,

c ommi t t e d on h er fron t i er Thi s ki n d of p oli c y a s i t h a p p en e d , sui t e d

.
,

t h e t emp er of t h e re i g n i n g e mp eror C l a udi us S c h eme s of c on que st , .

w ere l a id a sid e a n d C orb ulo w i se ly oc c up i e d h i s a rmy i n a w ork of C bul

,
d or o an

ut ili t y c on si st en t w i t h t h e en erg et i c a n d sub st a n t i a l c h a ra c ter of t h e

ma n ; h e c ut a w id e a n d d eep w a tercourse a di sta n c e of t wen t y t h ree ,
~

mil es c on n e c ti n g t h e M a a s t o t h e Rhi n e for d ra i n i n g a p a rt of t h e

, ,

B a t avi a n i sl a n d p ec uli arly e x p ose d t o c a sual i n un d a t i on s from hi g h

w i n d s a n d tid e
“
Ab out t h e sa me t i me A g ri pp i n a t h e a mbi t i ous a n d A D 5O
.
,
- .

c ra ft y c on sort of C l a udi u s a dd e d l ustre t o t h e a n c i en t C ol on i a U bi orum

, ,

19
T a o An n lib x i c 1 9 , 2 0
. . . . . . still forms a principal d rain o f t he provi nce of
See Pfi st er s rema rk s, G esch d er D eut sch Hollan d be t w een t he c ity o f L eyd en an d t he vi l
’

—
13
. .

vol i p 1 1 3
. . . . lag e of Sluy s o n t he M aas See Cl uver, G erm . .

T a c A n n lib x i c 20
. T his great w ork
. . . . . A n t iq lib ii 0 3 2 p 462
. . . . . . .

V OL . I .
1 42 V ER B T AN D I MA L O RI C H [Book I .

p l a c e of h e r bi r th t he
by se t t li n
g a c ol on y of v e t era n s t h ere a n d i v i n
g g , ,

M 53
? i t h er n a me 15
A few y e a rs a ft erwa rd s P omp eius P a ullin us t h e govern or
.
, ,
P mp u 1 u1
o f L ower G e rma n y
o ei s n
1mu ut , ex ec e, c a rri e d i n t o ex ec ut i on a w ork p roj ec t e d by D rusus ,

six t y t h ree y e a rs b e fore for c on fi n i n t h e w a t ers o f t h Rhi e w i t hi n i ts

g e n
-
,

Rh i wh l b
n e,
anks w hil e L uc i us V e t us i n U pp er G erma n y l a id d ow n t h e l evel s for
i e
, ,
L V tu p e s ro

j t th u i ma c a n al i n t en d e d t o j o i n t h e S a on e a n d t h e M ose ll e a n d t h us c omp l e t e t h e
.

f t z fi ll
ec n t
,

d t h Sa o ne w a t er c ommu b e t we en t h e M e di t erra n ea n a n d t h e G e rma n

o e ose e
‘

an e n i c a t i on
.

O c ea n .
16

Bet w ee n t h e y e a rs rec k on i n g from t h e c on c l usi on of t h e C h au

A p eri od of t wen t y
y ea rs
,

47 4 53 c ia n w a r t o t h e
83
g re a t B a t a vi a n i n surrec t i on el a p sed i n w hi c h b ut
,
, ,

few i n c id en t s c on n e c t e d w i t h t h e hi st ory of t h e n ort h e rn G erma n i c

A D SO n a ti on s re ma i n t o b e n ot i c e d
. . .
I n t h e y e a r 5 0 t h e C h a t t i ma d e a sudd en .

N i id to i rr u t i on i n t o L ow er G erma n y
nc
p
en s
L uc i us P omp on ius t h e l eg a t e of t h e
f i mp t
.
,
o or an c e
o ccu b tw p r
ro v i n c
e e re
p ul se d
een t h e m w ith t h e a u x ili a ry t r0
,
0 p s of t h e V a n g i on es a n d
th y
N emet es a l on e I n t i mid a t e d by d efea t stron gly c oerc e d by t h e fort s
47e ea rs

W 1 68 ,
.
,

up on M oun t T a un us 7 a n d t h rea t en e d by t h e C h erusc a n s i n th e i r rear ,

1
,

t h e y h a st en e d t o ma k e p ea c e Th e y sen t en voy s t o R ome a n d g a ve .

,

h ost a es a n d P omp on ius ob t a i n e d t ri ump h a l h on ours for t hi s suc c e ss

g
,
18
.

A D 57 Seven y e a rs a ft er t hi s h umili a t i on of t h e C h a t ti t h e low di st ri c t s

. . .
,

b etwe e n t h e ri ver Ems a n d t h e Rhi n e b e c a me t h e sce n e of a sa n gui n a ry

b ord er w a rfa re D ubi us A vi t us h a d suc c ee d e d P a ulli n us i n t h e g overn .

me n t of L o w er G erma n y Sh ort ly a ft er h e t ook t h e c omma n d t wo . ,

F ri si a n p ri n c e s n a me d V e rri t a n d M a loric h p ut t h emsel ves i n p osses

3333233 Sl on of a v a c a n t d i st ri c t c on si i
3, ~
, ,

an d M l i h a or c ,
st n g
p rob a bly of ma rsh a n d p a st ure on , , , ,

t h e ri g h t b a n k of t h e Rhi n e Thi s t erri t ory eva c ua t ed a s some sup .

, ,

t h e g ra d ua l re t re a t of t h e w ea k er b ord er t rib es h a d b een a p

19
; hm
th L w
fl
p
e
ose
e
by o er
, ,

p rO p ri a t ed by t h e R oma n s t o t h e use of t h e l eg i on s
.

T h e p ol i c y .
20

of C l a udi us a n d t h e un usual i n a c t i vi t y of t h e a rmi e s w hi c h resul t e d from

, ,

i t h a d g i ve n ri se t o a rep ort a mon g t h e b a rb a ri a n s t h a t t h e g overn ors h a d

,

b ee n d i vest ed of t h e p ower of di re c t i n g mili t a ry O p era ti on s V erri t a n d

”
.

’
5
T a c A n n lib x n c 2 6
. . . . .
'
. A g ros milit um usui seposit os
va c uos, et .

I b id lib x iii c 53
. . I t sh ould seem t h a t
. . . It seems h owever imp rob a b le t h a t d ist ric t s
, ,

severa l o f t he most ex t en sive a n d use fu l w ork s so e x t en sive as t o b e d eemed c a p able o f

for d ra in in g an d fen cin g o ut t he t id e s a n d river a ffo rd in g ub sist en ce t o w hole t rib es should
s

fl ood s i n t he Ba t a vi a n t errit ory must b e ascrib ed h a ve b een se t a pa rt e it her as ca t t le p as tures or

t o t h e Roma n s
'7
Se e ch a p i ii sec t
. as mere e x erc isi n g g rou n d for t he use o f t he
of t his Hist ory
. . . I . . sold iers T he Roma n s w ere n a t urally a n x io us t o
.

Ta c A n n lib x ii c 2 7 , 2 8
. . T a c i t us t ells
. . . . in t erpose as w id e a n in t erva l as p ossible b e tw een
us, t h a t upon t his o ccasion t h e sold iers d elivered t heir own st a t ion s a n d t he formid able bord er
severa l
p riso n ers b elon g i n g t o t he V a ria n t rib es a n d ha d t h ere fore d et ermin ed t ha t t he
.

legion s w ho h ad b een fort y years i n c ap t ivi ty . lan d s i n q uest ion sh ould con t i n ue v a ca n t n ci . I
I n p art ic ular L ud en , v ol i p 3 48 . . . . d e n t a lly, n o d oub t , t h ey use d t hem as ca t t le p as
T ac it us ( A n n lib x iii c calls t h em t ures
9°
. . . . .
 T HE Y V S T RO ME
I I ’

C ha p iv Sec
. . . .
1 43

Maloric h it wa s th oug ht h a d ava il ed t h emsel ves of t hi s i mp ressi on t o

, ,

e rsua d e t h e i r c oun t ry me n t h a t t h e y mi ght oc c u p y t h e va c a n t territory

p
w i t h out a p p re h en si on of di sturb a n c e from t h e R oma n s T h ey t h erefore
'

took p ossessi on b uilt h ouse s a n d b eg a n t o cul t iva t e t h e l a n ds But i n T h y

, , . e a re

t h e mid st of th ese p eaceful o c c up a t i on s

-

a messag e from A vi t us ,

th re a ten e d t h em w i t h t h e resen t men t of t h e republi c un l ess t h e y e i t h er ggb iu A i s v’

ret urn e d t o t h e i r a n c i en t se t t l emen ts or ob t a i n e d C aesa r s p ermi ssi on t o

’
,

a c qui re n ew on es T h e t wo c hi e fs t ook h im a t h i s w ord a n d p rocee d e d

.
,

t o Rome t o ob t a i n a g ra n t from t h e emp e ror N ero

‘

H ere t h ey were d g t . an o o

e n t ert a i n e d a s p ubli c g uest s ; a n d a mon g ot h er usua l a tt e n ti on s t h ey 3 23312

1 “

13 2 8

w ere c on d uc te d t o t h e P omp e i a n th e a t re w i t h t h e vi ew of surp ri si n g zi ggfi fif

g
‘
_
,
r e

th em by t h e a sp ec t of t h e en ormous c on c ourse w hi c h th ose stup en d ous

e difi c es p resen t e d on p ubli c oc c a si on s T h e p ri n c es ob serv i n g a ma rk ed pub
F i
le a e
. r ,
l g
di sti n c ti on i n t h e di strib uti on of t h e se a ts i n quire d wh y c erta i n p erson s d ri d:
er

, e

were p l a c e d i n t h e p i t row i n p re feren c e t o t h e rest

21
-
B e i n g told t h a t .

th ose were t h e se a ts of h on our reserve d for t h e sen a t ors th e y were le d t o

"

m
, ,

n ot i c e c ert a i n p erson s d re sse d i n fore i g n c ostume p l a c e d on t h e sa e

Th ese th e y were told w ere t h e a mb a ssa dors of forei g n n a ti on s

”
sea t s .
, ,

di st i n gui sh e d for va l our a n d g ood fa i t h tow a rd s t h e Roma n p eop l e T h e .

st urdy b a rb a ri a n s e x c l a i me d a l oud N o me n on ea rt h surp a ss t h e d b ldly

'

an o
,

G erma n s i n va l our a n d g oo d fa i t h i fijff ff

t a s ‘
a n d d esc e n d e d w i t h out h esit a t i on fi
, r

i n to t h e sea ts of t h e sen a t ors a s t h e i r n a t ura l a n d ri g h t ful p l a c e s Thi s t h t

th
du
.
e
ea re, a s e

p ro m p t di sp l a y of se l f re s ec t w a s re a rd e d by t h e a udi e n c e w i t h t t h
p g
- l u o e va o r

ap p l ause a s t h e h on e st i mp ul se of c on sc i ous wort h ; a n d N ero hi m

d i tu f an v r es o

, se l f t h i ti e r na on .

di sti n gui sh ed t h e t wo p ri n c e s by p resen t i n g th em w i t h t h e c itiz en shi p of

H ere t h e p erson a l story of V errit a n d M aloric h b rea ks ofl ‘ a b ruptly Buf th i m

“

. e r e
ml
T h e i r n a mes a re n ot eve n men t i on e d i n t h e sequel A p eremp t ory ord er Zfii ihfl lf;i s'
.
_

w a s sen t t o t h e Fri si a n s t o eva c ua t e t h e w a st e l a n d s : up on t h e i r re usa l ll d f m th

f i
,
s an s are ex

p e e ro e

t h e a uxili a ry c a va l ry w a s sudd e n ly se n t a g a i n st t h em a n d t h ose w h o tl d ,

va can an s.

re si st e d w ere kill e d or c a rri e d i n to c a t i v i t y

2 2
p .

T h e F ri si a n set t l ers h a d h a rdly yi e ld e d t o t h e p owe r of R ome w h en a A D 58 , . . .

more n umerous t rib e a p pe a re d t o c l a i m w a ste s w hi c h i n t h e h on est a p ftigfjgg m , e r

r e h en si on of t h e b a rb a ri a n s se e me d i n t en d e d by n a ture ra th er for t h e p a
p
'

l im
,
p t ea r o c a

ma i n tena n c e of t he h uma n ra c e t h a n t o serve t h e en d s of a j ea l ous st a t e h m

i
e sa e
d
e i n t ern a l di st ra c t i on s of G erman y
an 8‘

p oli c y T
. h h owever h a d so fre , ,

quen t ly ex p osed t h e Roma n fron t i ers t o d a n ger a n d i n va si on , th a t t h e

s” T he pit , t he seat s aroun d t he or

c a veat, or

chestra , t he pla ce of hon our in a Roman t hea t re

z Lu
’
d en t h in k s it d iffi cult t o a void suspect in g
t ha t t h e surpri se of t he F risia n set t lers t ook
.
pla ce b efo re t he ret urn of t he t wo prin ces from
Rome , a n d t ha t t hey h ad b een referred t hit her
merely w it h t h e view of d eprivin g t he people of
t hei r lead ers —
G esc h d er D eut sch vol i p 3 50
. . .
'

. . .

T 2
1 44 A V I T US A N D BO J O KA L .
[Book I .

g overn ors b ec a me a n xi ous t o p reve n t a n y n umerous t rib e from fixi n g

t h e msel ve s i n si t ua t i on s so fa voura bl e t o p re d a t ory i n c ursi on s or w h ere ,

t h ey mi g ht form a p oi n t of un i on a n d supp ort t o t h e re mot er en e mi e s of

t h e e mp i re I n t h e p rog re ss of t h ose i n t ern a l c ommot i on s t h e A n sib a ri i
.
,

a nu merous c l a n i n h a bi t i n g t h e b a n k s of t h e Ems h a d b een forc ibly ,

ex p ell e d from t h e i r se a t s b y t h e more p ow erful Ch a uc i I mpe ll e d .

by p overt y a n d di st re ss t h ey t ook p ossessi on of t h e va c a n t b ord er l a n d s

”
-
, ,

Th eir chief,
Boj oka l, a p
a n d sen t t h e i r a e d c hi e f Boj ok a l t o ob t a i n t h e
g p ermi ssi on of t h e
pli es t o A vitus
Roma n s t o se ttl e t h ere H e p resen t e d hi msel f t o t he g overn or a s
.

a n a n c i en t fri e n d a n d serva n t of t h e e mp i re
for permissi on
t o se t t le
H e h a d h e sa id
. b een , ,

t h row n i n t o b on d s fi ft y y ea rs b efore by ord er of A rmi n i us for h is

, ,

a t t a c h me n t t o t h e re publi c d uri n g t h e g re a t C h erusc a n wa r ; h e h a d

”
serv e d fa i t h fu lly un d er Tib eri us a n d G erma n i c us a n d wa s n ow c ome t o ,

c rown a li fe of h on oura bl e se rvi ce s by v ol un t a rily p l a c i n g hi msel f a n d h is

p eop l e un d er t h e p rot ec t i on of t h e e mp i re I t sh ould se em t h a t A vi t us

.

h esi t a t e d t o g i ve a di rec t refusa l : t h en a s i f i n rep ly t o t h e g overn or s ’

”
,

obj e c t i on s Bo ok a l i n q ui re d H ow muc h l a n d w a s n e c essa ry for t h e

, j ,

a s t ure of t h e c a t t l e a n d h ow muc h t h e y w ould i n si st u on k e e i n

p , p p g
va c a n t ? Will y ou p refer h e ex c l a i me d , your c a t t l e t o t h e c ri e s of
,

a fa i t h ful a n d fa mi shi n g pe op l e ? Th ese di st ric t s h a ve oft en c h a n g e d

”
ma st ers wh y sh ould t h ey n ot d o so n ow ? A s t h e h ea ven s a re g iven t o
,

t h e g o d s so i s t h e ea rth a pp oi n t e d un t o morta l ma n : th a t whi c h

,

i s oc c up i e d by n o on e i s t h e ri g h t of a ll Th en a dd ressi n g t h e sun a n d
.

t h e h ea v e n ly b o di es , W ill y e h e ex c l a i me d c on t i n ue t o shi n e up on
, ,

a w ort hl ess d esert ? Will y e n ot ra t h e r p our out y our gre a t fl ood s up on

t h e robb ers of t h e ea rt h ? Thi s p a ssi on a t e a pp ea l st un g t h e g overn or ;
h e a n sw ere d i n sul t i n gly t h a t i t w a s t h e d ut y of sup p li c a n t s t o a ec om
,

mod a t e t h emsel ves t o t h e resol ut i on of t h e i r b e t t ers I t is t h e p l ea sure

”
b ut t he la t ter .

j
re ect s h i s su it
of t h e v ery g od s y ou i n vok e t o l a c e t h e p ower o f g ra n ti n g or re fusi n
wit h i nsult p g
w h a t t o t h em sh a ll see m b est i n t h e h a n d s of t h e R oma n s n or w il l t h e y
.

a c k n owl e d e a n
g y ot h er arbi t er t h a n t h e i r o wn w ill S uc h w a s t h e.

p ubli c a n sw er t o t h e a p p li c a t i on o f t h e A n sib a rii I n p riv a t e h o we v e r

.
, ,

A vi t us offere d l a n d s t o Boj ok a l a s a n a c k n ow l e d g me n t of p a st se rv i c e s
, .

T h e old ma n i n di g n a n t ly rep udi a t e d t h e b oon a s t h e p ri c e of t re a so n t o

his p eop l e a ddi n g t h a t t h oug h a sp a ce t o li ve mi g h t b e d en i e d t h em a
, , ,

fi eld t o d ie c ould n ot b e w i t hh eld .

T he A n siban i
soon di sa ppea r
Wi t h t hi s d efi a n c e Boj ok a l t ook h is d ep a rt ure A sh ort li v e d a n d .

from t h e i ron feebl e l ea gue w i t h t h e T e uc h t eri a n d B ruc t eri a t fi rst p romi se d some
rom t me a sures of A vi t us
t ier
su t h w h d A i b ii B u t t h
.

pp or t o t e re t c e n s a r .e p p ,

a n d t h e i n t e rn a l di st ra c t i on s of t h e n ort h ern G e rma n s soon b ere ft t h em ,

of t hi s l as t h O e F orsa k e n by ev ery a lly th e y w a n d ere d fi rst t o t h e

p .
,
C hap iv Sec
. . .
VAN G I O A N D S D O
.
I .

U si et es, th en to t he
l a stly t o t h e Ch erusc a n s a s g uest s a s
Chat tl a n d,
p , , , ,

su li a n ts or a s foe s ; t ill re d uce d by fa mi n e a n d t h e sword t h e rem

pp , , ,

n a n t a b a n d on e d th emse lve s t o sl a very a n d v a n i sh e d from t h e sc e n e a s 3

,
2

sudd en ly a s th e y h a d ma d e th e i r a pp eara n c e t h ere .

W ith t h e ex c ept i on th en of t h e sh ort i n va si on of t h e C h a t t i i n

, ,

t h e y ea r 5 0 t h e t ra n sac t i on s w i t h V erri t a n d M al oric h a n d t h e a t t e mp t

, ,

of t h e A n sib a ri i a fe w y ea rs l a t er t h e Roma n s e nj oy e d a l on g er p er i od ,

of tra n quillity i n t hi s quarte r t h a n a n y hi t h ert o on rec ord T h e p oli c y of Th p li y f . e o c o

Tib eri us h a d be en t ri e d a n d foun d t o b e n ot merely a d e qua te t o every 32 33111 135

12

1 .

t M i
r ose of d efen ce b ut t o l e a d t o a c ert a i n th oug h g ra d ua l e x t en si on of th u h
° “ "
u
p p ,
g g du l o ra a

the R oma n 1 n fl ue n c e a m o n g t h e d i st ra c t e d n a t i o n s o f G er m a n y t
th R m
w f .
ex

e
en s
o
n o
an

Advert i n g n ext t o t h e tra n sa c t ion s i n t h e ea st ern reg i on s of th a t vast i flu i

.
n en ce n

c oun t ry d uri n g t h e sa me p eri od a si mil a r re sul t w ill b e p erc e i ve d

_

”
, .

V a n n ius t e h i w h m Tib i u h d l d t h f bl t f G
‘

ea s o er
re n o er s a a c e ov e r e e e e re
sov e , g p :
“

ma i n s of t h e p owers of Ma rb od a n d C a t ua ld a h a d gre a t ly en l a rg e d h i s in 2 35 w , , .

fl ue n c e a mon g t h e n a t i on s on t h e P a n n on i a n fron ti er n ort h of e D an ub e 2331? t h h 2

t .

But t h e j e a l ousy of h i s n ei g hb ours t h e H ermun d uri a n d t h e d omes t i c g i

'

h n ev , on t e
D m
, ,

b roil s fomen te d by th em i n c onj un c t i on w i t h t wo of h is rel a tives

a

, ,

V a n gio a n d S id o i n t h e en d b roug ht a b out h is ex p ul si on

,
D uri n g t h e .

rot ra c t e d w ars w hi c h a rose out of t h e se c a b a l s C l a udi us d e c li n e d a ssi st

p ,

i n g e i t h er p a rty th oug h V a nn i us a s t h e c re a t ure of Rome c l a i me d

, , ,

a ri ht t o h er p rot e c ti on A stron g a rmy w a s a ssembl e d on t h e fron t i er

g .

t o i n t i mid a t e b oth p a rt i es a n d V a n n ius w a s i n forme d th a t i n c a se of , ,

d efe a t h e must ex p ec t n o more th a n a n a syl um i n t h e Roma n terri t ori es

,
.

Th ese p rec aution s w ere n ot n ee dl ess I n t h e p rogress of t h e c on test a .

n umerous h ost of S uev i c L y g i a n s we re a ttra c t e d by t h e v a st t rea su res

w hi c h V a n n ius wa sr e p ort ed t o h ave a ma sse d d uri n g a re i g n of more 11 11 1 9

th a n t hi rt y ye a rs A ft er kee p i n g t h e se p ow erful en e mi es a t b a y for
.

D 50
some ti me h e w a s a t l en g th d ri ve n by t h e i mp a t i e n c e of h is J a z y g i a n i d
. .

d
q gg
id
i i ii
s e a
o o
.
, ,

a ux 1 11 a ry c a v a l ry t o a g e n era l e n g a g e me n t l n wh l c h h e suff er e d a t ot a l a ii i r
0 e e 18

, , r ves an

defea t ; a n d a v a ili n g hi msel f of t h e p romi se d re fug e h e a n d his foll owers g i d Sid “ ° an

g fi
t ,

l
se t t e d up n
o a g ra n t o f l a n d s i n P a n n on i a V a g o a n d S o v e h is
n i id di id d fi fi f f
.
fi g a

n o“

ki n g dom b et w e en t h em Th e v i c i n i t y of t h e ex p ell e d mon a rc h served a s

.

a c h e c k up on t h e i r a mbi t i on ; t h e y ma i n t a i n ed sa ys T a c i t us
‘

a , ,

re ma rk a bl e d e gree of a t t a c h men t t ow a rd s R ome t h e ra t h er from a

p p re ,

hen sion O f t h e i r own fi c kl e a n d turbulen t subj ec t s th a n from a se n se of

”
obli g a t i on t ow ard s t h e

Tao A nn lfl ) x iii c 56 U Such a noma lies are, h owever, common

3
.
p on t his t e
. . . . .
ph y .

markable story L uden ob serves, t ha t t he A h e n oug h t o c on vin ce us of t he ex t reme frai ln ess of

s1b ar1 1 are n ever b efore men t i on ed b t h e ma t erial s o f w hi ch t he ma p of a n cien t G er
y a n y Ro
man writer, a nd t h at it is ex ceed in gly d iffi cult t o man y is const ruct ed See L a den , vol i p 3 52
. . . . .

ma ke room for t hem in an y scheme of g eogre 94 T a o

A n n lib x ii c 3 0
. . . . . .
1 46 I N FL U EN CE O F RO ME IN G ERMA NY .
[Book I .

P aramoun t in i n fl uen c e of Rome a mon g t h e D an ubi a n n a t i on s wa s by thi s t i me

The
ifi fi fiih p a ra moun t T h e ki n g doms of V a n g io a n d S ido were d ep en d en t or
e .

ribut ary ; t h e h ost il e M a rk ma n n en v a n i sh for a

fi f
e “
t i d a n d the
p er o ; p ow er
of t h e a lli e d H ermun d uri see ms t o h a ve e xt en d e d it sel f over seve ra l

a dj a c e n t c l a n s A w a r w hi c h a rose b e tween th ese a n d t h e C h a tt i c on

.
, ,

t rib ut e d t o en l a rg e t h e i r t erri t ory still more Thi s w a r i s rep orte d by .

T a c i t us t o h a ve a ri sen out of a q uarrel a b out t h e p ossessi on of a c ert a i n

sa li n e ri ver or S p ri n g w hi c h se p a ra t e d t h e t wo c oun t ri e s
, B esid es t h e .

n atu ra l di s osi t i on t o d e t ermi n e a ll di s ut es by t h e sword a r e li i ous

g
p p ,

r j u di i t hi i t t h t i mu l t d th e i r a n i mosi t y
p e c e a pp ea rs n s n s a n c e
, o a v e s a e ,
.

Th ey b eli e ve d t h a t t h e sp ot s wh ere sa l t w a s p roduc e d w ere t h e fa vourit e

resort s of t h e o d s w h e re t h e a y ers of mort a l s foun d a more re a dy

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v ow by w hi c h b ot h a rti e s h a d b oun d t h emsel v e s p ri or t o t h e a c ti on t h e

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H ermun dur i sa crifi ce d p ri son ers h orses a n d t h e e n ti re Sp oil s of t h e , ,

fi eld t o t h e l oc a l div i n i t i es rep resen te d i n R oma n myth ol ogy by t h e

,

n a mes of M a rs a n d M erc ury

’2 5
.

S EC T I O N II I . A D 5O
. . .

I nsurrection th e T ri but a ry N a ti on s f t he L ower Rhi ne

o
f Ci vi lis, and o
f o .

Dea th of Nero . T HE d e a th of N ero p ut a n en d t o th a t seri es of a d op t i ve suc c es

si on s by w hi c h t h e e m i re h a d b een for a l on g p eri od c on t i n ue d i n
p
t h e fa mily a n d ki n d re d of t h e fi rst C aesar T h e mon st rous t y ra n n y of t h e .

l a st of t h e li n e h a d ren d ere d t h e R oma n govern men t odi ous a n d c on

t e mp t ib le i n every rovi n c e I n G a ul J uli us Vi n d ex a di st i n gui sh e d
p . , ,

n obl e st ood forth t o v i n di c a t e t h e c a use of h is o resse d c oun try me n ;

, pp
b ut h e w a s i n a d e qua t e ly supp orte d a n d V i rgin ius Rufus t h e g overn or of , ,

U ppe r G erman y d efea t e d h i m a t B esa n con a n d re d uc e d h im t o sel f

, ,

d est ruc t i on ‘
.

A fter t h e murd er of N ero Sulpit ius G a lb a w a s by c ommon c on sen t

, , ,

T a c A n n lib x iii c 57
. . . P rob ably Wod en
. . ac coun t for every t hin g ; a fa ilin g from w hic h
even T a ci t us i s n ot ex empt
.

and Tu isc o . T he p la ce w h ere t h is b a t t le w as S ee L a d en , vol 1 . .

foug h t has been t he subj ec t of a g ood d eal of 1 16 M ascou,

.

3 53 a n d Pfi st er, vol 1 p
p . . . .
.
,

d isput e. Some con t en d for t he Sa x on , ot h ers S lruvi us, a n d S ch a t en , a s before q uoted , h a ve

for t h e Fra n con i an Sa ale ; un le ss, in deed , t he been occ asion ally con sult ed t hroug h out t h is sec
w hole st ory rest up on Roman misun d erst a n d in g ,
a n d t he e x t raord in ar
y de
s ire o f t he ir w ri t ers t o
t ion .

P lut in G alb a . TW H1 “ hb c 51 — ; : ' . ’

C hap i v Sec
. . . O PP RESS V E CO I N D U CT O F T HE R O MA NS .
1 47

i d t o t he emp ire
ra se G a lb a h a d enj oye d t h e govern men t sca rc e ly t en .
2

mon t s wh h en h e w a s supp l a n t e d a n d m ur d e re d by S a lv i us
“

O t h o B u t A D 69 .
. . .

G lb i up
a t t h e very momen t of O t h o s e l eva ti on t h e l eg i on s on t h e L ower Rhi n e 1 1 “ d
’ a a s s

,,
0 th
i n veste d t h e i r fa vouri t e Aulus Vitelli us wi t h t h e purp l e 3
Vi t elli us w a s .
“

a j ovi a l su i n e g ood t emp ere d sen sua li st p ossessi n g fe w g ood qua li t i es

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sa ve t h a t of a t t a c hi n g t h e c ommon folk a n d t h e soldi ery t o hi s p erson ;

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w hil e a ll men of ra n k g ood sen se Or c h ara c t er h a d a l rea dy t urn e d th e i r , , ,

vi ew s t o a thi rd c a n did a t e i n t h e p erson o f Tit us Fl a v i us V e sp a si a n us , ,

t h en emp l oye d i n S yri a a n d J ud aea

4
F or t h e mome n t h owever Vit ellius . , ,

w a s suc c essful A t t h e h ea d of t h e Rh en i sh l eg i on s h e en co un t ere d a n d

.

d efea ted t h e army of O t h o w h o kil le d himse l f a ft er a rei g n of n i n et y d a y s gihgb

g g w
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,

5
on ly . t lli d e n s, a n

W1 t h 1 n three mon t h s of t h e rec og n 1 t 1 on of V l t elll us V e p a smn w a s l n J i gfii w ,

fl
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t h e field His c l ai mrest e d sol ely up on h i s well k own t a e t l d vi t ues £33 i th e

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a n d t h e c on t emp t ibl e i n c a p a c ity of h i s a d versa ry H e posse sse d t h e

6 -
.

En ti re c onfi den ce O f t h e S yri a n a n d I lly ri a n l eg i on s a n d t h oug h t h e

‘
'

soldi ery of G a ul a n d G erma n y were a t t ac h e d t o Vit elli us t h e p art y of th ld i y f

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e so er o
,
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V esp a si a n w a s n umerous even i n t h e p rovi n c es most d evot ed t o h is c om G m i
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-

er

pet i t or ; a n d al most a ll t h e g en era l s a n d c omma n d e rs of t h e

l eg i ons st ood in c orresp on d en c e w i t h h im Thi s p redi l ec ti on di d n ot l on g uffip i t V
“

.
s

o
er olr
cers o es

rema i n con c ea l e d from t h e sub ordi n a t e offi c ers a n d p ri va t es ; a n d a p i a s an .

st ron g di sp os i t i on t o muti n y a n d even outra g e a g a i nst t h e ob n oxi ous

c omma n d ers soon b ec a me a p p a ren t .

I t mi g h t b e rea dily a n t i c i p a t e d th a t a mid st t h e di st ra c t i on a n d n u Th G m ,

e e ’s “
u il
ce rt a mt y a fi ec t mg t h e sup reme p ower l n t h e st a t e t h e G erman a ux
' t a x i a ri es a
t h d t th
-

, ac e o e
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ili aries Wh o w i t h out a n y n a t i on a l a t t a c h men t h a d a c qui re d t h e d i sc i p li n e b m li
en S es
, , , eca e a en

a n d c on fid en c e of Roma n soldi e rs sh ould b eg i n t o fee l a n i n t erest d is t d f m th

,
a e ro e
i serv ce.

t in c t from t h a t of t h e servi ce i n whi c h th e y were e n g a g e d ; a n d a s

“

'
,

usually oc c urs w h ere a un a n i mous fe eli n g exi st s a l e a d er a rose i h eve ry

' '

way fit t e d t o p ut t h e m in mi n d of t h e p owe r w hi c h t h e j u nc ture t h re w

‘

‘ "

in t o t h ei r h a n d s a nd t o p oi nt out t h e b e st me t h od of usi n g i t T h e ,
« /
.

auxili a ry t roops a tt a c h e d t o t h e a rmi es of t h e Rhi n e were d ra wn i

:
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c i a ll
p y f r om t h e a lli e d trib e s of t h e B a t a vi C a n in e fa t e sy U b i i a n d T
h lli d , ,
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T reviri T h e B a ta vi an c a va l ry e x c e ll e d every oth er i n t h e servi c e of gg iii fiitij "

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Rome T h e i n fa n t ry of t h e C a n i n efa tes a n d U bii w ere sup eri or i n b odily if?

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“ T “"

Streng th ‘
an d n ot i e i or t o t he l eg io i t h emsel ve s i n di sc i p li n e
n f r n ar e s "

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,

Di o Ca ssi us, lib lx iii

3
23 , 29 V espasian um pron i H i st iv c 27
1 0—1 5
. . . . . . . .

9
T a c Hist lib i c 5 7 D i o Ca ssi us, 5
D io Ca ssi us, lib lx iv
‘

—
. . . . . . . . .

lib lx v
. 2, 7 . .
6
Tue H ist lib ii c 7 4, 8 0
. Hist lib
. . . . . . . i .

H aud d ub ie, say s T a cit us, g re g arius c 50

. .

miles V it ellio fi d us ; splen did issimus q ui sque in 7 Ta o Hist lib i v c 1 2 a n d

.
p assi m
. . . . . .
1 48 I I I
C V L S .
[Book I .

Th ese t roop s w ere c omma n d e d

by t h e i r ow n n a ti v e p ri n c es a n d c hi efs ,

w h o h a d c h a n g e d t h e i r n a t i on a l h a bi t s a n d eve n t h e i r n a mes i n h on our of

t h e b rilli a n t serv i c e t o w hi c h th e y h a d p l ed g e d th emsel ves ori g i n a lly ,

ra t h e r fro m i n c li n a t i on th a n c o mp ul si on Th e y w ere a ll owe d t o fl a t t er .

t h emse l ves w i t h t h e t i t l e of Alli es of t h e e mp i re a n d for some ti me t h e y

”
se rv e d R ome w i t h st ri c t fid el i t y B u t by l1 t t le a n d h tt le t h e sy st em o f
322 3135511?
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g ra d ua lly a ggra va te d i n t o i mp ost s ; a n d t h e i r ea sy a n d h on oura bl e
’ e s'

”
d e p en d en c e w a s c on vert e d i n t o subj ec ti on a n d serv i t ud e .

1m plu T h e ex a c t i on s of t h e R oma n c oll ec t ors a n d t a x g a t h erers h a d a l rea dy

3 M y“
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, p
reve n ue offi c ers a n d l oc a l a ut h or i t i es b ot h c i v il a n d mili t a ry T h e ex p en se s .

O f t h e st a t e by w hi c h t h e p rov i n c e s w ere d ra i n e d n ow w e i h e d w i t h a n
, g ,

e q ua l p re ssure up on t h e a lli e d n a t i on s a n d t h e B a ta vi t h e mos t ,

a t t a c h e d a n d fa i t h ful of t h e d e p en d e n t s of R ome w ere t h e fi rst t o re se n t ,

t h e ill t rea t me n t a n d i nj ust i c e w i t h w hi c h t h e i r servi c e s w e re re qui t e d

-
.

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t i n gui sh e d t a l e n t s t ook a dva n t a g e of t h e p resen t t e mp er of t h e p eo l e t o

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R oma n g overn men t a n d t o e ma n c i p a t e h is n a t i on from a y ok e w hi c h
,

w a s e very y e a r b ecomi n g more g a lli n g a n d d e gra di n g A c cordi n g t o t h e .

e n l c u st om o f t h e G erma n i c n a t i on s a ll u bli c a sse mbli es w ere h e ld

g e ra p ,

i n t h e sa c re d g rov e of t h e t rib e or i t s p rec i n c t s a n d w ere un i formly ,

a c c omp a n i e d w i t h b a n q ue t s a n d c a rousa l s w hi c h fre q uen t ly l a st e d t ill ,

T o suc h a b a n q ue t C i v ili s n ow summon e d t h e c hi e fs

m
mbl h i d ee i n t h e n i g h t
a sse es
p s .

of t h e B a t a v i a n d a n umb er of t h e b old est Sp i ri ts O f t h e t rib e

n n’

fiflfi s , A s soon .

‘h mm g" a s t h ey w ere w a rme d w i t h ood c h eer a n d foun d t h emsel ve s sc re en e d

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ron s g ,

from ob serva t i on by t h e d a rk n ess of n i g h t a n d t h e solitud e of t h e p l a c e

eggfi ggpzm ,

C i v ili s a dd resse d t h em i n a sp ee c h e very t op i c of w hi c h w a s j udi c i ously

t
d u
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di rec ted t o some i n di vidua l or g en era l gri eva n c e T h e di sh on our ma n y .

of t h em h a d sust a i n e d i n t h e i r p erson s or fa mili e s from t h e b rut a l

l e c h ery of t h e R oma n govern ors a n d t h e i r sub ordi n a t e s —t h e i n sul t a n d

re d from t h e i r h a ug h t y ma st ers —t h e c orru t a n d
,

v i ol en c e t h e y h a d e n d u

— p ,

O p p ressi ve mod es of c ol le c t i n g t h e p ubli c t rib ut e t h e fa i t hl ess b re a c h ,

of t h e i r a n c i en t t re a ti e s wi t h t h e e mp i re w h ereby fro m h on oura bl e a lli es

t h e y h a d b een d eg ra d e d i n t o subj ec t s o f R ome;—t h e p l a c e —

,

t h e h our , ,

t h e st i rri n g el oquen c e of Ci v ili s re c a ll e d t h e full t id e of a n c i e n t n a t i on a l

,

re c oll e c t i on s a n d reli g i ous a ssoc i a ti on s A sol emn sa c rifi c e a c c ordi n g t o

.
,

9
Ta c Hist lib iv
. . . . 0 . 14 .
Cha p iv Sec
. . . BAT AV I AN CO N F EDERAC Y .
1 49

t h e c ust o m of t h ei r fa t h ers w a s p erforme d up on t h e Sp ot ; a n d t h e ,

a ssembl e d c hi e fs a n d eo l e b oun d t h emsel ve s t o t h ei r l e a d er a n d t o on e

p p
a not h er un d er t h e sa n c t i on of th ose b arb a r i c rit es w hi c h h a d b e en d is

c on t i n ue d a ft er t h e y b ec a me c o n n ec t e d w i t h R ome Th e C a n i n efa t e s rh C h
;
e a
s} ?
.

a n d F ri s i a n s rom t ly a c c e d e d t o t h e resol uti on of t h e B a t a v i an d

p p ,

C i vili s l ost n o t i me i n b ri n g i n g t h e i r un i t e d forc e s i n t o a c t i on 9

$2high
“
.
.

A t t hi s p eri od t h e c on t est b e t w ee n V e sp a si a n a n d Vi t e llius w a s a s y e t Ci ili d l v s ec ares

mi lly f no na or
un d ec id e d I t sui t e d t h e p oli c y of C i vili s ost en sibly t o esp ouse t h a t V p i
. es as an .

p a r t y w hi c h a ff o r d e d a n i m m e di ate
p re ten c e for h ost ili t i es a a i n st t h e
g
R oma n s I n publi c t h ere fore h e d ec l a red for V e sp a si a n Th oug h
.
, , .

n e i t h er sid e w a s d ec e i ve d by t hi s d e c l a ra t i on t h e a rt iz a n s o f V es a si a n
p p , ,

i n c l udi n g a ll t h e sup eri or Offi c ers of t h e Roma n a rmi es on t h e Rhi n e ,

e x ec t e d t o d eri ve a d va n t a e from it a s a
p g p re tex t for w i t hd ra w i n g t h e
l e g i on s t o t h e supp ressi on of t h e reb elli on a n d t husw ea k en i n g t h e fi eld ,

forc e of Vi t elli us Mea n w hil e C ivili s e i t h er by forc e or st ra t a g em soon H l th

.
, , e c ears e

c l e are d t h e B a t a v i a n t erri t o ry of t h e Roma n t roo s quart er e d t h ere H e ffi fi fiff

p .

d efea t e d t h e i r fl ee t a n d c a p t ure d a lmost every ve sse l ; whil e t h e a rmy u t dth ; ,

ar ere ere
q
h a st i ly c oll ec te d t o O pp ose h 1 s prog ress w a s t ot a lly rout e d w i t h t h e l oss ptu th i ca res e r
,
fl t di ,
ee an s
of a ll i t s st a n d a rd s I n t h e b a t t l e t h e T un gri a n a n d ot h er a uxili a ri es of t gth d
. s ren en e
,

t h e Roma n s w e n t over t o h i m i n a b ody a n d sh ort ly a ft erwa r d s en voy s , ,

a rrive d from t h e Tra n s Rh e n a n e t rib es w i t h O ffers of i mme di a t e fe ll ow u a x ‘

-

shi p a n d a ssi st a n c e C ivili s h e ld hi msel f fort h a s t h e c h a mp i on of

.

lib ert y n ot mere ly t o h i s own c oun t rymen b ut t o G a ul a n d G e rma n y

, .

H e di smi sse d a ll t h e G a lli c p ri son ers t a k en i n t h e l a t e en g a g emen t free

of ra n som e xh orti n t h m i n re t urn for t h e p re c i ous g i ft of lib ert y h e h a d

m
g
, e ,

c on ferre d u on t h em t o st udy t o i a rt i t t o t h e i r en sl a ve d fe ll ow c oun t ry

p p
-

men H e urg e d t h em w i t h out d el a y t o t h row off t h e y ok e of Rome a n d

.
,

n t e d out t o t h e m h ow e a sy i t would b e t o a v a il t h e mse l ve s O f t h e

“

p o i
di st ra c t e d st a t e of t h e emp i re t o ex p e l t h e i r tyra n t s a n d h ow di ffi c ult t o
p p ort un i t y if t h e y on c e a ll ow e d i t t o p a ss by un i m
,
10
re c a ll t h e O
p rove d .

H ord eon ius F la c c us t h e Roma n l eg a t e of L ower G ermany wh owa s

'

, ,

i n t h e i n t ere st of V e sp a si a n a n d h a d se c ret ly c onn ive d a t a n d en ,

c ou ra e d t h e e n t er riz e O f C ivili s b ec ame a l a rmed a t t h e ra idi t y of hi s

g p _
p ,

d t h ill di ui d t d y of hi s p oli c y T h l a t L u Th l t Lu
ro
p g r e ss a n e sg s e e n en c e e g e
p er g e e a e
-
.

c us w a s h a st ily d e t a c h e d w i t h a forc e c on si st in
g of t wo en tire l eg i on s a n d S iighzi g i t c a a ns
h im “ h t
a l a r e b ody of U bi a n T revira n n d B a t av i a n a ux ili a ri es t o a rrest h is
“
g a , , l gi d e on s an a

a dv a n c e C i v ili s h a st en e d t o mee t t h e m : a ll t h e a ux ili a ri es a s mi g h t

.

h ave b een foreseen w en t over t o h im i n a ma ss a n d t h e l ega te w a s g l a d d B t i ‘

Eggaigff
y fi
,

an a av an
'

, ,
u iliaries
a x .

9
T a o Hist lib iv
. . . . c. 14 . Ib id . lib iv . . c. 1 6, 17 .

V OL . I .
U
 1 50 S I EG E O F C A ST RA V ET ERA .
[Book I .

T he m t t o fi n d a refug e w i t h h is t wo l e g i on s i n t h e st ron g st a t i on a t C a st ra
gS
»
: e

if; fupzi l V e t era on t h e Rhi n e w h ere h e w a s i mme di a t ely b esi eg e d by t h e c on

s’
“
c s ,

out t h e s a me t i me e i ht v et era n c oh ort s of B a t a v i a n a n d

$t 5? 2 2 5 e fe d era t es Ab .
g
C a n in e fa t e a uxili a ri es w h o w ere a t t a c h e d t o t h e fourt ee n t h l eg i on t h e n
Xii géglggs
e r le 12
,
e

on I t s ma rc h t o su t t h a use of V i t ell i us l n I t a ly a s soon a s t h e y

gi gg
o r e c
le .
pp ,

h ea rd of t h e i n surrec t i on of t h en c oun t rymen sec e d e d from t h e a rmy ; ,

a n d a ft e r c ut t i n
g t h e i r w a y t h roug h t h e opp osi n g l e g i on a ri e s st a t i on e d a t
,

B on n suc c e e d e d in j oi n i n g t h e i r v i c t ori ous c oun t ry men b efore V et era

,
13
.

Th m e neM ea n whil e t h e messen gers of C i v ili s h a d met w i t h t h e most p romi si n g

fi z zgfi z rec e p t i on a mon g t h e T ra n s Rh e n a n e G erma n s ; t h e B ruc t eri a n d Ten c h
‘
-

t eri j oi n e d t h e c on fe d era t e a rmy w i t h a ll t h e i r forc e s w hil e o t h ers w ere

’

cfi if i ii
s
,

p re p a ri n g t o foll ow t h e m t o sh a re t h e g l ori es of t h ei r c oun t ry men a n d t h e ,

p l u n d e r o f t h e G a ul s
14
O n t h e o t h e r h a n d V e t er a
. w a s b ut i n di ffe re n t ly ,

fort ifi e d a n d t h e l e g i on s sh ut up t h ere w ere ill sup p li e d w i t h p rov i si on s

, .

g W T h e l e g a t es L up erc us a n d R ufus n evert h e l e ss ret urn e d a sc orn ful a n d

Si
‘
e e
- e

men a c i n g rep ly t o t h e summon s sen t t h em by C iv ili s i n t h e n ame of

V e sp a si a n Th ey k n ew t h a t t h e y c ould d ep en d up on t h e fid eli t y of
,

t h e soldi ery ; a n d w hi c h ev er w a y t h e i r p ri v a t e i n c li n a t i on s ma y h a ve
,

b en t t h e h oll ow n e ss of t h e p rofessi on s of C i v ili s did n ot a d mi t of a

,

d oub t T h e c on fed era t e s t h us d e fi e d c ommen c ed t h e si eg e w i t h t h e

.
, ,

v i ou d i m tu i t y h t i ti f G m a n i c w a rfa re A sma t t er
g r a n
p e os c a ra c e r s c o er .

i n g of R oman sc i e n c e h a d t a ug h t t h em h ow t o se t up b a t t eri n g e n g i n e s ,

t o ra i se moun d s a n d e rec t t ow e rs for c omma n di n g t h e w ork s ; b ut t h ei r

”
,

s t h e y s q ua m
E i
t i f fl d by c hi e f re li a n c e w a s u on t h e i r own r ec kl e ss v a l our
l

e sup
s
s o

f th
en or
p Th
d ere d t h ei r l i ves i n d esp era t e a n d i n c essa n t a ssa ul t s up on t h e R oma n
u .

mum
sc en ce o e

e n t re n c h men t s by w hi c h t h e si c a l st re n g t h a n d e n d ura n c e o f t h e
s

p hy ,

di sc i p li n e d a n d sc i en t ifi c a dversa ri e s w ere i n d e e d severely t ri e d ; b ut t h e

R oma n meth od s of d e fen c e b affl e d t h e ut most e ffort s of b a rb a ri a n skill
d a n d c oura e a n d t h e c hi e fs w ere a t l e n t h c om ell e d t o c on v ert t h e si eg e
an
c t
on ver s
g g p
m n
,
h
; tflj i ji z i t o a bl oc k a d e i n t h e h op e t h a t t h e sc a n t y supp li e s of t h e g a rri son
‘
g ‘
c ,

w ould soon b e e xh a ust e d a n d t h a t t h e p l a c e must t h en fa ll i n t o t h e i r ,

h d w i t h out furt h er l oss

a n s
16
.

T h e d el a y oc c a si on e d by t h e i n di fferen t suc c ess of t h e O p era t i on s

a g a i n st V e t e ra did n ot o era t e ma t eri a lly t o t h e di sa d v a n t a g e of t h e c on
p

It see ms ag reed t hat t he

C ast ra V e tera of See T a o Hist lib i c 59 , an d lib 1 1 c 2 7
. . . . . . . .

t h e Roma n s i s t h e mo d e rn t ow n o f Sa n ten , i n an d 66 .

t h e D uch y o f C leve s sit ua t ed a fe w miles b elow

, I bid lib iv 0 1 2 , 1 6 2 1
. . . . .

t he c on fl uen ce of t h e L ippe wi t h t h e Rhi n e .

1‘
I
b id lib iv c 2 1
. . A d prte d a m fa mam
. . .

G rea t q ua n t it ie s of R oma n remain s h ave a t q ue .

d i ffere n t t imes b een d ug o ut on t ha t spot See .

’5 Se e a d et ailed a ccoun t of t h is siege , a p .

Cluver, G erm A n t lib ii c 1 8 p 41 2

. . . . . . . . Tue Hi st l ib iv 0 23
. . . . . .
C hap iv Sec. . . D EFEAT O F V O C ULA .

fe d era t e s T h e feebl e c h a ra c t er a n d t h e i n fi rm h ea l t h of H ord e on ius

.

F la c c us t h e g overn or of L ower G erma n y , t ot a lly un fi t t ed h i m for t h e

,

di ffi c ul t a n d p erp l exi n g si t ua t i on i n w hi c h h e w a s p l a c e d E very c oh ort 1 1 m n ous

S3a?e 0 p g
.

o f t h e R oma n a rmi es on t h e Rhi n e w a s i n fec t e d w i t h a sp i ri t of j e a l ousy t oop s a n d i n

m
le
r

g g
‘
a n d di slik e t ow a rd s t h e i r sup eri or ofii c ers w hi c h b rok e out i n fre quen t jg ,

di sorders a n d mut i n i e s up on t h e most t ri vi a l oc c a si on s T o t hi s c a use , nRoom a

g over
H ord eon ius
.

r
n

ra t h er t h a n t o t h e su eri or mili t a ry st ren t h or c on d uc t o f t h e c on Fi a cc us f m

p g rell é Vl Il r
p
fe d era tes, t h e fa il ure of every a t t e mp t on t h e p art of F la c c us t o reli eve fem g e
,

V et era must b e a t t ribut ed C i vili s c on t i n ue d t o w a tc h t h e bl oc k a d e d

.

l eg i on s w i t h t h e severe st vi g il a n c e in ord er t o p reven t c ommun i c a ti on

,

w i t h t h e i r fri e n d s, a n d t h e i n t ro duc t i on of p rov i si on s M ea n w hil e t h e .

B a t av i a n d t h e i r a lli es rec ei ve d suc h a n e xtra ordi n ary a c c essi on of

n umb ers a n d romi ses of a dv a n t a g eous di ve rsi on s from t h e Tra n s Rh e
p
-

n a n e n a ti on s a s en a bl e d t h e m n ot o n ly t o c on t i n ue t h e bl oc k a d e , b ut

t o p l a c e a l a rg e forc e a t t h e di sp osa l of C i v ili s t o meet t h e n ew d a n g ers

whi c h t h re a t en e d t h em i n c on se que n c e of t h e d e fea t of Vi t elli us a n d
h is l e gi on s by V e sp a si a n a t C remon a 1 6
, .

Thi s even t c omp ell e d C i vili s t o d rop t h e fli msy ma sk of a t t a c h men t t o But the defeat

”
t h e emp i re h e h a d hi t h ert o t h oug h t fi t t o w ea r V oc ula , t h e li eut en a n t .

of V esp a s1 a n , summon e d h i m i n t h e n a me of t h e n e w e mp eror t o la p els C ivi li s t o

y drop t h e ma sk
_

d own h i s a rms, a n d di smi ss h i s forc e s I n st e a d of c omp lyi n g , C ivili s f tta ch ngen}

.

fo a fesp a sran s
resse d t h e si e g e of V et era w i t h ren ew e d a c t i vi t y , a n d rep li e d t o t h e pa rt y
p
m
.
.

messa g e of V e sp a si a n by a ere rep e t i t i on of a n c i e n t g ri eva n c e s At .

t h e sa me t i me a l a rg e b ody of c on fe d era t es c on si st i n g of t h e v e t era n ,

c oh ort s a n d a ll t h e G erma n a ux ili a ri es, w a s rom t ly sen t un d er t h e c om

p p
e

ma n d of C l a udi us Vi c t or, t h e n e p h ew of C ivili s, a g a i n st t h e Roma n st a t i on

a t G e ld ub a , w h ere V oc ula hi mse l f c omma n d e d
18
T h e a pp e a ra n c e of t h e Victor at tacks
.

t h ele at eV c
G erma n s w a s so sudd en t h a t V oc ula h a d n o t l me t o ma k e t h e n ec e ssa ry 1, “ a unt s
di sp osi t i on s A t t h e fi rst on se t t h e N ervi a n a uxili a ry c a va l ry t ook t o Romans t o
.
a nd
1 m m
fli g h t a n d ex p ose d t h e fl a n k s of t h e l eg i on s Th us d e sert e d t h e l a t t er flight ;.
,

a b a n d on e d t h e i r ra n k s a n d fl e d i n di sord er t o t h e c a m
p w hi c h V i c t or ,

‘3
T a o Hist lib iv c 2 6 , 27 , 2 8
. . . . . . co mfi t ure at pla ce
t he for mer
T his li ewi se . k
17
I
b id lib iv 0 3 2
. . . . . b rin g s it i n t o h a rmony w it h t h e p osit ion of G el
‘8
G eld ub a h a s b een t h oug h t b y some g eo d ub a accordin g t o t he t in erary of A n t on in e I .

g ra p hers t o b e t he mod ern G uelders T h e n ame seems almost o f it self suf cien t t o fi
i

But t his .

n ot ion disa g rees w it h t h e t ex t o f T aci t us a s w ell red uce t h e t w o pla ces t o i d en t it y S ee Cluv . .

as w i t h t h e I
t i n era ries T he lit t le villa g e o f
. G erm A nt lib iv 0 l 7 p 40 7 G eld ub a w a s t h e
. . . . . . . .

Geld ub, con t rac t ed i n to Gelb, o n t h e R hin e, last t ow n i n t h e t erritory of t h e bii, a n d p ro U

a n sw e rs every con d i t ion
elev en miles b elow N ovesium or
I t s p osit ion a b out
.
, b a bly on e o f t h e fi
fty fort i ed st a t ion s est a fi
euss, a reesN blish ed b y D rusus C luver a d d s t h a t ma n y
g .

w it h t h e n a rra tiv e of T a ci t us, w ho ma kes V o en la R oma n remain s h ave b een a t d i fferen t t imes d ug
ret rea t fr om G eld u b a t o N ovesium a ft er h is dis out a t G elb .
1 52 CO N T INU ED BL O C KA D E O F C AST RA V ET ERA .
[Book I .

b ut th ey d a l on g w i t h t h e fug i t i ves But t h e a c c id en t a l a rri va l of se vera l

t
e n ere
e
ar .

df l
fre sh c oh ort s sa v e d t h e Roma n a rmy from t ot a l d est ruc t i on T h e c on .

n ora n t o f t h e n umb e r of t h e n e w ly a rri ve d suc c ours a n d

232352533;
1
f e d era t e s i g , ,

se d t o a n a t t a c k i n t h e rea r a b st a i n e d from furt h er p ursui t a n d

gigii ti it ex
p o
l n
, ,
e ca

W t h th
i p w i t hd rew t o t h e i r c omra d es b e fore V e t era w i t h t h e c a p t ure d st a n d a rd s
e ca ,

3 3115 333353 p ri son ers a n d ot h er t rop h i es of v i c t ory

8
.
,

C i vili s w i t h a v i e w t o i n c rea se t h e di sc oura geme n t of t h e di st re ssed ga r

,

ri son a ra d e d h is t ro hi es i n fron t of t h e en t re n c h men t s a n d summon e d

c a in p v d g ara
p e, , p ,

t h e m t o yi eld t o t h e c on q uerors of t h e on ly forc e t o w hi c h t h e y c ould

tera
n ow l ook for reli e f But on e of t h e p ri son ers ra i si n g h is v oi c e t o t h e
.
,

ut most p i t c h b a d e t h e g a rri son b e of g ood c h eer for t h a t n ot t h e

, ,

R oma n s b ut t h e i r e n emi es were t h e v a n qui sh e d

,
T h e sp e a k er w a s
,
.

i mmedi a t ely b ut c h ere d by t h e G erma n s t h e sa va g e a c t a c c redi t e d t h e

a ssu ra n c e s of t h e mili t a ry ma rt y r a n d t h e g a rri son re t urn e d a c oura e ous
g ,

re fusa l t o t h e summon s of C i v ili s

19
.

V ul oc n N ot w i t h st a n di n g h is rec en t l osses V oen la a d v a n c e d w i t h h i s w h ol e

a re eve, ,
“m ; “
forc e t o t h e a ssi st a n c e of L up erc us a n d R ufus a n d for a momen t suc ,

c e e d ed i n ra i si n t h e s i e e a d t h row i n g a sh ort supp ly i n t o t h e c a mp

g g n ,
.

But t h e mut i n ous st a t e of t he a rmy re n d ered i t i mp ossibl e t o k ee p t h e

”
fi eld i n t h e fa c e of a n a c tive a n d art ful e n emy a n d V oc ula w a s n ot on ly ,

but i bli g d obli g e d t o re t re a t u on G e ld u

s o e
p b a b ut t o a b a n d on t h a t st a t i on lik e w i se t o
,

C i v ili s w h o n ow re i n vest e d V etera w ith grea t e r sp i ri t a n d i n c re a se d

,

t V t
n umb ers
v es s e era .
.

H d e a A t t hi s p eri od t h e R oma n a rmi e s on t h e Rhi n e a b a n d on e d th emse l ves

van ces
i t G “ ; h“
t o un h eard O f e x c esses H ord eon ius Fla c c us w a s a ssa ssi n a t e d b y t he
" °
-

t d
i s a rres e in
.

furi ous soldi ery : V oc ula esc a p e d i n t h e d i sgui se of a sl a ve

32 m A t t he
1
.

1
f th i i i ; sa me t i me M o u
g n t i a c um (t h e mod ern M a i n t z ) w a s b e si eg e d by a n
'‘
o e rev r

a uxili a ry a rmy of C h a t t i U si e t e s a n d M a t t i a c i i n c on n exi on w i t h t h e

p , , ,

B el g i c c on fed era t es ; a n d C i vili s a dva n c e d t o a c c omp li sh t h e c on que st

of t h e e n t i re rov i n c e of G erma n y Thi w n ow t o a ll a
p s a s pp e ara n c e .

a n e a sy t a sk ; b ut a n ev a n esc e n t feeli n
g O f sh a me a n d t h e a l most ,

i n st i n c t i ve di sc i p li n e of t h e R oma n soldi ery on c e more save d t h em from

t ot a l rui n T wo of t h e revol t e d l eg i on s a g a i n p l a c e d t h e mse l ve s un d e r
.

t h e c omma n d of V oc ula w h o l ost n o t i me i n re li ev i n g M a i n t z , T he .

b a rb a ri a n s i n d eed g a ve h i m li t t l e t roubl e : a s soon a s t h ey h ea rd of h is

a d v a n c e t h e y c oll e c t e d t h e i r b oot y a n d re t i re d i n t o t h e i n t eri or The .

T rev i ri a t t h e s a me t i me O pp osed t h e a d va n c e of C i v ili s w h o w a s h a st en ,

i n g t h roug h t h e i r t erri t ory t o a ffe c t a j un c ti on w i t h h is a lli es b e fore

T a o H ist lib iv 0 2 9 —3 4
. . . . . . N ovesi um t he mod ern N euss ab out eleven miles
, ,

Ib id lib i v 0 3 5 — 3 7
. . V ocula
. . . ret ired to up t h e st rea m . See n ot e 18 of t hi s sec t ion .
C hap iv se
. c
. . CO N SP I RA C Y TO ERECT AN EMPI RE O F T HE G A UL S . 1 53

M a in t z ,
an dt h us arre st e d h is p rogress a t a mome n t w h en sc a rc e ly a n y
O b st a c l e seeme d t o st a n d i n t h e w a of t h e a c c omp li sh me n t of h is
y
d esi g n s for t h e t ot a l ema n c i p a t i on of G a ul .

But t h oug h sa ve d from rui n for t h e momen t t h e R oma n a ffa i rs i n but g i t h , a ns e

L ower G erma n y w ere n ot muc h i mp rov e d by t h e i n t erfere n c e of t h e fiigfg ig

h f ‘e s'

T rev iri . E ver si n c e t h e murd er of H ord eon ius F la c c us C iv ili s h a d b een Cl i u ,

a ss c s:

i n c orre sp on d en c e w i t h t wo c hi efs of t h a t n a t i on w h o a p p ear un d er t h e ,

L a t i n n a mes of C l a ssi c us a n d Tut or b ot h of t h em p erson s of t h e hi g h est ,

c on sid era t i on a mon g t h e i r c oun t rymen T h e st ron g c i t y of C ol on i a .

Agri p p i n a w a s i n d ee d st ill i n t h e h a n d s of t h e Roma n s b ut t h e h e l p l ess

st a t e o f mut i n y a n d di sor a n iz a t i on of t h e V i t elli a n l eg i on s w a s i n crease d
g
a b out t hi s p eri o d a l most t o di ssolut i on by t h e n ew s Of t h e c rue l d e a t h of

t h a t e mp eror a t Rome C l a ssi c us Tut or a n d a L i n g on i a n c hi ef n a me d d Li g

.
, , ,
an a n o
m pm an r ce,
Juli us S ab in us w en t h a st ily t o C ol on i a a n d foun d t h e di sp osi t i on of t h e m d J uliu
, , na e s

l eg i on s li t t l e a l t ere d ev en by t h e n ews of t h e d e a th of V i t elli us W i t h b i g S b i u Wh

t
.
a
r n
n s’
s over o
"

t h e i r kn ow l e dg e a n d c on c urre n c e t h e t h ree c hi e fs w i t h out a n y a t t emp t hi p ty t h

, ,
s ar e

di t t d scon en e
a t se c rec y c on c ert e d a sc h eme for t h e ema n c i a t i on of G a ul V oc ula l gi i C
, p .
,
e on s n o

w h o c omma n d e d i n t h e c i t y h a d n otw i t h st a n di n g t h ei r l a t e rep en t a n c e 1

Ag p 1 1
35:
n °

, , ,

so li t t l e i n fl ue n c e ov er t h e l e i on a ry soldi ers t h a t h e w a s un a bl e e i t h e r t o
g ,

I n ord er t o c ommi t t h e Th y i tig t

m
2
p reve n t t h e p l ot or t o p un i sh t h e c on sp i ra t ors? e ns a e

mut i n ous a rmy b ey on d t h e re a c h of p a rdon i t w a s d et ermi n e d by t h e afi a “

,

l a tter t h a t t h e y sh ould b e i n st i g a t e d to murd er t h e i r Offi c ers ; a ft er

w hi c h i t w a s t h oug h t a n e a sy ma tt er t o b ri n g t h e m i n t o a n y mea su r e t h ey

mig h t d e e m most c on duc ive t o t h e e st a bli sh men t of t h e n ew ord er of

”
t h i n gs. A t t h e sa me t i me e mi ssa ri es w ere sen t i n t o G a ul t o turn t o d f m t di an o en s

a c c oun t t h e di sa ffec t i on w hi c h R oma n mi s overn me n t h a d e x c i t e d i n :fi zfigth

g e

th a t c oun t ry A c c ordi n gly t h e D ruid s of G aul i n c onj un c t i on w it h t h e $313 3

.
,

c on s i ra t ors of C ol o n e st rove t o rev i ve t h e r ec oll ec t i on s of a n c i en t

p g ,

i n d ep en den c e i n t h e mi n ds of t h e ir c oun t rymen T h e opp resse d a n d .

su ff eri n g p eop l e li st en e d w i t h a vidi t y t o a sc h e me w hi c h p romi se d re li e f

from p resen t mi sery a n d t h e Roma n p ow er i n eve ry p a rt of G aul seeme d
,

t ot t eri n g t o i t s fa ll .

V oc ula th oug h surroun d e d by d a n g ers a n d difl i c ul t i es c on t i n ued t o V ul

, , oc a

l ab our w i t h p ra i sewort hy a ssidui t y for t h e reli ef of t h e g a rri son of V et era .

”
W ith th a t vi ew h e marc h ed out w i t h t h e l eg i on s a c c omp a n i ed by t h e gg
fi
,
o
t‘ '

T revira n a n d L i n g on i a n a uxili ari es un d er T ut or C l a ssi c us a n d, , ,

S ab in us Th e se c hi efs n o soon er foun d t h e msel ves free d from t h e H i d w n d

.
e s a e

t ra mmel s a n d O b serva n c e s of qua rt ers t h a n t h e y w i t hd rew t h e t roop s t

by t h u? “ e s
ra ers

un d er t h ei r comma n d i n t o a se p a ra t e c a mp
,

T h e l egi on a ri es b eg a n t o .

Ta o Hist lib iv
. . . . 0 . 37 .
9
‘
Ibid . lib iv
. . 0. 56
.
1 54 S U R REN D ER O F C A ST RA V ET ERA .
-
V EL L ED A .
[Book I .

j oi n t h e st a n d a rds of t h e reb el s T h e l ega t e v a i n ly

d esert V oen la an d to .

u d mu d
n d st rov e t o a rrest t h e t id e O f d ese rt i on a n d t re a son
r ere H e fe ll by t h e h a n d s .

o f h is ow n t roop s ; t h e O ffi c e rs w e re p ut i n c h a i n s a n d t h e w h ol e a rmy

by h w is o n
so ld i ers. ,

t oo k a n o a t h of fid e li t y t o t h e n ew st a t e un d er t h e t i t l e of t h e Em p i re of ,

t he Ga uls A ll t h e R oma n st a t i on s on t h e Rhi n e w i t h t h e e x c ep t i on of

.
,

M a i n t z a n d V i n d on issa 23
w ere d esert e d a n d d est roy e d by t h e t roop s ; ,

t h e offi c e rs w ere b ut c h ered a n d t h e soldi ers t ook t h e oa t h re q ui re d of ,

t h em Worn out a t l en g t h by mi sery a n d fa mi n e t h e g a ll a n t remn a n t of

. ,

Th g ei t h e g arri son o f V e t era surren d ere d t o t h e B a t a v i a n s a n d C a n i n efa t es

arr son
o fV u
e t era s r

ren d by ers up on c on di t i on t h a t t h ei r li ve s sh ould b e S p a red a n d t h a t t h ey sh ould

ca ,

p t ul ti t a k e t h e o a t h t o t h e n ew emp i re But t h e i n furi a t e d b a rb a ri a n s d i s

i a on
.

b ut ut h
a re r re g a rd e d t h e e n g a g e me n t s of t h e i r c hi efs a n d ma ssa c re d t h e g a rri son a s ,

l
e
ess
b
ly b ut h
d y t h b t h e y e
m a rc h e d out of t h e fort ress t h e y h a d so g a ll a n t ly d e fen d e d
c er
ar
C i vili s .

b i a t sh s.
st rov e b ot h by w ord a n d g e st ure t o st a y t h e sl a ug h t er ; b ut t h e w ork of

bl ood on c e b egun c ould n ot b e a rrest e d e i t h er by t h rea t or t e

, ,

mon st ra n c e T h e c a mp w a s p ill a g e d a n d t h en se t on fi re
.
24
, .

Thi s feroc i ous out ra g e w a s c el eb ra t e d a s a v i c t ory by t h e b a rb a ri a n s -

.

L up u th
erc T h e l eg a t e L up erc us w h o h a d fa ll en a li v e i n t o t h e h a n d s of t h e c on
s, e ,

fififl t ffiti fe d e ra t es w a s se n t t og e t h er w i t h a p a rt of t h e Sp oil s of t h e Roma n c a mp

'
L
l ‘

n e , , ,

a s a t ri um h a l O fferi n
ggfi fi gzd h i rg i n p rop h e t e ss V e ll e d a t o w h ose
t
t t ow er
a

a p g o e v
p ,

ful i n t e rc e ssi on w i t h t h e i r d e i t i e s t h e G erma n s a t t rib ut e d t h e p romi si n g

’
i
s se n t as a
th
g iifi fiffig st a t e of t h e i r a ffa i rs V e ll e d a w a s a Bruc t era n woma n of bi rt h w h o h a d
s e
e .
,
V ll d e e a’
k ep t h ersel f for man y ye a rs sec l ud e d i n a l on e ly t ow er up on t h e b a n k s ,

o f t h e r i v er L i e N O on e w a s a ll owe d t o a roa c h or e v e n t o b e h old

pp pp .

h er All que st i on s w ere p rop oun d e d t o h er a n d h er resp on ses re t urn e d

.
,

t h ro ug h a si n g l e a t t e n d a n t sel e c t e d from a mon g h er o w n ki n d re d Sh e

”
.

b el on g e d t o t h a t c l a ss of w ome n w h o a c c ordi n g t o a n a n c i en t b eli ef of ,

h er c oun t ry men st ood i n di rec t c ommun i c a t i on w i t h t h e g od s The

”
.
,

d e feren c e p a id t o t h e se p erson s w a s suc h sa y s T a c i t us t h a t in t h e , ,

d ue p rog ress o f sup erst i t i on t h e y c a me t h e mse l ve s t o b e regar d e d i n t h e ,

li g h t Of di vi n i t i es 25
C i v ili s h a d from t h e ea rli est p eri od of h is e n t er
8&3??a
.
,

e w bm h d p ri z e est a bli sh e d a n un d e rst a n di n g w i t h V ell e d a ; h e h a d c on sul t e d h er

e an ,
un d ers t a n di n g .

2“
A pla ce on t he Rhi n e b e tw een
, Win tert hur of C ivi lis O n t h e ot h er h a n d , a sud d e n out
.

a nd Ba sle , n ow c a lled Wi n d i sch . Ola v G erm

. . b urst O f b a rb a rian fury a t t he sig ht o f t he men
A n t p 3 49
. . . w h o h a d resist ed so lon g a n d so ob st in a t ely
2‘
T a ci t us allows a d oub t t o rest upon t he sin ce re a d ily a c co un t s for t h e ca t ast ro he
p C ivilis .

rit
y of t he ex ert ion s of C ivilis t o a rrest t he slaug h c ou ld n e it her remed y n or pun ish , an d t h a t c ir
te r, Simul a t a a n ea fuerin t , a n re t in ere saevie n t es c umst a n ce con n ec t e d w it h t he ma n ife st polic y O f
,

n e uiverit ,
q pa rum a ffi rma t ur But t h e b re a ch . k eep in g fai t h w it h t h e g a rrison , see ms t o me
o f t he c a it ula t ion c ou
p l d h a ve a n sw ere d n o p ur suffi c ien t t o a c q uit h im of t he susp ic ion t h e

p ose b ut t o e x a sp era t e a n d a larm t he Roma n h i st oria n h as p ermit t ed t o rest up on h im Ta o . .

t roop s w h o h a d j us t j oin ed t h e st a n d a rd s O f his H ist lib iv 0 6 1

. . . . .

allie s . N
eedle ss c ruelt y w a s n ot i n t h e c h arac te r 95
See also c ii sec 3 p 9 5 of t his Hist ory
. . . . . . .
C h ap iv Sec
. . . T HE T EN C HTERI U RG ENT T O D EST RO Y C AG R PP
. I INA .
1 55

up on i t s suc c ess, an d sh e h ad n ot on ly e n c oura g e d h im by fa v oura bl e

res
p on ses, b ut h a d v en t ure d t o p redi c t t h e fa ll of the l e g i on s at V et era .

The eve n t i d
ra se the c re dit h er p rop h et i c p ow e rs t o a n ex t ra va g a n t
of

h ei g h t a n d sh e w a s
, rewa rd e d by h er g ra t eful c ou n t rymen w i t h t h e

c h oi c e st rt i on s of t he R oma n s oil s
26
p o p .

Th oug h C i vili s w a s rea dy e n oug h t o a va il hi msel f of t h e a dva n t a ges Ci ili d v s oes

a fford e d hi m by t h e st ru
: :ggfg g,
g ‘
l e f t h e G a u l s fo r lib e rt y h i s own v i ews were 33
gg o , n

c on fi n e d ra t h er t o t h e p erma n en t ema n c i p a t i on of h i s o wn c oun t ry a n d T ut d Or an

,
Cl i u f ass c or

ow er t h a n t o t h e est a b li sh men t t h
s

rob a bly ; t h e ma i n t e n a n c e of h i s ow n t hh h
p p ,
e es a s

of t h e n e w emp i re I n ord er t h ere fore t o k ee p h i s h a n d s fre e t o d ea l

.

w i t h h i s a lli e s a s h is i n t ere st s mi g h t re qui re h e a b st a i n e d from p l e d g i n g “G “

Pi “ a
,

hi mse l f t o t h e sc h eme of C l a ssi c us Tut or a n d S ab in us T h e B a ta v i a n d , ,

.

th ei r a lli es were n ot p ermi t t e d t o swe a r t o t h e e mp i re of t h e G a ul s ; t h e

di fferen t v i ew s of t h e i n surgen t c hi efs p romi sed li t t l e un it y of p roc eedi n g ,

a n d t h e di st ra c t e d c on di t i on O f G a ul i t se l f seeme d t o rend er i t n ex t t o

i mp ossibl e t o c ombi n e t h e di fferen t p a rt i e s un d er on e h e a d or t o i n sp ire W t f u i , an o n on

m
t h em w i t h on e sp i rit A n d i n fa ct a sh ort ti me a ft er t h e d efec t i on of g gggfiggfi
e '

.
, ,

t h e l eg i on s t h e L i n g on i a n c hi ef J uli us S a b i n us ma d e a ra sh a t t e mp t t o
, , ,

a pp rop ri a t e t o hi msel f t h e en ti re frui t s of t h e c on s ira c y : h e c a use d

p
hi msel f t o b e p roc l a i me d E mp eror of t h e G a ul s ; b ut p eri sh e d a few
week s a ft erw a rd s i n a b ra w l w i t h t h e S e quan i w h o op p ose d h is ,
27
d esig n s
T h e ri c h a n d p opul ous c i t y of C ol on i a A gri pp i n a h a d b een d e sert e d C l i Ag ip o on a r

by t h e l eg i on s a n d t h e c i t iz en s were l eft t o ma ke t h e b est t erms for

'

t h emse l ves w i t h t h e c on fe d era t e s Thi s fl ouri shi n g c ol on y h a d b ec ome iii i iiii G

i
r ‘
s-
.
,
e ec

from i t s foun d a t i on a n obj ec t of j ea l ousy a n d h a t re d t o t h e Surroun di n g m

.

a ns.
,

b arb a ri a n s T h e Ubii w h om Roma n p oli c y h a d d ome st i ca t e d t h ere

.
, ,

w ere re ga rd e d a s t h e fi rst b et ra y e rs of t h e i r c oun t ry a n d th e i r c i t y w a s ,

h a t e d a s t h e st ron g h old of t yra n n y T h e Tra n s Rh en a n e G erma n s were .

-

i t se ems div id e d i n O p i n i on
, some
p resse d fo r i t s d emoli t i on w hil e ,

o t h ers w i sh e d t o t h row O e n t h t s for t h e rec ep t i on O f a ll wh o

p e g a e

mig h t d esi re t o se tt l e t h ere T h e b a rb a ri a n T en c h t eri w h o were most Th T ht i

.
, e en c er
5
sev erely a ffe c t e d by t h e restra i n t s w hi c h t h e v i c i n i t y of t hi s grea t c ol on y 32 31 33 3, as

i mp ose d sen t en voy s t o t h e C oun c il of C hi efs t o c a ll for i t s d estruc t i on

T h e fi erc e st of t h e p a rt y w a s ma d e t h e sp ok esma n —

”
.
,

h e c on gra t ul a t e d ,

t h e mee t i n g up on t h e rec overy of t h ei r lib ert y a n d e xh ort e d t h em t o t ak e ,

t h e p romp t e st st ep s for sec uri n g i t Hi t h erto h e c on t i n ue d t h e l a n d s

.
, , ,

t h e w a t ers a n d i n some resp ec t s even t h e h ea ven s t h emsel v es h a v e b een

, , ,

c l ose d a a i n st u by t h R m i n ord er t o rev en t ou from c omi n

g y o e o a n s p y g

Ta o . Hi st : lib iv . . c . 65 .
27
I bid lib iv
. . c . 6 1 , 62 .
1 56 C V L S A N D V EL L EDA SAV E T HE C T
I I I I Y .
[Book I .

t o sp e ec h or c oun c ill more d e gra di n g t o men

il w i t h us ; or, w h a t is st

b re d t o a rms t o forc e us t o c on verse t oge t h er un a rme d a n d a l most n a k ed

, ,

un d er re st ra i n t of g ua rd s a n d a ft er p a y men t of t oll s W e t h erefore ,

.

ll f re qui re from o u a s t h e ri c e of our fri en d shi p t h a t t h e w a ll s of

Th y e ca or
y p ,

C ol on i a t h ose b ul w a rk s of sl a ve ry b e t h rown d ow n a n d l e vell e d w i t h t h e

, ,

roun d : e v e n w ild a n i ma l s w h e n t h e y a re sh ut u i n c a g es l ose th e i r

‘b l ug h '
e s a ef
oft R m
he g o an p , ,

i h b it t
n a n atu ra l c oura e
a n s,
g L e t a ll R o m a n s w i t hi n y ou r b or d e
. rs b e
p u t t o d ea t h ;

E ti isfifiiifii
s f ree m e n a n d sl a,v e —
ma st ers c a n n ot b rea t h e t h e sa me a ir t og et h er L e t .

g ood s of t h e sl a i n b e e qua lly di v id e d a mon g a ll t h a t n o

‘ “ f th t h e l a n ds a n d
52s
? ° e
,

ma n ma y t a k e a ug h t t o h is se p a ra t e use or h a ve a n i n t erest di fferen t ,

from t h a t of h i s fe ll ows L e t a ll G erma n s h a ve free a c c e ss t o b ot h b an k s .

o f t h e Rhi n e a n d b e a ll ow e d fre ely t o c h o ose t h e i r l a c e of a b od e a s our

, p ,

a n c est ors did b efore us : a s sun a n d li h t a re c ommon t o a ll so h a t h

g ,

Th y h t
e n a t ure s rea d out t h e l a n d s t o b e t h e i n h eri t a n c e O f t h e b ra v e
ex or G o back
th f d
e con e e
p .

”
t
ra es t put t o t h e i n st i t ut i on s a n d re li g i on of y our fa t h ers
o
p ut a wa y t h ose v o
-

g fififigfii lup t uous h a bi t s w h e reby y our R oma n t yra n t s h ave ma d e more subj ec t s
‘‘

t h a n by t h e i r a rms for i t i s on ly by k e ep i n g y ourse l ves un mix e d w i t h

”
st ra n ers —un st a i n e d by t h e ll ut i f f i i t u d — t h a t y ou c a n
$325 2 g p o on o or e g n s er v e

h op e t o p l a c e y ourse l ve s up on a n e qua li t y w i t h us —
, ,

t o ma i n ta i n y our ,

i n fl uen c e over y our own p eop l e or t o ex t en d it over o t h e rs 2

,
.
8

But t h e se sav a g e p rop osi t i on s did n ot sui t t h e v i ew s of t h e c on fe d era t e

gé
l f d co n e e

c hi efs Th e y w ere n o l on g e r b a rb a ri a n s a n d en t ert a i n e d n on e of t h a t

.
,

h orror of i n n ov a t i on w h i c h mi g h t w ell h a ve b ee n a ssume d by t h e e n voys

t o c ol our t h e i r v i n d i c t i v e p a ssi on s a n d t h e i r l ov e of p l un d er The .

sl a ug ht er of t h e Roma n s o f C ol on i a w i t h w h om t h e i n h a bi t a n t s st oo d i n ,

t h e ma n i fold rel a t i on s o f p ri va t e i n t erc ourse fri en d shi p a n d fa mily c on , ,

w o uld h a ve b e en a sorry b eg i n n i n g o f t h e n ew e mp i re a n d a
"

n ex ion , ,

t e rribl e e a rn est of t h e frui t s of a c on n exi on w i t h t h e w ild t rib es i n t h e

i n t eri or of G erma n y A di rec t re fusa l h owever mi g h t h a ve b een .
, ,

e va d th p e d a n g erous I t w a s a gree d t o re fer t h e que st i on t o t h e p rop h etess V ell ed a

e ro .

h ersel f a n d by h er d ec i si on i n fl uen c e d n o d oub t by t h e v i e ws of C i vili s , ,

e t erms w e re re d uc e d t o t h e a b oli t i on O f a ll t oll s on t h e Rhi n e a n d t h e

igffgf t fi
‘
r ; t he
n

e
,

t t h Ag p
o e fre e a d mi ssi on i n t o t h e c i t y of a ll t h e c on fed era t es i n t h e d a y t i me a n d
ri -

,
Pm w
un a rme d
a n s'
T h e c i t y re t a i n e d i t s own ma g i st ra c y a n d w a s t o b e re g a rd e d
e
.
,

a s a memb er O f t h e G a lli c l e a gue

9 2
.

T ao Hist lib i v 0 6 4, 6 5
. . . . . . i n h ab it an t s of C olon ia t o t he a d dress of t he
I b id lib iv c 63 an d 6 5 T he compressed
. . . . . T en c h t era n en voy s . T h e referen ce t o V elled a
st yle of T a c it u s almost a lw a y s lea ves somet hi n g i s a d vert ed t o , b ut h er d ecisio n is p assed ove r t o
t o b e su lied i n d ealin
pp g hi st orically w it h his ma e room for a n accoun t of her hab it s an d
k
n a rra t ive . T he t erms fi n al ly ag reed t o must , in c h ara c t er .T he st ory t he n p roceed s, C ivilis
t hi s i nst an ce, b e collec t ed fromt he a nswer of t he societ a t e Agrippi n en siu m auct us, & c w h ic h .
C h a p i v Se c
. . . D EFEAT O F L ABEO O N T HE M EU SE .
57

An
“

a c t ve a n d e n erp r s n
i g Roma n Offi c er n a me d C l audius L a b eo st ill Ci ili m h
t i i ,
'

,
v s arc es

g i t Cl u
k e p t t h e st a n d a rd of t h e e mp i re fl oa t i n g a mon g t h e G erma n o B el g i c
a a ns a
-

B‘ i m“
t rib e s i n B ra b a n t a n d Fl a n d ers Hi t h ert o C i v ili s h a d b een un a bl e t o
.
g e '

p a y t h em muc h a t t e n t i on ; b ut a ft er t h e surre n d er of V et era a n d t h e

_

a c c e ssi on of t h e A ri
g p p in en si a n s h e d e t ermi n ed t o ma rc h i n t o t h e i r
,

c oun t ry t rust i n
g t h a t t h e t error of h i s a rms t h e i r l ove of free d om a n d
, , ,

t h e i r di slik e of Ro ma n g ove rn me n t w ould i n c li n e t h e m t o a c c e p t h is

a ssi st a n c e i n sh a ki n
g O ff t h e y ok e H e di rec t e d h i s ma rc h t owa rd s t h e
.

Meuse a n d oc c up i e d t h e c oun t ry Of t h e Sun i c i a n d forme d t h e i r youn g H d i ipli

,
30
, e sc n es

t h i y mt h
w a rri ors i n t o c o h or t s up on t h e R oma n mod e l
e ’ ‘
M ea n w hil e L a b eo h a st ily .
'

c oll ec t e d a l evy of Be t h a sii T un g ri a n d N ervii a n d oc c up i e d a b rid ge

31
, , ,

over t h e M e u
'

se w hi c h C iv ili s h a d t o c ross T h e l a t t er a t t a c k e d t h e H t t e n ex a
,
k Lb
.

t
b rl d g e b ut W i t h out ma k i n g muc h i mp re ssi on t i ll 11 1 8 G erma n s swi m wh i p t d
ac s a eo,

m
, , , o s os e

mi n g a c ross t h e ri ve r fell up on t h e re a r of L a b eo From t h e se que l we

, y .

mi g h t i n fer t h a t h e h a d a l rea dy e st a bli sh e d a n un d erst a n di n g w i t h t he

B elg i a n s i n t h e a rmy of h is a dversa ry He n o soon e r p erc e ive d t h e .

fl a n k ma n oeuvre of h i s G erma n s t o t a ke effec t t h a n h e ra n t o t h e fron t of ,

t h e b a t t l e a p p a re n t ly reg a rdl ess of p erson a l d a n g e r a n d c a ll e d a l oud t o

, ,

t h e B el g i a n s a ssuri n
g t h e
, m t h a t n e i t h er t h e B a t a v i n or t h e i r a lli es

w i sh e d t o forc e t h e m i n t o a n a lli a n c e ; a n d t h a t h e c a me t o off e r hi mse l f

t o t h e m e i t h er a s t h e i r l ea d er or t h e i r c omra d e i n b a t t le a s t h e y mi g h t ,

t hi n k b est All t h e B el g i a n s w h o w ere wi t hi n h e a ri n g i n st a n t ly sh e a t h e d T h B lg i

. e e ans
d t t C
t h ei r sword s a n d w e n t over t o C l V l ll S i n a b ody ; L a b eo ma d e h l S e sc a e iii ; f t i
r

p v e d .

from t h e fi eld a n d t h e w h ol e c oun t ry b e twe en t h e S c h e ld t a n d t h e Rhi n e 3353 d

;
3
,

a c c e d e d t o t h e B a t a v i a n c on fe d era c y T ut i B l e on c e

gi um
.

d
W hile C ivili s w a s e n g a g e d i n t h e lib e ra t i on of B el g i um t h e emp eror t th B t
a cc e es

o e a a
,

V esp a si a n h a d a c hi eve d t h e t ot a l d isc omfi t ure Of t h e V it ellia n p a rt y i n

I t a ly A s soon a s h e fe l t hi msel f sec urely sea t e d h is a t t e n t i on w a s V pful i It uly
.
,
cess
es as a n

in a

S e ve n l eg i on s we re p ut i n mot i on for D
.

t urn e d t o t h e rec on que st o f G a ul t h es a c es se

pg
.

t h a t O bj ec t ; a n d t h e re p ort o f h i s p re p a ra t i o n s a l re a dy sp re a d di sma y i t G ul ,
ven e l on s
n o a

a mon g t h e di sc ord a n t memb ers O f t h e G a lli c l e a g ue ‘h w f d

C la ssrc us re 33 e n e e '

l md
-

t
.
ra es a a r e ,

ma l n e d 1 n a c t 1 ve on t h e l ow e r Rh i n e ; a n d Tut or wh o c omma n d ed i n t h e ,

aut h oriz es t h e i n feren ce t h a t t hey w ere ad mit t ed wh ich h e t hi n s ma y h a ve b een so c a lle d fro m
k
t o t he lea g ue upo n fa vo urab le te rms, most p ro t he Be t h a sii of T a ci t us But w he t her t h is be .

b ab ly up o n t h ose p ro posed b y t he mse lve s

’

See . so or n ot , h e ex
p resses h i s co n vic t io n t h a t t he
H ist i v 0 6 5
. . . . Be t h asii dw e lt i n t he d ist rict lyi n g b e t w ee n t he
3°
T h is t rib e a ppears t o h a ve o cc upied th e t owns OfL eewe an d Ha le n He t he n p ro ceed s .

a n gle formed b y t h e un c t io n o f t he rivers B ii h r

j t o i d en t ify t h em w it h t he Ad ua t ici o f C aesar .

a n d Me use , b e t w ee n t h e t e rrit ories of t h e T un G er m A n t p 4 2 9

. . . .

g ri ( L i eg e) a nd t he Ub ii ( C olog n e) Ta o Hist c 6 5, 66
'2 .
. . . .

3‘
Cluver men t ion s a p la ce b e t wee n t h e to w n s I
b id lib iv 0 6 8, 7 0
. . . . .

o f L eew e a n d Ha len , i n Brab a n t , c alled Beets,

V OL . I .
1 58 C ERI AL I S .
[Book I .

upp er p rovi n c e, l d t o sec ure t h e Al p i n e p a sses by w hi c h t h e

n eg ec t e ,

a d va n c e of t h e R oma n s mi g h t h a v e b ee n re t a rd e d a n d t h e j un c t i on O f ,

h ol d ug ress
a co t h e l eg i on s a t l e a st d el a y e d
34
A n asse mbly of t h e G a lli c st a t es w hi c h
.
,
at Rh ei ms
t ook p l a c e a t Rh e i ms on ly se rve d t o e x p ose t h e i r t ot a l w a n t of un a n i
,

t h ey become mi t y or p l a n T h e maj ori t y i n c li n e d for p ea ce or ra t h er for sub mi ssi on

.
,
d i sun i ted,
t o R ome : t h e Old a n i mosi t i es b e t we e n t h e t wo ra c es revi ve d — t hey
d eb a t e d t h e q uest i on s —Wh o w a s t o b e t h e l ea d er i n w a r l—W h a t t h e
l a w s a n d g overn men t of t h e n ew st a t e w ere t o b e i —Wh ere t h e sea t of
,

e mp i re w a s t o b e fix e d ? W i t h t h e en emy a t t h ei r g a t e s t h e y i n vol ve d ,

t h emsel ve s i n a n g ry di sc ussi on s up on sp ec ul a t ive t op i c s w hil e t h e y ,

n e l ec t e d t o a o i n t l ea d ers or t o a gree u on a l f d e fe n ce The

g pp p p a n o .

and separa te a d va n c e of t h e R oma n s h a st e n e d t h e di ssol ut i on o f t h e c on g ress a n d t h e

m di sma y ,

d ep ut i es sep a ra t e d i n di sgust a n d di sma y t o see k sa fe t y i n i n di vidua l

.

, ,

re si st a n c e or i n sub mi ssi on t o R ome

35
.

Ceri ali s is a p V esp a si a n h a d a p p oi n t e d P e t ilius C eri a lis a resol ute a n d d ashi n g ,

p oi n t ed t o t h e
t o t h e c omman d of t h e l eg i on s i n G a ul C e ri a lis fix e d h is
36
c om ma n d . soldi er ,
.

h ea d quart ers a t M a i n t z w hil e S e x t ilius F elix ma rc h e d t h roug h t h e

-

Rh aet i a n p a sses t o V i n d on issa w h ere h e foun d t h e t wen t y fi rst l eg i on ,

-
.

H e at t a ck s
T ut or on t h e
W i t h t hi s re i n forc emen t h e p roc ee d e d a g a i n st Tut or wh o c omma n d e d ,

U pper Rhi ne, t h e c on fe d era t e d forc es i n U er G erma n y T h e a rmy o f T ut or c on

pp .

si st e d o f t h e T revi ra n i n fa n t ry some n e w l ev i es from t h e V a n g ion es , ,

a n d T rib oc c i a n d sev era l b odi e s of ve t era n c a v a l ry a n d i n fa n t ry

,
ma d e ,

up O f t h e mut i n ous l e g i on s a n d a uxili a ri es Thi s mot l e y forc e w a s n ot

rot ra c t e d resi st a n c e —t h e rev ol t e d l e i on a ri es fou h t a t
.

c a a bl e of a
p p g g
fi rst w i t h t h e c oura g e of d e sp a i r a n d c ut t o p i e c es a n a dva n c e d c oh ort ,

of t h e a rmy of F e lix But t h e R oma n l ea d ers w i sely ren oun c e d a ll

.

mea sures of severi t y a g a i n st t h e mut i n eers T h e re sul t of t hi s d e t er .

mi n a t i on w a s t h e si mul t a n eous re t urn of t h e l e g i on a ri es t o t h eir a l

legi a n c e A t t h e a p p roa c h of F e lix t h e y d esert e d T ut or a n d h i s T re
.

v i ra n s ; a n d w ere foll owe d by t h e n ew l ev i es o f t h e T ri b oc c i a n d

V a n g ion es Tut or re t i re d i n h a st e a n d a voidi n g M a i n t z t ook p ost a t

.
, , ,

Bi n g en on t h e Rhi n e a b out fi ft een mil e s b el ow t h a t c i t y H ere h e w a s

, , .

a nd tota lly de
overt a k e n a n d t ot a lly d e fea t e d by F elix Aft er t hi s v i c t ory t h e l eg i on s . ,
fea t ed b y Fe
11 : a t Bi n gen . w h o a t t h e b rea ki n g out O f t h e re b e lli o n h a d b e en remove d from t h e i r
, ,

st a t i on s a t B on n a n d N euss
37
i n t o t h e T revi ra n st a t es sec ed e d from t h e i r ,

n e w a lli es a n d t ook t h e oa t h o f a ll e i a n c e t o V e s a si a n
, g p .

C eria lis hi msel f c oll ec t i n g w i t h out d e l a y all t h e t roop s w i t hi n

”
,

3‘
T a o H ist lib i v
. . . . 0 . 70 . q u m c aven d is h ost ib us melior
a feroc iaverb orum
,
“5
Ib id li b i v 0 69
. . . . . mili t e m a c ce n d eb a t ,&c . Ta c Hist iv 0 7 1
. . . . .

Ip p ug n a: us, mn en d is Bon n a a n d N ovesi um

8°
se e r id et con te 37
.
Ch ap iv Sec S U BMI SS I O N O F T HE T REV I RI 1 59

”
. . . .

h is h ma rc h ed di rec t ly up on t h e c a p i t a l of t h e T revira n s H e g i t th
re a c , . a a ns e
m
foun d t h e e n emy s a rmy un d e r t h e c omma n d of t h e i r g a ll a n t l ea d er
’ T rev' s'
,

Tullius V a l en t i n us st ron gly p ost e d up on t h e river Mose ll e n o t fa r B tl f Ri

, , at e o

from t h e c i t y of Tre v es a t a p l a c e c a ll e d Rig o d ulum

'

, But t h e .

T revi ra n s h a d n e gl ec t e d t o t a k e a ll t h e a dva n t a g e s t h e i r p ost w a s

susc e p t ibl e of. T h e R oma n s a t t a c k e d t h e m w i t h i mp e t uosi t y i n fron t Th T
"

i e rev ran s

a n d fl an k a t t h e sa me t i me
d e
T h e B el g i a n s sust a i n e d a severe d efea t
‘

ma n y O f t h e i r l e a d ers a n d a mon g t h e rest V a l e n t i n us hi msel f w ere

, ,

t a ken pri son ers T h e n ex t d a y t h e c i t y O f Tre ve s fell i n t o t h e h a n d s T i t k

.
reves s a en .

O f t h e v i c t ors a n d was w i t h di ffi c ul t y sa ve d
, by C eria lis from t h e
fury of t h e soldi ery wh o h ea t e d by suc c ess a n d a n i ma t e d w i t h a
, , ,

fee li n g of t h e fi e rc e st rev en g e a g a i n s t t h e c oun t ry men O f T ut or a n d

C l a ssi c us w ere a n xi ous for i t s d est ruc t i on
, A ft er t h e c a p t ure of Treves .
,

t h e re p e n t a n t V i t elli a n l e g i on a ri es c on t i n ue d t o fl oc k i n from t h e c oun t ry T h p t t

”
e re en a n

of t h e M e d ioma t ri c i w h e re t h e y h a d b een qua rt ere d a n d w ere rec e i v e d

, ,

by t h e i r c omra d es w i t h sil e n t re p roof a n d by t h e g e n era l w i t h forg i ve

”
,

S uc h a reb elli on h e d e c l a re d w a s t o b e a sc rib e d t o fa te wit h f

ggmg
n e ss , ; , ,
o - re

di sc ord a n d t h e d el usi on s Of t h e en emy rat h er th a n t o d elib era t e t re a ity

n ess an e

, , n .

son . Th ey w ere t h en rec e i ved i n t o c ommun i on wi t h t h e re st of t h e

a rmy a n d a ll a ll usi on t o t h e i r l a t e d e li n que n c y st ri c t ly p rohibi t e d
'

3 9
.
,

T h e n ex t c a re of C eri a lis w a s t o a ll a y t h e a pp re h e n si on s a n d reg a i n C i li , er a a c on

t he c on fi d en c e o f t h e Trev i ra s; h e c a ll e d a p ubli c a ssembly for t h a t zfif fifi f

h f

u T h e sp ee c h w hi c h i us a sc rib e s t o h im p ossibly e mb odi es 8 ° “es

p p r ose . ac t
t h e v i ews w hi c h t h e R oma n s d esi re d t h e c on quere d st a t e s t o e n t ert a i n of
t h e i r g ov ern men t ; a t t h e sa me t i me i t p rob a bly sp ea k s t h e fee li n g whi c h
serve d t o p a lli a t e t h e a mbi t i on of R ome i n t h e e y es of t h e more up ri g h t

a n d re fl ec t i n g c l a sse s a mon g t h e Roma n s t h e mse l ves Th oug h my .

habi t s sa id h e t o t h e a ssembl e d T re vi ra n s a n d L i n g on ia n s
, h a ve e ver ,

b ee n t o ma i n t a i n t h e a ut h ori t y of t h e Roma n p e op l e ra t h er by a rms t h a n

by Sp ee c h e s y e t si n c e w ord s a re i n re p ut e a mon g y ou a n d si n c e ri g h t
, ,

a n d w ron g h a v e of l a t e b e e n j ud g e d of l ess by t h e i r ow n n a t ure t h a n by

t h e sp eec h e s of se d uc ers a n d re b e l s I t oo h a v e d e t e rmi n e d t o b e st ow
-

a few w ord s up on y ou w hi c h a ft er overc omi n g y ou i n w a r i t i s more , , ,

useful for y ou t o h ea r t h a n p erh a p s i t i s b ec omi n g i n me t o sp ea k The .

l ea ders a n d c omma n d ers of t h e Roma n s e n t ere d your c oun t ry i n t i mes H t l th e ex os e

p ast w i t h out a n y d esi re O f a gg ra n d i z e me nt a t t h e soli c i t a t i on O f y our fi ifi fififi;

e ‘
, ,

3°
T his sp ot is ma rk ed
in sig n i c a n t by an fi C oblen t z n ow st a n d s See t he n ot e of L i n d en
.

v illa e o n t h e Moselle , now c a lled Rig oll or

g b rog ad A mm M a rcell li b x vi c 3 ( y ) Ed
. . . . . . .

Ri oll Hoj m L ex n i v a d verb R ig od ulum U But t he mod ern n a me seems de

‘

. . . . . . G ro n ov .

A mm M a rcell pla ces a t own c alled Rz g oma g um

. . . cisive .

or ( a s som e M SS rea d , Rig od ulum) wh ere T a o Hi st lib i v 0 7 2

8"
. . . . . . .
1 60 SP EEC H O F C ERIAL I S .
[Book I .

Roma n s t the a n c e st ors, w h o w ere r ui n e d and ou

by i n t est i n e di sc ord a ft er
w orn t
G a u‘ p
s, 1 n le
,

li ve n n g t h e m h a v m
g ca ll e d i n t h e G erma n s t o t h ei r a i d w h o red uc e d t o servi t ud e ,

a lli es a n d e n e mi e s w i t h out di st i n c t i on I t i s w ell k n ow n h ow ma n y

.

8 im b a t t l es our a rmi es foug h t h ow muc h t h e y un d e rwen t a n d w i t h w h a t

$31
“ ‘

, ,

suc c ess t h e y c on t e n d e d a g a i n st t h e T eut on es C i mb ri a n d o t h e r G e rma n s , ,

o n y our b e h a l f N ei t h er did w e fix oursel ves on t h e Rhi n e t o p rot ec t

.

our ow n I t a ly b ut ra t h e r t o p re ve n t a n ot h er Ari ov i st us from ma ki n g

,

hi mse l f ma st er of y our c oun t ry D o y ou t hi n k t h a t C i v ili s a n d t h e.

B a t a vi a n d t h e T ra n s Rh e n a n e n a t i on s a re b et t er di sp ose d t ow a rd s y ou
,
-

t h a n t h e i r a n c e st ors w ere t ow a rd s y our fa t h ers ? T h e G erma n s n e ver

3d g f
d 9 ib escr es
e an er p
th G m e er h a d a n y o t h er mot i ve s for i n v a d i n g G a ul t h a n t h e l ov e of w a n t on
an
m em
mi sc hi e f a n d ra p i n e a n d p erp e t ua l w a n d eri n g s from p l a c e t o p l a c e T o
n ’
.
,

b e sure t h e y c over up t h e i r re a l v i ew s w i t h p re t e n c es a b out lib ert y a n d

t h e lik e ; b ut t h ere n ev er w a s a n y on e w h o w i sh e d t o e n sl a v e a n d
d omi n eer over ot h ers w h o did n ot h old t h e sa me l a n gua g e T h e form of
, .

o v er n me n t i n G a ul w a s a l wa y s t y ra n n i c a l a n d w a r t h e fa t e of t h e
g ,

luc kl ess subj ec t s un t il y ou yi eld e d y oursel ve s t o our a ut h ori t y We

, .

”
h a ve i mp ose d n o ot h e r b urd e n s up on y ou t h a n suc h a s w ere n ec essa r t o
at? — y
p ti
a t ly t
enh re l i e vee
y o u fro m a ll t h e se e v i l s a n d p re se rv e y o u i n
p e a c e a n d i t 18
“m
,
m
O b v i ous t h a t t h e re c a n b e n o t ra n q uilli t y for n a t i on s w i t h out a n a rmy
e“ “e “

y f th
—
sa r or ei r

Pm‘ fi n o a rmy w i t h out p a on ours a n d emp l oy

d
w i t h out t a x es H
g gg
c an
no a
oo m ove y p y , .

m t; en men t s a re O p e n t o a ll ma n y a mon g y ou h ave c omma n d s i n our l eg i on s ,

a n d o t h ers h a v e h e re a n d t h ere t h e
g o v er n m e n t o f p ro v i n c e s e n t rust e d t o

t h e m : y ou a re sh ut out from n ot hi n g W h en a w ort hy e mp eror g overn s

.

t h e st a t e y ou h a ve t h e b en efi t of h is v i rt ue s t h oug h h e a c t s a t a d is
, ,

t an ce O n t h e ot h er h a n d y ou a re i n l e ss d a n g er from b a d p ri n c e s w h o
.
, ,

usua lly fa ll up on t h ose wh o a re n e a rest t h em fi rst I t i s Your d ut y t o .

b e ar w i t h t h e l ux uri es or c ove t ousn e ss of y our g ov ern ors a s y ou would

w i t h t oo d ry or t oo w e t a se a son or a n y ot h er n a t ura l c a l a mi t y : a s l on g
,

a s t h ere a re h uma n b e i n g s t h e re w ill b e v i c e s b ut n e i t h er d o t h ese l a st

for ev er b ut a re c omp e n sa t e d by t h e i n t erve n t i on of b e t t er t i mes
, .

Sure ly y ou a re n ot fooli sh en oug h t o b eli eve t h a t y ou w ill b e b e t t er Off

un d er t h e y ok e of T ut or a n d C l a ssi c us or t h a t t h e a rmi e s t h e y must h ave ,

t o k e e p off t h e G erma n s a n d t h e B ri t on s c a n b e k e p t o n foot for n ot hi n g .

L e t us sup p ose for a momen t t h a t t h e R oma n s w ere d ri ven o ut of t h e

c oun t ry (whi c h t h e G od s forbid ! ) w h a t w ould t h e y l e a v e b e hi n d t h e m
,

b ut w ars a n d di sc ord s of every n a t i on a g a i n st i t s n e i g hb ours ? But t h e

d i g
c on s i
p oli t i c a l st ruc t ure c e me n t e d by e i g h t h un d re d y ea rs of g ood fort un e a n d
er n ,
th t i i a i t s va n
t h p“ o o d i sc i p li n e c a n n ot b e t orn a sun d e r w i t h out t h e d est ruc t i on of t h ose w h o
, ,

fifl fi fifif; a re ra sh e n ou h t o a ssa il i t e h a z a rd o f suc h a n un d ert a ki n

’
f og g All t h .
g i s
d th
an
on y our sid e
a t i even
i t i s y our mon e y y our w eal t h t h a t a re a t st a k e
, Th ere fore .

f tw
i i t ere no so,
C h a p i v S ec
. . . I I I
C V L S AN D C L AS S C I US ON T HE MO SEL L E .
16 1

for t h e fut ure a t t a c h yourselves t o p e a c e a n d t o t h e st a t e w hi c h O p en s i t s th y i dz t e c on no

b osom t o rec eive a like t h e c on querors a n d t h e c on quere d You h a ve

”
.

ma d e a tri a l Of b ot h st a t es of exi st en c e a n d t h e resul t a d mon i sh e s ,

y ou t o p re fer l oy a l t y c oup l e d w i t h se c uri t y t o reb elli on w ith rui n i n i t s

, ,
4°
t ra i n .

Thi s a d roi t a p pea l t o fa c t s w i t hi n t h e kn owl e d ge or e x p eri en c e of h is Th T di b e rev ra n s

h earers a n d t h e d e x t erous c on st ruc t i on p ut up on t h e m w a s c a l c ul a t ed t h l qu g are ai n e

y
, , e e o en ce

b ot h t o t ra n quilliz e a n d a t t a c h a n a udi en c e a pp re h en si ve of severer ,

usa g e a n d c on sc i ous t h a t t h e y w ere li a bl e t o b e t rea t e d a s va n qui sh e d

,

re b e l s .C i vili s T ut or a n d C l a ssi c us w ere i n a rms a t t h e i r g a t e s ; a n d

, ,

C eri a lis h a d h e b een l ess g en e rously di sp ose d mi g h t h a ve p rovid e d for

, ,

h is own sa fe t y by di sp ersi n g a h ost il e p op ul a t i on or se lli n g t h em i n t o ,

sl a v ery H e w as n ow i n n o h urry t o t a k e t h e fi eld ; h e rema i n e d

.

i n a c t i ve i n Treves w hil e t h e en emy we re c oll ec t i n g t h e i r sc a t tere d forc es ,

w hi c h h e mi g h t h a ve i n t erc e p t e d a n d d e stroy e d i n d et a il H i s milit a ry .

op e ra t i on s w e re c on fi n e d t o fort i fyi n g h i s c a m
p w hi c h t ill now h e h a d ,

i mp ruden t ly a ll owe d t o rema i n op en a nd un g ua rde d 41

.

W hil e i n t hi s st a te of i n a c t iv i t y C ivili s a n d C l a ssi c us sen t messen g ers Ci ili d

” ”
v s an
,

t o C eri a li s w ith fi c t i t i ous i n forma t i on t h a t V esp a si a n wa s d e a d ; t h a t 83 332?

8

Ge r m“
,

Rome a n d I t a ly w e re e x p e n di n g t h ei r st ren g th i n c iv il w a rfa re ; t h a t by f l i “i “

a a se t e

M uc i a n us a n d D omi t i a n w ere n ow b ut emp t y n a mes I f C eri a li s p t f th

”
or o e
.
,

t h e y sa id a sp i re t o t h e emp i re t h e i r h ost ili t y sh ould n ot st a n d i n h is

, ,
iii?
f l g
w a y ; t h ey w ould c on ten t t h emsel ve s w i t h t h e t erri t ori es t h en i n t h e i r
al i n ’

a c t ua l p ossessi on ; b ut i f h e p re ferre d b a t t l e t h ey w ould n ot d ec li n e i t .

Ceri a li s w i t h out rep lyi n g sen t t h e messen g ers t o D omi t i a n ; b ut h e

, ,

himself rema i n e d i n a c t ive a t Treves whil e hi s a rmy wa s l e ft e n c a mp e d ,

on t h e h e i g h t s on t h e o osi t e b a n ks O f t h e M osell e i n an i sol a t e d

pp ,

osi t i on w i t h n o ot h er commun i c a t i on w i t h t h e c i t y b ut a n e x ose d a n d

p , p
ill p rot ec t e d bridge
-
.

I n t hi s p osi t i on T ut or a n d C l a ssi c us were a n xi ous t o a t t a c k h im

, .

C ivili s e n d e a voure d t o di ssua d e t h em from ri ski n g a g en era l e n g a g e men t wit h ll th i a e r

fim
t ill st ren g t h en e d by t h e a lli e s t h en on t h e i r ma rc h t o j oi n t h em from t h e
s’
,

ot h er sid e of t h e Rhi n e Tut or d ep rec a t e d d el a y a s more a dva n ta g eous

.

t o t h e R oma n s t h a n t o t h emse lve s L a rg e re i n forc emen t s h e sa id were

.
, ,

c omi n g t o t h em from I t a ly S a i n a n d sout h ern G a ul ; w h ere a s t h e y

p , ,

t h emse l ves c ould p l a c e n o d ep en den c e u on t h e i r G erma n a lli es w h o

p ,

mi g ht b e easily b rib e d by t h e Roma n s t o lie by a n d t h us en sure a ll t h e ,

a d van t ag e w i t h out a ny of t h e ri s k of t h e w ar T h e Op i n i on s of Tut or .

T a o Hist lib iv
. . . . 7 3, 7 4 . I bid . lib iv
. .
"

c . 75 .
1 62 BAT T L E O F T n nv n s .
[Book 1 .

and C l a ssi cus p reva il ed , a n d i t w a s resol ve d t o a t t a c k t h e a rmy of

Ceri a lis i n i ts p osi t i on 42
.

T h e c on fe d era t es di st rib ut e d t h e i r forces i n t h ree col umn s ; t h e ri g ht ,

c on si st i n g of t h e v e t e ra n B a t a v i an c oh ort s, ma rc h e d by a ra id move men t

p
up on t h e l e ft O f t h e R oma n p osi t i on , b e t w ee n t h e c a mp a n d t h e ri ver ,

t h e b rid ge over a n d est a bli sh e d t h e m

sel ves on t h e b ri d g e w hi c h forme d t h e on ly c om
t h e Moselle
t a ken, mun i c a t i on W i t h t h e rea r T h e c e n t re c ol umn c omp ose d of t h e U b i a n
.

a n d L i n g on i a n forc es at t a c k e d t h e c a mp i n fro n t
,
a n d w ere b ra ve ly,

sec on d e d by t h e T e uc h t eri a n d B ruc t eri on t h e i r l e ft S o ra p id a n d .

we ll c ombi n e d w ere t h ese movemen t s a n d so c omp l e te t h e surp ri se , t h a t

,

C e ri a li s w h o h a d t a k en up h i s q ua rt ers i n t h e c i t y , re c e i ve d t h e fi rst
,

i n t i ma t i on of h is d a n ger from h i s ow n fug i t ive t roop s T h e l eg i on a ri e s .

i n th e c a mp p erc e i vi n g t h e i r re t re a t c ut off, l ost t h e i r ra n k s a n d yi eld e d

,

r an i n c on fu si on t o t h e i m e t u si t y O f t h e a ssa il a n t s T h e c on fe era t es
:Si éfzfizx
h o
p d .

forc e d t h e c a mp , a n d a s usua l a mon g un c i viliz e d w a rri ors, b ec a me

.

more i n t e n t up on sec uri n g t h e p l un de r t h a n c omp l e t i n g t h e d isc omfi t ure

of t h e e n emy .

nz gfus gm r C eri a li s n ow g a ll a n t ly re t ri eve d h i s e rror P a rt ly by t h rea t s a n d

’e
.

St aps?
r “ re roa c h es b ut c hi e fly by se t t i n
p , g t h e e x a m p l e o f d es era t e v a l our, h e
p
su c c ee d e d i n ra llyi n
g t h e di sma y e d T h e b rid g e w a s re c ov ere d ,

a n d t h e B a t a v i w ere re ul se d T h e di sp i ri t e d l eg i on s, re a n i ma t e d by
$11;
11
p
-
.

t h e con fe d e t h e p re se n c e of t h e i r l ea d er, a n d t h e rest ora t i on of t h ei r c ommun i c a t i on s,

’“tes
t ook up fresh g roun d a n d reg a i n e d t h e i r ra n k s T h e b a rb a ri a n s, w h o
'

.
,

i n t h e c on fid e n c e O f v i c t ory a n d t h e t hi rst o f p l un d er, h a d rel a x e d t h ei r

e ffort s, w e re fi rst sur ri se d a n d t h e n b e c a me a l a rme d a t t h e n e w b a t t l e
p
a rra y w hi c h un fold e d i t se l f a s if by ma g i c , out of t h e a p p a ren t c h a os of
,

c o n fu se d fli g h t . T h e R oma n s q ui c k t o p erc e ive a n d t o t a k e a d va n t a g e

,

o f t hi s i m re ssi on , i n c re a se d t h e a l a rm of t h e e n e my by a v i orous a n d
p g
n ow un i t e d a t t a c k A n x i ous t o sec ure t h e b oot y a l rea dy ob t a i n ed , t h e
.

b a rb ari a n s a b and on ed t h e c a mp But t h e i r re t rea t w a s soon c on vert e d

.

i n t o a p re c i p i t a t e fli g h t ; t h e i r ow n c a mp a n d a ll t h a t i t c on t a i n e d fe ll
i n t o t h e h a n d s of t h e Roma n s ; a n d t h e even t of t h e a c t i on b ore d e c i si ve
t e st i mon y t o t h e e l a sti c ow er of R oma n di sc i li n e , a n d t o t h e
p p p resen c e

T wo Hist lib iv c 7 6
. . . . . . n ot
p ossessed t h is sp irit i n a h i g h d eg ree, t he ir
T his fac ilit y of ra llyi n g un de r a d verse cir e mp i re i n G a u l co uld e i t her n ever h a ve b een
c umst a n ces i s
p erh a p s t h e best t est O f t he mili est a b li shed or w o uld h a ve b ee n soon o ver

ta ry a p t it ud e i n t h e t roops T o b e a wa k e t o
. t h row n. T he b a t t le bet ween C aesa r a n d t he
t h e errors w h ich a n ela t ed a n d p ursuin g e n e my N e rvii, o n t h e S a mb re , wo u ld p rob a b ly ha ve
i s a lmost sure t o c ommi t i s one of t he h ig hest cru sh ed it i n t h e g erm .

mora l e ffect s of d isc iplin e I f t he Roma ns had

.
 C ha p i v Sec
. . . MASSAC RE O F T HE G ERMAN S AT CO L O NIA .
1 63

of mi n d an d d a ri n g reso l uti on of t he e x c ell e n t so ldi er wh o c omma n d ed

t h em
44
.

Th e l t h e Roma n a rmi es w a s p erh a p s up on t h e d ec li n e b ut

v a our of ,

t h e mi n d of R oma n w a rfa re w a s y e t i n i t s v i gour ; st ill t h e w a rs of

C i vili s p rove th a t there w a s n ot w a n t i n g a n a p t i t ud e i n t h e b a rb a ri a n s
for t h a t di sc ip li n e by w hi c h t h e p ower of Rome w as up h e ld E ven a t .

t hi s e a rly p eri o d t h e b a l a n c e more t h a n on c e i n c li n e d i n t h e i r fa vour

, .

I t i s by suc h i n di c a t i on s a s t hi s t h a t our a t t en t i on i s di rec t e d t o t h e st ep s

w hi c h ma rk t h e d ec a y of t h e a n c i e n t mili t a ry sy st e m of Rome — t o the ,

mea n s by w hi c h t h e e quilib ri um w a s rest ore d a n d t h e en feebl ed e mp i re ,

l eft t o p rol on g a p a i n ful exi st e n c e by a t ra i n of a rt ifi c e a n d ex p edi en t

w hi c h i n t h e d ec li n e of t h e mora l a n d t h e g row i n g p erversi on of t h e
,

i n t ell ec tua l fa c ul t i es c ome t o b e rega rd ed a s t h e most c on summa t e st a t e

,

p oli c y .

W hil e C eri a lis w a s e n g a g e d w i t h t h e B el g i c c on fe dera t es on t h e C l i A g ip o on a r

M osell e t h e c i t iz e n s of C ol on i a a n xi ous t o a t on e fo r th e i r d e fec t i on fell fliz lg:gigi id

a r l s

, , , i i i

up on a n d sl e w t h e G erma n s w h o resid e d a mon g t h em w i t h out a pp re n ifj fift h

t
, s _

h en si on or susp i c i on W h e n by t h e g en erous i n terven ti on of C ivili s i h m “

.
, ,
n e e

t h ey w ere a d mi t t e d memb ers of t h e l e a gue a n d sa ve d from p oli t i c a l ,

e x t i n c t i on a n d rui n t h e i r b e n efa c t or h a d n ot h e si t a t e d t o p l a c e h i s w i fe
,

a n d si st er i n t h e ir h a n d s a s p l e d g es for h i s fa i t h But a ft er murd eri n g .

,

t h e i r l a t e a ssoc i a t es t h e y se iz e d t h e B a t avi a n p ri n c esses a n d d e li vere d

,

t h e m up t o t h e Roma n s t o w h om t h e w i ve s a n d d a ug h t e rs of t h e i r
,

c a p t i ve en emi es were a l wa y s a w e l c ome a c qui si t i on A t t h e sa me t i me .

,

i n forma t i on rea c h e d t h em t h a t a b ody of C h a n c i a n d Fri si a n s up on t h e i r ,

ma rc h t h roug h t h e A g ripp in en si a n t erri t ory t o j oi n t h e c on fe d era t es ,

‘5
h a d t a k en p ossessi on of t h e t o wn O f T olb i a c a n d t h a t t h e b a rb a ri a n s ,

h a d t h ere a b a n d on e d t h e mse l ves t o fe ast i n g a n d {d run k en n e ss I n thi s

st a t e t h e y w e re a t t a c k e d by t h e C olon i a n s w h o t h rew fi reb ra n d s i n t o t h e ,

h ouses a n d d est roye d t h em b efore th ey c ould recover from eb ri et y a n d

,
.

surp ri se .

In d er t o sec ure t h e a dva n t a g es t h ese e ven t s p romi se d C eri a li s Ci il t t

or ,
v i s re rea s

di rec t e d h is ma rc h n ort h w a rd s up on C ol on i a C iv ili s di sa pp oi n t e d of V e

Th C i ”
.
,

h i s re i n forc e men t s by t h e sudd en d e fec t i on O f t h e A gri p p i n ensi a n s C O D f t t t k ,

e
a es a
a n ne

ac

t i n n e d h is re t rea t t o t h e Rhi n e a n d e st abli sh e d hi mse l f w i t h h i s B a t a v i a n d d t y an es ro a

R m fl t
, _

o an ee
c oh rt s a t C a st ra V e t era t h e sc e n e of h i s e a rl i er ep Oi t s M ea n w h i l e a f m B i t i
q ,
. ro r a n.

R oma n fl ee t from B ri t a i n un d er F a bius P risc us l a n d e d a n e n t i re l eg i on

, , ,

on t h e B el g i c c oast Th ese t roop s ma rc h e d i n t o t h e t erri t ory of t h e

. .

Tao . H ist lib iv

. . . c. 77, 7 8 . Zulp i ch,
'

i n t h e d uc hy of J ullers .
1 64 I I I
C V L S P O ST S H I MSEL F AT V ET ERA .
[Book I .

N e rvii and d e t a c h e d t h e se t rib es from t h e c on fe d era c y

Tun gri ,
“
and .

T h e fl ee t , h ow ever w a s a t t a c k e d by t h e C a n i n e fa t e s a n d e very shi p w a s

, ,

t a k en or sun k A ft e r t hi s a c hi ev e me n t t h e c on querors h a st e n e d t o
.
,

c h as t i se t h e N ervi a n s for t h e i r d e fe c t i on , a n d e a sily d i s erse d t h e i r h a st y

p
l evi es C l a ssi c us w h o, a ft e r t h e b a t t l e O f T reve s h a d ret i red in t h e
. , ,

sa me di rec t i on w i t h C i v ili s foun d h is fa rt h er re t re a t c ut O ff n ea r N euss

, , ,

es ic us cut s on t h e Rhi n e “ by t h e c a va l ry o f C e ri a li s A n e n g a g e me n t t ook p l a c e ,

p i n .
,

th ioiigli t he i n w hi c h t h e R oma n h orse w ere w orst ed a n d t h e c on fed e ra t e forc e s were ,

on c e more c on c e n t ra t e d a t C a st ra V e t era i n a
p osi t i on st ron g by n a t ure ,

a d fa rt h e r i m rove d by e mb a n k me n t s a n d a rt ifi c i a l i n un d a t i on s
" h e “8
n
p .

T h e un fort un a t e i ssue of t h e g re a t b a t t l es of Ri g ol a a n d Tre v e s h a d

gigs ggfi‘f;
c d

ag nsuh x
ai di sa bl e d t h e T rev ira n s t h e most p ote n t i a l me mb ers of t h e l ea g ue
e r
, .

w e m e rses
Th ei r t erri t ory w a s overrun a n d re duc ed by t h e Roma n s T h e d e fee
'

t i on o f t h e C olon i a n s w a s a n ot h er severe bl ow ; a n d t h e a ddi t i on of t h ree

fre sh l eg i on s, w hi c h h a d s i n c e t h e n a rri v e d t o re i n forc e t h e a rmy of
C eri a li s, g a v e suc h a p re p on d era n c e t o t h e Roma n s a s mi g h t h a ve
d ep resse d t h e b old est h op es S t ill t h e sp i ri t s of t h e c on fe d era t es did n ot.

d ec li n e T h e c a p t ure of t h e fl ee t from B ri t a i n ; t h e di sp ersi on of t h e

.

rec rea n t N e rvi a n s ; t h e b rilli a n t suc c e ss o f C l a ssi c us a t N euss , w ere

reg a rd e d a s l e d g e s t h a t v i c t ory h a d n ot y e t d ese rt e d t h e st a n d a rd
p
C vi lis x m
i o f C i v ili s M e a n w hil e t h a t a bl e l ea d er re n d ere d h is p ost a l most i n a c
.

p roves h i s
s t i ou b
i
y ch id c essibl e by c a rryi n g out a l on g emb a n k men t i n t o t h e Rhi n e obliquely t o
;ggjgigygm t h e st rea m a n d t h us t urn i n g off t h e i mp e t uous c urr en t up on t h e low ma rshy
‘
,
,

l a n d s i n fron t of his p osi t i on T h e d est ruc t i on of t h ei r fl ee t by t h e C a .

n in e fa t es d e ri v e d t h e R o ma n s of t h e c omma n d of t h e ri ver t h e y h a d ex
p
ec t e d t o ob t a in w hil e i n c a se o f d e fe a t or o f hi s p osi t i on b e i n g t urn e d
p , ,

C i v ili s w a s by t h e a ssi st a n c e of t h e v i c t ori ous fl e e t sure of a n n umo

, ,

l e st e d re t re a t by w a t er .

( NO
h a d C eri a lis t a k en up h is g roun d b e fore t h e p osi t i on of
53 3
1
332252
8 soon er

p a ine
d C a st ra V e t era , t h a n w i t h c h a ra c t eri st i c i mp e t uosi t y h e p ush e d forw a rd
.

hi s h e a v y a rme d i n fa n t ry up on t h e fl ood e d l a n d s a g a i n st t h e li g h t t roop s

-

of t h e B a t a v i T h e l a t t e r, a va ili n g t h e mse l ve s of t h e w e ll k n ow n sh a l
.
-

l ows a n d fi rmer S p ot s of g roun d a vo id e d t h e bl ows of t h e l eg i on ar i e s or

,

p l un g i n g fe a rl essly i n t o t h e d e e p s swa m roun d t o t h e fl a n k s a n d re ar of

,

t h e en emy s d e t a c h me n t s a n d h a ra sse d t h e m w i t h t h e i r j a ve li n s t ill

’

t h e y l ost t h e i r ra n k s a n d w ere gl a d t o a b a n d on a ki n d o f w a rfare t o

,

w hi c h n e i t h e r t h e i r a rms n or t h e i r mili t a ry h a bi t s w ere a d a p t e d .

T h e l oss sust a i n e d by t h e R oma n s w a s un i mp ort a n t a n d t h e a d v a n t a g e ,

Ea st Braba n t a nd D ii sseld orf

‘

L ieg e . .

‘7
Novesi um, opposit e t he modern c it y of T ac Hist lib i v 7 9
. . . . . v. 14 .
C hap iv Sec
. . . A NI MO SIT Y O F T H E BEL L G ERE T S I N .
1 65

to t he d era t es i n a merely mili t ary p oi n t of v i ew n ot g re a t ; t h e Di p iti

c on fe s os on s
fm h b tt le
, ,

i ssue of t hi s c omb a t i n d eed serve d b ut t o wh et t h e a p p e t i t e of b ot h

e a "

, ,

a rt i e s for t h e b a t t l e C e ri a lis w a s i n c en se d by t h e c h ec k h e h a d
'

p .

re c e i ve d w hil e t h e c on fid en c e of C i v ili s i n hi s fort un e w a s st ren g t h e n e d

,

by suc c ess O n t h e foll ow i n g morn i n g a c c ordi n gly t h e R oma n ge n era l

.
, ,

d re w out hi s forc es i n t h ree divi si on s in li n e T h e a dv a n c e w a s c om .

p ose d of t h e c a v a l ry a n d t h e a ux ili a ry c oh ort s t h e sec on d of t h e h ea vy

_

l eg i on s ; t h e t hi rd un d er h is own c omma n d c on st i t ut e d a reserve of

, ,

c h ose n t roop s C iv ili s a d a p t e d h i s ord e r of b a t t l e t o h i s p osi t i on

. H is .

t roop s w ere d ra w n up i n di vi s i on s of c un ei or w e d g e sh a p e d c ol umn s

“ -
9
, ,

rea dy t o d e fen d t h e s h a ll ow s a n d t h e w ea k The

p oi n t s of h i s li n e .

B a t a v i a n d G ugern i oc c up ie d t h e ri g h t w hil e t h e l eft w a s c omp ose d of

50
,

t h e B ruc t eri a n d Tra n s Rh e n a ne a uxili a ri e s T h e fron t of h is p osi t i on

-

w a s suffi c i en t ly se c ure d by t h e ma rsh es a n d fl ood e d l a n d s t h e ri g h t by

w ood s a n d t h e l e ft by t h e d eep Rhi n e a n d p rob a bly a l so by t h e fl eet of
, , , ,

the C a n i n efa t e s .

B ot h l ea d ers e n d ea voure d t o i n sp i re t h e i r t roop s w i t h t h e feeli n g s of in d an

t en se h ost ili t y w hi c h a n i ma t e d t h e i r ow n b osoms

i
C eri ali s a p p e a l e d t o t h e w gs; £21 .
n ,

an c i en t g l ori e s a nd t h e re c e n t t ri um h s O f t h e R oma n a rms : h e d e sc rib e d

“W d e en en ‘
p d u t i eavo r o h

t h e a p p roa c hi n g c on fli c t a s a n ex ec ut i on t o b e d on e up on a b a n d o f sel f
1 33 2
1
23 2
1
3
'

1 1

c on d e mn e d a n d i n t i mid a t e d reb e l s a s a mea sure for t h e e x t i r a t i on of a

1
i m it y
p , d an an os .

r a c e O f h a rd e n e d ma l e fa c t ors ra t h e r t h a n a s a fa i r en a e me n t w i t h a n
g g
h on oura bl e e n e my C ivili s rem
,

i n d e d h is c ou
. n t ry me n of t h e l a u re l s t h e y

h a d g a t h ere d up on t h e v ery sp ot w h ere t h e y n ow st ood H ere h e .

,

e x c l a i me d ou t rea d u o n t h e mould eri n g b o n e s a n d di sh on oure d

'

y ,
p
a sh es of t h e l e i on s of t h e o
g pp r e ss or W hi c h ev er w a y y our a d versari es .

c as t t h e i r e y es t h e y en c oun t er t h e memori a l s o f c a p t iv i t y sufferi n g a n d , ,

d efe a t Be n ot c a st d own by t h e i ssue of t h e fi g h t a t T reve s tlz er e v i c t ory

”
.

i tse l f w a s y our w orst foe si n c e i t se d uce d y ou t o a b an d on y our a rms

,

a n d l oa d y ou r se lv e s w i t h s oil F rom t h a t e ri od t h e for t un e o f wa r h a s

p p .

t urn e d a l t og e t h er i n y our fa v our a n d b e c a me a dv e rse t o y our en e mi es , .

H e t he n p o i n t e d out t h e st ren g t h O f t h e i r p osi t i on a n d a dj ure d t h e m by ,

t h e i r v en era t i on for t h e sa c re d st re a m t h e w i t n ess o f t h e i r d e e d s a n d for , ,

t h e g ods Of t h e i r fa t h ers by t h e i r love for t h e i r w i ve s t h e i r p a ren t s a n d

, , ,

t h e i r c oun t ry t o g o fort h w i t h c on fid e n c e t o t h e b a t t l e w hi c h must e i t h er

,

‘9
It see ms t hat t he Roman s h ad n ot discard ed Cluver a f rms t ha t t he G ug ern i were a c olon y Of
fi
t he cun eusi n t h e n ew di scip lin e imp a rt ed t o t he Sicamb ri t ran spla n t ed t hi t h er from t h eir ori gin al
alli ed a n d a u k
“

x il iar
y t roop s T he Bat a vi of C i sea t s on t he ot h e r b an of t he Rhin e, ei t h e r b
.
y
vilis d ou b tless reta i n ed t he mil ita ry cust oms t hey A ugust us or Tib eri us He refers t o Sueton ius
.

had learn t from t he Roman s . i n A ug 0 a n d in T i ber i o, c 9 — G e rm A n t

. . . . . .

5°
T he G ug ern i in h abit ed a d acen t p ort ion s of j lib ii 0 1 8
. . But hi s p roof, h ow ever i n gen ious
. .

t he d uc hi e s of C leves, G ueld res, a n d uliers J . an d even

p rob ab le, i s n ot con clusive .

V OL 1 . . Y
 1 66 BA T T L E O F C A ST RA V ET ERA .
[Book I ,

i t h ei r re n ow n hi g h a b ove t h a t of t h e i r a n c est ors or rec ord t h ei r

ra se ,

n a mes w i t h i g n omi n y t o p ost e ri t y

1 5
.

Th R m le o T h e b a t t l e c omme n c e d on t h e c en t re a n d ri g h t of t h e R oma n s by t h e
an e

a d va n ce of t h e l eg i o n a ri es up on t h e fl ood e d l a n d s But t h ey soon foun d .

t h e i r ra n ks di sord ered a n d t h e i r ma rc h i mp ed e d by t h e d e e p a n d muddy

so il t h ey t ro d up on w hil e t o t h e li g h t e r e q ui p me n t s a n d l ooser a rra y of
t h e G erma n s t h e g roun d p resen t e d n o ma t eri a l ob st a c l e T h e fi rst o n se t .

t ermi n a t e d t o t h e di sa d va n t a g e of t h e R oma n s t h e B ruc t eri on t h e l eft Of ,

t h e c on fe d era t es p l un g e d i n t o t h e st re a m a n d a t t a c ki n g t h e R oma n ri g h t
, ,

w i n g i n fl a n k whil e i n vol ve d i n t h e ma rshy l a n d s fl un g t h em b a c k a n d ,

t h rew t h e m i n t o di sord er I t d oes n ot se em t h a t t h e G erma n s p ursue d

.

t h e m t o t h e fi rmer g roun d s b e yon d ; a n d b efore C i vili s c ould t a k e a d va n

t a g e of t h e e xi st i n g c on fusi o n i n t h e i r ra n k s a B a t a v i a n d esert er oi n t e d
p ,

out t o C eri a l i s a t ra c t of fi rm g roun d by w hi c h t h e ri g h t of t h e c on fe d e

b ut t h G u ra t e s mi g h t b e t urn e d
e T h e G ug ern i w h o were p ost e d t h ere w e re
.
, ,

ffi pir fffi n egli g en t or i g n ora n t of t hi s a c c essibl e p oi n t T h e t ra i t or c on d uc t e d

l
‘
.

'h h gfi q u d ron s o f c a va l ry roun d by t h e ford and a e a re d on t h e li n e o f

e e e "e
w
'

en t ly t o s a
p p ,
g
A t t h e sa me t i me C e ri ali s V i g orously ren e w e d t h e a t t a c k
.

Th R m t h e G erma n s

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e o an

m
.

ly p
c a va r asses

l u on t h e i r fron t ; a n d C i vil s w a s c om ell e d t o a b a n d on a

l
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gm é mi h t by t h e ord i n a ry V i i l a n c e Of ood di sc i li n e h a ve b a ffl d
h
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p n i tt
s s o
e ec , , g g p e t he ,

d h l m" e
ut most e ffort s of o n e of t h e most p ow e rful a rmi es R ome h a d e ver sen t
i n t o t h e fi eld .

H a v i n g se c ure d so c on sid era bl e a n a dva n t a g e C eri a lis d e si st ed from ,

furt h er a t t a c k T h e n o n a rri v a l of t h e e x p ec t e d fl e e t t h e sh owery a n d

.
-

st ormy st a t e o f t h e w e a t h e r a n d t h e a p p ro a c h O f n i g h t , i t i s a ll e g e d , ,

a l on e reve n t e d t h e t ot a l d est ruc t i on o f t h e c on fe d era t es C i vili s fi n d i n g

C i li h t a nc
p
-
vi ea s .
,
’ d f
ffi fi fl fif h is p osi t i on n o l on g er t e n a bl e resol ve d t o a b a n d on t h e c oun t ry sout h wa rd
O

e ,

of t h e W a a l a n d t o re t re a t t o t h e i sl a n d of t h e B a t a v i
, H e a pp ea rs t o .

h a ve e x e c ut e d t hi s move men t a t h i s l ei sure remov i n g every t hi n g t h a t ,

c ould b e of use t o t h e e n e my a n d c a rryi n

g O ff from t h e t own s a ll t h a t
,

w a s of a p ort a bl e n a t ure A ft er e ffec ti n g h i s ret re a t h e c ut t h roug h t h e

.
,

g rea t dyk e w hi c h D rusus h a d erec t e d a l on g t h e c ourse of t h e W a a l for t h e

H ut m
e c p rot e c t i on of t h e B el g i c l owl a n d s up on t h e b a n k s of t h a t ri ve r i n ord e r t o
, e ,

fheiv
r a dy i f
i
na
m p e d e t h e a d v a n c e of t h e e n emy
i °
H e re a b ody o f C h a uc i c a ux ili a ri es
.

j oi n e d h im ; w hil e Tut or C l a ssi c us a n d on e h un d re d a n d t hi rt ee n

, ,

T rev ira n se n a t ors wh o st ill a dh ere d t o t h e c a use of t h e c on fed e ra t e s

, ,

h a st e n e d i n t o t h e i n t eri or of G erma n y t o h urry forwa rd t h e l e vi e s

ro m i se d by t h e i r T r a n s Rh en a n e a lli es I n t h e i n t eri m t h e n e i g h
p
-
.

i i b ourin g B ruc t eri fl oc k e d t o h is st a n d a rd By t hi s a n d ot h er re i n forc e

Th pm
e vn c ec .

| O i ul i .

5'
Ta c Hist lib
. . . v . cc . 1 4, 1 5 .
 ”
C ha p iv Sec
. . . BATT L E O F T H E FO U R ST AT O I NS .
1 67

men t s his n umb ers w ere in a s h ort ti me so i n crea se d as to en a bl e h im t o

a ssu me t h e offe n s ve i .

C eri a li s seems t o h a v e c on t en t e d hi mse l f w i t h w a t c hi n g t h e movemen t s T h e stat ion s of

omens
O f hi s e n emy i n t h e B a t a v i a n i sl a n d H e st a t i on e d h is t roop s for t h a t
53
.

u r ose i n four di ffe ren t en c a m me n t s a t Ba t a vod un u m G ri n n e s V a d a

p p p , , ,

a n d A re n a cum C iv ili s, wh o st ill k ep t t h e c omma n d of t h e ri ver d e t er att a cked by

”
64

0 mm
.
,

mi n e d t o ma k e a si mul t a n eous a t t a c k up on a ll t h e four st a t i on s, ra t h er,

a s i t seems, w i t h a v i e w t o p rev e n t c o op era t i on a n d t o ma sk hi s p ri n c i a l
p
-

d e si gn t h a n w i t h a h op e of ma st i g l of t h e m a t a bl ow
,
er n a l 55
H e t h ere .

fore div i d e d h i s forc e s i n t o four b odi e s ; t h ose of t h e e x t reme ri g h t a n d

l eft w ere p l ac e d un der t h e ord ers of T ut or a n d V era x t h e n ep h ew of ,

C iv ili s t h e c e n t re b o di es w ere comma n d e d resp ec t i ve ly by hi mse l f a n d

C l a ssi c us T h e Tra n s Rh en a n e G erma n s c rosse d a t Ba t a vod un um a n d At ta cks upo
.
-

,
n

a t t a c k e d t h e b rid g e w hi c h t h e R oma n s w ere i n t h e a c t of t h row i ng a c ross i diie

a a t i
iiiiim
re elled
i
t h e r ver a t th at po i t b ut w t o
i h u t u s H er e t h i h t ut en d
p "

s c c e s e n
g
n , p a n .

t o t h e c omb a t T h e c orp s on t h e ex t re me l e ft , n ot more fort un a t e i n i t s

.

a tt a c k up on A ren a c um, h a vi n g ma d e a n y i mp re ssi on

re t re i d w i t h out
up on t h e R oma n p ost But t h e rea l st rugg l e w a s t o t a k e p l a c e a t V a d a e k
ggz fi
on
.

a n d G rin n e s w h ere C i v ili s a n d C l a ssi c us c omma n d e d

a

,
A t fi rst n ot h i n g G i u .
, r n n es s c
.

“ t a t
c ould w i t h st a n d t h e i m e t uosi t y of t h e G e rma n on se t ; t h e b ra vest on
“ 55 a rs ‘

p
b ot h sid es w ere t h e e a rli est v i c t i ms Of mut ua l fury ; a mon g t h e c hi efs
w h o fell on t h e Roma n sid e t h e B a t a vi a n Bri g a n t ic us t h e c omma n d er of , ,

a b ody of R oma n c a v a l ry w a s t h e most i mp ort a n t h is z ea l i n t h e

,

serv i c e w a s s t imul a t e d by t h a t d e a dly a n i mosi t y t ow a rd s h i s ma t e rn a l

un c l e C iv ili s w hi c h i n c iv il w a rs a n d fa mily b ro il s oft e n i n c rea se s

, , ,

i n v i ol en c e w it h t h e p rox i mi t y of t h e rel a t i on shi p 56

But i n t hi s i n l i
ifi iifif iiiii
i .
l r

c e s

T a o H ist lib v cc 1 8 , 1 9
. . . L a d en , G esch
. . .
— . T he Roman s must h ave b een upon t he G erma n
d es d eut sch V olk es, v ol i p 40 6
. . . . . sh ore w h ile t h e G erma n s rema in e d o n t he G allic
53
T he i n sula t ed t errit ory in clo sed b y t he sid e. C luver ( lib ii 0 . st rives t o recon c ile
. .

Rhi n e , t h e W a al a n d t he Nort h Se a ex t end in g

, , this hy p ot hesis wi t h t h e n arra tive of T ac it us , b y
from t he t ow n o f D oo mb ur g , w h ere t h ose t wo sup osin
p g t h a t t h e several p la ces re p resen t ed b y
b ran che s se p ara t e , t o t he coast s of Holla n d an d t h e n a me s of A ren a c um, V a d a , G ri n n es, a n d Ba
Z eal a n d T he more in la n d d istrict s st ill g o b y
. t a vod un um, h a ve b een , i n t he course of t ime ,
t he n a mes O f t h e Ober an d N ed er Bet ume It -
. t ra n sferred fro m t he n ort h ern t o t he sout h ern
seems t o me t h a t , i n t h e followi n g n arra t ive , T a b an k s O f t h e Rhin e St ill t he d iffi culty remai ns,
.

c it us h a s ob vi ousl
y con foun d ed t h e Rhi n e wit h t ha t t he R oman s must h ave alrea d y red uced t he
t h e Wa al . I n sa la Ba t a v orum, t o h ave est ab lish ed t hem
5‘
T hese place s are supp osed , b y several re selves on ei th er b a nk .

s ect ab le cri t i c s, t o b e re res en t ed b y t h e mod ern

p p
55
N ec omn ia p a t ran d i fi d uc ia , sed mult a
t ow ns of Wyk d e D euer st ed e, Rh en en ( G rin n es a usis ali ufi i n
p art e f ort un a m a fl ore
'

q Ta o . .

quasi R in n es, w hen ce Rhen en ) , Wa g en i n gen Hi st lib v c 20

. . . . M et hi n ks Civilis ra t h er d e
.

a nd A mh eim But if t his rep resen t a t ion w ere si red t o fix t h e fi c kle

.
g odd ess t o t h e spot wh ere
a dop t ed , C eri a li s must h ave a lready n ot on ly he comman d e d i n p erson .

crossed t h e W a a l i n t o t h e n su la Bat a vorum, I 55

T ue Hist lib i v 0 7 0
. . . U t ferme acer
. . .

b ut t he R hin e a lso, i n asmuc h as t h ey are a ll rima p rox i morum odia sun t .

si t ua t ed on t h e n ort h ern b a n k o f t h e la t t er riv e r

1 68 M I L I TA RY C HA RACT ER O F C ERI AL I S A N D C l V I L I S .
[Book I .

a fres h b od y
st a n c e ort n e on c e f
ore st oo u m d momen t of
t h e fri en d of C eria lis . A t t he
y
o f ca va lr c om
x m d i d
a n g e r h e a rr v e V a d a w i t h a b ody of fresh c a va l ry a n d
.

els t h e G er e t re e at ,
p
t m k
rove t h e hi t h ert o v i c t ori o us G e rma n s t ow a rd s t h e r i v er
m ans
d o a e
C i v ili s i n h i s
h ty
.
,
a as te
t
t re a a t t e m t s t o a rrest t h e re t rea t w a s rec og n iz e d a n d p ursue d by t h e
p
.

”
e n emy ; h e t h rew h i msel f from h i s h orse a n d p l un g i n g i n t o t h e st rea m , ,

rea c h e d t h e O
pp osi t e sh ore i n sa fe t y T u t or a n d C l a ssi c us re t i re d t o
.

t h e i r b oa t s ; a n d i n t h e a b se n c e of i n forma t i on t o t h e c on t ra ry we ma y
, ,

c on fid e n t ly re sume t h a t t h e c on fe d e ra t e a rmi e s ma d e g ood t h e i r re t re at

p
w i t h out furt h er l oss T h e l on g ex p ec t e d fl ee t of C eri a lis w hi c h w a s t o
.
-

h ave a c c ompli sh e d t h e rui n of t h e c on fe d era t e s a t C a st ra V e t era h a d n ot ,

e t a rri v e d t h e row e rs i t a p p ea rs w e re d e t erre d by fea r or e m l oy e d

y , , p ,

i n o t h e r mili t a ry d ut i e s a n d T a c i t us a d mi t s t h a t h e w a s sa ve d from
d e fe a t a n d di sg ra c e ra t h er by t h a t g ood fortun e w hi c h a c c omp a n i e d h im
t h roug h li fe t h a n by a n y mili t a ry meri t O f h is ow n
“8
.
,

I n t rut h C e ri a li s w a s q ui c k a t di sc e rn i n g a n d p rov idi n g for t h e

,

e x i e n c i e s O f t h e mome n t b ut d e fi c i e n t i n mili t a ry c ombi n a t i on ne

g , g ,

l ec t ful of p rec a ut i on ra shly c on fid en t i n t h e di sc i p li n e of h is t roop s a n d

,

i n h i s ow n h ea dl on g c oura g e T h e mili t a ry c on d uc t of h i s a n t a g on i st a s
.
,

fa r a s t h e un mili t a ry n a rra t ive of T a c i t us e n a bl e s us t o j ud g e w a s di st i n ,

g uish e d by O pp osi t e q ua li t i es H i s forc es w ere a h e t erog en eous l ev y

.
,

h a l f R oma n h a l f b a rb a ri a n i n t h e i r h a bi t s of w a r Th oug h e qua lly b old

,
.

i n a c t i on h e a v oid e d b a t t l e w h erev er i t w a s p ossibl e b ec a use h e c ould

, ,

n ot lik e his a n t a g on i st t rust t o h i s t roop s t o e x t ri c a t e h im from t h e

, ,

di ffi c ul t i e s i n w hi c h a n e rror on h is own p a rt mi g h t i n vol ve h im H e .

w a s t h ere fore a n xi ous t o c o mp e n sa t e t h e d efi c i e n c y i n t h e qua li t y of h is

forc e s by t h e i r n umb ers by t h e st re n g t h of h i s p osi t i on s by e n g a g i n g
, ,

t h e i r sup e rst i t i on s i n h is c a use a n d t h e i r o w n a n d by e very d ev i c e w hi c h ,

mi g h t w a rd O ff di sa st er a n d sec ure i mme di a t e or p rosp ec t i ve a dv a n t a g e

, .

By t h e se mea n s h e w a s e n a bl e d t o k eep a li ve t h e h op e s of h is foll ow ers ,

t o sust a i n t h e i r c oura g e i n t h e mid st of d e fe a t t o st rik e bl ow s w h ere t h e y ,

w e re l e a st ex p ec t e d a n d t o b a l a n c e t h e l o ss o f a b a t t l e by t h e n umb er of
,

s ma ll
y e t i mp ort a n t suc c e sses w hi c h h is vi g il a n c e a n d a c t i v i t y e n a bl e d h im
t o sn a t c h from a n over c on fi d e n t en e my -

C l i
eri a i a
A ft er t h e a c t i on s a t G ri n n e s a n d V a d a C e ri a li s a sc e n d e d t h e Rhi n e
a
, ,
p t h
a ec s t e
t o N e uss a n d B on n t o i n sp e c t t h e w i n t er c a mp o f t h e l eg i on s s t a t i on e d

”
qu t
w i n t er ar e rs
- -

,
N u
at d e ss a n

B on n t h ere
.
I t a pp ea rs t h a t h e h a d c oll ec t e d a fl ee t a t t h e se st a t i on s a n d w a s
.
,

7 T a c it us b rin g s a h eavy ch arg e ag a in st C c c ilit ies for c ut t i n g o ff supp lies, a n d for a t t a ck s

ri a li s as a
g e n era l, as i t se ems t o me , d ese rvedly . up on his lo n g a n d n e cessarily wea k d efensive
T he d ispers io n of h is t roop s, a n d t h e n e g le c t t o li n e, b e p a llia t ed
c a n n ot .

p rovid e a fl ee t O f b o a t s t o g iv e h i m so me c om T a o H ist lib v c 2 1

5° .
. . . . .

man d of a st ream so w id e, a n d a f ord in g suc h fa N ovesium see no te 20 P 1 52 °

C hap iv Sec
. . . N AV AL OP ERAT O I NS O N T HE WAAL .
1 69

o
r c eedi n o n h i s ret urn t o t h e a rmy w i t h t h e sa me c on t e mp t of ord er
p g , ,

an d p rec a ut i on w hi c h so oft en si g n a liz e d h i s ot h er move men t s t h e shi p s -

w ere a ll ow e d t o st ra ggl e ; n o suffi c i en t l ook out w a s k e p t T h e G erma n s The G e m -

. r ans
urp i e hi s
ob serve d a n d p romp t ly i mp rov e d t h e op p ort un i t y h i s n eg li gen c e a fford e d
s r s

h ip d t ake . s s an

C h oosi n g a d a rk an d c oul d e t a c h me n t of li g h t ve ssel s moved

dy n i g h t ,
a

sil en t ly a l on g t h e sh ore s a n d re a c h e d t h e n a v a l c a mp o f t h e R oma n s

w i t h out g i vi n g t h e a l a rm O n e divi si on l a n d e d a n d e n t ere d t h e c a mp

.
,

c ut t i n g t h e t en t rop e s a n d ov erw h e l mi n g t h e sl e ep i n g soldi ers b en ea t h

-

t h e h ea vy hid es a n d frame s of w h i c h t h e i r t en t s w e re c omp ose d The .

o t h e r div i sio n g ra p p l e d t h e Roma n s h i p s a n d c a p t ure d severa l of t h em ;

a mon g t h e r e st t he p raet ori a n t r i re me w h ere t h e G erma n s ex p ec t e d t o

, ,

h a ve foun d t h e g en era l hi msel f But c h a n c e or t h e a t t ra c t i on s of a

.
,

Ubi a n l a dy C l a udi a S a c ra t a t o w h om h e w a s a tt a c h ed h a d e n g a g e d h i m
, , ,

t o Sp e n d t h e n i g h t e l sew h e re a nd h e t h us e sc a p e d t h e t o il s of t h e e n emy H
, p . e esca es.

T h e G erma n s sen t t h e a dmi ra l g a ll ey a s a t rop hy t o t h e p rop h e t ess V e ll e d a

“
up t h e r iver L i pp e
'

C eri a li s w a s a t l en g t h h ow ever p rov id e d w i t h a fl eet suffi c i en t for t h e N l w f

, ,
a va ar are

ro tec t io n of hi s op era t i on s a g a i n st t h e B a t a v i a n i sl a n d I f C i v ili s c ould

p .

n ot r i v a l h i m i n t h e s iz e a n d e qui p me n t h e w a s i n a c on di t i o n g re a t ly t o
,

out st ri p hi m i n t h e n umb er a n d ma n a g e a bl e qua li t i es of h i s v e sse l s He .

co ll ec t e d a n ume rous fl e e t o f li g h t sa ili n g b a rk s w i t h w hi c h h e severely ,

d ama g e d a n d a n n oy e d t h e h ea vy ve ssel s of h is a n t a g on i st T h e R oma n s .

,

i nd ee d ma de a d e sc en t up on t h e i sl a n d a n d rava g e d i t Sp a ri n g t h e
, , ,

l a n d s of C iv ili s w i t h a v i e w t o fi x up on h i m t h e susp i c i on of a sec re t

un d erst a n di n g w i t h t h e mse l ves I n t h e i n t eri m t h e a ut umn a l ra i n s a nd T h R m
.
, e o an

st orms c on v ert e d t h e w h ol e c oun t ry i n t o a st a g n a n t swa m a n d t he

p g md th e e

riv er fl ood s t h rea t en e d t h e Roma n c a mp w i t h t h e most i mmi n en t d a n er w i m l “ na

g fl d .
oo s.

Thi s w a s t h e p oi n t of t i me c h osen by C i vili s for a v i gorous a n d un i te d C fi i p ’

i
lV

sfi
re

a t t a c k w h i c h w i t h t h e a ssi st a n c e of hi s n ume rous fl ee t of b oa t s seeme d Z

e
flgfi g th
on
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t o p romi se t h e t ot a l d e struc t i on of t h e R oma n s But a t t he d ec i siv e S ha ggy ;

.
,

momen t a sudd en a n d g e n era l d e fe c t i on frust ra t e d a ll h is h op es a n d tg flthd fB

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en era e ec

t h rust hi m o ut a n e x il e from t h e c oun t ry h e h a d so l on g a n d so n obl t i

i on o e a

y av a ns .

serv e d .

Aft er t h e ra va g e of t h e i sl a n d t h e sea son seems t o h ave b roug h t w i t h Th R m

, e o an

i t a susp en si on of O p era t i on s D urin g t h a t p er i od t h e Roma n emi ssari e s

.
,

w ere suc c essfully e mp l oy e d i n p o i son i n g t h e mi n d s of t h e B a t a v i a n f °

p e op l e a g a i n st t h e i r h eroi c l ea d e r All t h e i r a lli e s t h e y w ere t old h a d

; , ,

b e en suc c essiv ely v a n qui sh e d ; i n st ea d of a dva n t a g e t h e y h a d t h emsel ves ,

d eri ve d n ot hi n g b ut l oss from t h e i r c on n e xi on w i t h C iv ili s by t hi s t ime ,

Ta c Hist lib
. . . v. c . 22 .
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h erefore t h ey must b e sa t i sfi e d t h a t li t t l e w a s t o b e g a i n e d by mixi n g

t ,

t h emsel ve s up w i t h C is Rh e n a n e a ffa i rs b ut t h e ve n g ea n c e o f ma n a n d
-

t h e a n g er of t h e g od s .

T h e sa me a rg umen t s w e re p ri va t ely a dd resse d t o V e ll e d a offers of p a r

d on w ere h eld out t o C i v ili s hi msel f a n d t o t h e B a t a v i a n p eop l e a re n e wal
of t h e old t erms of c on n e xi on w i t h R ome T h e mi n d s of t h e T ra n s Rh e .
-

n a n e a lli e s w ere sh a k e n ; t h e B a t a vi a n c ommon a lt y w e re w ea ry of t h e

Th h f
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, ,

fi tfij iifizf yi e ld e d t o t h e a ll uri n g c on t ra st w hi c h t h e rec oll ec t i on s of t h e b rilli a n t

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a n d e a sy serv i c e of R ome
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re se n t e d t o t h a t st a t e of ri v a t i on a n d d a n e r
vi s,
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,

t h e n ec ess i t y of c omma n d a n d t h e t a l en t s of C i v ili s subj ec t e d t h e m .

Th ey w ere i n t rut h j ust i n t h a t t emp er in w hi c h me n a re g l a d of an

, ,

obj ec t u on
p w hi c h t o w rea k t h e i r se l f i n fl i c t e d di sa pp oi n t men t s a n d -

suff e ri n g s Th ey i mp ut e d t h e i r ill succ ess t o C i vili s a s a c ri me —t h e y

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a ffe c t e d t o reg a rd hi s d a un t l ess S i ri t a s ev id en c e of a n a t roc i ous d e t er

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mi n a t i on t o d ra g a w h ol e p e op l e a l on g w i t h h i m t o p erdi t i on ;—t h ose
v ery d e e d s o f a rms i n w hi c h t h e y h a d a rt i c i p a t e d a s so ma n y t re a son s
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a g a i n st h i s former a ll eg i a n c e a n d h i s ow n mi sg uid e d p eop l e —t h e w a r
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d d t m l ud ed t h a t in t he ir resen t d e s era t e c on di t i on n ot hi n g re ma i n e d b ut
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t o t est i fy t h e i r rep en t a n c e by c ut t i n g off so gre a t a ma l e fa c t or

“ p “ h s "‘
‘ ‘ 61
.

C i v ili s w a s n ot i g n ora n t o f t hi s d e si g n a g a i n st h i s li fe ; a n d h e soug h t

Th H t y f t o frust ra t e i t by a se p a ra t e n e g ot i a t i on w i t h C e ri a li s
e i s or o But h e re t h e .

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l

t h e B a t a v i a n s a n d t h e i r c on fe d era t es Th ere c a n h ow e ve r b e li t t l e . , ,

d oub t t h a t t h e t ermi n a t i on of t h e wa r l eft t h em i n n o b e t t er c on di t i on

Th B t i
e t h a n t h e y w e re a t t h e c omme n c eme n t
a a v an s A S i t re g a rd s t h e e mp i re t h e . ,

a s l on g a s R ome sh ould
33 3533 3; n t o f t h e st ru l ly i di h
1
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g n c a t e s t a t ,

re t a i n h er mili t a ry S i ri t a n d di sc i li n e n ot a ll t h e b orrowe d t a c t i c s or
wi h R m
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p p
ma n en t ly e n d a n g er t h e sa fe t y of t h e st a t e 62
.

T a c Hist l ib v c 24 2 5, 2 6 viole n t , a n d h is fecun d it y of conj e c t ure so g re a t ,

L ud en s H ist ory ( vol i p p 3 5 5—4 1 3 )
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t h a t h is w ork must ( w it h out a n y d es ig n on hi s

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h as b e en co n sul t e d i n t h is sec t ion , b ut h is vie w s rt t o mislea d ) b ec o me oc cas ion a lly t h e source

p a

h a ve b ee n so me t imes foun d t oo w id e of his of misc o n ce p t io n a n d e rror, p a rt ic ula rly as h is

a ut horit
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h is i n fe re n ces a n d c on st ruc t io n s a re o ft en so
 C HAP . V .

NY IN HE E N N H I R EN U R I ES—G ER
R O ME A N D G ERMA T S CO D A D T D C T

MA NI S
C AS O C I AT I O N S— F RA N K S— A L EMA NNI — SA X O N S— G OT H S .

S EC . I .
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G erma n y f m t h e A ccessi on of D omi ti a n to th a t f Commod us

St a te f
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of

a nd i n c id en t a l n oti c e s of ot h er w ri t ers D uri n g t h e suc c essi ve re ig n s of

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.

D omi t i a n N erva Traj a n a n d An t on i n us Pius t h e sc a n t y re ma rk s of

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D i o C a ssius S uet on i us Aurelius Vi c t or Juli us C a p i t olin us a n d S p a rt i a n

, , , , ,

c omp ri se a ll t h e i n forma t i on w e p ossess rel a t i v e t o t h e d omest i c a n d

ol i t i c a l c on di t i on of G e rma n y d a t i n g from t h e c on c l usi on of t h e g rea t

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B a t a v i a n i n surrec t i on .

O f D omit i a n Suet on i us sa ys t h a t h e un d ert ook a n e x p e diti on a g a i n st D ut

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t h e C h a tt i a n d D a c i a n s t h a t h e tri ump h e d over t h e se n a t i on s a n d t h a t

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like h is pre dec essors h e a ssume d t h e surn a me of G erman i c us But t h e m m

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t rue c h a ra c t er of t hi s a ll e g e d t ri ump h ma y b e i n fe rre d from a c a sua l

re mark of T a c i t us i n t h e L i fe of h is fri en d A gri c ola D omi t i a n h e ,

t ell s us , w a s c on sc i ous t h a t h i s l a t e p ret en d e d t ri ump h over t h e G er

ma n s must e x p ose h im t o ridi c ul e S i n c e a ll k n ew t h a t h e h a d hi re d ,

erson s t o t a k e up on t h em t h e d re ss a n d p erson a l a p p e a ra n c e of G er
p
ma n s a n d t o fi gure a s c a p t ives in t h e p roc essi on a n d h e wa s g a ll e d by

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t h e c omp a ri son s w hi c h h e fore sa w t h e p eop l e w ould d ra w b et ween t h e

n u i e t ri u m h of hi s li eut en a n t a n d h i s ow n va i n a n d c l ums y i m
g e n p
2
p osture .

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D omi t i a n t h e t roubl e of furt h e r d ec ep t ion whil e t h e p rofl ig a t e i mb ec i li t y ,

o f t h a t p ri n c e se c ure d t h e b b i s g i st R oma n i n terferen c e in

a r a r a n a a n “ ti S ne

t h e i r d omest i c di sp ut e s S i n c e t he el ev a t i on of I t alus t h e son of

.
,

Fl a v ius t h e t ra i t or b rot h er of t h e p a t ri ot i c Armi n ius t o t h e p ri n c i p a li t y

-

,
3

of t h e C h erusc a n s t h a t formid a bl e , p e op l e were reg a rd e d as n o l on g er

q ue
eg i t .
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Sud
p ost
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va ria
. D e C a t t is D a cis
.

praelia d uplicem t riumphum

.

3
Ta c V it A g ric c 39
2
. .

I n t he reig n of Claudius, A D 4 7
p 1 3 9 of t h is Hi st ory
.
.

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[Book I .

d a n gerous t o R o me T a c i t us wh o w a s p raet or of G a lli a B el g i c a i n t h e

.
,

r ei n o f D omi t i a n t e ll s us t h a t
g i n h is t i me t h e C h e rusc i h a d e nj oy e d a
, , ,

l on g a n d e n e rva t i n g p ea c e t h e frui t of t h e i r c on n exi on w i t h R ome ; t h a t

,

t h e y w ere w h olly oc c u i e d by i n t ern a l w a rs a n d c ommot i on s ; t h a t t h ey

35 1152: ec m
3 p
11

b a e severe d from t h e c ommun i on of G erma n p ol i t i c s l ost t h e i r c on

1

th i flu
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n ex ion s a n d i n t ere st a mon

co u ym
ntr en g t h e n e i g hb ouri n g n a t i on s a n d fe ll a t l en g t h ,

E l
R m
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p p
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,

a t ri ot i sm
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on c e re s ec t e d for t h e i r e n er e t i c a n d d evot e d T h c a use of
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t whi h th
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c e ,

wa t c h e d w i t h j e a l ousy t h e move me n t s of a p eop l e so d a n g erously c on

n e c t e d a s t h e C h erusc i t h e n w ere An ot h er Roma n iz e d p ri n c e n a me d .
,

C h a ri omir suc c e e d e d t o I t a lus T h e C h a t t i i n c onj un c t i on wi t h t h e i r n e i g h

, .
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b ours e x p ell e d h i m for h is a n t i n a t i on a l a t t a c h me n t t o t h e en e mi e s of t h e i r

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-

c oun t ry T h e ej ec t e d p ri n c e a p pli e d t o D omi t i a n for a ssi st a n c e a n d re

.
,

c e iv ed a sumof mon e y t o e n a bl e h i mt o ma k e h ea d a g a i n st h i s a dv ersa ri es

f

”
‘

We a re n ot i n forme d o f t h e re sul t ; b ut i t i s c l e a r t h a t t h e C h erusc i on c e ,

t h e l e a di n g n a t i on of G erma n y w e re a t t hi s t i me a s li t t l e re sp ec t e d by t h e i r
,

fri e n d s a s fea re d by t h e i r foes W h e re mili t a ry forc e sa y s Ta c i t us . , ,

c on st i t ut es n a t i on a l st re n t h
g m od era t i on a n d p robi t y a re a t t rib ut e d ,

on ly t o t h ose w h o ma i n t a i n t h e ow e r t o a c t o t h e rw i se i f t h e y p l e a se

”
p
t h us t h e C h e rusc i w h o w h en t h e y w ere p ow erful b ore a c h a ra c t er for
, , ,

up ri g h t n ess a n d j ust i c e a re n ow c a ll e d i n e rt a n d d ec re p i t a n d t o t h e
, ,

m e d for w i sd om
6
v i c t ori ous C h a t t i t h e i r ood f t u e i s i ut
g or n p .

A D as. I n t h e y e a r 8 8 A n t oni us t h e g ove rn or of t h e p rov i n c e of up p e r G er

. .
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ma n y w a s a ssi st e d b y t h e i n d e p e n d e n t t rib es of t h e i n t eri or i n a n

,

un suc c essful a t t emp t t o w re st t h e e mp i re from t h e w ort hl ess h a n d s of

R m b
o e m D omi t i a n
eco
7
es Ab out t h e sa me t i me R ome b e c a me i n vol ve d i n a seri e s of
.

sa n ui n a ry w a rs w i t h t h e n a t i on s b ord e ri n o n t h e D a n ub e from t h e
g g ,

Gm f D i
"°
N ori c a n fron t i er t o t h e Bl a c k S e a D ec eb a lus ki n g of t h e D a c i a n s or
a c a»
.
, ,

(a s t h e y a re some t i mes c a ll e d ) t h e G e t m h a d b e a t en t h e li e ut en a n t s of ,

D omi t i a n a n d D io C a ssi us re p ort s t h a t t h e e mp eror sust a i n e d i n p erson

t h M km
e a sev ere d e fea t from t h e c ombi n e d M a rk ma n n e n o f B oh e mi a a n d Q ua di
ar an

of M ora v i a w h om h e a t t e m t e d t o c h a st i se for re fusi n h i m t h e i r a ssi st

,p g
a n c e a a i n st D ec e b a lus N evert h e l ess a v i c t ory i s a sc rib e d t o N erva
8
g .
,

t he suc c essor of D o mi t i a n over t h ese n a t i on s for w hi c h h e a ss ume d t h e , ,

surn a me o f G e rma n i c us Alli a n c es a re t a lke d of b e t w e e n t h e P a n n on i a n

.

J a zyg es a n d t h e T eut on i c S uevi ; b ut a ll t h ese d esul t ory n ot i c es

,

Ta c G e rm c 3 6
. . . .
7 S uelon i n Domit c 6
. . . .

5 D i o Ca ssi us , lib lx . vn . c . 5 . D i o Ca ssius, lib lx vii c 6 , 7

. . . .

0 Tao G erm c 3 6
. . . .
C h ap . V . See L ] . EXT ERMI N AT I O N O F T HE BR
'

U CT ERI . 173

a ut h oriz e n o oth er i n feren c e t h a n t h a t d uri n g t h e w ret c h e d re i g n o f ,

.

D omi t i a n t hi s fron t i er c on t i n ue d i n a di st urb e d st a t e a n d t h a t t h e

,
,

d a ri n g S p i ri t of t h e b a rb a ri a n s must S h ort ly p ut t h e ut most v i g ila n c e of c

t h e g overn me n t i n re qui si t i on t o p rev e n t i t from overg row i n g t h e mili t ary

s t re n g t h of t h e e mp i re i t se l f
9

m
.

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g
e
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la i .

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m m
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t o t h e i n t e rn a l s t a t e o f G e r a n y a t t hi s t i e a re f u rn i sh e d by Pli ny m i dA av an n

T h e former a p p ri z es us
th
t h a t a p ri n c e of t h e B ruc t eri
1 0
a n d T a c i t us . ,

h a v i n g b ee n e x p ell e d by h is p eopl e a p p li e d t o D omi t i a n for a ssi st a n c e 3: $25“ ,

.
on

S puri n n a t h e l e g a t e of L ower G e rma n y re i n st a t e d h i m by forc e of a rms

1
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But a s soon a s t h e R oma n s h a d ret ire d t h e n e i g hb ouri n g C h a ma vi a n d ,

A n g riva rii fell up on h im a n d h i s a dh ere n t s a n d d e fe a t e d t h e m w i t h g rea t ,

s l a ug ht er T a c i t us a ffi rms t h a t t h e n a t i on Of t h e B ruc t eri w a s ex t er R p t d

”
e or e ex .
.
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t mi t i f
mi n a te d by t hi s b a t t l e a n d i t s c on se que n c es ; a n d t h a t t h e A n griv a ri i “ Em mi
er na on o
, ,

a n d C h a ma v i st e p p e d i n t o t h e i r va c a n t se t t l e men t s M ore t h a n

”
of t h e m
. h e ex ul t i n g ly a dd s
,
w ere sla i n n ot by t h e h a n d s of R oma n s , , ,

b ut w h a t i s st ill more g ra t i fyi n g by ot h ers for our b e n e fi t a s i t w ere for

, , ,

our very Sp or t a n d un d e r our ow n e y e s

.
1
N o on e di sc e rn e d more F i u j y .
1
eroc o s o

c l e a rly t h e symp t o ms of d e c a y i n t h e d e c li n i n g e mp i re t h a n

”
'

a n d w i t h t h e p a t ri ot i sm of a R oma n h e h a il e d t h e feroc i ous w a rs b y ,

w hi c h t h e e n e mi e s of t h e e mp i re mut ua lly w ea k e n e d a n d d e st roy e d e a c h

o t h er a s a n i mme di a t e source of c on sol a ti on a t l e a st a mid st t h e w a x i n g

.
i n fi rmi t i es of t h e st a t e .
.

U lp ius T raj a n us a ma n of grea t w orth a n d t a l en t h a d b e en i t S h ould T j i p , , ,

ra a n s a

k“
s ee m a p p oi n t e d t o t h e p re fec ture of t h e t w o G erma n i e s a ft er t h e d e fe at fififu if
‘ ’e

of An t o n i us H is g overn men t w a s di st i n gui sh e d by a t t en t i on t o b usi

.

n e ss lib era li t y a n d i n t eg ri t y
, H e st rove t o b ri n g b a c k p rosp eri t y t o t h e
, .

d e sol a t e d p rov i n c e s ; a n d t o t h a t e n d a p p li e d h imse l f ma i n ly t o t h e

rest o r a t i o o t e dil a p id a te d a n d i mp overi sh e d c i t i es
n f h 13
I n t h e y ea r 9 8 .

C omp are L ud en , vol i pp 42 1 , 42 2 . . . . rec og n i z es t he a n c ien t Bruc t eri un d er t he na me

P li u Ep ist lib i i ep 7
. . . . . . of Boruct uarii w ho i n t he reig n of C h a rles t h e
,

n
T a o G erm c 3 3
. . . . G re a t ( eig h t h cen t ury ) occup ied t he same d ist ric t .

12
I t i s a t least very d oub t ful w he t her t he
, ,
13
A ur el Vi ctor Epi t d e V i t e t M or I mp in
. . . . . .

d est ruct ion of t he Bruct eri w as as complet e a s T raj a n o T he c omput a t ion of t h e t ime o f T ra
.

T a cit us a ffi rms i t to have b een I n t he T a bula . , j an s prefec ture i n G ermany mig ht run t h us
’

P eut ing eri a n a , sup posed to ha ve b een comp iled D omit ia n b eg a n t o reig n in t he year 84 an d w a s ,

a bout t h e reig n of Ale x S everus, ( betw een t he . assa ssin a t ed i n 9 7 : A n t on ius reb elled i n 8 8

yea rs 222 a n d t he Bruc t a ri, or Burc teri, a ft er t h e d ea t h of N

erva T raj a n w as p roclai me d ,

occ upy a larg e Sp a c e to t he e a stward of t h e e mp eror a t C olon ia A gripp in a i n 9 8 I t i s, .

Fran ci See Ta b P ea t Ed M an n ert i , Seg m ii

. . . . . . t h ere fore, p rob able t ha t h e h eld t he p refec t ure
A Some fur th er a ccoun t o f t h is ex t ra ord in ary d o
. ei t h er d urin g t he w hole or a g rea t p art of t he

cumen t w ill b e g iven i n a n o t e t o t h e en su in g p eriod i n t erven in g b et ween t h e fall of A n t on iu s

se c t ion L a d en ( vol i p sa ys t h a t t h e in 8 8 an d his a ccession t o t he empire in 9 8 Se e

— —
. . . . .

Bruc t eri t e a ppear b e fore t h e en d of t h e fourt h D io Cassi us, lib lx vii c 5

'

A urel Vi ctor , loc

—
. . .
. . .

c en t u r
y S ch ut en , i n his Hist o f West ph p 89 ,
. . . . c it S ch a ten , Hist West ph p 8 7
. . . .

V OL . I . Z
 174 CO N Q U EST O F D AC A I .
[Book I .

h e w a s a d op t ed by t h e fe ebl e a n d well mea n i n g N erva , a n d a few mon t h s -

a ft e rwa rd s suc ce ed e d h i m i n t h e e mp i re A t t h e p eri od of h is el eva t i on

f fl
ii s uc cw s .

p urp ie
W i t h resp ec t t o t h e Rh eni sh
0 re

h uhe d ea t h h e w as re sidi n g a t C ol on i a A g ri p p i n a .

" w e“
fronti e r h e a p p ea rs t o h a ve a dh ere d t o t h e p oli c y of Tib e ri us a n d
H e foun d s the
c olo u of Ul ia
y p
C l a ud i us 14
A n umerous c ol on y , c a ll ed from h i m Col on i a T raj a n a w a s
.
,

T wi m a n d
C a st ra T ra
bli sh ed on t h e L ower Rhi n e n ea r or up on t h e si t e of t h e mod ern
est a ,

j a na ;c it
y of C l eves ; b esid es t w o n ew l eg i on a ry st a t i on s c a ll e d C a st ra U l p i a ,

o t h e a n c i en t C a st ra V e t era on t h e Rhi n e
j
a n d C a st ra T ra a n a l 15
c ose t , .

“ M d fi S ome a dv a n c ed p ost s on t h e ri g h t b a n k of t h e ri ver w ere l ik e w i se

o i es
o ut p t os s on

g t b k rep a i re d or fortifi e d by h i m w i t h a v i ew t o ob serve a n d c h e c k t h e

-

hl lhl
t e n an
,

formid a bl e C h a t t ic t rib es b e t ween t h e M a y n e a n d t h e L i p p e

" "e ’
16
.

H
D
e c on
q
d
ac ra . a n
B u t t h e a t t e n ti on of Traj a n w a s c hi efly di rec te d t o t h e c on q uest
n ers

t ra n sf m it of D a c i a
or s T h e n a t i on s of t h e L ow er D a n ub e g a ve h ost a g es sen t
.
,
i t i
emb a ssi es a n d c on sen t e d t o b e i n c orp ora t e d w i t h t h e e mp i re
n o a rov n ce
p
o f th mp e e i re. ,
T h us t h e .

i mmen se reg i on s b e t ween t h e rivers Th e i ss a n d P rut h w ere a dd e d t o ,

5 0 93
t h e d omi n i on s of R ome
- - '
But t h e n ew p rov i n c e t urn e d o ut t h e l e ast .

solid a s i t w a s t h e l a st of h er a c q ui si t i on s
, T h e fa t e of G erma n y mig h t , .

i n d ee d h av e b ee n fa r di ffe re n t h a d t h e R oma n s t urn e d t h e i r a t t en t i on a t

,

a n e a rli er p eri o d t o t h e c on q uest o f t h e b ord eri n g re g i on s of S a rma t i a

'

or

i f a ft er t h e y h a d a c q ui re d D a c i a t h e a rm of t h e i r p ow er h a d n ot b ee n
, ,

l a me d by t h a t i n tern a l d ec a y w h i c h w a s a l rea dy p reyi n g up on th e i r

stre n g t h a n d h urryi n
g t h e i r emp i re t o i t s d own fa l
, .

A n 1 17 . H adri a n suc c e ed e d t o Traj a n a n d p ursue d a si mil a r p oli c y H e k ep t

.
, .

t h e i n di e n t b ord er t rib es i n g ood h umou r by a n n ua l rese n t s a n d t h e

g p
-

s id th
i z es e

b d or er mb fa i t h ful ob serva n c e of t h e t re a t i es c on c l ud e d w i t h t h em
es
H e sen t n e w .

H m e i c ol on i es i n t o t h e t w o G erma n i es
a i n t a ns
H e ma i n t a i n e d a l a rg e a n d w e ll di sc i .
-

”
a l g far e orc e on

h f li n ed forc e u on t h e Rh e n i sh fron t i e r and rov id e d lib era lly for t h e i r

t e ti
p
ron ers ,
p p ,
d t ut
H
an con s r c s
n d su li a bli sh e d n e w
roa d s p ya,
a pp es e e st p ost s a n d st a t i on s i n a dva n c e of
.

t h e Rhi n e a n d c on st ruc t e d severa l g re a t milit ary roa d s by w h i c h t h e y

,

mig h t c ommun i c a t e di rec t ly w i t h t h e p ri n c i p a l st ores i n G a ul or w i t h t h e ,

n f u d th
e T revi ra n M ogun t ia c a n d A g rip p i n en si a n ma g a zi n es
o n s e
,
T h e c ol on y
, .

f Ju
of J uva v ium i n t h e p rovi n c e of N ori c um M e d i t erra n eum
l
O O U l C‘S o
up on t h e
L

va v mm , , ,

b e a ut i ful site of t h e p re sen t c i t y of S a lzb urg owes i ts foun d a t i on t o t h e ,

See c h iv sect 2 p 1 4 1 , of t his Hist ory

. . . . .
.
p in a ) n ea r t o C leves, as i t s precise sit e
, Se e .

‘
5
T he learn ed e su J
it , S ch a ten ( His t of . also Ma scou, vol i p 1 7 1 . . . .

West ph p . . fi
a f rms, t h a t t he sh ore s of t h e Eutrop i us, llb vi ii p 49 5 ed Elz e v c a lls
. . . . . .

Rhine ab oun d w it h remain s o f T ra an s e st ab lish j t hem c it ies ; b ut t hi s i s ob viously an error

'
.

7 T his s st em of co mmun ic a t ion i s su

men t s . U
lpia T raj a n a , i n pa rt ic ular, w as, h e
’
y g g est ed
sa s t he sta t ion o f t he t h irt iet h le ion
y .
g I t w as . b y t he ex amin a t ion o f t he t in era ry a tt ributed t o I
sit ua t ed n ea r t h e b ifurca t ion O f t he R hi n e , b e A n t o n in e t he succ essor of Had ria n S cha ten , .

t wee n C as t ra V e t era ( S a n t en ) an d A ren a c um Hist West p h p 9 0

. . . .

( Arn h eim) ; a n d he x es t he villa g e o f Kellen fi ‘9

T he mo dern Ba varia
—
.

q
( uasi Colonia t hus Kellen for C olon ia A gri p
C hap . v . Sec . LO N G WA L L O F HAD RIA N . 175

e mp eror H a d ri a n T h e F orum H a d ri a n i i n t h e B a t a vi a n i sl a n d b ears his H ddF uim

.
an or
a ri an

n a me But t h e most ren own e d of h is work s wa s t h e c el eb ra t e d l on g w a ll

.

i n F ra n c on i a a n d S wa bi a ex t en di n g i n a n ort h we st erly di rec t i on from d t th ,

-
an erec s e

t h e D a n ub e t o t h e Rhi n e a n d formi n g a d efe n siv e li n e of e x t ra ordi n a ry F

l g w ll on a in

i , ra n con a .

l en gt h a n d st re n g t h up on t h e most v ul n era bl e p a rt of t h e Rh en i sh
fron t i er 19
T h e G erma n i c t erri t ory on t h e D a n ub e subj ec t t o t h e Roma n s
.
, ,

re c e i v e d a n i n t ern a l org a n iz a t i on resembli n g t h a t of t h e G al li c a n d

B el g i c provi n c e s T h e di st ri c t s on t h e ri g h t b a n k of t h e Rhi n e w i t hi n
. ,

t h e grea t w a ll of H a dri a n were i n lik e ma n n er d efen d e d by ma n y ,

fort ifi e d p l a c es whi c h h a d g rown i n t o c on sid e rabl e t own s

,
But t h ere i s .

no ro of t h a t t he y enj oy e d mun i c i p a l p ri v il eg es ; a n d t h e p re sump t i on

p
i s t h a t t h e Roma n s re g a rd e d t hi s reg i on a s a mere c h a i n of mili t a ry
ou tpost s T h e l a n d i tse l f wa s l ooke d up on a s p ubli c p rop ert y ; a n d
.

sub se que n t l y di strib ut e d (p rob a bly by Al ex a n d er S everu s) a mon g t h e

ve t era n s of t h e fron ti e r l eg i on s up on c on di t i on t h a t t h e i r ma l e d e

sc e n d an t s sh ould b e en roll e d a s soldi ers a n d b e reg ard e d a s suc h from

,

t h e i r bi rt h T h e t e rri t ori es so p a rt i t ion e d out rec e i ve d t h e n a me of Ag ri

.

D ec uma t es a n d c omp ose d n ea rly t h e w h ol e of t h e mod ern c i rc l e of

,

S w a bi a a n d a p a rt of Fra n c on i a $20
.

Th e g reat F ran coni a n Wall, t h e t ra ces of se e m , t h erefore, t h a t w h erever t h ere w as n o na

w hich are, a t l east e qua lly d ist i n c t wi t h t h ose

, tural b oun d ar ,
y s uch as a river, a c h ai n of moun
o f t he w all of H a dri an b e tw een t h e Tyn e an d , t a ins, a sea , a imp assable d esert or ot her
t ra ct of

t he Solw ay , w as a b out 1 20 En g li sh miles i n natu ral i m edimen t , t h e emp eror H a d ri an su p

p
lengt h . I t ran from t h e Rhi n e alon g t he p li e d i t b y m a n ual lab ou r; h e erec t ed st ro n g

i m e of t he L a hn t o t h e W et t era u, t h en t urn ed k
s t oc a d e s of st ak es or h u g e p iles d riven rmly fi
‘
‘
cr

to t he sout hw ar d a c ross t he M ay n e at Ob ern i n t o t he g roun d an d b oun d t og et h er so as t o g ive

b urg , passed t h e ri ver J ag st a t J a g st hausen , t h em t h e st ren gt h a n d c on sist en cy of w alls .

t he river Kocher a t Hall a n d ran from t hen ce . O t h er ki n d s of li mi tes w ere di es an d fosses ; k

b y way of D un kelspii hl t o t h e D an ub e, w hi c h i t w alls of ear t h , somet imes faced w it h sod s, some
j oined a t Pfo rin g Ei chhorn D eut sch St a a t s
. , . . t imes w i th b ric s an d st on es : th ese w orks w ere
k
u Rech ts G esek vol i p 6 8 n ot e ( c ) T he
. . . . . . . .
p rovi d ed wi t h c astle s an d st at ion s a t in t erval s .

aut h or q uot es Wen clr s Hi st of Hesse , P art ii T he G ree s c alled t h em x e zp o vrocq m ( w or s of

k k
’ '
. .

c 3 0 e t seq q , a nd M a n n er t s G e o ra h han d ) , t o di st in gui sh t h em from n at ural b oun d a

’
. . .
g p y of t he
G reek s a n d R oma n s, vol ii i pp 1 3 4 an d 280 . . . . ries . T he ad op t io n o f t h e li mes d i d n ot b ecome
M a scou ( Book v c t hin ks, t h a t H a dria n
. .
g en eral un t il t h e Ro man s w ere mad e sen sib le of
e it h er b u i lt or grea tly repai red an d stren g t hen ed t he in suffi ci en cy of t heir milit ary force, en ormous
t h ese remark a ble lin es T he p ra ct ice o f en . a s i t w a s, t o
g uard t he vast ex t en t of t heir fron tier .

t re n chin g o r w alli n g ou t a n e n emy h a d b een lon g T a cit us men tions such an a rt i cial b oun d ary fi
kn own t o t h e Roman s Ea p er t emp ora , says . a ai nst t he Ar men ian s
g Had rian li ew ise b uilt
. k
Spa r ti a n ( I n H a d r c 1 2 p 1 1 3 t h e lon g w all b et w een t he T yn e a n d t h e Solwa y ;

”
. . . . .

et alias fre q uen ter i n pl u ri mi s locis in q uib us D io clet ian an d V al en t in ian ex t e n de d an d st ren g t h
b arb ari n onfl umi n i bu s, sed li mi t i bu s, di vi d un tur, en ed t h ese d e fen ces, a s w e learn from A urel .

st i it i bu
p s mag h i s i n mod u m mural is se pis fun Vic t or , A mm Ma rcelli n us, an d osimus
. Man y Z .

d it us j a c t i s a t que con n ex is, b arb a ros sep ara vi t . of t h e t own s an d ci t ie s of mod ern Europe
T hi s p assag e mak es a differen ce b et ween n a t ural d erive t h eir orig in from t he forts an d s ta t ion s
an d art i fi cial b ou n d aries
fl umi na an d limi tes — erect ed for t he d efen ce of t hese p rodi g ious
t he river b ei n g t a k en as a mere in st an c e of t he w or s k See t he n ot e of Casa ubon a d Sp a rt ia n
. .

n atu ral limi t , a n d t h e li mes i n t h e i n H a dr p 1 1 3

p eculia r sen se . . .

of a n art i fi c ial lin e of se ara t ion I t should 2°

Ei chh orn , Deut sch St aa ts u Rech t s G esch
p . . . . .

Z 2
 G ER MA N , SA RMAT A I N . A N D SC YT HI A N IN S U RRECT I O N . .
[Boo k I .

more t h a n six t y y ea rs t h e e mp ire h a d n ow e nj oy ed

F or a
p eri od of

a l most un i n t erru t e d t ra n q uilli t y o n t h e G e rma n fron t i e r T h i n t e rn a l

p e .

di sse n si on s of t h e G erma n s a n d t h e a c t ivi t y t h e g en era l e q ui t y a n d , ,

soun d
p oli c y of t h e R oma n rul ers si n c e t h e d ea t h of D omi t i a n n o d oubt
p romo t e d t h e i n t e rest s of p ea c e But a t t h e d e a t h of An t on i n us Pi us .

t h e st orm of w a r b rok e l oose w i t h a fury un e q ua ll e d si n c e t h e g rea t

I lly ri a n i n surrec t i on 2
.
1

A D 1 64. I n t h e y e a r 1 64 M a rc us Aureli us An t on i n us surn a me d t h e P h i loso

. .
, ,

p h er a ssume d t h e p urp l e a n d foun d hi msel f i mme di a t e ly i n vol ve d

S ft th

”
oon a er e
-

i f
a cc ess on o , ,

M u Au a rc
i n w a rs w i t h t h e P a rt hi a n s a n d B ri t on s w i t h t h e M oors of A fri c a t h e
s re~
, ,
li u s

S p a n i sh L usi t a n i a n s a n d G a lli c S e quan i ? 2 T h e sp i ri t a n d t h e d i s ,

c i li n e of t h e l e i on s h a d suffere d from l on
p g g i n a c t iv i t y : t h e v ol up t uous
m
a n d i n d ol e n t h a bi t s of B li n s V erus t h e c oll e a u
g e of M a rc us p romot e d , ,

t h e d ec a y of mili t a ry Sp i ri t i n t h e a rmi es o f t h e e mp i re : a n d t h e c on
t e mpla t iv e a n d somew h a t i n d ol en t h a bi t s of M a rc us hi mse l f di s i n c li n e d
h im from t h ose a c t iv e a n d mill i n g oc c up a t i on s w hi c h n ow fell t o h i s lot .

a g n m
en er S oon a ft er h is a c c essi on a g en era l c ommot i on b rok e out a mon g
ce

22:gfggtfi t h e G erma n i c S a rma t i a n a n d S c y t hi a n t rib e s from t h e Rhi n e t o t h e

“
, e , , ,

ggigg gg T’n
a n a is
r
J u li us C a
p i t oli n u s h a s
. t ra n s m i t t e d t o u S a li s t o f t h e i n surg en t

35533353 n a t i on s
11
w hi c h t h oug h i mp erfec t i s free from c on fusi on
, A m on g t h e .

G erma n i c n a t i on s h e e n umera t e s t h e M a rc oma n n i Q ua di N a ri sc 1 a n d

.

gm
hi t th
ne o e , ,
,

H ermun d uri ; a mon g t h e S a rma t i a n s t h e L a t rin g i a n d B uri ; t h e

ar s.

, ,

S c y t hi a n t rib es e n g a g e d a re t h e V i c t ov a le s S osi b e s S i c ob a t e s R ox o; , , ,

l a n i Ba st a rn ae P e uc i n i Al a n i a n d C ost ob oc i
,
"
T h e si mul t a n eous
, , ,
.

ri si n o f s m a y di s t t d h t o e n e ou s t rib e s se e ms t o h a ve
g o n a n a n e e r g
i mp resse d t h e R oma n s w i t h t h e c on v i c t i on of a ma t ure d a n d fa r
Sp re a di n g c on s i ra c y a a i n st t h e ow e r a n d t h e e xi st e n c e o f t h e em
p g p
p i re
5
B u t c omm u n i c.a t
$
2
i o n s S O e x t e n s i v e c a n h a rdly b e sup p ose d p os

s ibl e a mon g n a t i on s s o w id ely di s erse d so i g n ora n t a n d b a rb a rous a s

p ,

t h e G erman i c a n d S a rma t i c ra c es en umera t e d by C a p i t oli n us Wha t .

vol . i p p 66 , 67
. .See also L a mp r i d i n A lex .
— . .
g ress t ow ard s t h e ac q ui
f t h e grea t p ow er
sit ion o

S en c 5 8 p 1 0 2 4
. t hey sub se q uen t ly O b ta in ed Wit hi n a period o f.

lit t le more t han a ce n t ury from t his t i me , t he

. . . .

I n t he re ig n o f A ugust us, A 6 to 1 0 . D . .

S e e p 1 0 7 o f t h is H ist ory
. . V ic t ovales, Ba st a rn ae, P euc in i Ala n i , a n d Ro x o ,

D io C assi us, lib lx x i J ul Ca p i l in M . . . la n i , b ecame t h e subj ec t s O f t h e G o t hs ; y et a t

t he pe riod n ow un d er rev iew t he n a me of G ot h
. .

A n to n P h il 0 22 p 3 7 2
. . . . .

is n ot so muc h as on ce men t ion ed

.

'5
V erus w as a n i nert a n d in rm v olup t ua ry fi .
e it h er .
N
e e hi s c h a rac t er in J ul Ca p i t loc c it c 1 6 V a n d als n or Burg un dia n s are not iced i n t he
—
. . . . . .

3 50 A lso more a t len g t h in Sp a rt i a n V it list T he L on g ob ardi oc cur in a n ot he r w rit er

p
—
.
. . . .
.

El Ver i , c 4 p 23 5 et se qq See not e 2 7 .

A mm Ma i cell
. . . . . .

J ul Cap i l i n V it M a rc A n ton c 2 2 o t he same e ffec t

’5 Se e t .
-
.
. . . . . . .

3 7 1 T h is list i s rema r ab le c h iefl y for i t s k lib x x x i c 5 p b ut t he p assa g e is in c ur

p
—
. . . . . . .

omiss i ons 1 t see ms t o p rove , t h a t d own t o t h e

. a b ly corru pt Mascara lib v c 1 3 . . . .

ye ar 1 6 4 t h e G ot hi c t ribes had mad e n o pro

C hap . V. S ec . IN VAS I O N '

O F PA NN O NIA .
177

e ve r i n tern a l c a uses of t h e fermen t a t i on ma y h a ve b een i t s violen c e fr h u f

the ,
e ca ses o
thi f m t
e n d e d i t se l f a l most w h olly up on t h e D an ub i a n p rovi n ce s
s er en a
ex
p A c c ord t , .
-

on a re

i n g t o t h e un a n i mous t est i mon y of D io C a ssius J uli us C a p i t oli n us

“

, ,

”
Ammi a n us M arc elli n us O rosi us a n d Eut rOp ius a ll t h ese n a t i on s were
26
,
’

, ,

a n i ma te d w i t h t he sam e Sp i ri t of h a t re d t ow a rd s Rome a n d a c te d un d e r but ll i , a are a n

on e a n d t h e sa me i mp ul se ; y e t i t i s si n g ul a r t h a t n e i t h er of t h e se tfi
f l
; f g“i gm
-

o ,

wri t ers h a s t ra n smi t t e d t he n a me of a s i n g l e b a rb a ri c c hie f or l ea d er

gm?
e n g a g e d i n t h e e n t erp ri se .

T h e fi rst g a t h e ri n gs of t h e t e mp est b urst up on t h e Rh e n i sh fron t i er Th C h tt i . e a

T h e w ar lik e C h a n ci i n va d e d t h e p rovi n ce of L ow er G erma n y w hil e t h e m

'
d Ch i an a nc

p n d by , ,e e e

C h a tt i fell up on Rh aet i a T h e pre fe c t A ufid ius V i c t ori n us rep ell e d “ 8 mm .

, ,
“

b h
o t a t t a c k w i t h out muc h d ffi c ulty
s i 28
T h e full t id e of w a r roll e d A D 1 65 .
~ - '

t ow a rd s t h e D a n ub e Th a t fron t i e r owi n g t o t h e a b sen c e of se vera l .

,

le gion s in P art hi a w a s i n suffic i e n t ly gua rd e d Ac c ordi n gly n umerous M whil w , .

ean e e

h ost s of G erma n s a n d S arma t i a n s p a sse d t h e s t re a m a t di fferen t p oi n t s S m t i d G m e

ar
an s an
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a n d p en e t ra te d a l most wi t h out O os i t i on t h roug h P a n n on i a t o t h e con p th D a ss e a

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ub
,

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n e
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p os .

a t w e l v emo n t h b e fore a n e qua t e forc e c ou

“ PM
d ld h ll ec t e d for th e i r
’

é
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a c o
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pul s i on But i n t h e ye ar 1 6 7 b ot h t h e e mperors M a rc us An ton i n us

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V eruS a dv an c e d w i t h a p owerful a rmy a s fa r a s Aquil ei a.
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'

fede ra t e d b a rb a ri a n s S ome of t h e t rib es op en ly sec e d e d oth ers

32 111331
.
6 8 8 11
,

sl e w t h e i r ow n c hi e fs ; ot h e rs a g a i n o p e n e d n e g oc i a t ion s wi t h t h e l th
;

so ve e con
fe dera
Roma n s T h e Qua d i a d omi n a n t t rib e h a v i n g l ost t h e i r k i n g a re even
.
,
y
, ,
c ’

sa id t o h a ve a pp li e d t o t h e R oma n s t o rec og n iz e t h e c hi e f c h ose n t o suc ~

c ee d h i m
3
I t ma y i n d ee d b e b e li eve d th a t t h e l osses of t h e b a rb a ri a n s
.
0

i n t h e i r ret re a t w ere gre a t a n d t h a t th e y we re a n x i ous for p eac e But d th n

‘

an e o.
, .

m
e x c ep t i n g t h e ev ac uat i on of P a n n on i a t h e Ro ma ns b oast of n o m
an s recover
ili t ary p m i , on a ,

a dv a n t a g es T h e emperors c on fi n ed th emselves t o p rovid in g for t h e

“

D i o Ca ssi us, lib lx x i d 3 3 —J ul M A n ton P h i l 8 p 3 27

.
'

1 2 an 9°
J ul C a p i l V it
‘

Cap i t loc c it —A rum M a r cell lib s x x x i c 5 —Di

. . . . .
. . . .
, . .

J ul Cap i t lo c cit 14 Cassius, lih .

—
c o
'
. . . . . .
. . . . . .

p 6 8 0 O ros lib v i i c l 5 — Eutr0p lib viii lx x i 3

”
. . . . . . . . . . . .

c 6 T h e ex p ression of D io for t he g en eral ma ss 3°

J ul Cap i l ( loc c it c p ut s t he a ppli

”
. . . . . . .

of i n su rg en t n at ion s i s, 7 6 v Smd of O ro c a t ion ia t h e form of a volunt a ry p rofession o f

“

si n s, Omn is p en e G erma n i a in surrex era t : of ,

d epen den ce N on prius se con fi r at uros c um m
Eut rop ius, Gma ts ba rba ri a .
q ui era t creat us d iceb a n t , uam i d n ost ris p la q
7 T o t he list of n a t ion s n a med b
y t he w rit ers cuisse t i m
p era t oribu s L ud en reg ard s t his
m
.

j ust uot ed , may b e a d ded t he L ong oba rdi a n d

q version O f t he a t ter as a ere etfervescen ce o f m
Obi i , men t ion ed b y t h e Byz a n t i ne , P etrus M a Roman con ceit , or a s on e of t h ose va un t in g
g ist er , i n Ex cerp t d e L e g a t ion ib us a p ud J G . . .
p hra ses b y w hich t he R oma n g t wern men t d is
S tri tt er M emorias p O pulorum olim ad D a n u g ui sed it s communicat ion s wi t h foreig n n a t ions
—
.

b ium, & c vol i. p 3 9 5 . T h e collec t ion of S t rit

. .
-

. an d fi
g ra t i ed t he van i ty of i t s sub ect s See, j
k
t er i s a wor o f g rea t value t o t he st u d en t of t he G esch des d eutsch V ol vol ii pp 2 4, 25
. . k . . . . ,

b arb aric ag es .
178 I T AL Y I N DA N G ER .
[Book 1 .

d efe n c e of t h e p rovi n ce a n d t h e sec uri t y of l lly ri c um a n d I t aly : t h e w a r

i n P a n n on i a seems ra t h er t o h a ve l a n gui sh e d t h a n t o h a v e b e en e x t in
gu i sh ed T h e un w a rlik e t emp er of M a rc us a n d t h e l ux uri ous h abi t s of
.
,

V erus b ut more t h a n a n y ot h er c a use t h e p l a g ue w hi c h t h e ori en t a l

, , ,

l eg i on s h a d b ro ug h t i n t o t h e fi eld w i t h t h em c ompe ll e d t h e p ost po n e ,

A J ) 1 68 men t of furt h er op era t i on s a g a i n st t h e c on fe d era t e t rib e s T h e e mp eror

. .
.

V erus di ed on h i s re t urn t o R ome a n d l e ft M arc us A n t on i n us sol e ma st e r ,

of t h e e m i re
p .

O f t h e oc c urren c es w hi c h i mme di a t ely suc c ee d e d t h e re c on que st -

o f P a n n on i a w e p ossess on ly a few sc a t t ere d a n d i mp erfe c t n ot i c es

, .

Th b b ie T h e c on fusi on o f d a t es a n d e v en t s i s suc h as t o se t a t n a ug h t e very

ar ar a ns

$5233 ? a t t emp t a t a c on n e c t e d n arra ti ve B e t ween t h e y e a rs 1 69 a n d 1 7 1 t h e .

,

A D 1 69 b a rb a ri a n h ord es a a i n
g en et ra t e d t o t h e fr on t i ers O f I t a ly a n d ra n g e d
p
- o

t WI
,

Wa r a n d p es
o .

an d nlyfi free ly t h roug h t h e P a n n on i a n a n d I lly r1 a n p rov1 n c e s

a’ .

e n c e t hi n n e d t h e ra n k s of t h e R oma n s
fdg it
t
l

hgtihif i
el
t‘il -
r s
t h e o
p p u l a t i on of t h e ex ose d
p
o f I t ly a
di st ri c t s d ec re a se d ra p idly ; t h e reven ue d e c li n e d a n d t h e i mp eri a l
.

t rea sury b e c a me e xh a ust e d I n th i s e mergen c y M a rc us resorte d t o t h os e .

”
ex t raordi n a ry ex e di en t s for re c ru i t i n t h e army w hi c h h a d b een h i t h ert o
p g
Mm ven t ure d u on on ly i n t i me s of i mmi n en t u bli c eril S la v es l a
e» ,
p p p g .
,
m i‘ “ R
mi b y di a t ors a n d ma l e fa c t ors w ere e n li st e d i n t o t h e l e g i on s a n d ma n y b odi es
‘ s ’e ° '

m an a r es ,

l
l ti g
en i s

s a ves, gl d i
o f b a rb a ri a n s
n

a ap a rt i c ul a rly G er m a n s w er ,e i n d uc e d by g re a t p a y t o e n t er ,

d m l t h e R oma n a rmi es ra c t i c e whi c h f rom t hi s p eri o d b e c a me fa t a lly

;zz L l a
p
aB a e
, , ,

re va l e n t i n t h e mili t a ry m
s a

en g g
i é efl h p .

p oli c y O f R o e I n or d er t o p row d e t h e n e c es .

sa ry fun d s for c a rryi n on t h e w a r t h e e mp eror sold t h e sump t uou s

g ,

a u il x
furn i t ure of t h e i mp eri a l p a l a c e s a n d p l e d g e d h i s most c ost ly p i c t ure s
i a ri es.
, ,

st a t u e s a n d j e we l s ev e n t o t h e e rson a l orn a men t s of h i s w i fe ra t h e r

‘

p , ,

t h a n i mp ose furt h er b urt h e n s up on t h e di st resse d p rov i n c e s

33
.

M u g i
arc s a I n t h e sp ri n g of t h e y e a r 1 7 1 h e p ut h i s forc es i n marc h a n d d rove
a n, ,

AD 17 1
t h e en emy b e fore h i m t o t h e D a n ub e ; h e fix e d h i s h e a d qua rt ers a t C a r
'
. -

1 P
n un t um from W t
c ears a nno

i
h s o f th e h p l a c e h e c on t 1 n ue d for t h ree y e ars t o c on d uc t or
,
m m)
di rec t t h e w a r a g a i n st t h e M a rc oma n n i a n d Q ua di
“
34
P a n n on i a w a s n ot

”
.

en t i rely c l ea re d o f st ra g gli n g h ord e s of b a rb a ri a n s t ill t h e l a s t y e a r o f h is

r l th resid e n c e T h e Jaz a c e i n h a bi t i n g t h e p l a i n s of mod ern H un

f‘ neg
i es a r
yg
e x e s e .
,

n gt h d ri v e n from t h e i r
a el

g a r y on t h e l e ft b a n k o f t h e D a n u b e w ere a t l e ,

l ast h old s i n t h e p rov i n c e a n d p ush ed a c ross t h e ri ver But i n mi d .

w i n t er t h e y re t urn e d i n re a t n umb e rs a n d a t t emp t ed t o c ross t h e froz en

3 °

g ,

st re a m T h e R oma n s e n c oun t ere d t h em up on t h e i c e a n d i n fli c t ed a

.
,

sev e re d efe a t
35
By th ese Op era t i on s t h e fron t a n d fl a n k s of t h e Roma n
.

3‘
J ul Cap i t loc cit c 1 4 p 3 45
. . . . . . . .
3‘
En t rop . lib . vi ii . cc . 5 and 6 .

a
Ib id in M a rc A n t on P h il
. . . .
p 37 0
. .
8»
D i o Cassi us lib lx x i i 7 p 1 1 82 .
F ront!
. . . .

I b id loc c it c 1 7 p 3 5 5 D io s ac coun t of t h is b a t tle it see ms t ha t t he b ar

3" '
. . . . . . .
Cha p . v2 Se c. l .
] M ANT O NI N U S D EFEAT S T HE Q U AD I
. .
179

ar mi es Were for d ; a n d th e D a n ub e Once more afford e d

a ti me se cure

ro t ec t io n t o t h e h ar asse d p rov i n c e
p .

I n t h e i n t eri m a n oth er T eut on i c s w arm c on sist i n g of t h e C ha t t i a n d A

A d iiz
o
,

t he ir a llies h a vi n g overrun Rh aet i a an d re a c h e d t h e b ord ers of I t aly w ere

, ,

en count ered by a d eta c h me n t o f t h e R oma n a rmy un d er P ert i n a x a n d

Pomp ei an us T h e b ar b a ri a ns we re d efe a t e d a n d d ri ven out of t h e p ro M u m
. a rc s g a es

v i n ce a n d M a rc us A n t on i n us wa s e n a bl e d t o c a rry t h e wa r i n t o t h e
, f o

c oun t ry of t h e Q ua di t h e most formi d a bl e of h i s en emi es

6 th Q u di 3 e a .
.
,

I n t h e summe r of t h e y e ar 1 7 4 h e c rosse d t h e D a n ub e a n d a dva n c ed A D 1 7 4 . . .

i n t o t h e h ea rt of t h e Q ua dic t erri t ory ; b ut h av i n g n egl e c te d h is c ommu g i t h C mp ig

a
a

a ns
a

t
n

n i c a t ion s he fou n d hi m
, se lf sud d en ly c ut off from h is supp li e s ; h i s wa t er Q u di ; h a e is

u ud d s rro n e
ar t i e s d ri ven i n a n d t h e a rmy c on fin e d a n d c rowd e d t og et h er u on
“
d ut ff
in
g p , p an c o
f mw t d
I n t hi s p osit i on s urroun d e d ppm by th
ro a er a n
a spo t w here n o w a t er w a s t o b e obt ai n e d .
, “ , e

a nd h ara sse d by t he li g h t d e t a c h me n t s of t h e e n emy an d e xh a u st e d w i t h m ,

“ e "

h ea t an d fa t igue t h e Roma n s w ere a t t a ck e d on all sid es by t h e ex ul t i n g

,

Q ua di an d reduc ed t o t h e b rin k of d estruc ti on S udd en ly a t emp e st of g i udd d

, .
e s sa ve

t h un d er a cc omp a n i ed w i t h h ea vy ra i n d esc en d ed up on t h e d esp a i ri n g th u d t m

y a s en
n er s or -
, ,

sold i ery ; t h e st orm d rove i n t h e fa c e of t h e i r a n t a g on i st s a t on c e ,

a ssuag i n g th e b u rn i n g t hi rs t of t h e Roma n s a n d bli n di n g th e i r assa il a n t s .

”
Thi s c ommoti on of t h e el emen ts w a s h a il e d as t h e h arbi n g er of app roa c h
i n g d eli vera n ce ; t he b a rb a ri a n s st a rt l e d by sudd en c on fl i c t a b ove a n d ,
.

aroun d th e m a n d su r rise d by t h e revi vin g Sp i rit s o f t h e h al f va n

p
-

u i h d m y b i u d d i t h d w u tt ly en th
q s e e n e e g a t o g v o n a n n e en ere er
ig
s

a
n e
n e g r , ,
t
d efea t ed .

b aria n s wi shed t o d raw t he Roman s in t o a wi n t er st ruc k t he ran ks of t h eir opp onen t s wit h di smay
c am ai n , t ru A lett er i s ex t a n t , purport in g t o
p g st in
g to t h e a dvan t ag es whi ch t heir an d d ea t h .

own
p ower of en d ura n ce w ould g ive t hem over h ave b een w ritt en b y M A urelius, a ckn owled g .

a n en emy un a ccu st omed to t he severe cold of i n g hi s ob lig a t ion s t o t he G od of t he C hrist i an s ;

t hose n ort h ern reg ions . an d a n edi c t of t olera t ion i s sa i d t o h a ve b een
36
D i o Cassi us, lib lx x i 3 p 1 179 Bot h. . . . . issued in con se q uen ce But t he le tt er i s n ow
.

Reimar, t he e di t or of D io C assius, and Ma scon , adm i t t ed t o h e a forg ery, an d t he edic t i s n o

‘

pla ce t he in cursion of t he C ha t t i in t he sa me _ W here t o b e foun d n d ee d t h e

. I
p e rsecut ion of
y ear wi t h t he defeat of t h e J az y g es on t he D a t h e C h ri st ian s w en t on for some t ime aft er t he
nu be .
Quad ic vi ct ory I t is, moreover, i mprobable
.

“7
Di o Ca ssi us, li b lx x i 8 an d 1 0 Xi p hili
. . . t ha t t here sh ou ld have b een an y n um ber of
n us, th e abb revi a t or of D i o cont en d s C hrist ians in t he army, sin ce t he milit ary oa t h
s t ou t ly for t h e h on our of t h e Th un d eri n g L e t a k en b y every Roma n sold ier must h ave b een
g i a n , a well kn ow n leg en d of ecclesia st ic al h is
-
reg arded b y t h em as i d ola t rou s See t h e very .

t ory An en t ire leg ion , so t he st ory go es, con sen sib le remark s of t h e hi st ori a n i n t h e En c
y
.

sist in
g w holl y o f C hrist ian s, w as p resen t i n t he c lop Met ro ol P art 1 9
.
p .
p 682 M ascou( Book v . . .
.

b at t le . A t t h e momen t of his d eepest d ist re ss, 17 a

ppeal s t o well k n own med als of M A n to
-

M arcus Aurelius i s said t o h ave sen t t o req uest n in us, t o w h ich Mo le an d ( a ft er him
y ) G ib b on
t heir i n t ercession w it h t heir G od ; an d a t t h ei r re fer as
proofs th a t t he emperor himsel f a scrib ed
p ra yer t he wi n dows of h ea ven w ere op en ed , an d his vic t ory , n ot t o t he G od o f t he C hrist ia n s,
‘

t he ra in d escen ded up on t h e Roman army for i t s b ut t o Mercury T he vehemen t an d credulous

'

refre sh m en t , while a st ormof ha ilst ones an d fi re T ert ullian is, I b clievey t he orig in at or or fi rst
'
‘
T he e mperor T h e suc c esses of Marc us Aureli us b rok e up t h e g re a t c on fe d era c i es of t h e
fiififhfl fifii M a rc oma n n i a n d Q ua di on t h e D a n ub e of t h e C h a uc i a n d C h a t t i on t h e
e e
,

“m m
Rhi n e a n d of t h e S ue vi c t rib es i n t h e c en t ra l reg i on s of G erma n y C a p i
, .

t olin us a fl i rms t h a t i t w a s t h e i n t e n t i on o f Aure li us a t t hi s t i me t o c on ve rt

M arc oma n n i a a n d S a rma t i a i n t o p rovi n c es of t h e e mp i re a n d t h a t h e w ould ,

h a ve a c c omp li sh e d h is d e si g n i f h e h a d n ot b e en p reven t e d by t h e reb elli on

of Av idi n s C a ssi u s i n t h e E a st
38
But t h oug h t hi s eve n t mi g h t serve t o
.

mort i fyi n g n ec e ssi t y of p ea c e y e t i t i s k n own t h a t w a r fa mi n e

l
c oa k the , ,

and est il e n c e h a d d on e t h e i r w orst up on t h e w re t c h e d b ord er c oun t ri e s

p ,

a n d t h e emp e ror w i se ly p re ferre d t h e rest ora t i on of t h e old t o t h e a c q ui s i

i t i on of n e w t e rri t ori e s T h e G e rma n n a t i on s e i t h er sp on t a n eously or a t
glfgsgpg
e n c .

,
y t t h e sug g est i on of R oma n e mi ssa ri es e n t ere d i n t o n e g oc 1 a t 1 0 n s for p ea c e
s o

se n d en v o s o , .

W hil e M a rc us st ill resid e d a t C a rn un t um e n voy s c a me t o h im from ,

sev e ra l n a t i on s a n d c l a n s some offe ri n g a lli a n c e ot h e rs sui n

, g for p e a c e , .

A mon g t h e l a t t er w e a re t old w e re t h e Q ua di w h om h e suc c e e d e d i n ,

T h Q u di
e a
d e t a c hi n g from t h e M a rk ma n n e n
a re Th e y su
p p li e d t h e R oma n a rmy w i t h
.

d t h d f m
e ac e ro

a llian c e w it h h orses a n d c a t t l e surre n d ere d a ll d esert ers g a ve up t hi rt een t h ousa n d

, ,
t h M km
n ers a n d p romi se d t o sen d b a c k a ll t h e re st a s soon a s t h e y c o u

”
e ar an

n en , t h y m p
e ri so5 ,
ld b e
;fiif i
e
s
i ooo
e e
c oll ec t e d
’
W h ol e t rib es o f b a rb a ri a n s w ere t a k e n i n t o t h e
.
p ya o f R ome

for t h e d efen c e of D a c i a ; ma n y more w e re i n c orp ora t e d w i t h t h e

l eg i on s or a t t a c h e d t o t h em a n d mul t i t ud es rec e i ve d a ssi g n men t s of
,

l a n d s i n D a c i a P a n n on i a M ce si a G erma n y a n d even i n I t a ly
, , , , .

T h e Te ut on i c M a rk ma n n en a n d t h e S a rma t i a n J a z y g es c on t i n ue d t h e
Th t m f
e er c on t est for some ti me l on g er
so T h e t erms of t h e l a t e p ea c e w ere ill ob serve d
.
-

izfifl iy ii? by t h e Q ua di Th e y a fford e d p rot e c t i on t o t h e b e llig ere n t M a rk ma n n en

a e ' ’

v .

QM “ w h en h ard p resse d by t h e R oma n s ; i t w a s more over foun d t h a t i n st e a d ,

m g a ll t h e i r p ri son ers t h e y h a d re l e a se d on ly t h e usel ess a n d t h e

Th y u u o f re st ori n
e s cc o r
,

ii éif ; d ec rep i t ; t h e y h a d ej ec t ed t h e ki n g F urt ius a pp rove d a n d c on fi rme d

l
L
‘

by t h e emp eror a n d c h osen A riog aasus i n h is p l a c e Thi s el ec t i on M

, . .

p i d A ure li us re fuse d t o ra t i fy t h ou h t h e Q ua di offe re d t o urc h a se h is c on

g
rs en

j gzfi i g
y s l

e ae e ‘i n
,
p
a
pp i t d by
o n e se n t by t h e surren d er of fi ft y t h ousa n d c a p t i ves H e e v en w en t so fa r a s t o .

h R m
a n d ma d e
t
ri c e u on t h e h ea d of A rrog aesus
e o a n s. 40
p u t a
p p re a ra t i on s t o c a rry
p p ,

A D 1 75 .
i n t o e x ec ut i on h is t h rea t of reduc i n g t h e en t i re M a rk ma n n i c a n d Q ua d ic
.

di st ri c ts i n to a p rov i n c e of t h e emp i re But t h e p rogress of Avidi n s .

mulga tor o f t he leg end Xiphilin us , t he

h a A n cien t Hist ory of t he G erman s, Boo k v 17
p ro . . .

b revi a t or of D io C assius, wro t e in t h e ele ven t h n ot e 3 .

c en t ur , a n d i n t rod uce s t he st ory of t h e Th u

8°
J ul Cap i l in V it M A n to n c 2 4 p 3 8 5
—
n
y . . . . . . . . .

d ari n g L eg ion in t o h is ex t ra ct s He accuses

.
D i o Ca ssi us, lib lx x i e 1 1 J ul Ca p i t . . . . . .

D io o f w ilfully supp ressin g t he t rut h i n o mit t in g loc c it c 1 4 p 3 82

. . . I n fi n it os ex ge n t ib us
. . .

a ll m e n t ion o f t h is mira c le See a g ood arra n ge

.
-
Roman o solo c olloca vi t .

men t of t he evide n ce on t his poin t in M a scous '

I
b id lib lx x i c 1 3 , I 4
. . . . .
C ha p . V . See l
. .
] M I L I T A R Y PO L I C Y O F T H E EMP I RE .
181

C a ssi us i n t h e E a st t h e i n t ri gues of t h e dissol ut e e mp ress F a ust i n a a n d

, ,

a l a rmi n g di st u rb a n c e s i n R ome i t sel f w i t hd re w t h e a tt e n t i on o f M a rc us M u u bl a rc s, a e

t tp
,

1 t o resen l ese
t o I t a ly a n d A si a A p ea c e w as t h ere fore c on c l ud e d by whi c h t h e b a r i ul
.
4
, ns t s, con .

b a ri a n s re n oun c e d t h e i r l e a g ue a n d t h e R oma n s reli n qui sh e d a ll t h e P d a ’

c o un t ry t h e y h a d c on q uere d n ort h of t h e D a n u b e t o w i t hi n t hi rt y ei gh t 313322133? - 1

6 1

st a di a of t h e ri ve r
4
P a rt i c ul a r d a y s a n d sp ot s w e re fi x e d upon for t h e l gu
.
2
ea e,

c ommerc i a l i n t erc ourse b e t w ee n t h e b a rb a ri a n s a n d t h e

p rov i n c i a l s a n d ,

h ost a g es w e re g i ve n on b ot h sid es for t h e ob se rva n c e of t h e c on di t i on s of

e Q ua di a n d M a rk ma n n en t hi s t i me i t a
p ea c e T h .
p p e a rs d eli vere d up d ur d , ,
an s ren er

a ll t h e i r p ri son ers w i t h out e va si on T h e J a z y g es e n t e re d i n t o a lli a n c e 2 22223213333“

mm
.

w i t h Rome rest ore d on e h un d re d t h ousa n d c a p t i ve s a n d furn i sh e d a n

, ,
“ 53 “

a ux ili ary forc e of e i g h t t h ousa n d c a v a l ry w h om M Aureli us

p rud en t ly ,
.

st a t i on e d i n t h e re mo t e p rov i n c e of B ri t a i n
43
.

But t h ese t e rms a d va n t a g eous a s t h e y w ere t o t h e e n emi es of R ome T h t m f

, ,
e er s o

did n ot c ompre h en d a ll t h e b e n efi t s t h e l a t t er w e re t o d eri ve from t h e

momen t ary w ea k n e ss of t h e emp i re T h e sev era l t rib es of w hic h t h e .

re a t c on fed era c y h a d c on si st e d were a d mi t t e d t o s e a ra t e n e oc i a t i on t h b b i e ar a r a n s

g p g .

I n t h e Roma n p h ra se i n d ee d t h e e mp eror i ssa id n ot t o h a v e g ra n t e d t h e

, ,

sa me t erms t o a ll t h e n a t i on s w h o se n t a mb a ssa d ors t o hi m a c c ordi n t

g o
t h e i r sev era l meri t s w e a re t old h e c o n fe rre d up on t h em t h e r i g h t s
, ,

of R oma n c i t iz en shi p i mmun i t y from i mp ost s t e mp ora ry or p erp e t ua l

, ,

remi ssi on o f t rib ut e

“
or a n n ua l st i p e n d s a n d sup p li e s of g ra i n
, But .

t h ese c on c e ssi on s w ore t h e a p p ea ra n c e o f ex t ort e d b oon s ra t h er t h a n

o f vol un t a ry l e d g e s of fri en d shi a n d un q ues t i on a bly t h e y w e re b e t t e r
p p
a d a p t e d t o st i mul a t e t h a n t o re p re ss t h e p re d a t ory sp i ri t of t h e b a r

b a ria n s T h e re mot er c on se quen c e s of t h ese w a rs w ere i n d ee d far more

.
, ,

p rej udi c i a l t o t h e emp i re th a n a n y i mme di a te l oss e i t h er of h on our or of

t e rri t ory i t ma y h a v e sust a i n e d T h e i n d e p e n d en c e of t h e b a rb a ri a n .

st a t es w a s c on fi rme d by a lli a n c e t h e i r mili t a ry e x p e ri en c e i n c rea se d T ,

w i
: ,
hese ars n

t h e i r a p p et i t e for p l un d e r w a s w h e t t e d by t h e S po il s o f P a n n on i a a n d ,

e ve n of I t a ly mul t i t ud es of t h e i r c oun t ryme n w ere a d mi t t ed i n t o t h e t h i pp tit

,
i m i wh ‘ ’e
e r a
e

e
e
e

R oma n a rmi es or b ec a me p ea c ea bly se t t l e d up on t h e sorl of t h e e mp i re if t pdluu d t h; m

0 0

or n er
,

a n d t h e c ust ody of t he most ex p ose d fron t i e rs w a s i n t rust e d t o t h e ques

n ro ce e
m i as ercen ar es
d u ili i
t i on a b l e fa i t h a n d fi c kl e p a ssi on s of a va st b ody of me rc e n a ry b a rb a ri a ns m th R
an a x ar es
, .
o , ,

Th ese va ri ous ex p e di e n t s for rep a i ri n g t h e rava ges of w a r so on b ec a me m mi a" ar es,

D io Cassi us, lib lx x i

‘1
22 . . . t housa n d c a pt ives ; t hough, i n t rut h, t his w as
‘2
I bid 1ib lx x i § 1 5
. . . . b ut a p a rt of t he w hole n umb er t a ken d urin g
‘3 I
b id loc ci t 16
. T he pow er of t h ese
. . . t h e war, man y h avin g b een sold a w a y t o a d is
Sa rmat ia n s, sa ys D io, a n d t he d eg ree of in t an ce, ot h ers h a vin g d ied a n d ot hers ag a in h a v
j ury t hey w ere able t o i nfl ict up on t he Roman s, i ng ma d e t heir escap e .

may b e est i mat ed from t he fact , t ha t t hey re D i o C assius, lib lx x i

. 19 . .

st ored a t t h e p ea ce n o few er t h a n on e h und red

-
VOL . I .
1 82 RE N EWED WA R O N T HE DA NU BE .
[Book I .

a ud t h e set t l e d p oli c y of R ome ; a n d of a ll t h e e x t ern a l c a uses t o w hi c h t h e

sett le

zfl f fiof d ow n fa ll of t he e mp i re ma y b e a sc rib ed , t h ere is n on e w hi c h c on t rib ute d

.

Ifi fifi
t h e emP‘m
more di rec t ly t o d est roy t h e c oh e ren c e of t h e p a rt s a n d h a st e n it s d i ssol u
'

45
i
t on .

T h e t erms
hi s l a st p a c ifi c a t ion lik e t h ose of t h e former w ere b ut
of t , ,

A D I7 S . ill ob serve d on e i t h er sid e I n t h e c ourse of t h e sa me or a t fa rt h est t he

.
,
-
.
,

a r foll ow i n g t h e e mp eror s d e p a rt ure for I t a ly t h e R oma n a rmy of t h e

“ g la“
’
y
a
e , ,

o ut g i a
D a n ub e un d er P e rt i n a x i ssued from t h e i r forts a n d st a t i on s up on t h e
a n

t erri t ori es of t he M a rk ma n n en a n d Q ua di w a st e d t h e c oun t ry c a rri e d off , ,

t h e p rod uc e a n d p re ve n t e d t h e i n h a bi t a n t s from re t urn i n g t o c ul t i v a t e

t h e soil T h e en voy s of t h e M a rk ma n n en i t see ms c omp l a i n e d t o t h e
. , ,

e mp e ror of t h e di st ress a n d fa mi n e w hi c h t h e l a w l e ss c on d uc t of h is

li eut e n a n t h a d i n fl i c t e d up on t h e m I t i s p rob a bl e t h a t t h e i r c omp l a i n t s .

A ,
me t w i t h n o a t t e n t i on T h e fron t i er t erri t ori e s w ere on c e more i n a .

T h Q u d md
bl aze a n d t wo offi c ers h om D i o C a ssi us c a ll s t h e Q ui n t i li i
e a ‘
w
‘

M km ar an n en , , w e re ,

b ffla th e-
b a ffl e d i n ev ery a t t e mp t
e t o b ri n g t h e w a r t o a con c l usi on A t t hi s .

li ut t f
momen t t h e c on t est must h a ve a ssume d a n a l a rmi n g a pp ea ra n c e
e en a n s o

M u

”
a rc s, .

M a rc us Aureli us (a s w a s usua l in c a se s of i mp ort a n t mili t a ry e n t erpriz es)

sw un h bl ody l a n c e a g a i n st t h e t em l e of B e ll on a ; h e ob t a i n e d

”
g t e o p
wh p d a l a r e sub sidy from t h e se n a t e a n d i mme di a t ely rej oi n e d t h e a rmy i n
o roc ee
g s
t th m
P a n n on i a A c on sid era bl e b ody w a s d et a c h e d un d er a n offi c e r n a me d
ai ns a

mu m
a g e
“, .

P a t ern us a g a i n st t h e b a rb a ri a n s T h e e n emy sa y s D i o re si st e d
Tit us .
, ,

H e n ame s n e ith er
.

f or on e w h ol e d a y b u w e re i n t h e e n d d e fe a t e d
; ffigzl g
l d t
fb e
g

”
, .

t h e e n e my a t t a c k e d n or t h e p l a c e o f b a t t l e n or i n d ee d a n y o t h er
ea e

t ara ns .
p ar ,

t ic ula rs e x c e p t i n g t h a t for t hi s v i c t ory M a rc us a t en t h t i me a ssume d

,

t h e t i t l e of I mp era t or .
46

A n 180
. .I n t h e fourt h y ea r of t h e ren e we d w a r M a rcus A urelius di e d a t Vi n d o
.
,

b on a t h e mod ern c a p i t a l of e A ,
t h us t ri a n e m pi re
"
C ommod us h is .
,

e a k a n d di ssol ut e suc c essor a d op t i n g t h e a d v i c e of fl a t t ere rs a n d

V
H i
‘efl n a

e u d
w
s s ccee
,

e d by C mm c om a n i on s i n d eb a uc h e ry c on c l ud e d a n un w i se a n d di scre dit a bl e
o
eac e
p p
o
,
d u wh s, o
mk a es a w i t h t h e b arb a ri a n s T h e l e ft b a n k of t h e D a n ub e w a s en t i rely a b a n
.

g fi j fi fl
’
m d o u e d ‘
t o t h e M a rk m a n n i c a n d Q ua d i c ra c es a n d a ll t h e stron
g p ost s by ,

b b i “
ar a r a n s
w hi c h i t h a d b e e n se c ure d w ere di sma n t l e d S ome p ri son ers w ere mu .

t ua lly rest ored a n d a b ody of thi rt e e n t h ousa n d Q ua di a n wa rri ors wa s

,

t a k e n i n t o t h e servi c e of t h e e mp i re
48
.

Th ere i s rea son t o b eli eve t h a t t h ese t e rms di sg ra c e ful a s t h e y were , ,

h a d b ee n in p a rt a t l ea st p roc ured by p resen t s a n d p romi ses of sub sidy

, ,

T hese ob serva t ion s are foun ded p ri nc ipally pra ct ice of t he emperors t o t a ke t o t he mselve s
‘5

upo n t he report s o f J ul Cap i t i n M A n t cc 1 4

. . . . . t he cred it a n d hon ours d ue t o t he succ esses o f
a n d 24 a n d o f D i o Ca ssi us, lib lx x i c c l l , 1 5,
. . . t he ir lieute n an t s .

16 19 .
‘7
A urel Vi c tor, e 1 5
. . .

D i o Ca ssi us, lib lx x i 5 2 0 , 3 3 I t w as t he

. . . .
‘0
D io Cassi us, lib lx x n 2, 3 . . .
C hap . V . See
. BA RBA RI C IN F L U EN CE O N T HE R O MAN F RO N T I ER .
1 83

t o t he more p owerful c hi efs T h e Roma n s w ere a t a ll even t s for t h e

.
49
, ,

p rese n t re duc e d t o t h e d efe n si ve on t h e fron t i er of t h e D a n ub e The .

mili t a ry forc e of t h e e mp ire up on w hic h i n t h e a b sen c e of a l most every

, ,

u bli c vi rt ue a n d t h e a l armi n g i n c rea se of d omest i c v i c e s t h e ma i n

p ,

t en a n c e of h er d omi n i on w h olly d ep e n d e d w a s by t h e a d mi ssi on of suc h , ,

n umb ers of b a rb a ri a n s i n t o i t s c omp osi t i on l a c e d i n a c ou rse of t ra n sfer

p ,

i n to t h e h a n d s of h er most d a n g erous e n emi e s T h e y out h of G erma n y .

w a s emb odi ed i n h er a rmi es a n d a p ort i on of h er t erri t ori es w a s a l rea dy

,

t ra n sferre d t o t h e h a rdy a n d t urb ulen t c hildren of t h e n ort h D a n g erous .

sy m p a t hy sec re t un d erst a n di n g s a n d (more t h a n a ll) a c c ura t e i n t elli

,

n c e of t h e st a t e of t h e e mp i re c ould n o l on g e r b e w a n t i n g t o t h e e n t er
g e ,

ri si n g ra c e s of t h e Rhi n e a n d t h e D a n ub e Th e i r: sub se quen t hi st ory

p .

w ill sh ow h ow t h e y a va il e d t h emse l ves o f t h e se a dva n t a g es a n d p l a c e ,

t h e effe rv escen t y e t v i g orous a n d e n duri n g sp i ri t o f G erma n free d om i n ,

a st ron g con t ra st w i t h t h e a l w a y s me a n a n d t e mp orizi n g a n d fre q ue n t ly ,

t rea c h erous p oli c y of a p eop l e w hi c h still g l ori e d i n t h e n a me of R0

,

ma n s a n d for n e a rly th re e c en t uri e s more w a s p ermi t t ed t o l ord i t

,

feebly over t h e b ri g h t est a n d most p rod uc t i ve reg i on s of t h e ea rt h .

S EC T I O N II . A D
. . 1 80 —23 5 .

T he Roma n Emp i re from the D ea th of M A ureli us . t o t ha t of M a a imi n —T ra n sa cti ons wi th th e

G erma n i c N a tions durin g th a t p er i od .

F RO M dea th of M a rc us An ton i n us t o t h a t of M a xi mi n t h e d et a il s w e C fu d d
the ,
on se an

p osse ss re l a t ive t o t h e p rop er hi st ory of G erma n y a re so mea gre a n d so L tfl ifii fifil

‘
g

muc h sc a t tere d t h roug h t h e p a ges of ma n y di ffe ren t write rs t h a t it see ms gf fififgh m

more c on ven i en t t o a rran g e t h e mw i t h referen c e t o a w ell k n own seri es of p m
,

er fi
e ven t s t h e hi st ory i n d e e d of a n ot h er eo l e e t over w h ose d est i n y th a t
, p p y ,

of G erma n y e x erc i se d t h e stron g est i n fl u en ce t h a n t o a t t emp t by t h e , ,

h e l p of c onj ec t ure t o mould t hem i n t o a n i n d ep en d en t n a rra t i ve T h e

, .

st ory p ossesses i n t rut h sc a rc ely a n y ot h er i n t erest t h a n a s i t k eep s t h e

, ,

G erma n i c n a t i on s i n si g ht ; a n d p roves t h a t up t o t h e c l ose of t h e p eri od

i n q ue st i on n o mat eri a l a l t era ti on h a d t a k en p l a c e i n t h e ir rel a t i on s t o
t h e emp i re .

A ft er t h e t ermi n a ti on of t h e g rea t M a rc oma n n i c w a r t h e sup re me C mm d u i ,

o o s s

p ower rema i n e d for a p eri od of t hi rteen y ea rs i n t h e h a n d s of t h e crue l

a n d li c e n ti ous C ommod us H i s d e a t h ma d e w a y for P H elvius P er
. .

H erod ia n lib i
. . . c . 6 .
 1 84 EMP ERO RS .
[Book 1 .

succee d ed by t imax , a ma n of ex p e ri e n c e a n d p robi t y b ut d e st i t ute of t h e q ua li t i es

,
P ert i n a x
n ec e ssa ry t o e n c oun t e r t h e t orren t o f c orru t i on w hi c h h i s d e t es t a bl e
.

p
re d ec e ssor h a d se t a fl o w i n g A f t er a rei g n of e i g h t y sev en d a y s
p
-
-
.

Th e empire is h e w a s murd ere d by t h e P raet ori a n b ody g ua rd a n d t h e emp i re p ut up

m
-

,
sold t o D i di us
Julian us, t o a uc t i on a n d sold t o D id i us J uli a n us p r fec t of t h e c i t y , .

A D 1 97
. . . A ft er t hi s c on t e mp t i b l e b a rg a i n w a s st ruc k t h re e e mp erors sta rt e d up ,

a t on c e i n B ri t a i n P a n n on i a a n d S y ri a t h e c re a t ures of t h e se vera l
, ,

wh omt h e se a rmi es st a t i o n e d i n t h ose p rov i n c e s T h e w e a k a n d d eg ra d e d se n a t e

.

n a t e c on d emn s

a nd
puts t o w a s p er mi tt e d t o w rea k i t s resen t me n t up on t h e p h a n t om e mp eror
T h e Praet ori a n s p ermi t t e d t h e m t o c on d e mn a n d p ut h i m t o
d eat h
D id ius
.

d ea t h b ut t h e rea l st ruggl e for t h e p urp l e t ook p l a c e a t a di st a n c e from

t h e se a t o f e mp i re
’
Se pt i mius Se A ft e r a bl oody c on t e st of t h ree y e a rs d ura t i on S ep
.
,

t i mi us S ev erus a ma n o f p owerful mi n d a n d sa n g ui n a ry di sp os i t i on suc

veru s succeeds .

, ,

c ee d e d i n b e a t i n g d ow n b ot h h i s c o mp e t i t ors A ft er a v i gorous re i g n of.

A D 21 1
. . . fourt ee n y e a rs h e w a s p ermi t t e d p e a c e a bly t o t ra n smi t t h e emp i re t o h is
,

H e t ra n smit s
t h e empi re t o son s C a ra c a ll a a n d G e t a T h e forme r a h a l f i n sa n e a n d sa n g ui n a ry
.
,

h i s son Cara
t y ra n t sl ew h i s b rot h er w i t h hi s ow n h a n d ; a n d a ft e r a sh ort rei g n
,
c alla ,

of un ex a m l e d a t roc i t y a n d folly hi msel f fe ll a v i c t i m t o t h e ma xi ms o f

p ,

wh o i s g ot rid t y ra n n i c id e w hi c h sup p li ed by a ssa ssi n a t i on t h e p l a c e of t h ose vi rt ue s

,

a n d t h a t i n t elli g e n c e by w hi c h i n b e t t er t i me s ma n ki n d h a s so u h t a
of by assas si n a
t ion g
re me dy a g a i n st t h e d a n g e rs of d e sp ot i sm
.

M a rc us O p ilius M a c rin us a n d h is son Di a d umen us suc c e ed ed C ara

c a ll a
. But w i t hi n a y e a r o f t h e ir e l e va t i on t h ey t oo fe ll a sa c rifi c e t o t h e
re b e lli ous l e g i on s of S y ri a w h o a t t h e i n st i g a t i o n o f S o oemis a n i e c e of
, , ,

H eliog abalus .
C a ra c a ll a h a d se t up h er son H e li og a b a l us a g a i n st t h e m A ft er four
, .

y ea rs sp e n t i n t h e un b ridl e d i n d ul g e n c e of l ust sup erst i t i on a n d c ruel t y , ,

H eli og a b a l us a n d h is mo t h e r w ere b ot h mi se ra bly murd e re d by t h e

soldi e ry a n d t h e i r l i fel ess b odi es t re a t e d w i t h a ll t h e i n di g n i t i e s i n fli c t e d
,

up on t h e re ma i n s of c ommon ma l efa c t ors .

A D ‘2 22 . . . Al ex a n d e r S everus t h e son o f a n ot h er n i ec e of C a ra c a ll a w a s n ow
, ,
Alex a n der Se
Verus .
e l ev a t e d t o t h e e mp i re by t h e P raet ori a n s A ft er a meri t ori ous re i g n of
.

A D 235. . .
t hi rt e en y e a rs t hi s w ell i n t e n t i on e d p ri n c e w a s sl a i n i n a mili t a ry t umul t
,
-

n e a r t h e Rhi n e w hi t h er h e h a d ma rc h e d from S y ri a t o re re ss a formi

, p
d a b le i n c ursi on o f t h e G e rma n s M a x i mi n us a Th ra c i a n G ot h se iz e d
.
, ,

upon t h e v a c a n t p urp l e Thi s ma n h a d rec o mme n d e d hi msel f t o t h e

.

e m eror S e t i mi us S e ve rus by fea t s o f g re a t b odily st re n g t h a n d c oura e

p p g .

H e p romote d h im from t h e ra n k s t o i mp ort a n t mili t a ry c omma n d s a n d ,

M a x i mi n re ma i n e d fa i t h fully a t t a c h e d t o h is b en e fa c tor a s l on g a s
Ma x imin t he h e li ve d A t t h e d ea t h of S ep t imius M a x i mi n re t i red from t h e se rvi c e
.
, ,
G ot h ,
a n d res id e d U on a d o ma i n h e h a d urc h a se d i n h is n a t i ve c oun t ry
p p ,

w h ere h e a p p li e d hi msel f t o c ul t i va t e t h e fri e n d shi p o f t h e n ei g hb ouri n g

C ha p
.
. V. S ee. C A RACAL L A AN D T HE G ERMA NS .

G ot h s a n d A la n i Al ex a n d er S everus rec a ll e d h i m, a n d p l a c e d h i m in employed by

.
l

t h e c omma n d of t h e Rh en i sh l eg i on s I n t hi s st a t i on h e res t ore d t h e fifiie fl fi f

’ s’
f
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rel a x e d di sc i li n e of t h e a rmy , w hil e b e c on fi rme d hi msel f i n t h e fa vour

p
of t h e so ldi e ry C o mmon fa me c h a rg e s h i m w i t h t h e d ea t h of t h e der
.

e mp eror Al ex a n d er S everus, n or, i n d e e d i s t h e re a n y t hi n g i n t h e c h a r e

2
g ,

i n c on si st e n t e i t h er w i t h t h e c h a ra c t er of t h e ma n or of t h e a g e i n w hi c h h e
lived Th oug h n e i t h er d elibera t e c rue l t y n or h a bi t ua l fa i t hl e ssn e ss were
.

i n h eren t i n t h e G erma n c h a ra c t er, y e t t h e b a rb a ri a n merc e n a ri es t oo

soon l e a rn t t o i mi t a t e t h e v i c e s, w hil e t h e y d esp i se d t h e w e a k n e ss of t h e i r

e mp l oye rs .

T o t h ese re i g n s a n d t h e i r resp e c t i ve d a t es w e ma y n ow c on ven i en t ly Th f w f t e e ac s

e n d t h e fe w fa c t s w hi c h h a ve c ome t o our k n owl e d e re s e c t i n

g t h e i fifii fffi
l "
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G e rma n i c t rib e s d uri n g t h e se p eri od s D i o C a ssi us ma k e s a c ursory 332 .

3 2213
6 8
0 8

a ll usi on t o a v i c t ory g a i n e d by C a ra c a ll a ov e r a n Al i n e n a t i on w h om h e r d f th o
p
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mg
A ure lius Vi c t or sli g h t ly a ll udes t o a sec on d over a c ombi
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3
c a ll s C e n n i .

n a t i on of S uev i c t rib e s c a ll e d Al ema n n i t h e n ot i c e i s re ma rk a bl e o n ly as

i t forms t h e fi rst i n t roduc t i on i n t o hi st ory of t h a t p ow erful a n d i n fluen t i a l F i t ti f rs n o ce o

b ody 4
.Yet t h e p oli c y of C a ra c a ll a (if i t d eserve s t h e n a me) re n d e rs t h e
t rut h of t h e se v i c t ori es v ery q uest i on a bl e H e a pp e a rs i n g e n era l .
, ,

t o h ave p re ferre d p a c i fyi n g h i s b a rb a ri a n n ei g hb ours by sub sidi es a n d

b rib es t o t h e r i sk s a n d l a b ours of wa r T h e p i ra t i c a l t rib es dw elli n g T h pi t i l . e ra ca

up on t he L owe r Elb e a n d t h e sh ore s of t h e N ort h S e a rec e i ve d sums of gifii figffl h

’
,

mon e y t o i n d uc e t h e m t o a b st a i n from ra va g i n g t h e c oa st s of t h e e mp i re izi g gfmth

E n c oura g ed by t h e i r suc c e ss ot h er n a t i on s b ec a me c l a mourous for p re R m
y .
l

o ans
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se n t s a n d some of t h e m e x t ort e d l a rg e sums by t h e mere effec t of

,

me n a c e 5
T h e p oli c y of fomen t i n g di sc ord a mon g t h e b ord eri n g ra c es
.

w e n t h a n d i n h a n d w i t h t h e p ra c ti c e of p urc h a si n g forb e a ra n c e C a ra C ll pu . araca a r

c a ll a e n c ourag e d b roil s b e t we en t h e p owerful M a rc oma n n i a n d t h e i r Fifi fhi i f

e e c
r
b i
n ort h e rn n e i hb ours t h e V a n d a l s ; h e fl a t t ere d a n d sub sidiz e d t h e
6 h i f ? ar c c e s
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b ord er c hi e fs ; h e e n t rust e d h is p erson t o a b ody gua rd of G erma n s h f m -
e or a n
c o
se l ec t e d from a mon g t h e 1 r st out est a n d mo st d 1 s t 1 n g u1 sh e d w a rr1 0 rs ;
b f
h e bfigfiifg
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mi mi c ked t h e i r d ress a d wore t h e i r y ll
n e o w h ir
a,
8
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.
n
ress a n
cs er
a~
bi ts .

J ul Ca p it i n Ma x imin a , vol 1 1 c 4 p 1 8 9
L a mp ri d i n A lex Severo, vol i c 59
—
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

T his p assag e i n J ul C a p it i s c urious, as c on

. .
p 1 0 2 8 J ul Ca p i t vol ii p 24
. . . . . . . .

ta i n in g t h e earliest men t ion o f t he G ot h s in con 9

D i o Ca ssi us, lib l x x v n 1 4 p 1300 . . . . .

”
n ex ion wi t h t he Roma n fron t ier C omp arin g . A urel Vi ctor, in Ca ra ca lla , p 3 29
. . .

t hi s fa c t w ith t h e st rikin g omission of t h e G ot hic 5

D i o Cassi us lib lx x vii 1 4 p 1 300, . . . . “

n a me i n t h e list w h ic h t h e sa me w rit er g ives of Ib id lib lx x v ii c 2 0 p 1 3 0 5

6
. . . . , . .

t he Sarma t ian a n d S cyt hi a n assa ilan t s i n t he 7 Ib id l ib lx x viii 6 p 13 14 D ie ca ll s

'

—
. . . . . .

yea r 1 6 4 ( see p 1 7 6 n ot e 24, of t h e precedi n g

, . . t h ese b od y g ua rd s S cy th ce ci
-
C elt ce , usual .

sec t ion ,) w e mig ht , pe rh a p s, ven t u re t o a ssig n n a mes for t h e min le d G erma n i c a n d S arma t ia n
g .

t he i n t erven in g severi t y y ea rs a s t he era o f t he t rib es I t w ill h e rea ft er a ppe a r t ha t t hese a d

.

G ot hic mig ra t ion from t he V ist ula t o t he shores ven t urers w ere, i n al l p rob a b ilit , of G o t hic ex
y
of t he Eux in e . t ra c t ion .

9
bid lib lx x v m 3 p 1 3 1 1
I . . . . . .
1 86 MAXI MI N U S IN V AD ES G ERMA NY .
[Book I .

l a the re ign of The i gn s o f M ac ri n us a n d H eli og a b a l us a re b a rren of i n c id e n t rel a t

re

i n g t o t h e hi st ory of G erma n y ; b ut t owa rd s t h e e n d o f t h a t of Al ex a n d er

S everus G a ul suffe re d so d rea d fully from t h e i n c ursi on s of t h e Rh en i sh
i n va de
glfl
b f
,
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t rib es t h a t h e susp en d e d a n ex p e di t i on h e h a d c on t emp l a t e d a g a i n st t h e

,

P ersi a n s a n d ma rc h ed t o t h e suc c our of t h e di stre ssed p rov i n c e

,
He .
9

A 0 « - 23 4 .
b roug h t w i t h h im from P a rt hi a a n d M a uri t a n i a a l a rg e merc e n a ry forc e
H d i a n s the of li g h t a rme d a rc h er c a v a l ry H erodi a n d e sc rib es t h ese t roop s a s very
’
e ro -
.

of t he
pt i on
forn1 1 d a b le t o t h e G erma n s w h ose c l ose ra n k s a n d g l g a n t i c st a t ure p re
sc ri

G erma ns .
,

sen t e d a b roa d ma rk t o t h e ori en t a l a rrow a n d j a ve li n of re e d Ye t h e .

a d mi t s t h a t i n c l ose fi g h t t h e G erma n s oft e n ma i n t a i n e d t h e i r g roun d ,

Alen Sevems an d t h a t a s soon a s Al ex a n d er b ec a me s en sibl e o f t hi s i n a usp i c i ou

, s

e q ua li t y h e h a st e n e d t o offer t h em t erms of e a ce romi si n g t h em a ll

, p p ,

t hi n g s t h e y mi g h t st a n d i n n ee d of b esid e s a l a rg e sum i n rea dy mon e y , .

F or h e c on t i n ues
, t h e G erma n s a re e x c ee di n g ly gre e dy of g old a n d
, ,

a re n e ve r b a c k w a rd i n st riki n
g a b a rga i n for i t w i t h t h e R oma n s Th ere .

fore Al ex a n d e r p referre d p urc h a si n g p ea c e a n d a lli a n c es t o t h e n uoer

t a i n t y of
Max i mixg T h e a ssa ssi n a t i on of Al e x a n d er p ut a S p eedy en d t o t h ese w e a k a n d
plun ge s i n t o
war mt h th e t e mp orl z mg me a sures M a x 1 m1 n rus h e d 1 n t o t h e w a r w 1 t h t h e feromt y
.

fi fl éfiii
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n s.
of a sa va g e H is n a t ura l c on t emp t of d a n g er w a s st i mul a t e d by
.

a se n se of h i s p re c a ri ous p osi t i on H e w as n ot i g n ora n t t h a t t h e .

sen a t e a n d eo l e of R ome d es i se d h im a s a b a rb a ri a n an d h at ed
p p p ,

h im as t h e c re a t ure of t h e a rmy ; h e k n ew th a t h is p ow er re ste d sol ely

up on t h e fi c kl e a ffec t i on s of t h e soldi ery a n d t h a t i t c ould b e sust a i n e d ,

on ly by t h e S p l en d our of h i s a c hi eve men t s a n d t h e t error of h i s n a me .

T h e a rmy w a s t h ere fore i mme di a t e ly h urri e d i n t o t h e fi el d U p on t h ei r .

e n t ra n c e i n t o t h e G erma n t e rri t ori e s t h e y foun d t h e c oun t ry d e se rt e d a n d ,

w ed for a t 1 me n o e n emy a pp e a re d t o i mp ed e t h e 1 r p rog ress M a xi mi n wh o

gn
a
a .
,

w a s a n xi ous for sp ee dy a n d d ec i si ve suc c e sse s reven g e d hi msel f up on ,

t h e p osse ssi on s a n d p rop ert y of t h e en e my H e g a v e up t h e wh ol e .

He ra vages c oun try t o ill a e ; t h e h a rvest s w e re

g h ere d i n by t h e soldi ers a n d t h e
a t
t h e1 r coun try
p g ,

V l llag e s b urn t or l ev ell e d t o t h e g roun d H erod l a n s n a rra t 1 ve of t h 1 s

”
.

c a mp a i g n sh ows h ow li t t l e a l t e ra t i on h a d t a k en p l a c e i n t h e mod es o f li fe

a n d t h e me t h od of en c oun t eri n
g i n v a si on a mon g t h e G erma n i c n a ti on s
s i n c e t h e a g e s of C aesa r a n d of T a c i t us T h e t own s a n d b uildi n g s h e .
,

sa y s a re e a sily d e st roy e d by fi re
,
F or st ruc t ure s of st on e or b ri c k a re.

v ery un c ommon a mon g t h e G e rma n s Th e y c h oose t h e most i mp ervi ous .

H erod i a n lib , . v i. c . 7 .
—L a mp rid . in A lex . J ul Cap i t . . in Ma rimi n o , vol . H c .

S ev . 0 . 59 p 1 0 2 5
. . .
pp 3 3 , 3 4
. .

1°
H erod i a n , ub i sup ra .
Ch ap . v
. Sec 2 ]
. HI S CAMPA I G N AN D V I CT O R Y .

forest s for th e i r h a bit a ti on s, w h ere t h e y c on struc t h uts of b ea ms fix e d

a n d c eme n t e d t og et h er M a x imin us, t h erefore h a vi n g d esol a t e d t h e
.
,

e n ti re c oun t ry , g a t h ere d i n or d e stroy e d t h e

gra i n , a n d g iven up
t h e c a p t ure d c a t t l e t o t h e soldi ers, foun d hi mse l f st ill w ith out a n en emy
‘

t o c on te n d w i t h i n t h e fi e ld ; i n a smuc h a s t h e b a rb a ri a n s a void e d t h e Th e parb arians

l t u m
Op en c oun t ry or sp ot s c l ea r of t re e s, p referri n g t o l urk i n t h e fore st s if eii i elf fe
’

Mmmin
a n d a mon m e t h ey mi g h t h a ra ss t h e i r e n e mi es by
g t he a rsh , h
es w en c
'

sudd e n i n c ursi on s a n d a l a rms A n d , i n d ee d , t h a t v ery d e n si t y of t h e

.

t ree s w hi c h oc c a si on e d suc h ob st ruc t i on t o t h e a rrows a n d j a veli n s of t h e

Roma n s a n d t h e d ep t h of t h e sw a mp s so d a n gerous t o p erson s un
,

a c q ua i n t e d w i t h t h e groun d ra t h er fa c ili t a te d t h a n i m e d e d t h e mot i on s

”
,
p
of t h e b a rb a ri a n s wh o w ere fa mili a r w i t h a ll t h e t ra c k s a n d a t h s of t h e
,
p
sw a mp y w ild ern e ss, a n d a c c ust ome d eve ry d a
y t o w a d e t h roug h i t up t o
t hei r k n ees in w a t er M oreover t he G erma n s a re ex p ert sw i mmers
.
, ,

b e i n g in t h e c on st a n t h a bi t of b a thi n g i n t h e rivers?
T h e se q ue l of t hi s c a mp a i g n b ri n g s b a c k t o our rec oll e c t i on t h e c on duc t
of Armi n i us a n d I n g uiomar wh en opp ose d t o t h e sup eri or di sc i p li n e of
t h e a rmi e s of G erma n i c us T h e re t rea t of t h e G erma n s a t l en gt h c a me jrh ey t aie post
.

M a xi mi n foun d t h em p ost e d b ehi n d a w ide tra c t of ma rshy ;ioteé323fig l‘ h

‘ a
t o a n en d .

mm h es
a n d fl ood e d g roun d , w h ere t h e h e a v y arme d l e i on s c ould n ot a t t a c k
'

g
-

t h em w i t h out g re a t di ffi c ul t y a n d d a n g er a n d w h ere t h e i r ow n a c t i v i t y
,

a nd l oc a l k n ow l e d g e c omp en sa t e d t h e d e fec t s of t h e i r di sc i li n e a n d t h e
p
i n feri ori ty of t h e i r a rms M a xi mi n , w h o w a s a l w a y s fore most in t h e Max i min
.

ba t t l e , a n d gl ori e d i n di sp l a yi n g hi s h erc ul ea n st ren g t h a n d e x p osi n g h is 35 ,f tg fiigus g

:

p erson lik e t h e c ommon e st soldi er, p l un g ed h i s h orse i n t o t h e sw a mp ,

“ w ag e ,

a n d a dv a n c e d si n gly a g a i n st t h e en e my T h e soldi ers a t fi rst h esit a t e d

.

t o foll ow a n d for a t i me t h e e mp e ror foug ht un supp ort e d ; b ut sh a me a t

”
,

l e n g t h urg e d t h em forwa rd t o hi s a ssi st a n c e t h e sw a mp w a s c h oa k ed

suc h i s t h e hy erb oli c a l
w i t h b odi es ,
p p h ra se of t h e p a n eg y ri st , a n d t h e
ma rsh w a t ers w ere dy e d re d w i t h bl ood
-
M a x imi n sl ew ma n y of t h e
.

e n e my w i t h h i s ow n h a n d a n d t h e v i c t ory w a s so c omp l e te t h a t sc a rc ely a n d defeats

,
t h em W i t h
a b a rb a rl a u e sc a p e d t h e c a rn a g e T h 1 s b a t t l e a fford e d a fa 1 r oc c a s1 on great slaugh ter
0

.
,

for i n dul g i n g i n th a t b oastful h umour w hi c h h a d n ow b e c ome a p ra c t i c e

wi t h t h e R oma n p ri n ces, a n d ex p ec te d by t h eir Subj ec t s H e a n n oun ce d .

t hi sb a t t l e a n d h i s ow n a c hi evemen ts, n ot merely by i ssui n g t h e usua l

l ett ers t o t h e sen a te a n d p eop l e of R ome , b ut by c a usi n g l a rg e p i c tures of
t h em t o b e p a i n te d a n d p ut up i n fron t of t h e sen a t e h ouse , i n ord er t h a t
t h e c i t iz en s mi g h t th us b e ma d e , a s i t w e re , ey e w itn e sses of hi s d ee d s

”
-
.

T h eca mp a i g n , w hi c h b eg a n on t h e Rhi n e t ermi n a t ed a t S i rmi um i n l is

13

pgfizz
,
ai l

H erodi a n , P an agyr lib vu c 2 T he locali ty of t his an ci en t c a

pi t a
l of
1
. . . . ex ac t
1 88 H E I S P R O SC RI BED BY T HE SEN A T E .
[Book 1 .

mm marc h es P a n n on i a w h ere t h e l e i on s t ook u t h e i r w i n t er q ua rt e rs a n d M a xi mi n

t h ug h
g ,
p ,

l G m y e mp l oy e d hi msel f i n p re p a ri n g for t h e e n t i re subj u a t i on of G e rma n y

ro cen
t
ra er an , g
rom t h e D a n ub e t o t h e s h ore s o f t h e B a l t i c
d pl h
f “
an a ces is

A D 23 5
.

T h e ma rt l a l c h a ra c t er of t h e e mp eror h 1s T eut omc ex t ra c t i on 11 1 8

.
,

23 6
or .

, ,

a c q ua mt a n c e W i t h t h e l a n ua e of t h e G e rma n s a n d w 1 t h t h e mod e s a n d
t
g g
Pan non i a .
h a bi t s of b a rb a ri a n w a rfa re a n d p ossibly a l so t h e c on n e x i on s b e , , ,
H P “ t ih
'

formed d urmg h l s re t i re me n t a mon g h i s G ot h i c c oun t ry me n

e ro e 3 e
re n d ere d
15
c on qu t f es o ,
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t h e suc c ess of t h e p roj e c t i n h is h a n d s more rob a bl e t h a n i t h a d b een a t
"
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an rev i ous eri od B ut t h b a rb a ri c v i our o f M a x i mi n t h re a t e n e d t h e
y p p e
g .

Th R me oRoma n sen a t e w i t h a sy st em of mili t a ry c oerc i on e ven more ri g orous t h a n

an

t p
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d im hi m
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,
my
Publi
i g n ora n c e of t h e grow i n g d a n g er of t h e e mp i re for w hi c h a d esp ot i c mili
° e° e '

t a ry p ow er h a d by t hi s t i me b ec ome t h e on ly re me dy a n d li st e n i n g sol ely ,

t o t h e sugg est i on s of t h e i r ow n fea r v a n i t y a n d h a t red p roc l a i me d h i m , ,

p ubli c e n emy a n d i n ve st e d M a xi mus P up i e n us a n d C l a udi us Ba l

6 1
a ,

bi n n s w i t h t h e p urp l e .

H b d
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on s

ra g e W i t h h is a c c ust ome d c el e ri t y h e led h is l eg i on s st re n g t h e n e d by

.
,

a b ody o f G e rma n a uxili a ri e s t ow a rd s t h e fron t i er of I t a ly B u

gfigf gg
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t t he ,
.

I t ly emi ssa ri es o f t h e n ew e m erors M a xi mus a n d B a lb i n us h a d b een

p
a .

b efore h an d w i t h h im a n d p rev a il e d upon t h e i n h a bi t a n t s of t h e op en ,

c oun t ry t o re move a ll t h e i r rov i si on s a n d mov e a bl e p rop ert y i n t o t h e

p
w a ll e d t ow n s M a xi mi n foun d t h e c i t y of E mon a a fl ouri shi n g c ol on y
.
,

on t h e b ord e rs b e t w ee n P a n n on i a a n d N ori c um
17
d esert e d by t h e i n h a ,

b i A d h f i i n b e g a n t o b e fe l t i n t h e c a m
A it y f
sca c
r t a nts o e a r t o
p r
.ov s on s soo
p and ,

E fiig t h e severi t y w i t h w hi c h M a xi mi n re presse d t h e sy mp t oms of i n sub ord i

’
r v d an

hz fif

n a t i on w hi c h i t oc c a si on e d a li e n a t e d t h e mi n d s o f t h e soldi e ry w h o se em
iigifi fhi en
, ,

t o h a v e b ee n a t t a c h e d t o t h e i r l ea d er ra t h er by sen t 1 men t s of a d mi ra t i on
a n d fea r t h a n o f a ff e c t i on O n h l S a rr1 v a l b efore A q u1 le1 a h e foun d t h a t .

H b i g
e es e city
p
es re a re d for a n ob st i n a t e resi st a n c e
p T h e O era t i on s of a t t a c k a n d
p .

d efe n c e were c a rri ed on for some ti me w i t h d esp era t e resol ut i on on b ot h

A qu l i i e a.

P a n non ia is n ot ascert ai n ed I t i s, ho wever, . is upp osed t o ma rk t h e sit e o f t he Emon a or

s

kn ow n t o h ave been b uilt on a small river d e H emon a of Herod ia n a n d Z osimus See par .

scen d in
g fro m t he h ills on t he fron t ier b e t w een t icularly t he d ig ression of Z osimus respec t i n
g
A ust ria a n d Hun ga ry , n o t fa r from it s c on fl uen ce Emon a i n h is H ist lib v p 3 3 4 Ed O x on . . . . . . .

w i t h t h e Sa ve q m Le x
. n iv a d V e rb . . U . . 1 67 9 S ee also Ma sc ou b oo k v c 3 0
. T he , . . .

1‘
J ul Ca p i t in M a x vol i i c 1 3 p 3 6
. . . . . . . . . T a bula P eut i n g eria n a ( Ed M a n n ert i Se g m
-
.
.

Herod i a n ub i sup
, Ma sc ou b ook v c 29
.
-
. . . . iv B a n d Seg m vi A ) plac es Emon a a t a short
. . . . .

15
See ab o ve, p 1 84 T he t rue T e ut on ic
. . d ist a n ce from t h e river Sa v e on t h e d irec t road ,

orig in o f t h e G ot h s, t o w hic h
pe ople Ma x imin from S irmium t o A q uile ia in a p osit ion cor ,

be lon g ed , w ill a ppea r i n t he se q uel resp on d in g a s ex ac t ly a s co uld be e x p ec t ed fro m

J ul C ap i t in M a r v ol i i c 1 5 p 41 so i n a rt ifi c ial a c o m ila t io n w it h t h a t of L a
. . . . . . . . .
p y
’7 T h e mod e rn c it
y o f L a yb a ch , in C arn iola , b ac h, t he mod ern c a p it a l of C a rn iola .
C ha p . v. Sec . MAXI M U S AN D BAL BI N U S—G O R D I A N . 1 89

s ides ; b ut t h e c on t i n ue d sc a rc i t y by d eg rees sl a c k en e d t h e z e a l of t h e
b esi eg e rs w hil e t h e p roc l a ma t i on s of t h e sen a t e a g a i n st t h e t y ra n t w ere
,

ob ey e d w i t h a l a c ri t y by t h e i n h a bi t a n t s of t h e n e i g hb ouri n g di st ri c t s .

M a xi mi n be c a me a t l en g t h sen sibl e t h a t h e w a s i n t rut h t h e p ubli c e n emy

so d en oun c e d by t h e se n a t e T h e c on t a g i on of t h e un iversa l d e t est a t i on
.

s re a d sil e n t ly b ut i rresi st ibly a mon h i s w n so ldi e rs a n d t h e dis

p g o

a ffec t e d w a t c hi n g t he i r o ort un i t y fe ll up on t h e e mp eror a n d h i s son

, pp , ,

a y oun
g ma n o f s i n
g ul a r b ea u t y a n d p ro m i se a n d b ut l a t e ly w e d d ed t o a ,

l a dy of t h e i mp e ri a l h ouse of M Aurelius a n d murd e re d t h em i n t h e i r d i mu an s r

t en t s w i t h every ma rk of o ut ra g e a n d i n di g n i t y —t h e i r h e a d s were se n t
.
,

— t h mm
t o t h e sen a t e a s a p ea c e O ffe ri n g for t h e a rmy 8 i 1 e ers'
.

M a n y prec e di n g e mp e rors h a d ev i n c e d a stron g di sp ositi on t o fa vour

a n d c on fid e i n t h e G erma n a uxili a ri es i n t h e i r a rmi es Aft er t h e d ea t h .

of t h e t y ra n t s a n d t h e s ub mi ssi on of t h e i r t roop s t h e e mp e rors M a x i mus ,

a n d Ba lb i n us di smi sse d t h e l e i on a ri es t o t h e i r a o i n t e d st a t i on s a n d
g pp ,

c arri e d t h e a uxili a ry G erma n s w i t h t h e m t o R ome a s a c h e c k u on t h e

p
li c e n t i ous sp i ri t of t h e Praet ori a n b a n d s 1
T h e l a t t er p erc e i ve d t h e i r T h P t i .
9
e i ae or a n s

l
d a n ger a n d J a n iz a ry lik e st ruc k a t t h e li fe of t h e n ew e mp erorsf B ot h lfjdhztidhdf
l l
-
"0
,

p ri n c e s sun k b e n ea t h t h e d a gg ers of t h e P raet ori a n s b efore t h e y c ould

re c e i v e a ssi st a n c e from t h e G e rma n me rc e n a ri es w h o t he msel ves fe ll b th mp ,
o e erors

a sa c rifi c e t o t h e j ea l ous fu ry of t h e i m e ri a l u a rd
p g .

M An t on i n us G ordia n us w a s c hose n by t h e t roop s t o suc c ee d t h e mur G di u

. or a n s c.

d ere d e mp erors D uri n g t hi s re i g n t h e n a me of a n ew e n emy a pp e a rs

.

up on t h e n ort h e a st ern fron t i er of G a ul -

A p eop l e c a ll e d F ra n k s a ra c e t 244 . ,
o

d e st i n ed from t hi s mome n t t o oc c up y a l a rg e sp a c e i n t h e e y e of hi st ory ffiifi ff

f ar '

,
I k
h a d t a k e n oc c a si on t o i n va d e G a ul a n d t o i n fli c t up on i t sev erer i nj uri e s ' s'

t h a n a n y i t h a d hi t h ert o suffere d Luc i us D omi t i us Aure li a n us w h o .

,

a ft erwa rd s ob t a i n e d t h e
p urp l e w a s d e sp a t c h e d a g a i n st t h e m ,
.

I t h a s b ee n a l rea dy rema rk e d t h a t i n t h e re ig n of C a ra c a ll a t h e I I A l m i - e an n .

R oma n s h a d en c oun t e re d a n e w n a t i on or c ommun i t y of n a t i on s un d e r

”
, ,

t h e n a me of Al e ma n n i Ab out t h e p eri od n ow un de r c on sid era t i on

.
,

t h e se trib es a re foun d i n p osse ss i on of sout h w est e rn G e rma n y i n t h e -

,

reg i on b e t we e n t h e M a y n e t h e Rhi n e a n d t h e Al s a n d S re a di n g a l on g
p p , , ,

t h e l e ft b a n k of t h e D a n ub e t o t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e S a rma t i a n n a t i on s
1
.

T O t h e n ort h w ard O f t h e A lema n n i a n d Fra n k s a t hi rd ra c e i s di sc ern ibl e 11 1 S

'

. ax on s.

i n t h e mi st y h oriz on of c on t e mp ora ry hi st ory T h e S a x on s a n aut i c a l .

,

J ul Ca p i t in
. . M ax i mi n . vol 11. . cc . 23 , 24 . Sw ab ia , p erha p s al so t he w hole of Fran con ia , a
B a v aria n ort h of t h e D a n ub e, a n d even
PP 5 5, 56
.
p art o f
H erod i a n , lib viii c 6 . . . . Bohemia a nd T hurin g ia , ( p pe r Sax on y ) Her U .

I
b id lib viii c 8 . . . . . mun d uri, Marcoma n n i, a n d Q uad i, a ppear t o
9‘
n clu I
d in g t he w h ole O f t he mod ern circle of have melt ed i nt o t his n e w d enomin a t ion .

V OL . I . 2 B
19 0 N EW C O N FED ERAC I ES .
[Book I .

t rib e , w h ose or i g i n a l se a t w a s c on fi n ed t o a fe w i sl a n d s a n d sw a mp s a t
t h e mout h o f t h e Elb e a re foun d t o h a ve ex t e n d e d t h e i r ossessi on s
, p
a l on
g t h e b a n k s of t h a t ri ve r a n d t h e n c e w est w a rd t o t h e W eser a n d
, ,

n ort h w a rd t o t h e C i mb ri c C h e rson e sus .

I V G oths
. .
But a more formid a bl e foe t o t h e e n fe ebl e d e mp i re t h a n e i t h er of t h e
p rec e di n g h a d b e en for severa l a g es p a st g a t h eri n g st re n g t h a n d solidi t y
t o t h e n ort h w a rd O f t h e I lly ri c a n a n d D a c i a n p rov i n c es Th ese en emi es .

n ow b ec a me k n ow n by t h e n a me of G o t hi or G ot t h i a n d c on si st e d c hi efly ,

of t rib es of G e rma n i c ori i n sw ell e d by t h e a c c e ssi on of ma n y S a rma t i a n

g
or S c la v o n i c h ord e s W i t h out a n y sa t i sfa c t ory i n forma t i on a s t o t h e
.

ori g i n a n d
g row t h of t hi s v a st p ow er w e fi n d t h e G ot h s a t on c e t h e ,

ma st ers of t h e v a st reg i on s ex t en di n g from t h e O d er a n d t h e V i st ul a ,

a l on
g t h e n ort h e a st ern li mi t s of t h e e mp i re t o t h e c oa st s of t h e E uxi n e
-

a n d t h e n c e t o t h e D on or T a n a i s w hi c h t h e n a s n ow forme d t h e
, , ,

b oun d a ry b e t w een E urop e a n d As i a .

Th e se n a t i on s or c on fe d era c i es of n a t i on s t o w hi c h ever d esc ri p t i on t h e y

, ,

ma y up on i n v est ig a t i on t urn out t o b e l on g st ron gly soli c i t our a t t en t i on ,

a n d e x c i t e our c uri osi t y W e a re a n xi ous t o a sc ert a i n a n d ex a mi n e even

.

t h e mi n ut est p a rt i c ul a rs w hi c h mi g h t t en d t o e l uc id a t e t h e ri se a n d p ro

g ress of t h ose mi g h t y sw arms w hi c h w ere d est i n e d t o sw ee p a w a y t h e

a n c i e n t c i v iliz a t i on of t h e w orld a n d t o l a n t t h e g erms of a n e w soc i a l
p ,

sy st e m a mid t h e c orru t i on of t h e old B u t a s in u rsui n t h e ori i n of

p p g .
g ,

t h e a n c i e n t c ul t ure t o i t s sourc e w e a re d ri v e n i n t o t h e mi st y reg i on s of

,

my t hi c t ra di t i on S O h ere w e fi n d our i n qui ri es re p li e d t o by fa bl es our

, ,

v i ew b oun d e d by i n c re dibl e fi c t i on s a n d our h o e s frus t ra t e d by i n c on

p ,

si st en t st a t emen t s . W e must t h e re fore i n t hi s a s i n t h e former c a se b e , ,

c on t e n t e d ra t h er t o di st i n ui sh t h e
g p rob a bl e from t h e i mp rob a bl e t h a n
t o sep a ra t e t h e t rue from t h e fa l se —ra t h er t o sel ec t a n d re c on c il e t h a n
,

to p rove or to a sse rt .

S EC T I O N III .

ks — —I II —I
”
I F . ra n II . Alema n n i . Sa x ons V . G oths .

W E a re i n d eb t ed t o bi sh op G reg ory of Tours for t h e e a rli est tra di t i on

rel a t i v e t o t h e ori i n o f t h e F ra n k s
g M an y
p erson s h e sa y s
. a fl i rm , ,

t h a t t h e F ra n k s c a me ori g i n a lly out of P a n n on i a a n d t h a t t h ey a t fi rst ,

se t t l e d u on t h e b a n k s of t h e Rhi n e a ft er w hi c h t h e y a sse d t h a t ri ver

p p ,

a n d h a vi n
g t ra v erse d t h e t erri t ory of t h e T un g ri t h e y c rea t e d l on g h a i re d
-

,
C ha p . v. Sec . OR G I IN O F T HE F RA N KS .
19 1

ki n g s c h osen from t h e fi rst a n d n obl est fa mily a mon g t h em t o rul e

, ,

t h em by di vi si on s of c an t on s or st a t e s But t hi s fa bl e se ems t o .

h ave b ee n un k n ow n t o S t Je rome wh o i n h is L i fe of S t Hil ari on .

, ,
.
,

w ri t t e n i n t h e fourt h c en t ury p l a c es t h e m i n a p os i t i on b e t w een t h e

S a x on s a n d t h e Al e m
,

a n n i a n d d esc rib es t h em a s a
p eop l e n ot so muc h ,

di st i n g ui sh e d by t h e ex t en t of t h e i r p ossessi on s a s by t h e i r st ren g t h a n d
c a p a c i t y —t h e old er hi s t ori a n s h e a dd s c a ll e d t h e c oun t ry G erma n i a ; , ,

i n h i s own a g e i t w a s n a me d F ra n c i a ?
T h e P a n n on i a n ori g i n of t h e Fra n k s re st i n g sol e ly up on t h e v a gue T h i
'

f e or o

t ra di t i on of G reg ory c urren t t ow a rd s t h e en d of t h e S ix t h c e n t ury w e 3 23353 m

t no

, , ,
i mm
re c i se a n d d e t ermi n a t e p osi t i on a ssi g n e d
ig ti
re c ur w i t h sa t i sfa c t i on t o t h e
ra on or
p qu t c on es

t o t h em by S t J erome i n t h e fourt h B ot h t h e R oma n a n d t h e G ree k

.

. .

hi st ori a n s c on c ur w i t h his st a t emen t a n d p l a c e t h e ori g i n a l set t l e me n t s of ,

t h e Fra n ki s h n a t i on s i n t h e reg i on b et we en t h e S ax on s on t h e n ort h a n d

t h e Al ema n n i on t h e sout h
3
Ac c ordi n g t o t h e T a bula P eut ing eria n a —i f .
,

t h a t S i n gul ar d oc ume n t b e i n d ee d en t i t l e d t o t h e a ut h ori t y c l a i me d for i t ,

t h e F ra n k s a re mark e d a s se t t l e d on t h e Rhi n e a n d w ere a t t h e p eri o d , ,

w h en t h a t v ery a n c i e n t c h a rt w a s c omp il e d c l ea rly id e n t ifi e d w i t h t h e ,

w e ll kn ow n t rib es O f t h e C h a uc i A msi va rii C h e rusc i a n d C h a ma vi

4
-
.
, , ,

T h e c h a rt i t se l f i s i n d e e d li t t l e mo re t h a n a c l umsy t ra n sc ri p t of a n old
Roma n i t i n era ry w hi c h i n t h e sh a p e of a n el on g a te d roll ma rk ed t h e ,
.
,

di rec t i on of t h e p ri n c i p a l mili t a ry roa ds O f t h e R oma n e mp i re t h e d a ys ,

’

ma rc h e s a n d t h e st a t i on s of t h e l eg i on s But t h e a rgumen t s by w hi c h
, .

t h e or i g i n a l of t h e c op y w e p ossess i s t ra c e d t o t h e fi rs t h a l f of t h e t hi rd
c en t ury i m a rt t h e hi h est d e ree O f a ut h ori t y t o t h e d oc umen t an d
p g g ,

re n d er i t c on d uc i ve t o t h e d e t e rmi n a t i on b ot h of t h e g eogra p hi c a l
p osi t i on a n d of t h e ori g i n of t h a t re ma rk a bl e p eop l e
5
.

Aft er n ot i c in g t h e four n a t i on s j ust e n umera t e d a s p a rt a k ers of t h e B ut i

Ch m i
r c er

a av ,
,

Gr eg Turon H ist Fra n c lib ii 0 9 D b e mi splaced i n a n ot e Aft er n ot ic in g t he

’
. . . . . . . . . n ot .

Bouquet , vol ii p 1 6 6 . . . . Orbi s P i ctus, w h ic h A ug ust us c on st ruc ted b y t he

9
Hiero ny m in V it a D Hil arion , a p Sch a ten ,
. . . assist a n c e of G re e k a n d R oma n su rv e ors , a n d
y
( Hist West ph p
. s ea ki n
p g of t he y out h
. . w hich w a s b roug h t t o p erfe ct ion b y t hese p e rson s
C an di d us W h om St Hil a rion h a d di sp ossessed . a ft er a j oin t lab our of upw ard s o f t hi rt y y ears,

of a d evil . he proc eed s t o Sh ow t h a t n ei t h er C on st an t in e

See t h eir a ccoun t s c omp ared in Cluver , t h e G rea t n or a n y e mp eror of t h e fourt h c en
‘

3
.

G erm A n t l ib i ii c 20 p 58 6 :
. . . . . . . t ury could h a v e b een t h e a uth or of t h a t origi n a l
T a bula P eut i n g eri a n a Ed M an n ert i S eg m O rb is Pi ctus from w hich t he T ab P en t in g w as
—
. . . . .

i A
. . T he p osit ion is marked t hus z Ch a n ci cop ied T he fi rst arg umen t i s, t h a t t h e ex ist
.

Amsivarii , C herusci , C h a mavi , q ui et F ran ci , i n g d o cum en t d oes n ot n ot i ce t h e n ew di vi si on s

b ut t he let t ers are miserably di st ort ed an d in t er of G au l i n t rod uced b y C on st a n t ine , b ut re ta i n s

min g led . t he O ld d ivi si on s in t o Belg ica, L ug d un en sis an d
5
A Sh ort ab stra ct of t h e arg umen t s b y w hic h A q uit an i ca T h e seco n d t h a t it p la ces t h e Fran ks
. ,

Man n ert e st ab lish es t h e a n t iqui t y h e clai ms for on t h e ri h t b a n k O f t h e R h in e , w h ereas, i n t h e

'

g
t he orig in al of t h e T ab ul a P eut in g e rian a may . a e of C on st a n t in e, t h e h a d alrea d y overst e pe d
g y p
2 B 2
 192 F RA N KS .
[Book I .

A ms
i
var i ,
i me w e n ex t fi n d a di st ri c t rud ely ma rk e d F ra n c i a ; a n d
F ra n ki sh na ,

i n t h e foll ow i n g se g me n t formi n g a c on t i n ua t i on of t h e old roll t h e 6

m
, ,

gg w d Burc t eri (B ruc t e ri ) a re ma rk e d

n
But w e l e a rn f om G eg o y of Tours
r r r ’ .
,

m mb e f t h w h o q uo t e s a n a ut h o r n a med S ul i t i us Al ex a n d er t h a t a t t h e c l ose of
ers o e
F ki h p ,

t h e fourt h c e n t ury n ot on ly t h e B ruc t eri b ut a l so t h e C h a ma v i A msiva ri i

ra n s asso

t
e la i on .
, , ,

a n d eve n t h e C h a t t i w e re i n c l ud e d i n t h e li s t of t h e F ra n ki sh n a t i on s
, .

The F ra n c i a t h ere fore o f t h e T a b ul a ma y w i t h out a n y seri ous obj ec

, , ,

t i on b e p resume d t o h a v e e x t e n d e d ove r t h e re g i on s b e t w ee n t h e Rhi n e

,

a n d t h e Elb e a d i st ri c t a g ree i n g p rec i sely w i t h t h e p osi t i on a ssi g n e d t o

,

t h e F ra n k s by S t J erome a t t h e sa me p oi n t o f t i me
8
. .

T h e n a me o f F ra n k s b e i n g a ssi g n e d by n e 1 h e r of t h ese w ri t ers t o a n y

i;
T
“
a t
f d ft on e i n a rt i c ul a r a mon t h e e n ume ra t e d t ri b e s l e a d s t o t h e 1 n fe re n c e
con e e a e
p g ,
d w mmmw
t h a t i t w a s n ot i n fa c t a t rib e n a me b ut a c on fe d era t e d esi g n a t i on
e ‘
’ -

, , , .

i lud
nc th es G reg ory of Tours hi mse l f a d op t s t hi s v i e w ; C l a udi a n p oe t i c a lly c oup l e s
e
9

t h e S a li i a w e ll k n o w n di v i si on o f t h e F ra n ki sh c ommun i t y w i t h t h e
,
-

c a mb ri a n a me id e n t ifi e d i n hi st ory w i t h t h e U si e t es a n d T e uc h t e ri
‘l d
r jg
,
gfg i S i an
,
p
o f J uli us C aesa r
1 0
a n d a c k n owl ed e d a s a
g p rop er a n d i n t elli g ibl e d e si g n a
,

t ha t limit , d w ere est ablished in t h e Ba t av ia n

an D an ub e i n t he reig n of Alex a n der n ot more
i slan d ; ye t t he Ba t a vi st ill a p p ea r o n t h e fa ce t h a n t w elve or fi ft een years ela p sed T he i h .

of t he c h art i n t h eir old

p o sit ion Th i rd ly b y .
, fere n ce is t h a t t he T ab ula w a s comp iled d uring
,

c o mp a ri n
g t h e T ab ula w i t h t he la t er re vi sion s o f t h is in t erva l .

t he Iti y of A n t on in e , i t i s a p p aren t t h a t it
n e ra r But as t he co pyist t o w hom w e are in d eb t ed
must h a ve b ee n comp iled prior t o t h e reig n fo r t he e x t a n t d oc umen t w a s a mo n k of t he
e i t h e r of D iocle t ia n or of G a leriu s, or eve n t o t h irt ee n t h c en t ury , ma ny erro rs in t he ort hog ra
t h a t o f A urelia n F o ur th ly , seve ra l C i rcum
.
p hy o f t h e c h a rt a n d some Ob vious in t erp ola ,

s t a n c es w o uld se e m t o co n c u r in fa vour of t he t io n s a re p erc e p t ib le O n t he se g roun d s L ud en .

re i n O f S e t imius S e verus
g p fi rst , i t n o t ice s ( \ Ol ii p . .
pro fesses t o pla c e lit tle relia n ce
F ra n s a n d A le ma n n i, w ho , a ccord i n
k g t o V0 up on it My t i me h as n ot p ermit t ed me t o e x
.

p is c us, ( in A urel c 7 . a pp eared set t le d o n t h e

. a mi n e i t w i t h suffi c i en t a t t en t io n t o a sce rt a i n how

R hin e a n d D a n ub e in t h e reig n O f C a ra c a lla ; t h e a d mission o f t h e a ut he n t ic it y O f suc h a d oc u

sec on d l , i t ma es n o me n t ion o f t he G ot h s, w h o
k men t mig h t a ffec t M L ud en s v ery p eculia r '

y .

fi rst b e a n t o i n fest t h e D a n u
g b ia n p rovin c es a t v iew s ; it is sufl i c ie n t t o O b serve t h a t he a d mit s
a so me w h a t la t er t he n o t h a v in g p erused M M a n n e rt s luc id an d
’

p eriod : so n e it her Sp a r ti a n , .

n o r H e rod i a n ma e a n y me n t io n o f t he G o t h s
k i n g e n ious d issert a t ion p re x ed t o h is ed i t ion o f fi
i n t he ir L ives o f Se ve rus, a c e rt a in in d ic a t io n -
t h e T a b ula p ub lish ed a t L e i psig in 1 8 2 4, from
t ha t t h a t p eople h a d n o t , up t o t he p erio d in w h ic h l h l S n ot e has b ee n d ra w n up .

q ue s t io n , p e n e t ra t ed t o t he b a n s o f t h e D a n ub e k . Se g m ii A . . .

So me o t her c irc umst a n ce s, how e ver, n ot iced 7 Hist ra n lib

. F . 11 . c . 9 . D Bouq uet , lib
. . 11 .

b y Ma n n ert i n his O p in io n t urn t he sc a le

,
p .

i n favour O f t he re ig n o f Ale x a n d er Severus, T h is p roposit io n , i t is ad mit t ed , d e pe n d s

9

t h o ug h t h e ab sen ce o f a ll n ot ic e O f t he G o t h s, upon t he g eo g ra ph ica l p osit io n of t h e Sa x o n s

w ho i n t h a t re ig n w ere a ct ua lly se t tled up on a n d A lema n n i b ut in t hose p a rt iculars, t h in k , I
t h e D a n ub e , see ms t o w e a e n t h e ar gume n t k . t h e re w ill be foun d lit t le d iffi cult y S ee t he .

But w e fi n d t ha t it d oes men t ion t he A le seq u el O f t h is sec t ion .

ma n n i w h o rst b ec a me n ow n in t he re ig n o f
, fi k 9
D Bo uq ub i sup
. . .

C a rac alla A D 2 1 1 , or a t t he e a rlie st d urin g

. . .
1°
C h m G erm A n t lib iii c 2 0 p 5 8 4, q uot es
. . . . . . . .

t he la t t er ye a rs o f Sep S e x erus, b e t w ee n w h ic h
. Cla ud i a n i n P rim C on sul S t ilic hon is , hb i . . . .

p e rio d a n d t he a p peara n ce o f t he G o t h s on t h e v . 22 2 .
C hap . v. Sec . F RAN KI SH A SSOC AT O I I N .
193

t i on ofF ra n k s a s l a t e a s t h e re i gn of C hl od w i g a t t h e c on c l usi on of
th e ,
“

Thus a n ot h e r n umerous a n d i mp ort a n t t rib e w i t h

'
'

t h e fi ft h c e n t ury
12
. ,

w hi c h w e a re a l rea dy fa mili a r t h roug h t h e c l a ssi c a l hi st ori a n s O f R ome ,

i s a dd e d t o t h e li st of n a t i on s w h o from t hi s p eri od a re d esi g n a t e d i n a , ,

ma ss by t h e a d op t e d n a me O f Fr a n /cs .

W e a re le d i n t h e n ex t p l a c e t o i n q uire i n t o t h e n a t ure of t h e N tu i th
, ,
a re o
'
e

e c uli a r c on n exi on w h ereby t h e se v a ri o us se p t s b e c a me w e ld e d t og e t h er

p
i
i n t o on e p owerful b ody a c t i n g i n on e di rec t i on a n d ob eyi n g on e a n d giggzfjm
, , r e

t h e sa me i mp ul se Thi s p h en ome n on h a s b e en a c c oun t e d for by ga

.

g
13 8 88 °

su os i n g t h a t a ll t h e t rib e s w hi c h n ow st a n d up on our li st a s memb ers

pp
of t h e F ra n ki sh c ommun i t y —C h a uc i A msiv a rii C h erusc i C h a ma vi
B ruc t e ri S a lii S i c a mb ri a n d C h a t t i —
, , , , ,

, , w e re e n roll e d un d er t h e b a n n ers
, , _

of o n e d o mi n a n t t rib e c a ll e d F ra n k s w hi c h g ra d ua lly i mp a rt e d i t s ow n ,

n a me t o t h e b un dl e O f n a t i on s over w hi c h i t rul e d or But t h e

p re sid e d .

on ly hi st ori c a l su ort for t hi s hy oth esi s i s fo un d i n t h e va g ue t ra di t i on N d mi t

pp p o o nan

of G re g ory of T ours w h i c h d eri v es t h e F ra n k s from P a n n on i a O n t he 14

m
.

o t h er S id e i t ma c t i on i f
bi
e urg e d w i t h p rop ri e t y h a t t h e fi rst i n t rod u
ne s

gg
‘
b
‘

y t a t ,

O f t h e F ra n k s i n t o hi st ory se ve ra l a n c i e n t a n d w ell k n o wn t rib es a l re a dy

b ore t h a t n a me —t h a t t h ese sep t s did n ot l ose t h e i r p ec uli a r t rib e n a mes

-

t ill so me c e n t uri e s a ft erwa rd s a n d a re i n t h e i n t e ri m seve ra lly k n ow n ,

a n d d e sc rib e d i n div idua lly by t h ose n a mes a n d c oll ec t i vely by t h a t of

F ra n ks —t h a t w e fi n d n o sep a ra t e me n t i on of a d omi n a n t t rib e of Fra n k s
, ,

a mon g t h e m —
,

t h a t w e h e a r o f n o c ommon rul er n o c e n t ra l g overn me n t

, , ,

no ri n c i l e of c oh e s i on ex c e t t h a t of c on quest or d e fe n c e of i n t erest T h u i
p p p
e n on
,

or a mbi t i on c e me n t e d a n d fort ifi e d i n t hi s i n st a n c e by se n t i me n t s of
,

“ ip l f th c es o e
h eredi t a ry h a t re d a n d t ra di t i on a l reven g e T ut .
e on i c a s

soci a t i on s

—
.

G reg Turon lib ii c 3 1 D Bouquet , ‘5

Se e c h a p 11 sec 2 p 89 ; an d c ha p iii

”
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

vol ii p 1 7 7 T h e p assa e a llud ed t o i s t he g p 9 8 I t is rema rk ab le t h at t he writ ers of t he p e

w ell—now n a dd re ss o f St Re migius t o Chl odw i g
. . . . . .

k . riod n ow u n d er con sid era t ion d o n ot eve n tre a t t h e

a t h is b a pt ism M iti s d ep on e colla S i ca mber : F ra n ks a s a n ew c omb in a t ion of n a t io ns T h ey .

a d ora q
uod in cen d ist i : i n cen d e uod a d orast i q . d o n ot men t i on a sylla ble ab out foreig n c on
19
C hlo d wi g w as b a p t iz e d in t he y ea r 49 6 . quest or i mmig ra t ion , b ut , on t he con t rary, sp ea k
By M ascou i n p a rt icula r, b oo v c 3 1 k . . . of t hem a lw a s a s t h e id e n t i ca l
y pe o ple w ho had
14
S ee p 1 9 0 T hose w ho a re curious ab out t og et h er ma in t ai ned t h e st rug g le for i n d e en
. .

p
t h e fab les wi t h wh ich t h e writ ers o f t h e middle den ce ag a in st R ome fo r man y a g es p a st It .

a es h a ve a d orn ed t he orig in of t h e
g ra n s, F k ma y b e n ot ic ed here, t hat A mm M a rcelli n us .

ma y fi n d t h em all en umerat ed an d refut ed w i t h

,

a dd s a n o t her n a me t o t h e li st O f F ra n kish n a

a su e rfl uit y of arg umen t b y t h e lea rn ed

p esuit J t ion s, It hen o ex in d e tr a n smisso re ione m
g
S ch ut en , in his Hi St West ph lib iii p p 9 8, 9 9 . . . . . . su b it o ( J uli a n us) i n vas i t F ra n c orum, q uos A t
We are surprised t o fi n d t he n a mes of Abb ot tua ri os v ocan t , &c L ib x x 0 1 1 p 27 7 ; . . . . .

T rit h emius ( on e of t he most learn ed men of t he S id on i us A p ollma r i s, ( C a rm vi i P a n e r A vit

gy . . . .

fourt een t h c en t ury ) a n d [En ea s Sylvi us ( aft er A ug v 3 2 4 a nd c arm x iii p

. . , as w ell a s . . .

w ard s P op e P ius ) a mon g t he a d vocat es for

II . Cla u d i a n , ( D e Q uart C o n Hono r v 444, e t seq . . . . .

F k a n d D e P ri m C on s S t ilic h lib i v 2 1 9 , et se
'
t h e fi oj a n d escen t c f t h e ra n s, a n d t h ei r fa .
q)
. r . . . .

b lous mig ra t ion s from t h e P al us M mot is t o t he

u use p oet ica lly t he a nc i en t n a me s for t he n ew
Rh in e , un d er A n te ri or a n d M arcomirus . c on fed era cy wi t h out fe ar of b ei n
g misun d erst ood .
194 L I MI T S OF A N CI EN T F RAN C E .
[Boo k I .

”
Deri vat ion of The er va t on o d i i f
t h e n a e a op t e m d
t h e g rea t d by
ra n F ki sh un i on h a s
t h e n a me from
t h e T euton ic g ve n r se t o i c i mu h u i u
c r o s S p ec a t on
16
T h e ul i
old T eut on i c w ord .

F ran k m m b i u y mol og y T h e
"
word
or free
r a n , or fF k
ree , see s t o s g gest t h e o u
st o v o s e t .

n a t i on s w hi c h c o m ose d t h e l e a g u e h a d a l w a y s b e en t h e foremost i n t h e
p

”
st ruggl e for i n d e e n d e n c e t h e most w a rlik e a n d t h e most formid a bl e n e i h
p ,
g
bours t o R ome Th a t t h e G erma n i c t rib e s g l ori e d i n a pp ell a t i on s c on ve y
.

i n g a g e n era l c l a i m t o t h e v i rt ue s up on w hi c h t h ey most p rid e d t h emse l ve s ,

i s p rov e d by t h e fa bl e d d esc e n t from t h e G od T ui st o a n d h is son M a n n us ,

a d o t e d i n t h e ea rli e st a n d most g en e ra l d e n omi n a t i on of t h e i r ra c e as

p ,

w ell a s i n t h a t o f W ehrma n n en or w a rri ors by w hi c h t h e y b ec a me b est , ,

k n own t o t h e i r n e i g hb ours T h e n a me of Al ema n n i b e sp ea k s a si mil ar

.

fe eli n g ; a n d t h a t of F ra n k s a ssume d by t h e i n h a bi t a n t s of n ort h w est ern

,
-

G erma n y i s i n s t ri c t c orresp on d e n c e w i t h t h e sa me S p ec i e s of n a t i on a l
,

p rep osse ssi on O t h e r d eri va t i on s of a fa r l ess p rob a bl e c h a ra c t e r h a ve

.

b ee n sugg est e d a n d ma i n t a i n e d w i t h e qua l p ert i n a c i t y ; t h a t e t y mol og y

h a s b ee n p re ferre d i n t hi s p l a c e w hi c h n ot on ly h a s a n i n t e lli g ibl e root

”
i n a ll mod e rn l a n g ua g e s of T e ut on i c ori g i n b ut i s c oun t en a n c e d by a ,

w ell kn ow n fea t ure i n t h e c h a ra c t er O f t h e n a t i on i t se l f

-
.

L imit s of a n C on si st en t ly w i t h t h e v i e w w e h a ve t a k en of t h e ma t eri a l s of w hi c h
t h e g re a t F ra n ki sh un i on w a s c omp ose d w e c omp ri se w i t hi n t h e li mi t s ,

of a n c i e n t F r a n c e ma n y n a t i on s k n ow n by n a me s o f old c e l eb ri t y t h e
393 51332
1
,
1

“ th C h a uc i B r u c t e ri C h e rusc i a n d C h a t t i ; i n fa c t w h a t e ver t rib es we re

hi ll?
e
, , , ,

foun d d welli n g t o t h e e a st w a rd of t h e L ow er Rhi n e from t h e sh ores of

t h a t st re a m t o t h e w a t e rs of t h e Elb e a n d t h e S a a l e ; a n d on t h e n ort h
w a rd sh ut i n by t h e G e rma n O c e a n : t o t h e sout h w a rd a g a i n t h e ri v er
M a y n e di v i d e d t h e F ra n k s from t h e g re a t c ommun i t y of n a t i on s kn own
‘8

by t h e n a me O f Al e ma n n i t o w hi c h w e S h a ll n ex t a dv ert, .

A lema n n i . II S p a rt i a n i n h is L i fe o f C a ra c a ll a me n t i on s a v i c t ory g a i n e d
.
, ,

m‘
flffix fi fi by t h a t p ri n c e over t h e Al ema n n i on t h e c on fi n e s O f Rh aet i a
0

19
r
o,
Aureli us .

mm “mm i n V i c t or re moves t h e sc e n e t o t h e b a n k s of t h e M a y n e a n d h e a dd s t h a t ,
t he reig n of
C arac a lla .
t h e Al ema n m w ere a n umerous a n d w a rh k e p eop l e a n d w on d e rfully ,
Betwee n
A . an e x e rt 1 n e que st ri a n w a rfa re
p
2
D 1 0 C a SS1 us a ffi rms t h a t C a ra c a ll a t ook up
.
0

and 2 1 7 .

S cha t en ( Hist West ph lib iii p

. . en u
. . . G erm A n t lib i ii c 2 0 p
. . a n d i n L a d en ,
. . . . .

mera t es Bruc t eri Sica mb ri U sip e t es T en ch t eri

, , , , vol ii n ot e 3 6 p 47 7 , 47 8
. . . . .

C ha ma vi A n g ri va ri i D ulg ib in i A n sivarii M arsi

, , . , , T uist on e s .

C h a t t i, C herusci, a n d a ll t he t rib e s d w ellin g b e Otuv l ib iii c 2 0 p 5 85

. .T he Sa le for
. . . . .

t w ee n t h e L o wer Rh i n e, t he Weser, a n d t h e merly separa t ed t h e C ha t t i fromt he He rmun d uri .

Elb e, a n d a lon g t he coast s o f t he ort h Sea N See a lso Sch a tcrz , Hist West p h lib i ii p 9 8
—
, . . . . .
,

comp risi n F ' '

g t he risi , C h a n c i a n d l ub a n t es
i , 101 1 03 .

A ll t hese n a t ion s," h e sa ys, e n t e red i n t o a

‘9
Sp a rt i a n in Ca ra ca ll vol i c c 5 and 1 0 . . . . .

co n fe d era c
y o f w ar ra t her t o b rea t hroug h t h a n k pp 7 1 3 a n d 7 3 1
. .

t o d efe n d t he fro n t ier o f t h e R h in e .

9°
A ur Vi c t or D e C aesa r in Ca ra ca ll p 3 29
. . . . .

T he p a rt ic ula rs ma y b e p erused i n Cla ver s F ro m t his succ ess t he e mp ero r a ssumed t he

'

surn a mes o f G erma n ic us a n d A le ma n n ic u s .

C ha p . v. Sec . AL EMA NNI .
195

h is res iden c e i Al ema n n i c t rib es i n a lli a n c e wi t h

in t h e coun r t y of c ert a n

Rome a n d t h a t w h erever h e foun d a sui t a bl e S p ot b e erec t e d a c a st l e

, , ,

a n d n a me d i t a ft er hi mse l f T h e n a t ives t h oug h di sgust e d by h is . ,

v a n i t y a n d p re t e n si on s did n ot t a k e O ffe n c e a t t h ese p roc eedi n g s ; some

,

w ere w h olly a t a l oss t o c omp re h e n d t h e i r mea n i n g ot h ers t h oug h t h i m ,

in j e st T h e h a l f i n sa n e t y ra n t a ffec t e d t o d e sp i se t h e i r w a n t of sp i ri t i n
.

n ot rese n t i n g t h ese vex a t i on s U n d er p re t e n c e of a summon s t o t h e .

fi eld h e c oll ec te d t h e i r y out h t og e t h er a n d surroun di n g t h em w i t h h is

, ,

soldi e rs g a v e t h e S i g n a l for t h e sl a ug h t er by ra i si n g his S hi e ld a n d Sl e w

, ,

most of t h em ma ki n g t h e rest c a p t ive s

,
1
.
2

A st ory so va gue a n d ex t ra v a g a n t w ould h a ve d eserve d li t t l e a t t e n E li t l a r es o

Suc h a s i t i s h ow ever i t must gati g j zm

h
t i on i n a n y o t h er p l a c e t h a n t hi s .
, , n n

”
m
,

m “
serve a s t h e fi rst i n t rod uc t i on t o our n ot i c e of a p eop l e w h o for sev era l
9
1 ,

”
sub se q uen t a g e s furn i sh e d emp l oyme n t for t h e a rms of R ome a n d c on
, ,

t ribut e d t o sw e ll t h e t orre n t of a ssa il a n t s by w h om Sh e w a s a t l e n g t h

ove rwh el me d T h e Al e ma n n i a pp ea r t o h a v e oc c up i e d t h e sea t s v a c a t e d Th y
. up e a re s

by t h e M a rc oma n n i a ft er t h e i r ret rea t i n t o B oh emi a un d er M a rb od upi d th p d h se ave

7 occ e e
ttl m ‘
a b out t w o c e n t uri es b e fore t h e re i n of C a ra c a ll a
g B u t w e a re l e ft w h olly
li qui h d
.
se
re n
e en s
s e

i n t h e d ark a s t o t h e ti me a n d c i rc umst a n c es a t t e n d i n g t h e i r i mmi g ra t i on b y t h M 8 00

m i 5
e
,

if i n d e e d (i n t h e a b sen c e of a ll di rec t ev id e n c e) suc h a n even t ma y b e M h d

an n er
et o .

a d mi t t e d on t h e score of i t s en era l c on si st en c y w i t h t h e mi g ra t ory h a bi t s

g

”
of t h e T e ut on i c ra c es N ot w i t h st a n di n g t h e effort s of t h ose c ri t i c s
22
.
,

w h o c li n g i n g t o t h e t est i mon y of T a c i t us i n re fere n c e t o a n a g e t o w hi c h

,

t h at t e st i mon y i s n o l on g e r a p p li c a bl e ma i n t a i n t h e G a lli c or a t a ll , , ,

e ven t s t h e mi n l e d d esc e n t of t h e Al e ma n n i t h ere se ems li t t l e re a son t o T h y

g b e

m
, , are e

b eli eve t h a t t h e y were a ny ot h er t h a n G erma n s V 0 p i sc us i n d ee d t i b f pu d b e e “

ex p ressly i n forms u
.
, a r e o re

s t h a t t h ey were k n ow n by t h e n a me of G erma n S
T uf m d
’

e ° ° e
t scen

b efore t h a t of Al ema n n i c a me i n t o use a n d A mmi a n us M a rc e lli n us

.

3 2
,

c a ll s t h e m i n di fferen t ly by b ot h n a mes
; so t h a t i f t h e y w e re n ot o f
‘

T eut on i c d esc e n t t h e c on t emp ora ry hi st ori a n s b e li eve d t h e m t o b e so

, ,

a n d t h e c re di t of t h e di sc ov e ry of a di fferen t o ri g i n i s ex c l usi v e ly d ue
“

t o t h e i n g e n ui t y or p resump t i on of mod ern c ri t i c i sm 24

.

B ot h t h e Roma n a n d t h e G re e k hi st ori a n s men t ion t h e n a me of Th m e na e

Al m
Al e ma n n i a s a c on fe d e rat e a n d n ot a n a t i on a l a pp e ll a t i on A mon g t h e a f d t i
.
25 e

c on e era e,
ann ,

D io
fl
Cassi us, vol. lib lx 13 re trea t of Marb od —T G erm 29

”
11 . . x vn . c. . . ac . . c . .

p 1 299
. . Vop i sc i n Pr oculo,
23
. vol ii 0
. 1 3 p 7 61
. . . . .

Gla ser ( lib i ii c 4 p 5 1 6 ,

2’
. . a muses
. . . Alaman n os q ui t un c a d huc G erma n i dice
h imself a n d con foun d s his read ers wi t h a mass b a n t ur, & c .

of eru d it e reason in g , t o p rove t hat t he A leman n i See up on t his subj ec t I /ud en vol 1 1 p 64
—
94 .
, . . .

w ere t h e d escen d an t s of t h ose mi x ed hord es w h o See also cha p ii p 7 4 of t his hi st ory. . . . .

ma t es, ( p P art icularly Ag a t hi a s, Hist ori ar

’

occupie d t he A g ri D ec u or d e lib i
v 95 . . .
.

p en d en t d ist ric t s of t he Romans b e tween t he p 18

. .

M ayn e, t h e Rhin e , an d t h e D a n ub e after t he ,

 ”
l g6 A L EMA NNI C UNI O N .
[Book I .

an d n ot a tr i be mod ern s t w o d eri va t i on s h a v e b e en sug g est ed A c c ordi n g t o on e O p i n i on .

26

t h e w ord i s c omp oun d e d of A lle a n d Al a mz en —All me n —i n di c a t i n g

mm

”
,

e rh a s t h a t t h e i r un i on c om re h e n d e d a ll sort s of me n or c on son a n t ly
p p , p , ,

w i t h t h e ordi n a ry v a n i t y of t h e Teut on i c ra c e s i n t en d e d t o d e n ot e s up e ,

r i ori t
y of ma n h oo d a n d n umb ers T h e sec on d O p i n i on d e d uc es t h e n a me .

from A llmen de c ommon p rop ert y i n w hi c h li g h t t h e y reg a rd ed t h e t erri

, ,

t ori es c on q ue re d from t h ei r e n e mi es But a re fere n c e t o t h e most .

a n c i e n t mon ume n t s o f t h e Teut on i c l a n g ua g e ex t a n t se e ms t o sug g e st

a s i m l er d e d uc t i o n
p A lm a n i s t h ere use d i n t h e g e n e ra l se n se o f
. m en ,

or eo l e a n d t h us t h e a pp e ll a t i ve A l ma n n e n or Al ema n n i w ould
p p
-

h a ve b ee n i n t en d e d t o si g n i fy merely a n umerous a n d mi sc ell a n eous

c ommun i t y .

T he re
g ion T h e Al e ma n n i a t t h e i r fi rst a p p ea ra n c e a re foun d i n oc c up a t i on
, ,
’ ha
filfi fiilf
’n
of t h e reg i o n i n c l ose d b e t w e en t h e Rhi n e on t h e w e st t h e M a y n e on t h e
'

dt h ,

fififj fi y
‘
e
n ort h a n d t h e D a n ub e on t h e sout h
,
T h e e a st ern li mi t i s un d e t e rmi n e d .
.

Th e i r t erri t ory t h e re fore c omp ri se d a p ort i on of t h e c i rc l e of t h e

, ,

an d the D J .
U p p er Rhi n e n e arly t h e w h ol e of F ra n c on i a a n d a p a rt of B a v a ri a
,
26
, .

ffi
n
I I I M en t i on of t h e S a x on s oc c urs a t a n e ar li er p eri od Th e y a re
‘

SGM L . .

t a k en n ot i c e of by P t ol e my w h o w rot e a b o ut six t y y ea rs a ft e r T a c i t us , ,

as a oor a n d i n c on sid era bl e t rib e i n h a bi t i n g t h ree sma ll i sl a n d s a t t h e

p o

”
mout h of t h e Elb e op pos1 t e t o t h e c oa st s of t h e C h auc i
0 cc n
I n c on form1 t y
'
0 G
29
t ury .
, .

‘3
Cluver, ub i supra See also p 7 4 o f t his H ist . . .
p ub licus, a d p o pulum pert in en s A lmen d e, res
—
7 S c h i ller
( T hes A n t iq T e ut vol iii ’p . . . . . ad public u m et commun e p ert in en t es T he a u .

re n d e rs t h e w ord A lma n n from Ot r i ed s V e r

f t h orit ie s for t hese p rimit ive si gn i fi c a t ion s, i t ma y
n ac ula r M e t ric al T ra n sla t ion of t h e G osp els be a dd ed , a re d erived from t he vern ac ula r G er
( lib iii c 4 v
. . b y t h e w ord s P op ulus a n d
. . . ma n of t he n in t h a n d t en t h cen t uries T he ve .

H omi nes T he p a ssa g e i s remar a b le

. I t re k . n era ble d oc ume n t s q uot ed a re a mon
g t h e most
la t es t o t h e pool of Be t h esd a a n c ie n t mon ume n t s of t he la n u Oc
g ag e .

T he n b ifi a n g un umb e o W eissen burg wrot e h is M et rical T ra nsla t ion of

f
P orz ic h i fi n fe t he G osp els, a t t he la t est , i n t h e secon d moiet y

T hie lag un fol a i ma n nes of t h e n in t h c en t u ry , p rob a bly b et w een t h e y ear

Sieches i n t i ha mmes & c .

8 7 2 a n d t he close , an d d ed ica ted i t t o ki ng
L o uis t h e G erman , t h e g ran d son of C ha rles t h e
,

L it eral En glish G rea t T he P ara ph rase w as , a ccordi n g t o t he

mb ra ced
.

It around
e
b est o p in ion s, c omp ose d in t he t en t h, or, as t he
P ort i cos fi ve , 0

G erman s are fon d o f call in g i t , t he Ot ton i a n

T hey la y full o f p eop le ce n t u
y b Notker a mon k o f t he ab be j of S t
'

S W“ a n d hal t ,
l Z a
.

G a li S e t h e H ist orico c ri t ic al D isse rt t io n o f -

A n old Sa x on chron i cle is q uoted on b eh alf o f Fra n k, ( p refi x ed t o Sch i lt er s edi t ion of t he Pa '

”
t his ren d erin g of t h e w ord I n N olker s V e rn a rep hrase , )
’
. vii .

c ular T ra n sla t ion a n d P a ra ph rase of t h e P sa lms Afi er t h e ab a n d on men t o f t he A g ri De cu

( P s lx x v i v 6 p
. . t he L a t in
. h uma n um
. . ma tes b y t he Roma n s w h ich t ook pla ce a bout t he
g en us is ren d ered A lma n Ch i ume q uasi A ll
-
mid dle of t h e fo urt h c en t ury a n d w ill be n ot iced
ma n ki n , An g l , A ll ma nki n d , or simply ma n
-
. h ere afi er, t h e W hole of Sw a b ia fell in t o t h e posses
ki n d : t herefore A lma n , w h en di sj o in ed from sion o f t h e Al eman n i Ei chhorn , vol 1 p 6 9 a n d
. . . .

t he w ord Ch un n e w ould b ea r a le ss g eneral , n o t e ( c ) I t is, t h e re fore, n o t imp rob a b le t ha t t h e

.

mea n in g a n d b e red uced t o p op ulus an d h omi

, ag g er of H ad rian formed t he e a st ern b ou n d ar
y .

n es. T hus t he adj ec t ive A lma /w ig , po pularis, P tol G eog r lib ii c 1 1

. . P t olemy wrote
. . . .
C hap . v. Sec . SA XON S .

w i t h t hi s i nc on sid era bl e b eg i n n i n g li t t l e more i s h ea rd of t h em t ill a b out ,

t h e middl e of t h e fourt h c en t ury But a t t h a t p eri od Ammi a n us M a r Ri fi t .

se n o no

t th
c ell1 n us a t t rl b ut es t o t h em a muc h g rea t e r e x t e n t of t err1 t ory ; h e d 1 st 1 n f u t h
i ce 1 n e
t my o r cen ,

u i sh e s t h e m a s t h e n ort h ern n e i g hb ours of t h e F ra n k s i n c onj un c t i on

g ,

w i t h w h om t h e y ra v ag e d c ert a i n di st ri c t s of G a ul w i t h grea t c rue l t y 0 3

.

O r os i u s i n f orm s u s t h a t t h e e mp e ro r V a l e n t i n i a n a t t a c k e d t h e S a x o n s G ul
,
a

eop l e d w e lli n g o n t h e sh ores of th e oc ea n a mid i mp a ssa bl e sw a mp s

”
a
p , ,

t erribl e for i t s a c t i v i t y a n d v a l our a n d overc a me t h em up on t h e v ery c on ,

fi n e s of t h e Fra n k s w hil e t he y w ere p re p a ri n g for a d a n g erous i rrup t i on

,

i n t o t h e R oma n t erri t ori es in g re a t n umb e rs 1

Ye t eve n a t a somew h a t .
3

e arli e r p e ri od t h ere i s re a son t o b e li e ve t h a t t h e S a x on s h a d e n c ro a c h e d

c on sid era bly upo n t h e F ran ki sh un i on or ra t h er t h a t t h ey h a d d ra w n Th y h , ,

e encroac

a wa y sev era l t rib es suc h a s t h e C h a n c i t h e F r i sii a n d ev e n t h e C h e

m
, , ,

sc i i n t o t h e i r c on n ex i o n a n d t h u s ex t en d e d t h ei r n a me ov e r
“
ru ost of t h e fl i g
?
n
, ,

l
é a s n o f t h e Elb e a n d t h e W eser t o a c o n s id era bl e di st a n c e fro m t h e Ch u i F im
d Ch u
a c ’ r ,

F or we l e a rn from t h e n a rra t 1 ve of Z os1 mus t h a t w h e n J ull a n h a d

an er s
32
a ,

c o ast
\
. i t th i , ca n s n o e r
m
t h e S a x on s w h om
" n’
re d uc e d t h e F ra n k s t o a st a t e of g rea t w ea k n e ss , ,

h e d e sc rib e s a s t h e b ra vest a n d most di st i n gui sh e d of a ll t h e b a rb a ri a n s

i n h a bi t i n g t h ose re g i on s p ush e d forwa rd t h e C h an c i a memb er of t h e i r
'

, ,

l e a gue t o t a k e p osse ssi on of c e rt a i n t erri t ori es b el on g i n g t o t h e Roma n s ;

83
‘

t h a t t h e F ra n k s a pp re h e n si v e of t h e a n g er o f t h e C ae sa r i n t erp ose d
, ,

a n d p rev en t e d t h em from a c c omp li shi n g t h e i r p urp ose ; t h a t t h e Ch a uc i T h y bt i e o a n

i f
t h en e mb a rk e d on t h e Rhi n e a n d ex p ell e d t he S a li a n s from t h e B a tav i a n t h B
p ossess on o
i a t av a n

i ma
, e

s
i sl a n d .
‘

Th ese a cc oun t s d erive d from t h e a n c i en t wri t ers a re mea g re i n d eed b ut , ,

a s fa r as t h e y g o t h e y a re i n t e lli g ib l e a n d p rob abl e , T h e S a x on s lik e . ,

t h e F ra n k s a n d t h e Al e ma n n i st a n d fort h a s a un i on or c ommu ,n it y

of n a t i on s a ssumi n g i t s n a me i n t hi s i n st a n c e h ow ev er from t h e most

,

di st i n gui sh e d trib e a mon g t h e m But n ot hi n g i s y e t l e a rn t resp e c t i n g T diti f . ra on s o

t h e i r ori g i n T h e d e fi c i e n c y re ma i n e d t o b e sup p li e d i n a l a t er a g e
. .

W i t ic h d a S on mon k of t e a bb e y
i n a x ,
h o f C or v e y i n W e st p h li
a a w oh “ 5 3“
,

live d a n d w rot e i n t h e t en t h c e n t ury un dert ook t o c oll e c t a n d di g est t h e ,

t ra di t i on s of hi s p eop l e H is Sa x on A n n a l s a dd re sse d t o h is fri en d

.
'

a n d sovere i g n O t h o t h e G rea t c ommen c e w i t h t h e mod est a vowa l t h a t

, ,

t h e m a t eri a l s for t h e ea rly hi st ory o f t h e S a x on s c on si st e n t i re ly of ora l

abo ut t he middle of t h e secon d cen t ury of t h e

”
Hist lib iii p 1 46
3“
. . . . .

Christ ian era, a t A lex an dria i n Egyp t O r, osimu Z it ,

89
p olpcw o qSo w
'

. ass ex resse s -

3°
I n t he reig n of V alen t in ia n an d V alen s, gvr a g , b ein g a p art t h em He c alls t hem,
—
0 .

A mm M a rcell lib x x vii c 8 how ever, Kov crB

’
A D 3 68
. . . . . . . . . o vg , Q ua di t h e ri g h t read in g
p 59 3
. . i s obviously Xa vx ov g , Ch a n ci .

“1
Oros lib . . vi i . c. 32 p 5 49
. . .

I
' l

V OL . .
1 98 I I NS
T RA D T O OF WI T IC HI N D ; [Book I .

re
p ort s, by rea son O f t h e i r a n t iqui t y d o g rea t ly ob sc ure t h e
whi c h , ,

t rut h A n d i n d e ed
. h e c on t i n ue s
, p ubli c O p i n i on i s di v id e d up on
, ,

t hi s ma t t e r some b eli e v i n g t h a t t h e S a x on s d er i v e d t h e i r ori g i n from t h e

,

D a n es a n d N orma n s ; ot h ers (a n d t hi s I my sel f h a ve i n my y out h h ea rd

md on e t ea c h ) from t h e G ree k s i n a smuc h a s sa id t hi s p erson t h e S a x on s ’
i t is he e
-
, , ,
t hat th e y a re t h e re mn a n t s O f t h e M a c e d on i a n a rmy w h i c h a c c om a n i e d Al ex a n d er
we re t h e re m p
n a n t of t h e
t h e G rea t a n d w hi c h a ft er h i s p re ma t ure d e a t h w ere sc a t t e red w i t h t h e
, , , ,
e nv of A lex
y
a n d er t he rest t o a ll
, p a rt s of t h e e a rt h
3
H owever t hi s ma y b e i t i s c ert a i n t h a t
.
’ 4
,
G rea t ,
t h ey w ere a n a n c i e n t a n d a n obl e p eop l e c on c ern i n g w h om men t i on i s

”
,

ma d e i n t h e sp eec h of A g ri p p a t o t h e J ews re p ort ed by J ose p h us A n d 35

, .

d t h a t t h ey t h e sa me i s lik e w i se p rove d by a sa yi n g O f L uc a n t h e 36
F or w e
p oe t
an

c a me i n t o G er
.

y
ma n by se a , k n ow w i t h c er t a i n t y t h a t t h e S ax on es c a me i n S hi p s t o t h e se reg i on s ,
la n d ed a t t h e
mout h of t h e a n d t h a t t h e y l a n d e d on a c oa st w hi c h a t t hi s d a
y is c a ll e d H a d ola un .

Elb e, a n d ej ect Th e i r a rri va l b e i n g hi g hly di sp l e a si n g t o t h e i n h a bi t a n t s w h o a re

ed t he T hu rm
,

ms from t h e re ort e d t o h a v e b e e n Th uri n g i a n s t h e l a t t er t ook up a rms a g a l n st t h em

’
gu
c oun t ry
p , .

T h e w a r w a s c a rri e d on for some t i me w i t h g rea t bi t t ern ess on b ot h sid es

.

”
.

A t l e n g t h a t ruc e w a s c on c l ud ed by w hi c h t h e S a x on s ob t a i n e d p er

”
,

mi ssi on t o purc h a se p rovi si on s for t h ei r sup p ort But t h ei r mon ey w a s .

soon s e n t ; a n d w h en t h e y h a d n o more t h ey t h oug h t sa y s t h e

p , ,

t h e p ea c e of n o use t o t h em I n t hi s dil e mma t h e y ma d e

3 8
a n n a li st ,
.

use of a si n g ul a r ex p e di en t t o ob t a i n a p re t ex t for h ost ili t i es O ne .

O f t h e i r w a rri ors c l ot h e d hi msel f i n h is ri c h est a p p a rel a n d a d orn e d ,

T hi s ex t ra va ga n t fab le c on t in ued t o b e cur middle ag es See t he list in H Mei bomi a s

’
3‘
. .

re n t ly b elieved t hrou hout t he mid d le ag es rst b oo o f Wi t ic h in d s An n als, i n

fi k ’

n ot es to t he
g .

T h e S a x on M i r ror, a c ompila t ion of la w s of t he M el bom Ss Rr Germ i p 6 66

. . . . . . .

t h irt e en t h cen t ury ( lib ii i a rt 4 . t h us a n

. . .
35
T h is may p o ssi b ly re fer t o t he sp eec h o f
t hori t a t iv ely d ecla res t he p ed ig ree of t he Sax on Ag rip pa t o t he ew s, i n w hich h e ex hort s t hem J
p eo ple O ur fo refa t hers, w ho ca me h it h er un t o t o follow t h e ex a mple of sub mission set t hem b y
t h is la n d an d d rove out t he D orin g e ( T hu rin t h e w a rli e G erman s ( n o t Sax on s )
k J os d e .
— .

g ian s) , had b een i n t he a rmy of A lex a n der ; w i t h Bell J ud lib ii c 1 6

. Heg esippus, in d eed , a
. . . . .

t heir h elp he ha d sub d ued all A sia Wh en w rit er of t he a g e O f G ra t ia n a n d T heod osius,

Al ex a n d er d ied , & c —Sa chsen sp iegel, Ed HO
.

. .
p ut s a speech in t o t he mout h of osep h us ( no t J
meyer, p 1 47 Berl 1 8 27 A ga in , t he a n cien t
. . . . A grip pa ) t o w hic h Wit ic h in d ma y ha ve allud ed .

rhy t h mic L ife of A rchb ish Ha n n o, of C olog n e , But t h e p assag e is very d oub t ful
36
.

p ub lished b y S ch i ller i n t he rst volume o f his fi Et Bit urix lon g isq ue leves S a z on es in ar mis
T hesa urus A n t iq uit a t T eut on , repea t s t he t ra
.

. .

'

d it io n i n p 1 5 of t he T ract
.
T he w ord S ax on e s st a n d s, in d i fi e re n t co

D ie lise t man d a z si ( d ie S a ch sen ) w ilin werin

d ic es A x ones, L euson es, Sueson es
, o tte H .
-
N .

M ez bom a d lib i W it ich p 6 6 7

A l d es w un t e rlich e n A lex a n d ris man
. . . . .

37
T he p art o f West F rieslan d n ow called
D e r d iu Werlit in j arin z uelevin
Ha d eln a sma ll marshy d ist ric t a t t he mout h of
,

I rvur un s an d id e in t i, & c
t he Elbe t o t h e e ast wa rd o f C ux have n
.

Ot
T he poem is of t h e eleven t h, or, a t t he la t est , t he t ern d o rf i s t he p rin c ipal t own See a lso Ubbo .

t w elft h c e n t ur
y T he sa me fable has b een
.
Emmi ns Hist of F rie s] lib 1 1 p 2 8, 29 Ed
'
. . . . . .

a d o p t ed b y Co n ra d o L i ch t en a u, t he ce leb ra t ed
f Elz ev 1 6 1 6
—
. .

a bbo t of U
rsb e r ; b y Gotf ri ed o
g f Vi t erbo, A lbert
3"
I nut ile m sib i pa ce ma rb it rab a n tur Wi li ch . .

o
f Sla de, a n d al most all t he a nn alist s of t h e A n n li b i p 629 a p Mei bom ub i sup ra
. . . . . . . .
 Chap . V. See
. EXP U L S I O N O F T HE T H U RIN G IAN S .
1 99

h is p e rson wi t h a gold en c h a i n a n d b ra c e l e t s, t a ki n g w i t h h im b esid es

a ll t h e mon e y h e h a d I n t hi s g u i se h e w en t towa rd s t h e Th uri n
.

g i a n s a n d mee t i n g on e Of t h a t n a t i on by t h e wa y , t h e l a t t er, d a zzl e d

,

by t h e sp l en dour of h is t ri n k et s, b e g a n t o i n qui re t h e p ri c e Of e a c h
T h e S a x on O ffe re d t o p resen t h im w i t h t h em, O b servi n g t h a t
"

a rt i c l e .

h e mi g h t ma k e w h a t ret urn b e p l e a se d , S i n c e , w i t h a ll t hi s g old i n

_

h is p osse ssi on h e w a s i n d a n g e r of dyi n g of h un g er

, T h e Th uri n g i a n .

i n moc k ery fill e d h i s la p w i t h t h e dust O f t h e g roun d ; t h e S a x on g ra t e

fully a c c e pt ed i t , a n d p a id t h e p ri c e T h e Th uri n g i a n re c e i ve d t h e .

ra i ses O f h i s c oun t ryme n for t h e e x c e ll en t b a rg a i n h e h a d ma d e ; t h e

p
S a x on re t urn e d t o h is shi p s a n d un d erwe n t t h e sc offs a n d d eri si on of h i s
,

co mp a n i on s for h a vi n g so li g h t ly p a rt e d w i t h h is g old A s soon a s h e .

c ould O b t a i n a h ea ri n g h e c a ll e d t o t h e S a x on s t o foll ow h im a ssuri n

,
g ,

t h em t h a t t h e y w ould S h ort ly fi n d h is folly of use t o t h em C a rryi n g th en .

t h e p urc h a se d e art h a l on g w i t h h im h e sc a t t ere d i t a s sp a ri n g ly a s p ossibl e

,

ove r t h e n e i g hb ouri n g l a n d s a n d t ook p osse ssi o n of t h e m a s t h e so il a n d

,

free h old of h is p e op l e T h e Th uri n g i a n s c omp l a i n e d of t hi s a s a bre a c h

.

of t h e t ruc e ; t h e S a x on s re p li e d t h a t t h e y h a d
p ea c e fully b a rg a i n e d
for a n d b oug h t t h e l a n d w i t h t h e i r o wn g old a n d t h a t t h e y would
'

c er t a i n ly d e fe n d i t w i t h t h e i r w e a p on s T h e n a t ives en ra g e d a t t h e t ri c k
.
,

w hi c h t h e y n o w p erc e ive d h a d b een p ra c t i se d up on th em ma d e a d is ,

ord erly a t t a c k up on t h e qua rt e rs of t h e S a x on s a n d w ere d efe a t e d T he , .

i n va ders n ow g a i n e d g roun d ; a n d t h e Th uri n g i a n s a t l e n g t h c on v i n c e d of

”
,

t h e sup eri ori t y of t h e S a x on s p rop ose d a n un a rme d c on ven t i on of b ot h

_ ,

n a t i on s i n ord er t o a g re e up on t e rms O f p e a c e T h e S a x on s c on sen t e d ; .

b o t h t rib es me t a t t h e t i me a n d on t h e sp ot a g ree d up on T h e Sa x on s .
,

c on t i n ue s W i t i c hi n d c a me w i t h t h e i r l a r e k n i ve s c a ll e d sa hs
, g c on , ,

c e a l e d un d er t h e c l oa k s a n d wh en t h e y er c e iv e d t h a t th e i r a n t a on i st s
p g
h a d c ome un a rme d a cc ordi n g t o t h e a g ree me n t a n d th a t a ll t h e i r p ri n c es ,

w ere p rese n t t h e y t h oug h t t h e O pp ort un i t y fa voura bl e for a c qui ri n g

,

o s sessi on o f t h e w h ol e c oun t ry ; a n d d ra w i n g t h e i r k n i ves t h e y fe ll

p , ,

up on t h e d e fen c el ess a n d a st on i sh e d Th uri n g i a n s a n d S l e w t h em a ll SO ,

t h a t n ot on e of th em re ma i n e d a li ve From t h a t t i me forwa rd t h e S a x on s
.

b ec a me very c el eb ra t e d a n d b eg a n t o i n sp i re g rea t t error i n t o a ll t h e i r

”
,

n e i g hb ours S ome t h ere a re wh o derive t h e n a me of S a x on s from t hi s

.

feroc i ous d e e d ; for i n our l a n g ua g e t h e k n iv es w i t h whi c h t h e y p er

ra t e d t h e sl a ug h t e r of so g re a t a mul t i t ud e a re c a ll e d swb s
s9
p e t .

89
G reg ory of Tours ( Hist ra n c lib iv c
. F . . . . Ip se b revis g lad ius apud illos S ax a voca t ur
k
men t ion s t his species of n ife or sh ort sword , U d n e sibi n omen Sax o p eperisse n ot a t ur .

uos vulg o Scra m sa x os v o

q
cult ris v alid is,
—
-

Sch i lt er, T hesaur &c V OL

323
81 80 vo ce
SO al so ( a ft er Wit ichin d ) t he p oet
. .

ca n t , &c .

m
3
Godfrey of Vi terbo ( P an t heo Part 1 7 9
"

2 C 2
20 0 T HE G OT HS [Book I .

Th e se tra di t i on s a re g ive n w i t h out d a t e or c i rc umsta n c e w hi c h c ould

e n a bl e us t o c omp a re t h e m w i t h t h e sc a n t y n o t i c es d eri v e d from t h e

R oma n w ri t e rs S i n c e h owever n ot hi n g d i re c t ly c on t ra di c t ory a pp ea rs

.
10
‘

, ,

a g a i n st t h e m w e a re n o t e n t i t l e d t o p ro n oun c e t h e m wh olly fi c t i t i ous

, .

S e t t i n g a sid e t h e c l a i m of d e sc e n t from t h e a rmy of Al ex a n d er for i t s

ma n i fest e x t ra va g a n c e i t ma y b e a d mi t t e d a s n ot i mp rob a bl e t h a t , , ,

Th ult f c ert a i n h a rdy se a fa ri n

e res o
g t rib e s c a ll e d S a x on s a c q ui re d se t t l emen t s on t h e , ,
th d i
c oa st s o f t h e G e rma n O c e a n a t some
e ev i en c e s,
eri o d b e t w ee n t h e a e of T a c i t us
t h t eh s
a e fl on s p g
e my
bt i d ttl
f a n d t h a t a ft e rw a rd s t h e y
d h P l g ra d ua lly st re n g t h e n e d
o a ne se e
m t en s on th
a n t a te
o t o ,

Hh a n d e x p a n d e d t h e msel ve s t ill i n t h e re i g n o f V a l e n t i n i a n a n d V a l en s
t
coas S O e
G m O
,
er an cean
b tw th t h e y w ere e n a bl e d t o e x t e n d t h e i r i n c ursi on s i n t o t h e rov i n c e s of
e
n
ee e
p
a n d t o p l a c e t h e msel v e s i n a n a d v a n t a g e ous
fr
fl i gh t ? t h e e mp i re
“ “1
os i t i on for

m
, p
e ssi on of t h ose t e rri t ori e s w hi c h i n t h e p rog ress of mi g ra t i on
gra ; t a ki n
g p os s , ,

mi g h t be v a c a t e d or l e ft un d e fe n d e d by t h e old oc c up a n t s 42

”
.

IY G ' I V L on g b e fore t h e a p p e a ra n c e of t h e G ot h s up on t h e sc e n e a s a c t ors

PT
. ‘B' .

i n t h e g re a t t ra g e dy O f n a t i on s t h e n a me h a d soun d e d i n di st i n c t ly a s , ,

from a fa r i n t h e e a r of h l st ory
.

A n a t i on c a ll e d Gothon es d welli n g t o t h e
,
.
,

V tul i t h n ort h w a rd o f t h e L
is a. n e
y g i a n s w a s k n own t o T a c i t us H e ob serve s of t h e m ,
.

P m
t h a t t h e form O f t h e i r g ov e rn me n t w a s more mon a rc hi c a l t h a n w a s usua l
o

a mon g t h e G e rma n na t i on s y e t n ot so muc h so a s t o b e i n c on si s t e n t w i t h ,

lib ert y T h e g e og ra p hi c a l p osi t i on of t h e G ot h on es is d e t ermi n ed by

.

t h a t O f t h e L y g ii T h e l a t t e r a re b e li e ve d t o h a ve oc c up i e d t h e mod e rn
.

ri n c i p a li t y o f S il es i a a n d t h e a dj a c e n t di st ri c t s of P ol a n d F rom t h e
p .

s t a t e men t O f T a c i t us c omp a re d w i t h t h a t O f Pli n y

“
t h e ori g i n a l sea t s o f
, ,

t h e G ot h on es ma y b e p l a c e d b e t w e e n t h e ri v e rs O d er a n d Vi st ul a ,

i n t h e mod e rn d uc hy of P o me ra n i a “
.
s

E li t ar es T h e n e x t me n t i on of a n a t i on O f G o t hi i n t h e ord e r O f eve n t s oc c urs

no , ,

i n t h e C h ro mc on P a sc h a le t h e w ork O f a Byz a n t i n e w ri t er o f t h e l owe r

‘

r t h
é ff h; $3
‘
, ,

e m i re H e O b se rve s t h a t t h e G o t h s S a rma t i a n s a n d S c y t hi a n s w ere

p .
,

na s supp ose d by so me t o b e t h e d e sc e n d a n t s o f M a g og a n d a dd s t hat

x b 1 06 , ,

t h e E mp eror T raj a n u d e t ook a n e x p edi t i on a g a i n st t h e m

6 4
T j :
ra a n n r Cap i .

Wit ich in d us imme d ia t ely from t he

c a rrie s c . 14
. lib x x x v n c 7 , G a ll on ee ; P t olemy
a nd . . .

p rimo rd ia l t ra d it ion t o t he con q ue st O f Brit a in ( Fveo ue e) Gy t lz on es .

D um e a g erun t n r a p ud Sa x ones Brit a n n ia & c Hist N a t ub i sup ra

"
.
4‘
, . . . .

Se e p 1 9 7 o f t his sec t ion ; a n d b elow

. . , A c cord i n g t o T a c it us t hey i nt erp ose b e
c ha p ix
. sec t 2 . t w ee n t he R ug n a n d L emov ii, w h o d welt up on
t h e c oa st , a n d t h e L y g i i — Ta o G e rm ub i sup
. .

S uc h w a s i n fa ct , t h e fa t e o f old F ra n ce
,
. . . .

w he n a b a n d on ed b y it s possessors fo r t he T he p osit io n o f t he R ug n , in t he isla n d O f Rii g e n

more re cen t a n d a t t rac t ive a c q uisit ion s i n G a ul . a n d t he n eig hb ou rin g d ist ric t s o f t h e ma in la n d ,

C ha rles t h e G rea t h ad t o recon uer t he a n c ie n t q is un q ue st ion ab le

p a t rimo n y o f his rac e fro m t he se ve ry i n t rud e rs Cit ron P a sc ha le, p 2 6 a p S t r i ller um
4°

—
. . . . .

‘3
T a c G e rm c x li ii
. St ra bo ( hb v ii )
. . . . . M emor vol i p 3 7 . . T his c h ron icle is
. . .

c a lls t hem G ulon es

( F ov r o v e s) ; P li ny , lib iv . . su
ppo se d b y S t rit t e r t o h a ve b ee n co mp ile d
i n t he re ig n o f Hera clius, A D 6 1 0 t o 6 4 1 . .
C hap V See T HE R O R G N I I I

”
. . . .

t olin us t ell s us t h a t t h e mp eror M a xi mi n duri n g h is t e p ora ry ret i re M i m e , m ax in.

men t from t h e Roma n serv i c e a ft er t e dea t h h o f S e

p S v e us li ve d i n
t e r
“ 1 23 5 .
,

t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e G ot h s hi s c oun t ry men ; t h a t h e w a s b e l ov e d by t h e
G e t ae a n d t h a t t h e Al a n i lik ew i se c ul t i va t e d hi s fri e n d shi p
,
P e t er .

M a g i st er h a s t ra n smi t t e d a n ot i c e of t h e G ot h s i n c on n e x i on w i t h a st ory
{

re l a t i n g t o a t ra n sa c t i on b e t w e en t h e C a rp i a D a c i a n t rib e b ord eri n

g ,

up on t h e Roma n p rov i n c e of M oesi a a n d t h e g o vern or of t h a t p rov i n c e ,

Tulli us Me n Op hilus 48
Th e C a rp i h e t e ll s us i n c e n se d t h a t t h e G ot h s I t h ig
.
, ,
n e re ns

S h ould h a v e O b t a i n e d st i p e n d s from t h e R oma n s sen t a n en v oy t o t h e ,

g vo e r n or w h o a rrog a n t ly d e m a n d e,
d m on e y o f hi m M en o
p h ilu s i n t i m i “ 1 237 .

d a t e d t h e messen g er by rev i ew i n g in h is p rese n c e t h e n ume rous a n d

b rilli a n t a rmy w hi c h h e c omma n d e d a n d sen t h im a wa y w i t h eva sive ,

re li es a n d on a sec o n d a pp li c a t i on w i t h c on t e mp t
49
p , , , .

W e must n ot h ow ever b e le d by t h e fre que n t oc c urren c e O f t h e n a me of

G ot h s i n t h e G reek a n d R oma n wri t ers t o sup p ose t h a t t h ose hi st ori a n s ,

di s t i n gui sh e d t h em a s a t rib e from t h e a g greg a t e of n a t i on s ove r w h om t h e

G ot h s p re sid e d O n t h e c on t ra ry w e fi n d t h e m c l a ssi n g ma n y t rib e s
.
,

t og e t h er un de r t h a t n a me a n d usi n g i t a s a g e n e ri c a p p e ll a t i on a p p li ,

c a bl e t o a ll a like T h e G ot h s a re i n fa c t p rese n t e d t o us by t h e a n c i e n t s
-

a s mi x e d up n ot o n ly w i t h G e t ae a n d Al a n i b ut w i t h S c y t hi a n s a n d
, ,

S a rma t i a ns g e n era lly a n d a s c on n ec t e d b ot h by ki n d re d a n d p oli t i c a l

”
,

un i on w i t h G e p i d aefi V a n d a l s M ela n c h laen i a n d ma n y ot h er t rib e s

o
, , .

T h e hi st ori a n P roc op i us
51
i S fulle st up on t h e subj e c t T h e G ot hi c O pi i f .
. n on o

f
n a t i on h e sa y s w ri t i n g i n t h e re i g n of J ust i n i a n is a n d a l w a ys h a s t h id ti t f
°
, , , , e en o
y
b e e n ma d e up Of v ery ma n y n a t i on s A mon g t h ese t h e V i si g ot h s t h e Siti ifih M
,
.
,
s e

Va n d a l s a n d t h e G e p idae a re t h e most di st i n gui sh e d b o t h i n ra n k a n d l hl i d

e
a nc e p , an

s m m
,

n umb er Formerly t h e y w ere c a ll e d ge n era lly S a rma t i a n s a n d Mel a n

a a n s'
.

c h laen i like w i se some h a ve g i ve n t h e m t h e n a me of G e t ae A n d i n d ee d .

, ,

t h ey a ll di ffer from on e a n o t h er in n a me b ut n ot a t a ll in f e c t Th e y a ll h a ve , .

‘7
A ma tus est ut em un ice
G aet is, a quasi rei A urel or C ommod us
Of M I t see ms
mcivi s —
a
gn . . .

coru . J ul Cap i t i n M aa i m D uob

. . . . vol . ii . most p rob able t ha t t he even t , a s recorded b y
0 4 p 18
. . . .
P e t er Ma g ist er, occurred in t h e reig n s of Ma x i
‘9 P et er M a i ster Ex c er t a d e L e a t i on ib u
g , p g s, mus a n d Balbin us, A D 23 7 J ul Cap it ( in . . . . .

i n t h e C orp Hist Byz a n t vol 1 p 24 ap . . . . . . . . Ma x et Ba lb vol ii 0 1 6 p

. .
sa y s, t h a t i n
. . . .

S tri tt er , vol 1 p 40 . . . . t h is reig n t he C a rp i i n va d ed M oesi a ; an d t h a t

4°
T he n a me of t he g overn or Men op h ilus t h i s w a s t he b eg in n i n g of t he Scy t h ia n ( G ot hic ?
)
seems suffi c ien t t o d e t ermin e t he a g e a t least i n w a r, an d t he period a t w h ic h t h e ra va e of I s
g
wh i ch t his t ra n sa c t ion t oo pla ce , sin ce he is k t ria , n ot iced b y t he h ist orian D ex ipp us, t ook
n a med b y J ul Cap it ( in M a x i m D uob vol ii plac e
J or n a n d es, c 1 7 —M ura t SS Rr
. . . .
.

c 21 a s a p erso n of c on sular d i g n it y
50
ta l I
p
—
. . . , . . . . .
.

a n d on e O f t h e g overnors of A u ile ia w h en t h a t q vol i p 20 0 G e pid m n a mq ue si n e d ub io e x

—
. . .

cit y w as b esieg ed b y M a x imin us Ma sc ou( b oo . k G ot horum prosa pi a d uc n n t Orig i n em .

a n d Tillem on t , in his H ist oire d es Em D e Bell V a n d al lib i c 2 a p St rit t vol it

51
v c 32
-
. . . . . .
. . . . .

ereurs, plac e it in t h e reig n of A lex Severus p 59

p . . .

L uden ( vol ii p errs in plac in g i t in t h e

. . .
 20 2 T RA D T O I I NS O F J O RN A N D ES .
[Book 1 .

mpl exi on s y ell ow i sh h a i r t a ll st a t ure O p e n c oun t e n a n c es si mil a r

fa i r co , , , ,

l a w s a n d reli g i ous usa g es a n d l a st ly t h ey a ll sp ea k on e a n d t h e sa me , , ,

l a n gua g e w hi c h w e c a ll t h e G ot hi c t on g ue so t h a t i n my j ud g me n t
, , ,

t h e y must a ll b e t a k e n t o b e l on g t o t h e sa me ra c e T h e a n c i e n t se a t s of .

a ll w ere b ey o n d t h e I st er
52
A mmi a n us M a rc elli n us men t i on s t h em .
"

oli t i c a l c on n ex i on w i t h t h e n oma di c Al a n i t h e hid e ous

”
t h m hm c o n st a n t ly i n
e . c o..
p ,

3 3323515 T i f l h G u h u n i a n d T h e rvi n g ii a ll i n h a bi t a n t s of t h e v a st
3
a a e s t e r e t g
, , ,

gggmg
t h u si
v
n
p l
11 ,
a i
’ n s O f S c y t hi a ; so m e O b v i ously of T e ut on i c ra c e ; o t h e rs d oub t l ess , ,

an d th
o e rs.a b ori g i n a l i n h a b i t a n t s O f t h e w a st e s w h 1 c h st re t c h a w a y t o t h e n ort h

w a rd of t h e D a n ub e t h e E ux i n e a n d t h e P a l us M oeot i s , , .

From t h e e vid e n c e rel a t i ve t o t h e G ot hi c n a t i on s t h us c oll ec t e d from

t h e G ree k a n d R oma n w ri t e rs i t a pp ea rs t h a t t h e y k n ew a s li t t l e of t h e i r ,

ori g i n a n d ea rly mi g ra t i on s a s t h e y did o f t h ose of t h e S a x on s Th ese .

i n t ere st i n g p a rt i c ul a rs must t h ere fore b e soug h t el sew h ere a n d w i t h t h a t ,

E v i e w w e n a t ura lly t urn t o t h e n a t i o n a l h st ori a n J orn a n d e s

i But sin c e
54

l i t3 22122
l 1 8 .

o -
l ti g t th
re a n ot h e G o t hi c bi sh op by h is O w n a d mi ss1 on d eri ve d a g rea t p a rt of h i s
e , ,

gifl fi
‘ f ‘h
i n forma t i on from G reek a n d R oma n w ri t ers w e a re i n t h e fi rst i n st a n c e
e
, , ,

most i n t erest e d i n sel ec t i n g from i t suc h p ri mi t ive n ot i c es a s h e ma y

h a ve d eri ve d from t h e more ori g i n a l sourc e of p opul a r t ra di t i on 55
.

T h e G ot h s h e t ell s us h a v e t h e i r ori g i n from t h e g rea t S c a n di n a v i a n

, ,

e n i n sul a F m t hi i sl a n d O f S c a n z i a h e c on ti n ue s a s from t h e

”
p r o s . , ,

n ursery a n d w omb of n a t i on s t h e G ot h s a re sa id t o h a ve on e fort h of

g ,

y ore un d er t h e i r ki n g B eri c h a n d t o h a ve p l a n t e d t h e i r n a me t h ere wh ere

, ,

t h e y fi rst l a n d e d from t h e i r shi p s ; for t o t hi s d a t h a t re g i o n i s c a ll e d

y
G ot hi sc a n z i a M ovi n g t h e n c e on w a rd t h e y p i t c h e d t h ei r c a mp on t h e
-
.

a n d s of t h e Ul me Ru i i
d f 6
fl
wh o t h e n d w el t up on t h e sh ores of t h e oc ea n
g
5
gfz
l n
' afl
l °
g
-

, ,

9
See P roc op d e Bell G o t h lib iv c 5
a lso . . . . . . . c on t a in ed fi
in t he fourt h an d ft h an d p arts of t he
a p M ura t Ss Rr
. . t a l vol 1 p 3 3 8
. . I I n t h is . . . . . t w elft h , t h irt een t h , a n d fourt een t h c h a p t ers of

p assag e h e shortly rep ea t s t h e sa me t est imon y h is T re a t ise D e Reb us G et icis T he i n t er

.

t o t he orig ina l id en t it y o f t h e G o t h ic n a t ion s, media t e sect ion s h e d evot es t o t h e fab ulous w ars
n a mi n of t he S c t hia n n a t ion s ( w hom h e iden t i fi e s wi t h
g G ot hs, V isig o t h s, an d V a n d a ls, q ui e t y
S cy lh ce q uon d a m n omin ab a n t ur t he G o t h s of t h e Balt ic ) ag a in st t he a n c ien t
"
.

53
A mm Ma rcell lib x x x i c 2 p 6 7 1 , spea k s
. . . . . . . k in gs of Eg yp t , P ersia , a n d M a ced on , i n w hi c h
of t he Ala n i as a n oma d ic horde i n h ab it in g t he he a pplies t o his c oun t ryme n al l t h e t ra nsa c t ion s
g re a t C rimean S t epp e ; see also 0 3 p 67 4, a n d v ic t ories asc rib ed b t h e more a n c ien t G ree k
y
6 7 5 —See also L ud en , vol i i p 5 4
. . .

. . . . . a n d R o ma n h ist oria n s t o Sc y t hia n s, A maz on s,

5‘
Jorn a ndes or J ord a n , w as a n O st rog ot h b y
,
. j
G et te , & c , b ut in so d is o in t e d a n d un co n n ec ted
b irt h, a n d w ro t e his Hi story o f t h e G ot hs in t he a fas hion t h a t t h e fi
c t io n st an d s o ut t oo p ro

ye a r 5 52 , d urin g t he reig n o f J ust in ia n He . min en t ly t o d eceive a n y on e or c rea t e a n y d if

w as fi rst secre t a ry t o t h e G ot h ic k in g s O f L om fi c ult y i n sepa ra t in g t he orig in a l ma t t er from
b a rd y, a n d a fl erw a rd s, a ccord in g t o M ore ri, t h a t w h i ch is merely b orrow ed
—
.

Bis ho p O f Ra ven n a M orer i , G r D ic t a d v erb

. . . .
5°
I
H olm, or sla n d Rug ia n s, prob ab ly in
-

But M ura tor i ( vol 1 P ref a d J o rn a n d ) di s . . . . hab it a n t s O f th e isla n d of R ii g e n , op posite St ra l

p ut es t h is . sa n d .

T he t ra d it ion al p a rt o f J o rn a n d e s n arra t ive T he Balt ic

'
55 57
.

res ec t in
p g t he o rig in o f t he G ot hi c n a t ion s i s
C ha p . V. See . EA RL Y MI G RAT I O N S O F T HE G OT HS ; 20 3

and h av i n g g i ven t h e m b a t t l e t h rust t h em out of t h e c oun t ry ; a n d fort h T h y p l th

,
e ex e e

wi t h subdui n g t h e i r n ea rest n e i g hb ours t h e V a n d a l s t h e y a dd e d t h e m qfffiféfi

’ l

fif
’
, e

lik ew i se t o t h e n umb er of t h e i r c on quest s I n c re a si n g t h en grea t ly i n d l

.
d a s’ a n

n umb ers F i li mer t h e fi ft h ki n i n suc c essi on from B eri c h d e t ermi n e d

, g , ,

t o move forw a rd a n a rmy of G o t h s w i t h t h e i r fa mili es ; t h ese w hil e ,

i n q uest O f sui t a bl e se t t l eme n t s a rr i ve d i n t h e l a n d of S c y t h i a w hi c h i n

, , ,

t h e l an g ua g e of t h e c oun t ry i s c a ll e d O vi s T h e di v i si on of t h e
, .

G ot h s wh o foll ow e d Fili mer a ft er p a ssi n g a ri ver of e n ormous w id t h

, ,

a c c ordi n ly se t t l e d t h e mse l v es t o t h e i r sa t i sfa c t i on i n t h e l a n d of O vi s

g .

But t h ey did n ot st op t h ere b ut a d va n c e d st ra i g h t w a y t o t h e c oun t ry O f

,

t h e S p a li a n d h a vi n g g i ven t h em b a t t l e t h e y ob t a i n e d t h e v i c t ory ; a ft er
, , .

w hi c h t h e y p resse d forw a rd a s c on querors t o t h e fa rt h est p a rt s of S c y t hi a e t i t en ra e

g ‘
n o
,

lyi n g n e a r t h e P on t i c S ea a s i t is l a id d own i n t h e pri mi t ive l a y s of our gtfighi fi:

‘

p e op l e ; w hi c h t hi n g s a l so A b lab i us
58
t h a t ex c ell en t hi st ori a n of t h e
,

G ot hi c n a t i on a t t est s i n h is ve ry fa i t h ful Hi st ory ; a n d i n t h e sa me

,

O p i n i on s ma n y of t h e O ld er w ri t ers lik ewi se c on c ur .

Af t er t h e i mmi gra t i on i n t o S c y t hi a t h e n a t i on w e are t old b ec a me S tt l m t f

, , , e e en s o

di vid ed i n t o t h ree sep t s t h e fi rst of w hi c h set t l e d on t h e P a l us Maeot i s E l

fifilfifp fiu
t ‘
s

un d e r i t s ki n g F ilimer : t h e se c on d t ook p ossessi on O f D a c i a Th ra c e M mfi ?

2 I D i ,
n
s

a c a,

a n d M oes1 a w h ose k mg w a s Z a molx 1 s : t h e t h 1 rd h a d l t s se t t l emen t s Th e d

.

ra c an
,

up on t h e sh ore s O f t h e Eux 1 n e a n d forme d t h e most c 1 v1 11 z e d p ort l on of a hfi h

s

, e

t h e n a t i on Th ese l a st were i t seems subdi v id ed i n t o t wo di st i n c t ra c es Efl fif

.
, ,
l f th
,
S ‘ f
e
‘ e

t h e V i si got h s or We st e rn a n d t h e O st rog ot h s or E a st ern G ot h s ; t h e Di ti ti

, , f , s nc on o

forme r b e i n g subj e c t t o t h e fa mily of t h e B a l t hi t h e l a t t er t o t h a t £ 133

“
32 ,

of t h e Ama li
fi9

S uc h i s t h e sum of t h e ori g i n a l i n forma t i on t o b e g l ea n e d fro m t h e J d ornan es xs

Hi st ory O f J orn a n d e s reg a rdi n g t h e orig i n of t h e G ot hi c n a t i on a n d i t s $3 3 3

rogre ss from t h e s h ores O f t h e B a l t i c t o t h ose of t h e P a l us M oeo t i s a n d
1
{fi 33 353;
8 9
p n 8

t h e E uxi n e T h e e n t i re p eri od t o w hi c h t h e e vid en c e t h us c oll e c t e d G th ;

. o s

a l i es ex t e n d s from t h e a e of D omi t i a n t o t h a t of M a x i mi n T a c i t us
pp , g .

fir st n ot i c es t h e G ot h on es a s set t l e d b et w ee n t h e O d er a n d t h e V i st ul a ;
a n d i n hi s a g e t h e V a n d a l s w h om a c c ordi n g t o J orn a n d es t h e y a ft er
, , ,

w ar d s e x p ell e d a re b e li eve d t o h a ve oc c up i e d t h e mod ern duc hy O f

,

M ec kl e n b urg a n d a p art of P omera n i a 6

Th us t h e v i c tory of t h e G ot h s
.
0

ov e r t h a t p eop l e i s i n some resp ec t s c on fi rme d by t h e g eo grap hy of

Ta c i t u s .T h e p ri mi t ive set t l eme nt s d e sc rib e d by J orn a n d e s c orresp on d
su ffi c i e n t ly w ell w i t h t h ose a ssi g n e d t h em by T a c i t us t o est a bli sh t h e , ,

i d e n t i t y of t h e G ot h on es a n d t h e G ot h s p ri or t o t h e emi gra t i on of th e

59
T h e p eriod at whi ch t hi s hist orian live d is J orn a n d D e Reb G et cc 4, 5 —M ura l
. . . . . .

n ot kn own . . . I
Ss Rr t al vol i p 1 9 3 , 1 9 4 . . . . .

5°
Cluv G erm A n t p 69 7 . . . . .
20 4 S U PPO SED BY SO ME I D EN T I CA L WI T H T HE G ET ZE .
[Book I .

But i n G ot h s from t h e
61
l a t t er . a ll t hat l
re a t es to t he a rr v a i l Of t he fi rst
S c a n z i a n i sl a n d t h e re p ort O f J orn a n d es st a n d s a l on e a n d un sup p ort e d .

Th a t e ve n t h ow eve r i s n ot i mp rob a bl e i n i t se l f ; a n d we ma y fa i rly

, ,

b el i eve , e i t h er t h a t t h e G ot h s w ere a sw a rm from t h e g rea t n ort h e rn hi ve ,

or t h a t t h e y ma i n t a i n e d suc h a c on n exi on w i t h t h e S c a n di n a v i a n t rib e s

on t h e o
pp osi t e c oa st s o f t h e B a l t i c a s t o g i ve ri se t o t h e O p i n i on t h a t
not so s t o t h e t h e y w ere of t h
a
e sa me o ri g i n a l st oc k T h e s ub se q uen t mi gra t i on s must .

mig ra t on s d
e i t h er b e t a k en u on t h e c re di t of h i s n a rra t i v e , c on fi rme d by t h e si mi

m
i an

c h ev m
a i ts e en
p
gs fiz figfila rit y of n a me or b e a l t og e t h er rej ec t e d I f i t b e b eli eve d t h a t t h e
g
°
.
,

ot h o n es G ut t on e s G ut h o n es of T a c i t us Pli n y a n d P t ol e my a re id en
ced mg

g gf G ‘

, , , , ,

t i c a l w i t h t h e G ot hi w h o a p p ea r i n t h e re i g n O f M a xi mi n on t h e D a c i a n
fron t i er O f t h e emp i re a p eri od O f a li t t l e more t h a n a c e n t ury i s a ll owe d
,

for t h e p rogress of t h e n a t i on from t h e B a l t i c t o t h e P a l us M oeot is ; a n d 62

t h oug h t h e fa c t t h a t mi g ra t i on is v ery p rob a bl e i n i t sel f y e t i n t h e sh a p e ,

i n w hi c h J orn a n d e s p rese n t s i t , i t i s re n d ere d c re dibl e on ly by w h olly

‘

rej ec t i n g h is c h ron ol og y a n d st ri i n g t h e t ra di t i on of e ve ry c i rc um
pp ,

st a n c e by w hi c h h e h a s a mp l ifi e d a n d di sfi g u re d i t .

A ssy on l
f sup
-
A sec on d t h eory d e ri ves t he G ot hi c na me and n a t oni from t h e
Si m
o n t h at
G er i? “ G e t ae
a n c 1 en t T h 1 s p eopl e w a s k n ow n t o H erod ot us n e a rly fi ve
.

v er m ra t e d a t
g i

a ll b ut t h at
c en t uri es b e fore t h e C h ri st i a n e ra , a n d from t h a t p eri od d own
63

t hey m id em w a rd s t h e i r
,

e p osi t i on n ev er c h a n g e s P roc o i us a n d J erome , V O iS OuS

c a l w1 t h t h e
, p p .

ets: of H ero a n d S p a rt i a n , re g a rd t h e G et ae a n d t h e G ot h s a s t h e sa me n a t i on ;
gms a n d t h e fi rst O f t h e se w ri t ers d escrib e s t h em a s di fferi n
g in n o re
'

s ec t of p erson a l a pp ea ra n c e from t h a t of t h e T e ut on i c r a c es d es c rib e d

p
by T a c i t us n or i n l a ws c ust oms, a n d l a n g ua g e from e a c h ot h e r
,
64
, It ,
.

ma y i n sh ort b e c on fid e n t ly a ffi rme d t h a t t h e R oma n s reg a rd e d t h e

, ,

n a me s O f G e t ae a n d G ot h s a s e qui va l e n t I t i s a t t h e sa me t i me re ma rk .

a bl e a s a c oi n c id e n c e t h a t t h e a n c i e n t D a c i a n s a n d G e t ae—t h e G o t h s of
—
,

sh ould e xhibit so ma n y re ma rk a bl e
a ft er ag es
p oi n t s O f a greeme n t a s

I do t o b elieve t h a t g roun d t ha t t he G etae a re n ot men t ioned as a

6‘
n ot see a n y rea son

J oman des h ad us or P lin y in h is eye

e it h er T a c it T e ut on ic p eople b y a n y a n c ien t w ri t er prio r t o
w h e n he w ove t og et h er t h e sin gular t ex t ure of t hose men t ion ed in t he t e x t But t he Obj ec t ion
.

G o t hic t ra d it ion a n d classic fa ble w it h w h ic h h e d oes n ot see m of a n y g rea t w eig h t sin ce n o ,

commen ces h is Hist ory o f t h e G ot hs . Roma n or G re e k h ist orian h as un d e rt a k en t o

“2 Sc r
a cely a c en t u ry from t he d ea t h of P li n y . con fi n e t h e T eut on ic ra ce s t o t h e p rec ise b ou n

Bot h h e a n d T ac it us pass t he m over wi t h a ve ry d a rics O f t he a n c ien t G erma n y , o r even t o

slig h t me n t ion I t i s clea r t h ey k n ew n ot h in g
.
d esc ribe t he east ern limit s o f t h a t vast regi on
o f a n y p revi ous con q uest s , sin ce t hey d o n ot i t se lf . I t i s n ot a lit tle re mark ab le t h a t J or
even n ot ic e t he m as a p owerfu l or a w a rlik e n eud es h imself sh ou ld ha ve a d op t e d t he n a me of
p eople . G e tae as e qui valen t w it h t ha t Of G ot hs, a n d t h a t
Herod M elp om he sh ould ha ve en t it le d h is w ork De Rebus
'
6°
. . c . 93 .

T he lea rn ed Cluve r ( G erm A n t lib

. . . iii
. G et i cis Se e also Pfi st er, Hist o f G erm vol i
. . . . .

c . 34 p . re e ct s t h is
. j sup posit ion upon t he p 1 88
. .
C hap . v. Sec . G OT HS SETT L E O N T HE E UXINE AN D PAL U S MfEOT I S .
20 5

t h ose d escrib e d by Proc op ius T h e c o exi sten c e of a n ot h er n a t i on a l .

-

ec uli ari t y i n b ot h i s n ot l ess st riki n g A m on g t h e D a c i a n s of t h e

”
p .

a e of D eceb a lus t h e fre e men were i n t h e h a bi t of w ea ri n g t h e i r h a i r

”
g ,

l ong T h e G oth s a s we l ea rn from J orn a n des c a ll e d th emselves i n

. , , ,

th ei r p opul a r l a ys t h e L on g h a ire d ra c e 65
,
-
.

W hi c h ever way t h e t rut h ma y li e i t is c erta i n t h a t a bout t h e middl e l h 3 ’‘

5 3
e 1
571
0
, ,
fmm S e
of t h e thi rd c en tury O f t h e C h ri st i a n e ra a va st a g greg a t i on of T euton i c t h Eu i , on e x ne

a n d S a rma t i a n n a t i on s un d er t h e
g e n era l n a me of G ot h s i s foun d

se ttl e d i n t h e g rea t S c y t hi a n p l a i n s t o t h e n orth w a rd of t h e P a lus M aeot is 1 11

33r5 2y
.
2 1 9 0 8
1 cen
I t c a n n ot b e d oub t e d t h a t t hi s a ssembl a g e rec e ive d i t s
.

a n d t h e E uxi n e .

n a me from on e d omi n a n t rac e O f G et ae or G ot h s a n d t h a t th a t ra c e wa s ,

O f un mix e d T eut on i c ori g i n T h e n a t ure of t h e t i e w hi c h b oun d t h e m.

ll og e t h e r 1 S en ti rely hidd en from us ; e t w e fi n d t h e m re c e i v i n

a t y g an d
Ob eyi n g on e i mp ul se —a c t i n g i n on e direc t i on —a n d for ma n y suc c e ssi ve
, , ,

a g e s c a rryi n g on unre mi t t i n g w a rfa re a g a i n st t h e p ower a n d p rosp erity

,

of t h e R oma n emp i re .

W i t h re g ard t o t h e a ssoc i a te d t rib es it ma y b e tak en for g ra n te d t h a t Th G thi ,

e o c
m
t h e n a t i on s me n ti on e d i n c onj un c t i on w i t h G ot h s or G e t ae suc h a s p d f
11 0 1 0 11 co

, ose o
m ti d
V a n d a l s B urgun di an s P euc i n i B a st er n es T a ifales V i c t ova les Rox ola n l S ,M
, , , , , , , c
a an an

a“ ,

Al a n i a n d ot h ers w ere a ll of th em O f di st i n c t a n d t h e g re a t er n umb er zé zfigzu ‘

a ‘

, , ,
c n
of S a rma t i a n a n d S c y t h i a n st oc k s
67
Amon g t h ese t h e Al a n i P euc in i
Ba st a rn ae a n d Rox ol a n i w ere S c y t hi a n p erh a p s T at a ri c h ord eS —
.
, , ,

a
, p , , ,

en d a g e s ra t h er t h a n memb ers of t h e g re a t G ot hi c a ssoc i a ti on

p .

The xt an t ma teri a l s for t h e hi story of G erma n y from t h e c l ose O f f t f h i

e
p
e e
e
o s
lm
t he fi rst d own t o t h e middl e of t h e t hi rd c en t ury O f t h e C h ri st i a n era t
'
OI I Ca a

l t lm en a s o e .

c ast b ut a fe ebl e li g h t up on t h e i n t ern a l c on di t i on O f t h e T eut on i c

333222whi h c

n a t i on s N O sec on d Ta c i t us h a s a ri sen t o un ve il t o us t h e c h a n g e s h d t lf a a en
m th
.

pl
w hi c h a c e n t ury a n d a h a l f of i n c e ssa n t fermen t a t i on must h a ve p ro g f T itu
ace s ce e
a e o ac s.

d uc e d a n d w e a re l e ft i n i g n ora n c e of ma n y ma t t e rs n e c e ssa ry t o t h e
,

e rfec t el uc id a t i on of t h e g re a t c on fli c t i n w hi c h t h ose ra c e s w e re a b out

p
t o en g a g e w i t h suc h a st on i shi n g un a n i mi t y of p urp ose But th oug h w e .

a re n ot fully a c qua i n t e d w ith t h e n a ture of t h e i mp ul se w hi c h i mp e ll e d

”
t h em t o t h e overt h row of R ome y e t w e p erc e ive t h ose Old p ri n c i p l e s of
“

i
un on 68
w hi c h supp orte d th em formerly in t h e i r resi sta n c e t o R oma n

5 J am d e R eb G et c 1 1
. The same prae
. . . . t om fi rst t o t he n obles or chiefs, a n d aft erward s

t ice ma y b e i n ferred from t he superscript ion to t o t he sovereig n a n d family t he roy al

—
.

t he Ep istle of T h eod oric , in t h e Va ri a ra m of “7 J or n 17 Pr ocop d e Bell V a n d al

”
c . . . . .

C a ssi od orus, lib iv Ep 49 p 7 1 Ed V e n et

. . . . . . . . lib i c 2
. . C ompare L ud en , v ol ii p 5 5 , a n d
. . . . .

1 7 29. I t i s d irec t e d U n iversis P rovi n cial ib us, Pfi st er, Hist of t he G erma n s, vol i p 1 89
. . . . .

et Ca p itta t z s d efen sorib us e t c urialib us i n Suevi a See c 2 p 7 0 a n d c 3 p p 9 7 an d 9 8

‘

6° . .
. . . . .

c on sist en t ib us T he Fra nks rest ricted t he cus

.

V OL I . .
20 6 T HE O L D AN D N EW M I L I T A RY ASSOC I AT I O N S [Book I .

i
a ggress on , n ow a c t v e ly a t work i n i mp a rt i n g stren g t h a n d mome n tum
i
t o t h e i r a t t a c k s up on t h a t a n c i en t en emy .

1 T h e new mi
.
1 But t h e op era t i on o f t h ese w ell k n ow n p ri n c i p l e s of a c t i on w a s
.
-

lit a ry a nd p oli
t i ca l c omb i n a n ow
p romot e d by a ddi t i on a l st i mul a n t s T h e l ove O f w a r a n d p l un d er
.

t i ons i d en t i ca l
i n t heir ori i n
g
h a d b ee n fa n n e d by t h e p ern i c i ous p ra c t i c e O f sub sidizi n g t h e fron ti e r
w i t h t h e more
t rib e s t h e i n t ern a l b roil s w hi c h t h e t re a c h e rous
p oli c y O f R ome h a d
-

a n c i en t T eu
st i rre d u
p h a d se rv e d on ly t o k e ep a li ve t h e mili t a ry sp i ri t of t h e G er
t on i c con fede
na mes
ma n s ; t h e eve r rec urri n g n ec essi t y of mut ua l sup p ort a g a i n st t h e
.

69 -

a ggressi on s of t h a t g i g a n t i c o w er h a d re n d e re d t h e n a t i on s o f G erma n y
p
b e t ter a c qua i n t e d w i t h e a c h ot h er a n d e n a bl ed t h e m t o c a l c ul a t e a n d
,

c ombi n e t h e i r p owers Th e y were n ot h ow ever d ra wn i n t o a n y t hi n g more

.

c l os ely rese mbli n g n a t i on a l or oli t i c a l un i on t h a n h ere t ofore T h e

p .

d en omi n a ti on s un d er w hi c h w e fi n d t h e m a c t i n g i s a ll t h a t i s st ri c t ly
sp ea ki n g n ew i n t h ei r c on di t i on : t h e more re c en t a ssoc i a t i on s a re b ut
t h e si mil a r e ffec t s o f si mil a r c a uses t h e s a me t en d e n c y t o c ombi n a t i on
for d e fen ce or i n v a si on t h e sa me rest l e ss a n d rovi n g c h a ra c t er w hi c h
,

di st i n gui sh es t h em from t h e i r earli e st i n t rod uc t i on t o t h e n ot i c e of hi story

e xi st s un d er t h e n ew n a mes of F ra n k s Al ema n n i S a x on s a n d G ot h s a s , , ,

formerly un d er th e Old on e s of T eut on e s a n d S uev i a n d M a rc oma n n i t h e ,

di fferen c e b et we en t h e t w o p eri od s i s on e O f d egree ra th er t h a n of ki n d .

I n t h e st a t e i n w h i c h w e sh a ll n ow h a v e t o c on t emp l a t e t h em th ei r effort s ,

e xhibi t i n d e e d a more c on st a n t a n d d efi n i t e di rec t i on a n d a more c on een ,

t ra t e d mod e of a c ti on b ut t hi s p h en omen on i s t o b e e x p l a i n ed ra t h e r by t h e
,

gra d ua l remova l of t h a t ex t e rn a l p ressure w hi c h h a d h i t h ert o k e p t t h em

i n c h ec k t h a n by a n y e ssen t i a l c h a n g e i n t h e i n t ern a l st ruc t ure of t h e i r
soc i e t y .

2 T he con
. y 2 But t h e c orresp on d e n c e b e t w e en t h e O l d a n d t h e n ew d en omi n a t i on s
sist of t h e sa m
.

is n ot c on fi n e d t o si mil a ri t y of a c t i on a n d O f p urp ose ; t h ere i s a l so a

e
n a t i on s a n d

t ubes .

d efi n i t e p erson a l iden t ity O f t h e n a t i on s a n d t rib es o f w hi c h b ot h a re c om

os ed H o w ever muc h t h e c a sua l c h a n g es of n a me a n d p osi t i on ma
p .
y
t e n d t o mi sl e a d us t h e re se a rc h e s of hi st ori a n s h a ve n ow suffi c i en t ly
,

e st a bli sh e d t h e i m ort a n t fa c t t h a t t h e F ra n k s Al e ma n n i S a x on s a n d
p , ,

G ot h s of t h e t hi rd c en t ury a re t h e id en t i c a l Te ut on i c ra c e s t re a t e d of
by Pl ut a rc h a n d L i vy by C aesar T a c i t us a n d Pli n y t h oug h un d er
, , , ,

di fferen t n a mes Th us t h e F ra n ki sh a ssoc i a t i on w a s a s w e h a ve seen

. , ,

c omp oun d e d O f t h e C h a t t i C h a ma v i B ruc t e ri ,

a n d oth ers e qua lly we ll
, ,

k n ow n t o t h e c l a ssi c a l hi st ori a n s of R ome T h e Al ema n n i c om .

p re h en d e d ma n y O ld S uev i c ra c es b e sid es a b sorbi n g t h e a n c i en t M arc o

ma n n i c un i on a n d p rob a bly a l so t h e H ermun d uria n a n d Oua di o t rib es
,
.

‘9
See t he mark upon
re t he in t e rn al d ist rac t ion s Of G erman y in t he reig n of T iberius, c . 4 .

sec . ii p 1 3 7
. . .
C ha p . V . See . O F T H E G ERMA NS C O MP A RED .
20 7

T h e S a x on na me supp a n e l t d t he i more
a
pp e ll a t i ve s of C h a n c i
a n c en t ,

F oc i a n d C h erusc i ; a n d t h e G ot h s a re c on fid en t ly p resume d t o b e id en
t i c a l w i t h t h e G ot hi n i L y gi i O si i a n d t h a t sw a rm of n a t i on s w hi c h d w e l t
, , ,

b e t w een t h e O d er a n d t h e V i st ul a a dj oi n i n g a n d mi n gli n g wi t h t h e
,

h ordes Of S arma t i a a n d S c y t hi a .

3 T h e loosen e ss w i t h w hi c h t h e n e w a ssoc i a t i on s a dh ere d t o th e i r n a ti ve 3 T h y i e ev n ce

m
.

th
a n d t h e fa c ili t y w i t h whi c h t h e y t ra n sferre d t h emsel ve s from on e l
t e sa e res
so il d mig ess an ra

m “m m
,

se t t l eme n t t o a n ot h e r ma y b e a ll eg e d a s a t hi rd a n d n ot l ess st riki n g p oi n t

"
y
,

of re se mbl a n c e t o t h e i r p re d e c essors T h e e v id e n c e of t hi s rov i n g c h a

.

ra c t er from t h e e a rli est a g e s i s a fford e d by t h e g re a t n a t i on a l mi g ra t i on s

—
,

s u c h a s t h os e o f t h e T e u t o n e s a n d C i mb ri O f A ri ov i st us a n d h i s S uevi
—
, ,

of t h e H e l v e t ii a n d t h e i r a lli e s all of t h em un d ert a k en w i t h t h e

,
p ro
fesse d p urp ose s of di sc on n ec t i n g t h e mse l ve s fi n a lly from t h e l a n d O f t h e i r
bi rth a n d se eki n g n ew set t l emen ts i n fa r di st a n t c oun tri es We p erc e iv e
, .

t h e sa me p ri n c i p l e i n O p era t i on from th a t a ge d ow n w a rd s a n d evi n c e d ,

by fre quen t a p p li c a t i on s t o t h e Roma n s for n ew d welli n g p l a c es by t h e ,

a a ren t e a se w i t h w hi c h l a rg e c ol on i e s a re remov e d i n t o P a n n on i a
pp ,

I ta ly G a ul S p a i n a n d even i n t o B ri t a i n ] by t h e fa c ili t y wi t h w hi c h
, , ,
0

t h e d ep op ul a t e d fron t i er p rov i n c e s O f R o me a re re p l en i sh e d from

G erma n y ] a n d by t h e swa rms of G erma n se tt l ers w h o fix t h emse l v es
1

i n v a ri ous w a y s up on t h e t erri t ori e s O f t h e e mp i re l on g b efore h er

-

mili t a ry stren gt h b ec a me seri ously i mp a i re d T h e un i formity of t h e .

c ourse p ursue d by t h e se n umerous n a t i on s a t suc h di fferen t p oi n t s of

t i me oug h t n ot t o b e a sc rib e d t o l ove of w a r — d esi re of p l un d er —t hi rst

of c on que st —
, ,

ov ert y or a n x i e t y for c h a n e or e ith er O f t h ese mot i ves

p g
-
, , ,

si n g ly b ut t o a c on c urren c e of a ll of t h em c ombi n e d a n d c eme n t e d

,

t og e t h er by a n c i en t h a bi t in t o t h a t d e fi n ite form w hi c h c on st i t ut e s
n a t i on a l c h a ra c t er —t o t h a t , g re a t mora l p ower w h ose a c ti on i s un i
form a n d w h ose c on st a n t p re sen c e a fford s p erh a p s t h e st ron g e st
,

ev id e n c e of n a t i on a l id en t i t y t h a t c a n b e a d d uc e d A n d a si n g l e . .

p ros ec t i ve g l a n c e a t t h e i r hi st ory c on fi rms t hi s i m ressi on

p p W i t h e q ual .

c a se w e sh a ll fi n d t h e Vi si g ot h s t ra n sferri n g t h e mse l v es t o G a ul a n d

S p a i n t h e V a n d a l s t o A fri c a t h e B urgun di a n s t o G a lli a S eq ua n a t h e

, , ,

O strog ot h s t o I t a ly a n d t h e S a x on s t o B ri t a i n w i t h out regret t urn i n g

, ,

a wa y t h ei r fa c es for e ver up on t h e l a n d O f t h e i r fa t h ers n or on c e l ooki n

g ,

b a c k up on t h e birt h p l a c e of th eir n ame a n d n a t i on

-
.

See t he removal of t he Suevi O f V an n ius, an d V a n d als i n t o Brit ain b y Prob us . See b elow,
0 4 sec i p 1 3 7
. . . lik ewi se t he removal o f t he
. . c . 6 sec iii O f t his Hi st ory
. . . .

Suevic colon i es in t o Sp a in i n t h e reig n s of V a 71 S e e 0 5 sec 1

.
p 1 81
. . . . .

lerian an d G allienus, as a lso of t h e Burg und ia ns

2 D 2
 C HAP . VI .

F I RST CO N F L I CT BET WEEN T HE G O T H I C A N D ROMA N P O WERS .

S EC . I .
—A D . . 2 44 —27 4 .

Ost rog otha a nd Kni va —D fr ea t a nd D ea th o

f D eci us —D i gs r ace
fiz l Tr ea ty f
o P eac e wi th the
G oth s —G llu
a s —
E mili a nus —V a le ria n us —D i t s resses o
f Emp ire Fi rst
th e — a nd S econd
M a ri t i me Ex p ed it i ons of t he G oths G rea t I n vasion — f A si a M i n or—Th i rd a nd Fou th
—
o r

Ma ri ti me Ex p edi t i ons of t he G oths Ba tlle of N a issus Cla ud ius—A r ad i a n

- —A b a n d on men t
f
o th e Provi n ce o
f D a cia by the Roma ns .

Ra pid t en
si on of t h e
ex
T O WA RD S t he middl e
hi rd c en t ury t h e a ssoc i a te d G othi c t rib es
of t h e t
Goth ic powe rs. w ere i n p osse ssi on O f t h e e n t i re t ra c t of c oun t ry e x t en di n g from t h e
Vi stul a t o t h e S e a of Az of c omp ri si n g t h e south ern p a l a t i n a t e s O f t h e
,

l a t e ki n g d om of P ol a n d a n d t h e M a l o Russi a n p rov i n c es Of U kra i n e

,
-

a n d Woron e t z a s fa r a s t h e ri ver D on
, w h ere t h e y b ord ere d up on t h e ,

erra ti c h ord es of T a rt a ry E very i n di c a t i on p oi n ts t o t hi s p eri od a s th a t

.

i n w hi c h t h e grow th of t h e G ot hi c p ower w a s most ra p id Th e i r .

d omi n i on e mb ra c e d t h e st e p p es a n d fert il e p l a i n s t o t h e n ort h w ard of t he

Euxi n e ; —th ey c omma n d e d t h e c ourse s of t h e Prut h t h e D n i est er t h e , ,

Bory st h e n e s a n d t h e D on T h e n a ti on s subj ec t t o or a ssoc i a t e d wi t h

.

t h e m ex t e n d e d w estward a l on g t h e n ort h ern fron t i er of t h e R oma n p ro

v i n c e of D a c i a fa r i n t o G erma n y P rop er w h ere t h e M a rc oma n n i Q ua di , , ,

a n d V a n d a l s a re sa id t o h a v e a c k n ow l e d g e d t h e i r su p rema c y .

Th R m e o T h e R oma n s h a d hi t h e rt o k e p t th em i n g ood h umour by a n n ua l st i p en d s

an s
k p th m i a n d resen t s a ra c t i c e w hi c h for sev era l a es a st h a d b een ra d ually
ee e n

g d h um u
oo p o r p , g p g
by t p d d ri en i n
s i en s a n
i t u t m a n d a t l en g t h c a me t o b e rega rd e d by t h e b ord er
p t w
resen s, hi h p g n
c
o c s o ,

th y e w d t rib es a s a ri g htful d ema n d for t h e p un c tua l di sc h a rg e of w hi c h t h e y h eld

no e
,
m d an as a
ri h t d t hane i n h a bit a n t s of t h e n e i g hb ouri n g p rov i n c es t h e i r li ves a n d p rop ert y
re ,
g ,

g d t h wit h res n sibl e B u h a y me n t s w ere li a bl e t o i n t erru t i on s a n d

ar e
l oi
h d g f n p o
o
t as t es e
.
p p
re t e x t w as se ld om w a n ti n g for re sorti n g t o a reme dy
h m i rregul a ri t i es a
t e as a
ca u fw se o a r. p ,

a bi t s O f t h e b a rb a ri a n s h
A D 24 4 .
so c on en i a l t o t h e
. g .
p r ed a t ory h At t e
p ri od
e .

a n Ar a bi a n a d ve n t ure r
Ph lip u i
n ow un d er our v i e w
s c
Phili u s h ad sup
cee d th s e pp , , ,

y ug G l a n t e d a n d d e t h ron e d t h e y oun er G ordi a n T h e n e w e m eror fou nd

o n
p er or
g p
.
.
_

d d t
t k th C p i i m medi a t e oc cup a t i on for h is a rms i n rep elli ng a n i rrup t i on of t h e
i an , a n a
ac s e ar .
 ”
Cha p . vi . Sec L ]
. O ST RO G OT HA .
20 9
l
C arp i , ani t trib e of t h e grea t G othi c c on fed era c y w h o h a d
a ssoc a e ,

ma de fre quen t d esc en ts from t h e i r moun t a i n s up on t h e p rovi n c e of

Da cia Phili p p ursue d th e m t o th ei r l a st st ron g h old w h ere t h ey a re
. ,

sa id t o h a ve ma d e a d esp era t e b ut un a v a ili n g sa lly up on t h e R oma n s ;

w h ereup on th e y sue d for p ea c e a n d Obta i n e d i t b ut up on w h a t c on di , ,

ti on s w e a re w i t h out i n forma t i on 3
.

M e a n whil e t h e G oth s of t h e E uxi n e h a d ta k en Offen c e a t t h e n on t g

a y m t f t h e u b s idi s t o w hi h t h y l id l i m b u t w h e t h
E
er i n vi rt ue G th i
g gg
s ro
in o
a,
e

p en o s e c e a c a d n va e,
Mm
o s,

of t rea t y or of a n c i en t c usto m d oes n ot a e i r ki n g O st rog ot h a

“
pp ea r Th .

c rosse d t h e D a n ub e n ot far from i t s mouth s a n d S rea d d eva sta t i on over

p ,

t h e p rovi n c es of L ow er M oesi a a n d Th ra c e Phili p d esp a tc h e d C n ei us .

M essia s D ec ius a g a i n st h im b ut th a t l ea d er di spl a y e d li t t l e a l a c ri t y i n D iu is t ec s sen

gm “ h m
t h e e x e c ut i on of t h e dut y w i t h w hi c h h e w as en trust e d By h is mi sc on “ ' '

duc t or c on n ivan c e a p a rt of h is a rmy d esert e d t o t h e e n emy —D ec i us

.

w ithd rew from t h e c omma n d a n d w a s short ly a fterwa rd s sen t a s g overn or

,

i n to P a n n on i a w h ere t h e di sa ffec te d l eg i on s i n ve st e d h imw i t h t h e p urp l e

, .

But whil e t h e riva l emp erors were c on ten di n g for t h e th ron e t h e ,

G othi c ki n g w a s hi msel f re c a lle d from hi s c areer of d eva st a ti on by t h e O t g th i s ro o e s

a p p e a ra n c e O f a fore l g n e n emy u on t h e n orth ern 11 m1 t s O f h 1 s st a tes {fi ffwff £32

1
‘ f ‘

p .
r “
“w
e quitt e d D a c i a t o en c oun t er t h e i n v a d e rs h e d e sp a t c h e d a l a rg e
f hi
B e fore h a s“ ° s

w t it i ; o n err or es

b ody of G ot h s stre n g th e n e d by th ree t h ousa n d C a rp i a n d t h e S a rma t i a n ,

h ord es of t h e T a ifa le s Astri n g i a n d P euc in i un d er t w o l ea ders n a me d

, , ,

Ar g a i t a n d G un t h eric h a c ross t h e D a n ub e t o w a st e M oesi a a se c on d but d t h d

, a e ac e

ti me T h e Sc y t hi an swa rm l a id si e g e t o M a rc i a n op oli s t h e c a p i t a l
.

t h e p rovi n c e a n d c omp e ll e d t h e i n h a bit a n t s t o re d eem th e i r li ve s a n d

gijg gfié
’ d
é
an
,
e

ro erty by t h e a y me n t of a l a r e ra n som
4
it i t
p p p g m th m
.
c z ens o ra n

T h e n ew en emy by w h om t h e G ot hi c p owers w ere a t t hi s momen t l

so e
se ves.

t hre a ten e d w ere t h e G ep id ae T h e hi st ori a n J orn a n des id en t ifie s t hi s

.

t rib e w i t h t h a t g re a t di v i si on of t h e G othi c n a ti on w hi c h w a s l eft b e hi n d

g g
f th o es o e

i n t h e p l a i n s O f t h e Vi st ul a w h en t h e b ulk of t h e p eop l e mi g ra te d i n t o
0 8’

S c y t hi a un d e r t h e i r ki n g B eri c h 5
S ev era l a g es a ft erwa rd s t h e se G ep id ae
.
,

un d er t h e i r ki n g F ast id a w a n d ere d t o t h e sout h w a rd t h e y a tta c k e d a n d

,

overth rew t h e p ow erful B urgu n di a n s a n d oth er t ri b es whi c h la i

y n th e i r

1
T his appears fromJ orn a n des p . t heir b arb aria n assaila n t s co me to t his myst erious
who add s 3 0 00 C arp i t o t he t roop s which O st rg con clusion , t h a t w e are oft en st ron g ly t empt ed
g ot ha , kin g O f t he G oth s, sen t t o ravag e Moesia to suspec t t he t rut h of t he vic t ories uniformly
“

so

a few years aft erward s . cla i medb y t h em .

9
Z osim lib i p 1 9 T he C arpi are believed
. . . . .
4 Z osi
m lib i p 2 1 C ompare J orn a n des,
. . . . .

t o h ave b een i nhab itan t s of t h e C arpa th ia n ra n g e c 1 6 p 20 0

. . . .

of mou n t a in s, a n d a ppea r t o ha ve p ossessed a 5

See 0 v sec 111 p 203. . T he fi rst set t le
. . . .

p art of n ort h ern Hun g ary, T ran sylva n ia a n d men t s of t he G epid ae may b e fi x ed i n t he Delt a
M old avia See Clue G e rm A n t li b iii p 67 9
. . . . . . . . Of t he V ist ula b etween t he mod ern cit ies O f
3
So many ex ped it ion s of t he Roman s a a inst g D eut z ie a n d Elb in g See J orn a nd es, e v p 1 9 4 . . . . .
 2 10 O ST RO G O T HA AN D FA ST I DA .
[Book I .

Ab out t h e p eri od n ow un d er c on sid era t i on t h ei r p rog ress h a d

pa t h .
,

b roug h t t h em i n t o c l ose n ei g h bourh ood w i t h t h e i r ki n sfolk d omi n a n t i n

S a rma t i a E mb o ld en e d by suc c ess a n d d oub t l ess a n xi ous for h is sh a re
232532333
1 . ,

mpu ; i n t h e ri c h Sp o il s o f t h e e mp i re F a st i d a sen t messen g ers t o O st rog o t h a

8
o f h t e e e ,

t o c omp l a i n t h a t h e a n d h is p eop l e w ere i n c l ose d a mon g sa va g e moun

”
t a i n s a n d sh ut in by w ild forest s a c on di t i on t h e y were resol ve d t o e n dure ,

n o l on g e r ; t h e ki n g o f t h e G ot h s must t h ere fore e i t h e r p re p are for w a r

or g ra n t a suffi c i en t sp a c e for h i s p e op l e t o d well i n O st rog ot h a

6
.

re li ed t h a t t h oug h h e w a s a v e rse from w a rs b e t w e e n ki n d re d n a t i on s

p ,
y et ,

t h a t n e i t h er b e n or h is p eop l e c o uld yi eld t o suc h a d ema n d a n d t h a t h e ,

b ut pul d was
are re
p re p a re d for t h e c on fli c t
se T h e G e id ae rush e d i n t o w a r
p T h e a rmi es
b y o mg w
. .

met a t a sp ot w hi c h J orn a n d es n a mes G a lt is : t h e b a t t l e t h oug h w ell

s o a’
,

c on t e st e d a n d sa n g ui n a ry w a s i n d e c i si ve ; t h e n i g h t a l on e
p ut a n en d
,

t o t h e sl a ug h t er ; b ut on t h e foll ow i n g d a y F a st id a re t rea t e d a n d re
'

li n q uish e d h i s c l a i m —t h e G ot h s sa t i sfi e d w i t h h a vi n g rep e ll e d i n v a si on
,

, ,

re t urn e d t o t h e i r h ome s ; a n d t h e G e p id ae con t e n t e d t h e mse l ves for t h e

p rese n t w i t h t e c o que st s t h ey h a d a l rea dy a c hi eved

h n
?
Th e y rema i n e d
from t hi s p eri od a sep a ra t e p eop l e a n d g ra d ua lly foug h t t h e i r w a y t o

”
,

t h e b ord ers O f t h e e mp i re w h ere i n t h e foll ow i n g c en t ury t h e y w ere , , ,

a d mi t t e d t o a ll t h e p ri v il eg e s o f d eva st a t i on a n d sl a ug h t er .

O t g th i
s ro oO st rogot h a did n ot l on g surv i ve h i s v i c t ory
a s H e w a s suc c e e d e d by a .

l
iififffifiih? p ri n c e n a me d K n i va T h e p rovi n c e of M oesi a h a d i n t h e mea n t i me b een
’
.

p m wi
w h olly n eg l ec t e d by t h e R oma n s ; t h e g a rri son s h a d b e e n w i t hd ra w n
a n‘
va d th D
e e a ,

n ub i an
a n d t h e fron t i er l e i on s e m l oy e d i n t h e c i vil w a rs b e t w e e n D ec i us a n d
ro
p
i f
v n c es o g p
R m o e .Ph ili p E n coura g e d by t h e di stra c t i on s O f t h e emp i re a n d t h e d en ud e d
.

st a t e of t h e p rov i n c e K n i v a a sse mbl e d h i s forc e s a n d di v idi n g t h e m i n t o

, ,

t wo b odi e s d e sp a t c h e d on e di vi si on t o sc our t h e e a st ern di st ri c t s w h il e

, ,

h e hi msel f w i t h a n a rmy o f seve n t y t h ousa n d men a sc e n d e d t h e D a n ub e

H i i b a n d a t t a c k e d t h e t ow n O f Eust eri um a t t h e c on fl uen c e o f t h e I a t rus w i t h
m w t h a t st rea m 8 T h e R oma n ov ern or G a ll us c om ell e d t h e G ot h s t o ra i se
e n va n e

23§
e3 3
g .
p
an d N i p li ; t h e S i e e
co o s
g Th e y t h e n m a rc h e d sout h w a rd u on N i c o ol i s a n d i n v e st e d
.
p p
t h a t p l a ce I n t h e mea n t i me D ec i us w h o h a d di sp ose d O f h is a dversa ry
.
,

Cluver ( G e rm A n t l ib iii p . . .0 0 11 . . a nd i n clusum of J orn an des seem, w it h re

t en d s t ha t t he G ep id ae a t t his t ime i n h ab it ed t he feren ce t o t he ir a c t ual sit ua tion , ra t her t o d en ot e
mod ern princ ip a lit y of T ra n sylvan ia T hi s he . ex c lusi on t h an con n e me n t
fi I
h ave t herefore
.

i n fers from t heir compla i n t a d o pt ed L uden s opi n ion , t ha t t h e ir rea l i m

'

t ha t t hey w ere i n t en
closed a mon g savag e moun t a in s &c a d escrip , t io n w as t o op en a p a t h for t hemselve s i n t o t he
t ion h e ob serves, a p plic ab le t o n o o t her d ist rict
,
Ro ma n p rovin ces .

n o rt h o f t h e D a n ub e b ut t h a t But a ft e r t he
.
7 J orn a n d es c 1 7
, .
p 20 1
. . .

c o n q ue st o f t he Bur un d ia n s an d o t her n a t ion s Accord in g t o J orn a n d es ( c t he L a t in

3
g
.

t hey co uld h a rd ly h a ve alle g ed confi n eme n t as a n a me of Eust eri u m, or Eustesi um, was ovas N .

g rie va nc e n d eed
. I
t he w ord s con st ric t um
C ha p . vi . Sec l . .
] K NI V A D EF EATS D EC IU S .

P hili p i n a b a tt l e fough t n e a r V eron a w a s c oll ec ti n g a n a rmy in M ce sia ,

an d P a n n on i a H i s a pp roa c h t owa rd s N i c op oli s w a s a si g n a l t o t h e

.

G oth s t o ra i se t h e si eg e t o c ross t h e H aemus a n d ma rc h up on P h ili p p o h m h t

, , e a rc es o

oli s t h e ri c h c a p i t a l of Th ra c e i n t h e h op e of ma ki n g t h emse lv e s
p , ,

ma st ers of t h e c ity b e fore t h e a rriva l of t h e Roma n s But D ec ius .

c h a n g e d h i s di rec t i on a s soon a s h e h ea rd of t h e i rrup t i on of t h e G ot h s

i n to Th ra c e h e a dva n c e d by forc e d ma rc h e s t ow a rd s Phili p p op oli s a n d ,

h a l t e d a t a p l a c e c a ll e d Beraea by J orn a n d es t o g i ve h is t roop s t i me t o

9
,

rec ov er from t h e fa t i g u es t h e y h a d un d e rg on e H ere Kn i va t urn e d so d u p i . an s r r ses

sudd e n ly up on t h e R oma n s t h a t h is a rri va l h a d a ll t h e e ffec t o f

a n d were c omp e ll e d t o re t i e a t
B
surp ri se ; t h e y sust a i n e d a sev ere d efe a t
er“
,

h a st ily a c ross t h e H aemus l e a v i n g Phili pp op oli s t o i t s fa t e T h e c i t y H t k r m e a es

i
.

.
,
.

1
wa s t a k en by storm a n d on e h un d re d t h ousa n d p erson s a re sa id to h a ve 1 8 333612
1

1
,
.

eri sh e d i n t h e g en era l ma ssa c re w hi c h foll ow e d

.

f er t h e d e fe a t of
10
p A t .

D ec i us L uc i us P risc us t h e g overn or of M a c e d on i a a ssume d t h e p u p l e

,
r “ m aty e

a n d e n t ere d i n t o a t rea son a bl e c orre sp on d e n c e w i t h t h e G ot hi c sove

re i g n K n i va t h en c ommen c e d h is re t re a t t ow a rds t h e D a n ub e l a d en K i t i
.
n va re res

$3
th 1 “n

wi t h t h e Sp oil s of t h e rui n e d c i t i e s of M oesi a a n d Th ra c e .

But t h e ma rc h of a p re d a t ory a rmy t h us e n c umb ere d w a s n ec essa rily l pu u d

{y g m
e s rs e

t i me w a s a fford e d t o t h e R oma n s t o re p a i r t h e i nj ury sus

ec s’
sl o w ;

t a in e d i n t h e b a t t l e of Ec raa a a n d D ec i us w a s soon i n a c on diti on

_
,

t o di st urb t h e re t rea t of t h e G ot h s w h o w ere n o w di si n c li n e d t o ex p ose ,

t h e frui t s of th e i r e x p e di t i on t o t h e d oub t ful i ssue of a b a tt l e T h e em .

p eror h ow ever w a s resol v e d a t a ll h a z a rd s t o wre st t h e sp o il s of h i s subj ec t s

from t h ese fi erc e d ep re d a t ors a n d a t on e bl ow t o a ve n g e h i s l a t e d e fea t
,

a n d d eliver t h e e mp i re from t h e l en g t h e n e d t ort ure t o w hi c h it w a s

e x p ose d But i t w a s t h e fa te of t h a t g a ll a n t a n d i n ma n y resp ec t s
.
,

est i ma bl e rmc e t o li ve i n a n a g e o f g iddy a n d un ri n c i l e d a mbi t i on

p , p p .

C T reb on i a n us G a llus t h e g overn or of M oesi a a ft er t h e e x a mp l e of wh

.
,
b
,
o is e

P ri sc us i n M a c e d on i a h a d a l re a dy st ret c h e d out h i s h a n d for t h e zi lfi

by
,

i mp eri a l di a de m a n d w i t h t h a t v i e w h a d e n t ere d i n t o p riva t e i n t elli g en c e

, _

w i t h t h e G ot h s A t h i s sugg e st i on t h e y d rew up t h e ma i n b ody of t h e i r

.
-

forces b e hi n d a n 1 mp a ssa b l e ma rsh i n fron t of w hi c h t h e i r a dv a n c e d

_ ,

t roop s w ere p ost e d wi t h i n st ruc t i on s t o yi e ld t o t h e fi rst a t t a c k of t h e

,

Roma n s a n d d ra w th em towa rd s t h e swa mp D ec i us mi sl e d a t t h e .

,

I t i s impossi ble t o recon cile t h e movemen t s of Ancien t Thrac e i n t he A t las of t h e Societ y for
of ei t her arm y upon t h e sup p osit ion t h at t h e t h e D iffusion of sefu U
l Kn ow led g e, N o I V . .

Berte a of J orn an d es is i d en t ic al w i t h t h e c it y of 1°
T h us A mm M a r cell , lib x x x i c 5 p 68 1
. . . . . . . .

t h a t n a me sit ua t ed on t h e river Harp essus in J orn an d es h owever says n ot hi n g ab out t his pro
Lower T hra ce , sc arcely fift y miles from t he d ig ious loss of li fe ; he men t ion s on ly t h e vast
sh ores of t h e [E ean Sea
g A lmost all t h e pla ces
. a mou n t of t he b oot y collec t ed .

men t ion ed b y J orn an d es are foun d in t he ma p

2|2 S U CC E SS or T HE G O T H S ; [Book I .

me ti me by fa l se i n forma t i on c on vey e d t o h im by G a ll us of t h e n a ture

sa ,

of t h e e n emy s p osi t i on a t t a c k e d a n d e a sily di sp erse d t h e fi rst a n d sec on d

’
,

an dp i h li n es of t h e G ot h s b ut i n c a ut i ously p l un g i n g i n t o t h e marsh a t t h e h ea d
ar s es

ml tt mpt “ of h is t roop s t o c omp l e t e his supp osed v i c t ory h e b ec a me i mmerse d

in an i ne ff ec

a e , ,

i n a momen t a n d p eri sh e d w i t h h is son a n d a ll h is foll owers e i t h er i n t h e

,

b og or by t h e a rrows of t h e e n emy 11
f m th d ee
Egg p
n a ro e .

A ft er t h e d e a t h of D ec i us t h e army i n vest ed G a ll us wi t h t h e purpl e

0 0

AD 2 51 ,
.

oth t h e G ot h s a n d t h e R oma n s w ere n ow a n xi ous fo r p ea c e e rma

12 33 B P
3
.

mfi k p es n e n t c on quest did n ot a s
ea c e
y e t e n t er i n t o t h e p l a n of t h e former ; t h e
w t h t h G th
p eop l e d es1 red for t h e p re sen t n o more t h a n t o e n ] oy t h e mob p rod uc e of
i e o s.

t h e i r w a rlik e l a b ours i n t ra n q uilli t y ; a n d G a ll us w a s soli c i t ous t o g e t ri d

of h is d a n g erous a lli e s up on a n y t erms T h e c on di t i on s of p ea c e a gree d .

U p on w ere n o l ess a dva n t a geous t o t h e G ot h s w i t h t h ei r p re sen t di sp osi ,

t i on a n d v i ew s t h a n if n e i t h er e mp eror n or a rmy h a d b e en i n t h e fi eld t o

,

H perm it
e
c h ec k t h e m
s
Th e y w ere p ermi t t e d t o c a rry off a ll t h ei r b oot y ; t o re t a i n
.

a ll t h e p ri son ers w h ose ra n som mi g h t swe ll t h e1r

t h mt t i
a l n s or wh ose s erv i c es
e o re a n
th p l d
e s el s a n g ,

h p i m mi ht c on t rib ut e t o t h e i r c on ven i en c e ; t h e y w ere rov id e d w i t h t h e

l li ; g p
r son

a en

upp, th e m n e e d ful supp li es of p rovi si on s d uri n g th e i r re trea t a t t h e e x p e n se of t h e

”
s “

oma n s a y me n t o f a n
i i m
a n d l a st ly G a ll u ed g e d t h e e m i re for t h e
wi t h P
an d p mi ro
R
rov s o
ses
s
p l ,
p , p
a n a nn u l ub a n n ua l su
a s b sidy or ra t h er t ribut e by w a y of a n t i c i p a te d c omp e n sa ti on for
dy
t h ose p er1 0 d 1 c a l p lun d ermg s w h 1 c h t h e b arb a r1 a n s n ow reg a rd e d a s
sn .

a ki n d of p resc ri p tive ri g h t .

F mth
ro d f Aft er h is ret urn t o R ome G a ll us a ssoc i a te d his son V olusi a n us w i t h
e en o

m sel f i n t h e e mp i re
3
$ ? 11 3 hi Th oug h t h e j oi n t re i g n of t h e se p ri n c e s l a st e d
.

sc a rc ely t w o y e ars
y et i n t h a t sh ort p eri o d t h e di st ra c t e d e mp i re
,

suffe re d un d er a l most e very c a l a mi t y w hi c h t h e w ra t h o f h e a v en or t h e

v i c e s of ma n c a n i n fli c t I t c ould h a rdly h a v e esc a p e d t h e p e n e t ra t i on of

.

t h e R oma n g overn men t t h a t t h oug h t h e sort of con n ex i on w hi c h sub si ste d

b e tw een t h e v a ri ous memb ers of t h e T eut on i c a ssoc i a t i on s mi g h t b e c om
a c t en oug h for t h e u r ose s o f i n v a si on a n d d e p re d a t i on i t w a s n ot a
Th b b i e
p
a r ar c
p p ,
ti t
u u u f h n d t h e re st
on s ca n no
i f h bl ib bi
na

a b o un d by n on o s c a n a t re a s t o e n a e a n
y o n e o t e t r es t o

by t rea t y or c on t ra c t in t h e n a me of t h e wh ol e W i t h t hi s k n owl e d g e w e .

c a n sc a rc ely fi n d word s t o c h ara c t e riz e ri g h t ly t h e fa tui t y of t h ose p ri n c es

1‘
A con n ec t ed ac c o un t of t his ca mp a ign is ca p t ure o f t heT hra cian c ap ita l an d t h e d ea t h of
ren dered very d iffi c ult , i n t h e fi rst p la ce , b y t he D ecius i n his summary of t h e G o t hic i n vas ion s ;
c on fused g eogra p h y of J orn an d es ( c 1 8 b ut he con foun d s t he ir respec t ive d a t es i n a Sin
p . . .

r ma n n er Z
a n d i n th e sec o n d , b
y t h e o mission s a n d misst a t e ul S a lso Ss Hist
a ee on d r a s
g . , . .

me n t s of Z osi mus ( lib i p . . w h o mist a k es

. Byz a n t t om i p 6 27 ; an d Ced ren us, ib id
. . . . .

t h e D an ube for t he T a n a is, a n d ma k e s De c ius t om i p 2 5 8

. . . .

t h e c o n q ueror i n e very e n a e men t , n o t e x ce t

g g p Z osim l ib i p 2 3
‘
3 Z on a ras, loc
. . . . . . mod . ci t .

i n g t h a t i n w h ic h h e lost h is life A mm M a rc ell . . .

p 628
. Ced ren ubi sup
. . .

(lib x x x i c 5 p
. . . . . i n cid en t ally n ot ices t he
Chap . vi . Sec . EM I L I AN U S REP EL S T HEM .
213

w h o s a c rifi c ed t h e h on our of t h e emp i re a n d t h e sa fe ty of t h e i r subj ec t s

by t h e p a ymen t of t rib ut es n ot on ly di sg ra c eful i n t h e msel v es b ut t en di n g
, ,

t o en h a n c e t h e mi sc h ie f t h e y w ere i n t en d e d t o p a lli a t e F resh h ord es of Th t ib wh . e r es o

w e re u“
b arb ari a n s a t t ra c t e d by t h e suc c e ss of t h e l a t e i n v a si on a g a i n i n un d a t e d p t t t h
, , ar i es o
mm
e

t h e ever v e x e d p rov1 n ces of M oss1 a a n d Th ra ce t o g a t h er i n t h e 1 r sh a re

-

T h e c ri mi n a l n eg li g en c e or t h e se lfi sh v i ew s 532 3: R g
of t h e h a rvest of pl un d er . i gi 1 a
d Th race
of t h e re i g n i n g e mp erors h a d a g a i n d e p ri v e d t h e fro n t i er of t h e L ower
an ’

D a n ub e of t h e force n ec essa ry for i t s p rot ec t i on a n d t h e b a rb a ri a n s ,

e x t en d e d t h e i r i n c urs i on s t h roug h I llyr i a a s fa r a s t h e sh ores of t h e d d p pu , an e o

pm
A dri a t i c T h e op en c oun try wa s l a id w a st e t h e vill a g es sa c k e d an d
’
“

.
, ,

man y fort ifie d t own s w ere t a k en a n d p ill a g e d w i t h out merc y by t h e

i n va d ers A p est il en c e c a use d by p en ury fami n e a n d t h e d ebili t a t i n g
.
, ,

effec t s of c on st a n t a p p re h e n si on swep t a w a y mul t itud e s of t h ose w h o h a d

esc a p e d t h e sw ord of t h e d e st roy e r

‘3
T h e surv ivors c a ug ht a g limp se of .

h op e a n d ob t a i n e d a n i n te rva l of gl oomy re p ose from t h e S p i ri t e d c on

,

d uc t of Emili a n us t h e c omma n d er of t h e Roma n l eg i on s i n P a n n on i a .

Th a t ofl i c er dili g en t ly a p p li ed a ll t h e st i mul a n t s re qui si t e t o p rep a re t h e E mili u an s,

mi nd s of h i s t roop s t o en c oun t er t h e v i c t orious b a rb a ri a n s a n d t o rev ive sgiz ggg flm ,

f
,

t h a t milit a ry p rid e w hi c h h a d b een hi t h ert o so ma i n ly i n st rumen t a l i n sus

23211134:
1 9

t a i n i n g t h e c re di t of t h e Roma n a rms ,
H e reforme d t h e i r di sc i p li n e i n .

h is mili t a ry h ara n gues a n d a dd resse s h e st rove t o a w a k en rec oll ec t i on s

of t h e i r a n c i en t re n ow n a n d h e p romi se d t h e m t h e e n t i re s ub sidy d e S
,

t i n e d for t h e G ot h s i f t h e y S h ould e n a bl e h im by t h e i r v a l our t o c l e a r t h e

r v i n c e of t h e en emy H e foll o w e d u t h ese j udi c i ous st e s by c h oosi n
p o p .
p g H d f t th e e ea s e

t i me w h en t h e b a rb ari a n s h a d di sp erse d t h e i r forc es i n se a rc h e f fi

“
a gy ?
l u n d er for a g e n e ra l a t t a c k up on t h e m G re a t n umb ers fell by t h e
p .

sword s of t h e Roma n s ; t h e p rov i n c e w a s d e li v ere d

.
an d t h e w ar wa s pt u th , reca res e

w h ere Emili a n us re c a p ture d a grea t 2 223 52 3

1
c arri e d i n t o t h e i r own c oun t ry , 9
m
8

p art of t h e b oot y t h e y h a d t a k e n a n d lib e ra t e d m a n y R om a n c a

p iv e s
t ,
“
P .
ca “

But t h e g ov e rn or of P a n n on i a h a st en e d t o dive st hi msel f of a n y furt h er

c l a i m t o t h e gra t i t ud e of t h e p e op l e by yi e ldi n g t o t h e ep id emi c ra g e for _

em i re B ot h t h e g e n e ra l a n d h i s soldi ers i n t ox i c a t e d by succ esse s whi c h

p . ,

i n t h e b ri g h t er a ge s of t h e c ommon we a l t h w ould h a ve en t i t l e d t h em
t o a b are c ommen d a t i on a ssumed t h e ri g h t of d isp osi n g of t h e p urp l e H
, um . e ass es
urp l e
_

T h e g iddy mili t ary mob sa l ut e d Emilia n us e mp eror

fl “
T h e I t a li a n P “

army ap p rov e d of t h e c h oi c e of t he I llyri a n l eg i on s a n d G a ll us a n d hi s G llu i mu ,

a s s r

dere d
Son w e re di sp ose d of by t h e d a gg ers of t h e reb e lli ous soldi e ry But ’
.

P ublius L i c i n i us V a l eri a n us a vet e ra n offi c er of di st i n c t i on w h om , ,

G a ll us h a d d esp a t c h e d i n t o G a ul t o h a st e n t h e ma rc h of t h e G e rma n a n d
‘

Rh aet i a n t roop s t o h is a i d a g a i n st t h e reb el Emi lia n us w a s i n h is t urn ,

Z osi m . lib . i .
p . 24 . J oma n d . c . 19 p . .
1‘
Z osi m . lib i p 2 7
. . J ama n d. . . o
. 1 9 p 20 1
. .

Z on a rd s, ub i sup t om i p 62 8
. . . .
 2 14 T HE G OT H S D V ERT ED I F RO M T HE DA NU BE; [Book I .

A D 253
.
sa .
e g s s. l ut d Au u t u by t h a t a rmy T h e sen a t e h a st en e d t o sa n c t i on t h e .

a n d th e u

st a rt E m
p
i li e ec t on ; an t he l i d up st a rt E mili a n us a ft e r a re i g n of sc a rc ely four -

a nu

ed b
s supplan t

y V a le
on t s, fe a v ct m h ll i i m t o t h e fi c kl e fea rs of hi s own supp ort ers V a l e .

“8 00 8
ri a n S h a re d t h e sov ere i g n t y w i t h h is son G a lli e n us a n d re a re d w i t h a
p p
.

v i g our o f c h a rac t e r t o w hi c h t h e g overn men t h a d b e en muc h a st ra n er

g
of l a t e t o e n c oun t er t h e st orm of mi sfort un e s w i t h w h i c h t h e e m i re wa s
, p
15
n o w a ssa il e d on e very sid e .

Dist resses of Th ere is i n d eed sc a rc ely a n y p eri od of R oma n hi story i n w hi c h t h e

t h e e mpi re a t
t hi s peri od . st a t e st ood i n g re a t er n ee d of a st ron g a n d i n t e lli g e n t h ea d A d rea d ful .

est il en c e w a s ra g i n g i n I t a ly a n d t h e n e i g hb ouri n g p rov i n c es Every

p .

fron t i er w a s a ssa il e d by fore i g n e n emi es I n t h e ea st S h a h p o ur ki n g .

, ,

G enera l in va of P e rsi a h a d ov errun M esop ot a mi a a n d S yri a

, I n t h e w est F ra n k s .
,
sion of t h e

fron t i er pro a n d Al ema n n i h a d i n v a d e d t h e d e n ud e d p rov i n c es of G a ul a n d G er

vi n ces .

ma n y Q ua di a n d M a rc oma n n i w ere d eva st a t i n g I llyri c um a n d Rh aeti a ;

G ot h s a n d S arma t i a n s from t h e D a n ub e a n d t h e c oa st s of t h e C i mmeri a n
B osp h orus w ere ra p idly a c qui ri n g t h a t Sp i ri t of ma ri t i me a d ve n t ure w hi c h
i n a Sh ort t i me e n a bl e d t h e m t o c a rry t h e i r d e p re d a t i on s t o every p a rt of
Servile war . t h e E uxi n e a n d eve n t o t h e S h ores a n d i sl a n d s o f I on i a a n d G reec e ;
,

S i c ily w a s a t t h e sa me t i me v ex e d by a se rvil e w a r ; p e st il en t i a l di se a ses

P est i len ti al
di seases,
earth u
q a es, k t hi n n e d t h e a rmi es ; a n d e a rt hq ua k es a n d i n un d a t i on s a dd e d t o t h e
a nd i n u n da

gen era l d ej ee t i on a n d di sma y

t i ons 16
.
.

V a l eri a n Sp e n t t w o y e ars i n p rep a ri n g t h e mea n s o f en c oun t eri n g t h ese

di versifi e d c a l a mi t i es He sen t h is son G a lli en us i n t o G a ul t o a rre st t h e
.

A urelia n a n d p rogress of t h e F ra n k s a n d Al ema n n i T h e c omma n d i n I lly ri c um a n d .

P rob us obt a in
t h e c omman d
Th ra c e w a s e n t rust e d t o t w o skil ful ofl i c e rs L uc V a l e ri us A ureli a n us , .

i n I ll ricumy a n d M a r Aure li us P rob us w hil e t h e e mp eror i n

a n d T h ra ce,
.
p erson h a st en e d i n t o
,

”
S y ri a t o e n c oun t e r t h e P e rsi a n s Aureli a n a n d P rob us w i t h a n a rmy .
,

c om ose d i n a rt of F ra n ki sh a ux ili a ri es, un d e r t h e i r n a t i ve c hi e fs

p p
an d cle a r t h ose H ild eg as t H a rt mun d a n d H ild emun d w ere suc c essful i n riddi n g t h ei r
, ,

provmces of
t h e i n vad ers .
p rovi n c e s of t h e b a rb a ri c sp o il e rs a n d d e t erri n
g t h e b ord er t rib e s from ,

furt h e r a t t e mp t s i n t h ose q ua rt ers .

But t h e t id e of G ot hi c i n v a si on t h oug h di vert e d for a t i me from ,

i t s old c ourse w a s p e rh a p s ra t h er a c c el era t e d t h a n a rrest e d by t h e

,

ob st a c l es t h us c a st i n t o i t s a c c ust ome d c h a n n e l Th oug h t h e roa d .

t h ro ug h D a c i a w a s t e mp orarily c l ose d a g a i n st t h e G o t h s t h e E uxi n e ,

w a s st ill op en T h e p osse ssi on of t h e mout h of t h e T a n a is b roug h t

t h e m i n t o c on t a c t w
.

i t h t h e li t t l e G reek ki n g d om of t h e C i mmeri a n
B osp h orus c on fi n e d a t t h a t t i me i n d e e d t o a fe w c i t i es on t h e c oa st s
,

‘
of t h e T a uri c a C h e rson esus a n d t h e O pp osi t e C ol c hi a n sh ore b ut
e
,

Z osi m lib i 27 A urel Vi ctor Epit '

7 Vop i sc i n A urel vol 1 1 1 0 , 1 1 p 443
‘

cc
. . .
p . . .
. . . . . . . . .

c . 3 1 p 3 81
. . . in P rob o , vol i i c 5 p 6 47
. . . . . .

Z osi m lib i pp 2 8, 3 3
. . . . .
’9
T he modern C rimea .
C ha p . vi . Sec . T HE R I F I RST MA RI T I ME EXPED IT I O N .
215

a b oun d i n g x c ell e n t h a rb ours a n d p osse sse d of n o i n c on sid era bl e

’

in e ,

c om merc i a l n a v y Th oug h t h e subj ec t a lli es of Rome t h e Bosp h orea n s

.
-
,

were l e ft e n ti rely d efen c e l e ss a n d t h e i r p ow er of re si st a n c e w a s st ill ,

furt h er en feebl e d by a t yra n n i c a l g overn men t a t h ome S t ill t h e rui n s -

of se vera l n obl e c i t i es a t t e st t h e former p op ul a t i on a n d w e a l t h of

t h e ki n g d om ; a n d i n d ee d t h e re sourc e s i t furn i sh e d t o t h e i n v a d ers

afford n o c on t emp t ibl e id e a of i t s c on di t i on i n th e se resp e c t s ev en ,

at t h e p e ri od w h en it yi e lde d a l most w i t h out resi st a n c e t o t h e

n ort h e rn sp o il e rs
9
T h e st ores a n d S hi pp i n g w h i c h t h e G ot h s foun d
.
1

i n t h e h a rb ours of t h e T a uri c a C h erson esus e n a bl e d t h e m t o c ross ov er ,

i n c on s id era bl e n umb ers t o t h e As i a t i c sh ore a n d t o la y S i ege t o ,

P i t h y us a c i t y lyi n g on t h e e x t re me b oun d a ry of t h e emp ire t owa rds

,

C ol c hi s Th ey w ere h owever repul se d by t h e Roma n g overn or Suc

.

c essi a n us a n d for a ti me d e t e rre d from re p ea t i n g t h e i r i n c u

,
rsi on s i n t his
20
direc t i on .

I n t h e y ea r 2 55 V a l eri a n un d ert ook h is fat a l e x p e diti on a g a i n st t h e A D 255;

,

P ersi a n s T o stren g t h en h is b a n d s i n t hi s a rduous a n d d a n g erous en t er Sgfit pfe

d ‘
. fit x n

3 3 333
1 f
riz e h e b are d t h e P on t i n e a n d Bi t hy n i a n c o a st s o f t h e t roop s st a t i on e d 3
? °

p , 1

t h ere for t h e i r p rot ec t i on ; t h e e x p eri e n c e d S uc c e ssi a n us w a s a t t h e sa me

t i me re move d t o a more i mp ort a n t c omma n d a g a i n st t h e P ersi a n s .

A sma ll w ell a rmed fl e et mi g h t i n d ee d h a ve suffi c ed t o w a rd off a n ot h er

-

a t t a c k lik e t h a t by w hi c h t h e c i t y of P i t h y uS h a d so l a t ely b ee n

en d a n g ere d ; y e t i t d oe s n ot a pp e a r t h a t t h e g overn men t b est ow e d a

t h oug h t up on t hi s ob v i ous mod e of d e fe n c e T he fort ifi c a t i on s of t h e .

c iti e s h a d b e en g en era lly a ll ow e d t o c rumbl e t o d ec a y ; a n d w h ere i t wa s

ot h erw i se t h e i n h a bi t a n t s un a c q u
,
a i n t e d w i t h t h e use of a rms w ere i n c a
, ,

a h l e of a v a ili n g t h e msel ve s of t h a t resourc e a g a i n s t a re sol ut e en emy

p .

T h e op ul en t c i t i e s of A si a un a c c ust ome d t o t h e a sp ec t of wa r a n d Th t d , e en erva e

un a c qua i n t e d w i t h t h a t ex 0 1 t e men t of S p i ri t w hi c h i mp a rt s a c h a rm t o p bl f d
“i fi i a cs a 'e n'

”
ca a e o e

d a n g er an d en gen d ers a n i n e x p re ssibl e p rid e i n brave ly st e mmi n g t h e l

,
f d i g th m
.
en

se ves.
n e

curren t s of a dverse fort un e h a d i n d ul g e d a c on fid e n t h Op e t h a t t h e G ot h s , ,

a ft er t h e i r s evere re pul se b e fore t h e w a ll s of P i t h y us w ould n ever a g a i n ,

ren ew th e i r d esc en t s up on t h e p e a c e ful c o a st s of A si a Mi n or But

1
.

”
t h e h op e s of t h e fee bl e a n d di ssol ut e A si a t i c s w ere d est i n e d Soon .

t o ex p eri e n c e t h e bi t t ere st di sa pp oi n t men t T h e G oth s so fa r fromT h G o t hs .

e
d mg
,
t k
b ei n g di sh ea rt en e d by t h e c h e c k t h e y h a d rec e ive d d erived en c oura g e f th P i ,
a

o
ea

e
va a
ers an
e

men t f om r t h e re m o v a l o f t h e i r f or m id a bl e o
pp on en t S u c c e ss i a us
n W 1
th i i i
w -

.
3° re n e
e r n va s on
of Asi a Min or .

‘
9
See in Br D Cla rke s T ravels, P art .
'

c .
’
I . . must h ave occurred b etw een t he years 2 53 an d

a vi vid d esc ri pt ion of t h e Bosphorean rui n s, par 2 55 .

t icul arly o f Phan ag oria an d P a n t ec a paeum .

91
Z osim lib i p 29
. . . . .

Z osi m lib i pp 2 8, 29 . T his i n vas ion

. . . .

2 E2
2 l6 SEC O ND MA R I T I ME EXP ED I T I O N O F T HE G O T HS .
[Book I .

from t h e d e fe n c e l ess st a t e i n whi c h t h e ma ri t i me c i t i es of A si a

and

Mi n or h a d b een l e ft by t h e g rea t red uc t i on of t h e forc e s a p p o i n t ed

for t h e p ro t ec t i on of t h e c o a st A sec on d t i me t h ey se iz e d a ll t h e vessel s
.

of t h e Bos h orea n s, a n d ra n w i t h t h e i r fl e e t i n t o t h e mout h of t h e ri v er

p
Ph a si s But fa ili n g i n a fi rst a t t emp t t o t a k e t h e c i t y a n d t emp l e
.

of t h e C ol c hi a n D i a n a by st orm t h e y re e mb a rk e d a n d ma d e sa il di re c t ly
,
-

for P i t h y us T h e p l a c e w a s n ow d esert e d by t h e g a rri son , a n d ea sily fell

.

i n t o t h e i r p ossessi on H ere t h ey foun d a b un d a n c e of shi pp i n g a n d t ook

.
,

ma n y c a p t ives w h om t h e y c h a i n e d t o t h e oa rs a n d t hus set a lik e

, ,

n umb er of t h e i r o wn h a n d s a t li b ert E m b old e n e d still more by t hi s

‘

y .

h ey t ke fi rst suc c ess, t h e y n ex t a t t a c k e d t h e o ul ous c i t y of Tra p e z us T he

T
“ a pe m
a
p p .

c ity wa s d efe n d e d by a d oubl e li n e o f ra m a rt s , a n d a rri son of t e n

’

g a
p
t h ousa n d regul a r t roop s S uc h w a s t h e c on fid en c e e n t ert a i n e d by
.

c i t iz e n s a n d soldi ers a lik e i n t h e st re n t h of t h e i r fort ifi c a t i on s a n d suc h

g ,

t h e i r c on t e mp t of t h e w a n t o f Skill i n t h e a t t a c k of re gul a rly fort ifi e d

p l a ces hi t h e rt o ma n i fest e d by t h e b a rb a ri a n s t h a t t h e most ordi n a ry ,

rec a ut i on s w e re n e l e c t e d ; t h ldi rs i n d ul g e d i n dri n ki n g a n d

p g e s o e

fest i v i t y t ill sc a rc ely a sen t i n el c ould b e p ersua d e d t o k eep h is st a t i on

up on t h e w a ll s S uc h c on d uc t did n ot e sc a p e t h e ob serva t i on of t h e
.

v i g il a n t w a rri ors w i t h out I n t h e d e a d of t h e n i g h t t h e y S il e n t ly move d

.

up t h ei r S c a li n g l a dd e rs t o t h e un gua rd e d w a ll s, a n d e n t ere d t h e c i t y
-

w i t h out resi st a n c e T h e g a rri son , surp ri se d a n d p a n i c st ri c k en , sl un k

.
-

a w a y by t h e o os i t e t b n d on i n g t h e li ves o f t h e i n h a bit a n t s, t h e
pp g a e a a ,

r i c h e s a n d t h e resources o f t h e c i t y , t o t h e merc y of t h e wi ld h ord e i n t o

w h ose h a n d s i t h a d fa ll e n A ft er p l un d eri n g a n d d est royi n g a ll t h e

”
p lunde r t h e
.

ff} ; t e mp l e s a n d ra v a g i n g t h e c i rc umj a c en t c oun t ry , t h e G ot h s l oa d e d t h e i r

,

: fg f;
e

w fl
shi p s w i t h t h e i n est i ma bl e sp oil a n d ret urn e d t o t h e i r d esert s t o e nj oy

t h e frui t s of th e i r suc c ess, a n d Sp re a d a b roa d t h e ex c i t i n g rep ort of

,

Asi a t i c w ea l t h a n d w e a k n e ss .

A c c ordi n g ly w i t hi n t h e p eri od o f four y e a rs from t hi s e x p edi t i on

23
A D
3 a
. . 8 0r
,

mm
a n at h e m a l a rge a rmy o f G oth s a ssembl e d on t h e L ower D a n ub e But a p pre .
‘

b en d in g t h a t n o n umb er of S hi p s t h e y h a d t h e me a n s of c on st ruc t i n
.
g z g
of t h e Eux me w ou o
ld suffi c e t o c on t a i n t h ei r n umb ers a n d b eli ev i n g t h a t if t h e y p ro ,

c ee d e d by se a t h e y would a rri ve a t re i on s a l rea dy exh a ust e d by t h e i r

g
own c ou n t r men , t h e y d e t ermi n e d t o ma rc h a l on t h e sea c oa st of t h e
g
-

y
Eux 1 n e t ow a rd s t h e B osp h orus a n d t h en ce t o p a ss over i n t o A s1a Th e
.

.
,

ma rc h t hr oug h Th ra c e w a s a t t en d e d wi t h n e i t h er di ffi c ul t y n or d a n g er ;
t h e i n h a bi t a n t s of t h e E uro e a n S h ores w ere ma d e t o yi eld t h e i r b oa t s
p
vas s t he BOS a n d shi a st , a n d t h e wh ol e
i t y t h t t t h i t
’

p h orus an d
,
pp n
g o c o n v e e roo p s o e O pp os e c o

Z osi m lib
. . i p 31
. . . M a scou book
, v
. 37 .
C hap . vi. Sec . T H R D MA R T ME
I I I EX PED I T I O N O F T HE G OT H S .
217

ar my lan d ed i n sa fety n ear C h a l c e don i n Bithyni a T h e g arri son of t h a t l dd t hC h l . an n ear a

oug h su erl or l n n umb ers t o t h e 1 n v a d ers b a se ly d esert e d 1 t s m

; ce on e
c rt
y ,t h p k d p fi m , e an

d t h Pm
c h a rg e ; t h e G ot h s t ook p osse ssi on w i t h out resi st a n c e a n d l oa d e d t h em i l t
e' e

p f , c a ci i es o

l
se ve s w i t h t h e c o st ly e ff e c t s a rm s a n d t re a su r es o f t h e p a m ,p e re d B i hy i
,
t n a

c i t iz en s N ic ome dia w a s d eserte d by t h e t i mid i n h a bi t a n t s ; N i caea

. ,

C ius A p a mea a n d P rusa w ere p l un d ere d ; t h e w h ol e of Bi t hy n i a

, , ,

a l rea dy l a y a t t h e merc y of t h e b a rb ar i a n s a n d n o ob st a c l e se eme d t o

'

os e t h e i r o re ss t ow a r d s t h e st ill more op ul en t c i t i e s of I on i a
“

O r
pp p g .

But t h e rumoure d d a n g er of t h ese i mport a n t a n d w ea lthy p rovi n c e s V l i d a er an sen s

F li g e x overn or
h ad rea c h e d t h e e a r of V a l eri a n i n S y ri a F elix t h e govern or of By z a n f By t ium .
, o
,
z an ,

t ium rec e i ve d ord ers t o move a g a i n st t h e e n e my from t h e c o ast w hil e t h e f gfifi gff
' ’

; ’ ‘
, , r

e m e or
p r i n
p er so n sh ou ld m a rc h t h ro u g h C a
p p a d oc i a t o a ssa il t h e m y i g wi h
t h m ll th
t ca rr
e
n

a ei r

M ea n w hil e t h e G ot h s foil e d i n an a tt emp t t o b ty

'

on t h e opp osi t e si d e .
,
oo .

surpr i se C yzi c us by t h e sudd e n sw e lli n g of t h e r i v e r Rhy n d a c us b urn t

’

t h e c i t i es of N i c omedi a a n d N i c asa a n d h a st ily emb arki n g t h e i r b oot y

e fi ec t e d t h eir re t rea t w i t h out m
, ,
'

ol e st a t i on
'

I n t h e c ourse of t h e sa me or t h e foll ow i n g y e ar t h e emp eror V a l eri a n A D 260

'

Tl ud m r an

w as d e fe a t e d a n d t a k e n p ri son er by S h a h p our ki n g of P ersi a n ea r t i m p di

'

, , e ex e
h
Ed essa l n Me50 p ot a m1 a T h e V 1 c t or1 0 us mon a rc h a dva n c e d t o A n t roc h e
l o

wi t h out resi st a n c e h e w ast ed C ili c i a t ook T a rsus t h e c a p ita l a n d , ,

es t a bli sh e d hi msel f in t h e h eart of C a p p a d oc i a I n t h e w est t h e feebl e . ,

G a lli en us rema i n e d a t Rome i n a s t a t e of h e l p l ess p erp l exity

'

M ost of .

h is g en era l s i n G a ul I llyri c um Th ra c e a n d S y ri a w ere in a st a t e of op en

, , , ,

reb e lli on a g ai n st h is a ut h ori t y w hil e t h e fron t i e r p rov i n ces w ere d e l ug e d ,

by b a rb a ri a n i n va ders a n d t h e b a n k s of t h e D a n ub e a n d t h e c o a st s of
,

Asi a Mi n or c on t i n ue d t h e sc en es of t error a n d d eva sta t i on A t t hi s cri t i c a l .

momen t t h e G oth s a n d H eruli i n c onj un c t ion w ith severa l S c y t hi a n t rib e s , ,

ra n for t h e t hi rd t i me out of t h e C i mmeri a n B osp h orus w ith a fl e e t of fi ve

h un dre d vessel s T h e R oma n s m va m a t t emp t e d t o a rre st th e i r p rog ress

.

t h roug h t h e Th ra c i a n B osp h orus a n d t h e w h o l e sw a rm a li g h t e d a t C y si c us ,

on t h e P rop on t i s L emnos a n d S c y rus w ere first rav a ge d Ath en s C o Th y g ,

e ra va e

L m d e n os a n

ri n t h S p a rt a ,A g
,
r o s w e r e r u i d ; e w hol e of Ac h a i a w a s l a id w a st e S y u At h
n e t h
,
2
.
4
c r s, en S,

T h e c oa sts of I on i a n ex t fe l t t h e sc ourge ord a i n e d by t h e j ud gmen t of 83 2 255533

G od up on a d e gra d ed a d vol up t uous g e n era t i on
n T h e t emp l e of t h e fifhfifl tg f
.
e
en

re a t Di a n a of E p h esus w a s b urn t by on e of t h e ma n y p re d a t ory t h I i

g e on a n

t coas s
"
squa dron s i n t o w hi c h t h e b a rb a ri c fl e e t h a d re solv e d i t sel f
5
E ven t h e T h y bu
.

, . e rn

t h e t emple of
Di a n a a t
Eph esus
Z osim lib i P 3 3 safe chron olog ica l i n fe ren ce c an b e h az a rded
'

. -

Z on a ra s, SS H ist Byz t om i p 6 3 1
. . . . . . . upon t he con fl i ct in g n arra t ive s of J ornan d es,
J orn a nd es, c 2 0 p 20 1 . h ave i n d ica ted
. . . I Z osimus P ollio, a nd t h e By z an t in es
, Z on a ras .

t h e d a t e of t h ese even t s ( a ccordi n g t o t he o rd inary b rin g s O d in a t h us, prince of P almyra , in t o pla y i n

c omputa t ion ) a s of t he year 26 0 ; b ut hard l t he repulse of t he G ot h s, w it hout reg a rd ei t her
‘

y an y
2 13 RET REAT or T HE G OT HS .
[Book I .

T ll ei ' p mot er reg i on s of Ph ryg i a C a p p a d oc i a a n d G a l a t i a w ere n ot ex e mp t e d

re
mi
ne
, , ,
t ra t e
C p from t h e se t erri bl e V i sl t a t i on s
o
6 Q
P h yg
r ia, a .

H w t hi sw a m fi n a lly di s ose d o f i t sel f i s a ma t t er of c onj ec t u

G l t
a a ia.
o s r
p re

a rt see ms t o h a v e p a sse d n ort h w a rd t h roug h A c a rn a n i a a n d

Th G ih
on ly A
e o S 'e'
t by w y f
t re a a po
.

E p i rus a ft e r sust a i n i n g a d efe a t from t h e A t h en i a n s un d er D ex ip pus

gl
d
reec e a n .
,

An ot h er b ody c on si st i n g of H eruli c hi e fly ma y b e t rac e d t h roug h

i

“ li ase . , ,

i t see ms e n c oun t ere d by G a lli en us i n

”
i “
c en t ra l Th ra c e t h ese w ere , ,

ar mi es
erson n ea r t h e M oesi a n c i t y o f N a i ssu s w h ere a ki n d of c om romi se
p p ,

w a s e n t e re d i n t o w i t h t h e i r c hi ef N a ulob a t es by v i rt ue of w hi c h h e a n d ,

h i s foll owers w ere t a k e n i n t o t h e se rvi c e of t h e emp ire a n d t h e c hi eft a in ,

hi msel f w as di gn ifi ed w i t h t h e h on ours of t h e c on sul shi p A t hi rd di vi .

si on a pp e a rs t o h a v e t a k en t h e old rout e a l on g t h e S h ore s of t h e E u xi n e ,

u rsue d by t h e R oma n s un d er M a rc i a n us a n d C l a udi us ; b ut t h ese

p
ofl i c e rs e i t h er from j e a l ousy of e a c h ot h e r or w a n t of mut ua l i n t elli
,

n c e suffere d t h e m t o e ffe c t t h e i re e a w i t h o ut i n t e rru t i on

29
e r t r t p
g , .

T h e fa c ili t y a t w hi c h t h e G ot h s of t h e E uxi n e h a d n ow a rri ve d i n

e qui p i n g a n d se n di n g fort h y e a r a ft er y ear fl e e t s a n d a rmi e s su eri or
p ,
p ,

t o a n y w hi c h c ould b e b roug h t a g a i n st t h e m i n di c a t e s a S p i ri t of a c t i vi t y ,

a n d i n t elli g e n c e w hi c h a t n o v ery di st a n t p eri od must h a v e ra i se d t h em

, ,

hi g h i n t h e sc a l e of p ow er a n d p erh a p s of c i viliz a t i on T h e hi st ory of

, .

t h e i n fa n c y of n a t i on s i s (w h e n un a d orn e d by a t t ra c t i ve fa bl e ) g e n era lly

i n si p id ; w e must t h ere fore reg a rd t hi s e a rly st a ge of G ot hi c hi st ory as
i n t rod uc t ory on ly t o t h e i mp ort a n t p art t h e n a ti on w a s d est i n ed t o b ea r
i n t h e g re a t p roc e ss of d est ruc t i on a n d ren ov a t i on w h i c h t h e w orld w a s
up on t h e e v e o f un d erg oi n g A n d i t i s i n t hi s v i e w c hi e fly t h a t t h e d ark
.

d e t a i l of d eva st a t i on a n d p i ra c y b e c omes susc e p t ibl e of a p rosp e c t i ve i f ,

n ot of a
p re se n t i n t ere st .

“ 1 9 68 G a lli en us lik e so ma n y of h i s p re d e c e ssors w a s t rea c h erously mur

F u th m
, ,
o r an

t im p d
e ex d ere d by h i s di ssa t i sfi e d offi c ers w hil e en g a g e d i n t h e si eg e of Mil a n
e i
,

w h ere A ureolus on e of t h e ma n y up st a rt p re t en d ers t o t h e p urp l e wh o

,

Em‘ n e'
a dd e d t o t h e
p u bli c m i se ry h a d t a k en re fu g e M a rc us Aureli us, .

C l a udi us a soldi er of hi g h di st i n c t i on a n d t a l en t w a s p roc l a i me d by t h e

, ,

army a n d j oy fully a c c e t e d by t h e sen a t e : N ot wi t h s t a n di n g t h e t re a t y

, p
w i t h t h e H eruli o f N a ulob a t e s t h e w a r i n I lly ri c um a n d M oesi a h a d ,

t o g eogra p hy or a ut h orit y Z osi mus ( l ib i l p

. . . . Sy n cellus, SS Hist Byz t om 1 p 882 . . . . . . .

i n c i d e n t a lly a llud es t o a G ot h ic in va sion , T rebell P oll a nd Z osz m ub i sup

’

in . . . .

w h ich A t he n s w as d est royed T rebelli us P olli o

.
97
Sy ncell SS H ist By z t om i p 3 82
. . . . . . . .

( in G allien o, vol ii c 1 3 p . . . .men t ion s a

.
’3
C omp are T rebell P oll in Clo ud vol 11 . . . . .

S imila r irru t io n o f t h e G ot h s i n to G ree c e ; b ut N a m ut superius d ix imus & c

"
p 0 6 p 3 63
. . . .
, .

w h e t h e r t he se a cc o un t s a llud e t o t he ra va es o f
g A urel Vi c t or d e C e sar p 3 3 6
. Sy nocll 10 0 . . . . .

t he y e ar 2 60 o r o f previ ous o r followi n g years,

, c it wi t h Mascou b oo k v
. 42 , . .

a re q uest ion s of ex cee din g d if cul ty fi .

C hap . vi . Sec l . .
] T HE R I F O U RT H MA RI T I ME EX PED I T I O N .

suffere d littl e i n terrup t i on An d n ow a t emp est more t h rea t e n i n g t h a n

.

an w hi c h h a d p re ce d e d i t w a s a g a i n g a t h eri n g i n t h a t re g i on of st orms
y ,

t he n ort h ern c oa st of t h e E uxi n e Wh il e C l a udius w a s e n g a g e d i n .

mili t a ry Op era t i on s a g a i n st t h e Al ema n n i on t h e Rhin e t h e severa l ,

b odi es of G ot h s w h o h a d re t urn e d h ome l a d en w i t h t h e ri c h e s of G re ec e

,

a n d A si a sp rea d t h e rumour of t h e i r a c qui si t i on s a n d v i c t ori e s far a n d

,

w id e a mon g t h e c on fe d era t e n a t i on s All S c yt hi a w a s p resen t ly i n .

moti on ; O st ra got h s H eruli P e uc i n i T rut un gi V ert in gui S ig i p e des

, , , , , ,

t og et h er w i t h ma n y of t h e more re mot e t rib es a t t ra c t e d by t h e p rosp e c t ,

of un li mi t e d g a i n c row d e d t o t h e g en era l ren d e z v ous on t h e b a n k s

,

of t h e Ty ra s T w o t h ousa n d v essel s w ere c oll e c t e d or b uil t a n d t h ree Th y ll t

.
29
,
e co ec

h un dre d a n d t w en t y t h ousan d w a rri ors emb ark e d on b oa rd t hi s for f igfizifi ‘ ‘

mi d ab le fl eet Af t e r so m e i n e ffec
. t ua l a t t e mp t s up o t h e M oesi a n c iti es of g
n
gggggggg
f f e

T omae a n d M a rc i a nop oli s t h e y st e ere d for t h e Th ra c i a n B osp h orus

i

, ,

”
w h ere some O f the i r v esse l s w ere w re c k e d a n d ma n y lives l ost ; t h e
rema i n d e r p a ssed t h roug h t h e Prop on t i s a n d t h e H e ll esp on t a n d l a n d e d ,

n e a r M oun t A t h os i n M a c e d on i a Th e ir fi rst Op era t i on wa s t o b e si eg e Th y l d u e an ear

Mm mth
.

t h e c i t i es of Th essa lon i c a a n d C a ssa n d ri a ; b ut th e se a n d t h e o th er i M d i n ac e on a ,

mariti me to wn s of G reec e h a d b een muc h st ren g t h en e d by t h e p rec a ut i on s fi i gjfjgfff s a

of C l audi us a n d t h e re si st a n c e t h e y w ere en a bl e d t o ma k e a ff ord e d t h e mid C a ssa n

i
t i me n ec e ssa ry t o c oll e c t a forc e st ron g en oug h t o mee t t h e G ot h s in t h e
( n

fi eld I n t h e i n t eri m d et a c h e d p a rt i es Of t h e l a t t er roa me d se a wa rd a s

.

fa r a s Cre t e a n d C yp rus w h ere t h e y c ommi t t e d t h e usua l ra va g e s

, Th e .

si eg e Of t h e t w o c i t i es p ro c ee d e d sl ow ly ; a n d t h e p a t i e n c e of t h e b a rb ar i a n s
.

w as n e a rly w orn out w h e n t h e r umour of t h e a p p roa c h O f C l a udi us from But t th p a e a

M ce si a a n d I llyri c um a fforde d t h em a n ex c use for a b a n don i n g t h e i r frui t

l ess a n d di st a st eful oc c up a t i on T h e a rmy b rok e up from t h e c oa st a n d 2 .
33
a dva n c e d i n t o M oesi a by t h e v a ll e y O f t h e A x ius C l a udi us a n d h i s hi m
£5
0 “
.

li eut en a n t Aureli a n en c oun t ere d t hem a t N a i ssus t h e mo de rn N i ssa

a e'

, ,

on t h e b a n k s O f t h e B u l g a ri a n M ora v a T h e Roma n s t h oug h a t fi rst .

,

c om e ll e d t o yi e ld t o t h e i mp et uosi t y of t h e b a rb a ri a n s foun d mea n s

p
by a skil ful fl a n k m
, ,

ovem en t over di ffi cu l t a n d O b st ruc t e d groun d t o

”
,

a ssa il t h e en emy i n t h e rea r T h e G ot h i c t roop s w ere t h rown i n t o d is

.

ord er a n d fi ft y t h ousa n d O f t h em a re sa id t o h a v e b ee n c ut O ff a n d Cl udiu d

,
a s e
“
dest roy e d T h e ma i n b ody un d er c over O f t h e i r movea bl e bul w a rk of iiiiiitfiifi
. ,

wa g gon s re ti red i n t o t h e n e i g hb ouri ng moun t a in s

M l
,
3
H ere t h ey ma m d i t h m 1
.
0 B S a’
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r ves e

t ai n ed t h emsel ves th roug h out t h e y e a r e x p osed t o a ll t h e mi se rl e s Of i mh m u ,

n e o n
t i but di a n s, es

c old an d fa mi n e i n t h ose e l e va t ed a n d desol a t e re g i on s Di sea se s b rok e f p t il . o a es en

‘9
T he D n iester Zosimus (lib i p sa s
y
. . . .
p . d oes n ot ra ise i t ab ove 2 00 0 .

t he fl eet c on sist ed of 6 0 0 0 v essels b ut even t h e Z osim li b i p 3 9

. . . . .

t urg id en comiast P olhio ~( in Cla ud vol ii c 8 . . . . .

 I
D SP ERS O I N O F T HE G O T H C I F L EET .
[Book I .

out a mon g t h em a n d c a rri ed off g rea t n umb e rs T h e c on t ag i on Sp rea d .

t o t h e R oma n a rmi es a n d C l a udi us hi msel f b ec a me on e of i t s e a rli est

,

v i c t i ms But t h e st re n g t h o f t h e G ot h s w a s b rok en ; a n d t h oug h

.

w a n d e ri n g d e t a c h men t s ma y i n t hi s a n d t h e foll ow i n g y ea r h a ve , ,

i n fli c t e d p a rti a l l osse s up on t h e p rovi n c i a l s i t is c ert a i n t h a t t h e ,

c o mmon w ea l t h w a s i n d eb t e d t o t h e e mp eror C l a udi us for a serv i c e

sc a rc ely i n feri or i n i mp ort a n c e t o t h a t ren d e re d by M a ri us a t Aquae

S ex t iae .

I n t h e mea n t i me a di v i si on of t h e G ot hi c forc es h a d i t se ems, t a k en a n d ,

B e di s e rs i on of t h e fl e et w hi c h h a d
39
p l un d ere d t h e c i t y of A t h en s u t t h p .

c on v e y e d t hi s en ormous h ost i n t o G ree c e a p p e a rs t o h a v e foll ow e d v ery

c l osely u on t h e d e fe a t a t N a i ssus C lc od e mus, a n A t h e n i a n w h o h a d

p .

e sc a p e d t h e p ill a g e of hi s c i t y c oll e c t e d t h e fug i t i v e i n h a bi t a n t s , a n d e m

,

b a rki n g t h e m on b oa rd suc h ve ssel s a s h e c ould fi n d , sudd e n ly fell up on

t h e G ot hi c fl ee t d e st roy e d ma n y of t h e i r S hi p s a n d c omp ell e d t h e rest
, ,

t o see k sa fe t y i n fli g h t By t h e a c ti v i t y a n d i n t elli g en c e O f C l a udi us,

.

t h e v a ri ous di sp erse d b a n d s h a d b ee n e i t h er sw e p t a w a y or re duc e d t o

t a k e se rvi c e i n t h e R oma n a rmi e s or t o b ec ome p e a c e a bl e oc c up a n t s O f ,

t h e l a n d s t h e y h a d SO l a t e ly d ep op ul a t e d T h e e n ormous a moun t O f t h e .

re c a t ure d b oot y , t h e mul t i t ud e O f c a t t l e , h orses, w a ggo n s a n d e ffe c t s of

p
t h e c on quere d G ot h s forme d some i n d emn i t y t o t h e sufl eri n g p rov i n c es
‘

for t h e p rodi g i ous w a st e c ommi t t e d by t h ose feroc i ous p l un d ere rs T he .

c a reer of t h e up ri g h t a n d n obl e mi n d e d ri n c e by w h om t hi s gre a t

p
-

d eli vera n c e h a d b e e n a c hi ev e d w a s sh ort a n d full O f c a re ; b ut i n on e ,

re s ec t h e w a s si n u
p g l a rly fort un a t e ; h e di e d b e fore t h e v a l ue of t h e
O bli g a t i on h e h a d c on fe rre d c ould b e forg ot t e n a n d b efore t h e e ifer ,

v e sc e n c e o f p ubli c g ra t i t ud e h a d t i me t o sub sid e ; a n d t h e a ot h eosi s of

p
C l a udi us ma y p erh a p s b e re g a rd e d a s t h e on ly on e a mon g t h e p ost
h umous h on ours b e st ow e d up on d ec ea se d emp erors si n c e t h e a g e of
33
Traj a n i n w hi c h h on est feeli n g h a d a n y Sh are .

W it h m (lib i pp 4 1 mpare t h em
'
31
Z osz . . . .
, co t h an t h e rest , a d vi sed n ot t o d ep rive t he
t h e b a rren b o mb ast of T rebell P oll i n Cla ud G ree ks of t h eir frivolous p ursui ts, since suc h oc
v ol i i c c 6 —9
. . .

. . .
p p 3 63. .J orn a n d c 20 . . . c upa t ion s preven t ed t he m from b ecomin g sol

p . T illemon t Hist d e s Emp vol ii p

, . . . . . d ie rs, a n d ren d ered t h em more easy t o overcome .

a n d G i bbon , vol i p 29 4 T r ebell P olli o, vol ii 0 1 2 pp 3 7 7 , 3 7 9 ,

in
. . . . . . . . . .

33
T he Byz a n t in e w rit ers Z ona ra s ( t om i . . an d 4 1 3 Sy n cellus, S S Hist Byz t om i
. . . . . .

p 6 3 5 , e t se
.
) a n d C ed ren us ( t om ii p
qq . . . .
p 3 82
. . T illemon t, H ist d es Emp vol ii . . . .

t ell us t ha t t h e b a rb ar ia n s on t h is occ as ion t oo k p 37 5

. . N
ot w it h sta n d in
g t he b oa st o f t he Ro
t h e c it y of A t h e n s ; a n d t h a t in t heir w a n t o n ra g e ma n s t ha t t h ey had e x t irp a t ed or ca pt ured t he
ag a in st t he a rt s of c iviliz ed life , t h e
y collec t ed w h ole G ot h s w it h t he sh i ps
k
a ll t h e b oo s t h e
y co uld fi n d in t o on e g rea t hea p w hich con veyed t he m, w e fi n d in c 1 2 o f P ollio s
’
.

for t he p urpo se of b urn in g out t he litera t ure as L ife of C la ud ius, t h a t a n un sub d ued remn a n t
t h e y h a d b urn t o ut t h e i n h ab it a n t s of t h e cit ; st ill rema i n ed st ron g e n o ug h t o la y Sieg e t o N i
y
b ut t h a t one of t h ese sa va g es, more t houg ht ful c op olis a n d A n ch ialus, t w o of t he pri n c i al c i t ies
p
C ha p . vi . Sec . S U C CESSES OF A U REL IA N .

C la udi us w a s suc c ee d e d by h i s b rot h er Q ui n t ill us i n I t a ly But t h e .

I llyri a n a rmy h a d a l re a dy p roc l a i med L uc i us D omi t ius Aureli a n us a cAeeurdesliCanla uus .

,

e rs on O f mea n bi rt h b ut O f di st i n gui sh e d c oura g e a n d g rea t mili t a ry d i us

p
.

e x p e ri en c e Q ui n t ill us, c on sc i o us of h is i n a bili t y t o mai n t a i n hi msel f

.

a a i n st t h e t a l en t s a n d p op ul a ri t y O f h is c omp e t i t or, di e d by hi s ow n h a n d ,
'

g
an d t h e c omp l a i sa n t sen a t e c on fi rme d t h e c h oi c e of t h e I lly ri a n l eg i on s .

T h e fi rst t w o y e a rs of t h e a c t i ve re i g n of Aure li a n w ere d evot e d t o t h e A D 27 O . . .

”
d efen c e of N oric um, P a n n on i a , a n d I t a ly a g a i n st t h e T eut on i c t rib es of ,

t h e Rhi n e a n d D a n ub e , w h ose mot i o n s w il l b e h e re a ft er a dv ert e d t o .

H is a t t en t i on w a s n ex t di rec t e d t o t h e st a t e of t h e e a st ern d ep en d en c i es He march es

“g a m ma
O f t h e e mp i re , w h ere Z en obi a , que e n o f P a l myra , h a d e x t e n d e d h er c on b a the queen i ,

quest s from Eg yp t ove r t h e w h ol e of S yri a a s fa r a s An c yra i n G al a t i a 3 4 of Palmyra

. .

Neg l ec t i n g for t h e p re sen t t h e up sta rt T e t ric us, w h o di sp ut e d h is t i t l e in

t h e p rovi n c e O f G a ul , Aure li a n c a rri e d h i s a rms a g a i n st t h e more
th re a t e n i n g d a n g ers i n t h e e a st a n d on h is p a ssa g e t h roug h M oesi a c ut ,

O ff a l a rg e b ody O f ma ra udi n g G o t h s a n d S l e w fi v e t h ousa n d of t h em, ,

i n c l udi n g t h e i r l ea d er C a n n ob a ud e s 35
.

”
T h e c a mp a i g n i n A s i a w a s a t t en d e d w i t h d ec 1 S1 ve suc c e ss ; t h e P a l H e va n quish es
th P 1
my ren es w ere d efe a t e d l n every b a t t l e ; S yr1 a w a s re c on quere d , a n d t h e 51 31 12222?
1
3

hi gh mi n d e d Z e n obi a h erse l f b ec a me a c a p t ive

-
36
T h e re t urn O f ° ° bi a pfi s° w 5
.

Aureli a n t h roug h I llyri c um w a s S i g n a liz e d by t h e re p ressi on O f t h e

Ca rp a t hi a n moun t a i n e e rs a n d h e re wa rd e d hi mse l f w i t h a t riump h n ot h e d ives bac k
,
r

m by y p ec e di g di sp l a y of t h e sa me me a n 31 31133 333?
1
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e x c ee d e d n a g i
n c en c e a n r n
a n d triu mph s
a n d odi ous c h a ra c t er
38 .

R eg a rdi n g a s w e d o w i t h p i t y a n d w i t h di sgust , t h ese revol t i n g Sp ec I mpo t an t

, r

effect s “ t h e
t a c le s, t h e i r effe c t up on t h e p ubli c mi n d i n t h a t st a t e O f mora l d a rk n ess Roma , n

“mm? “i “
w hi c h t h e b ri g h t n e ss of C h ri st i a n i t y h a s a t l en g t h di sp e rse d , c a n h a rdly ra i sm t h e .

g
b e t oo hi g hly e st i ma t e d Th e y ra i se d t h e sp i ri t s n ouri sh e d t h e p rid e goifimfans of i e11
an d g ra t ifi e d t h e c uri osi t y O f t h e eo le T h
.

il t h t i t h e
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,
a n

t rea sure s a n d c uri osi t i es of fa r di st a n t a n d un kn ow n c oun t ri es furn i sh e d

'

i n s t ruc t i o n t o t h e i lli g
n t e e n t a n d m a t t er of w on d e r t o t h e c rowd ; t h es
, e
W it h t h ei’
ru lers .

Obj e c t s w ere t h e p rese n t a n d p a l p a bl e v ouc h e rs O f v i c t ory a n d a t t h e ,

same t i me t h e most st riki ng mo d e of i m ressi n

p g t h e p e op l e w i t h a n ot i on
of i t s ex t e n t a n d i mp ort a n c e T h e a sp ec t O f Aure li a n i n his t ri ump h a l A D 27 3
. . . .

car dra wn by four W h i t e st a g s, t h e p rese n t of a G erma n p ri n c e a n d l ea d

'

of L ow er M oesia J or n a n des ( e 20 p p 2 0 1 ,
. . . . V op iscus a dd s t h at t his occurred t rans D8 .

p as ses over t h is in va sion in a sum ary m n ub ium

Z osim lib i p 43 —46

.

way ; h e d Oes n ot n ot ice t he b a t tle of N a issus, 8“

. . . . .

a n d c on clu des his Short a ccoun t wi th t he sieg e 37

Known b y t h e n a me of C arp i Vop i scus .

of A n c h ialo s . i n A urel vol ii c 3 0 p 487

. . . . . . .

3‘
Z osim lib i p 44 . . . . . See a g org eous d escrip t ion of t his t riumph
Vop iscus in A urel vol 1 1 c 2 2 p 47 0 . . . . . . . in Vop i sc us, ( in A urel vol ii 0 3 3 p . . . . . .

V OL . I .
2 F
2 22 WE A K N E S S O F RO ME .
[Book I .

i n g i n h i s tra i n t h e un d a un t e d q ueen of t h e E ast , foll owe d by t h e a bj ec t

T e t ri c us of G a ul , a n d by c a p t i ves from t h e fa r di st a n t a n d d rea d ed -

reg i on s of G erma n y S a rma t i a , a n d S c y t hi a , a fford e d a fa r more i m re s

,
p
si ve di sp l a y of vi c t ori ous p ow er t h a n t h e most sp i ri t st i rri n g n a rra t i ve -

c ou ld h a ve c on v ey ed A t n o p eri od i n d eed , h a d t h e p eop l e of R ome

.
,

st ood i n g re a t e r n e e d of some a ssura n c e t h a t t h ei r di st ra c t e d a n d

c orrup t g ove rn me n t st ill p ossesse d st ren g t h en oug h t o mee t t h e i n

'

c rea se d p re ssure of fore i g n i n v a si on , a n d t o t a k e up on i t se l f t h e d ut y of

t h e p ubli c d efen ce n ow t h a t t h ey w ere by i n c ura bl e sl ot h i n c a p a c i t a t e d

from d e fen di n g t h emsel ves .

Debili t y o f t h e Ye t some of t h e mea sure s of h i s a d mi n i st rat i on mi g ht h a ve revea l e d to

fizfii m mm '

t h e subj ec t s of Aureli a n t h e c on st i t ut i on a l w e a k n e ss un d er w hi c h t h e
w h ol e t
st a e of R ome w a s l a b ouri n g . Tri ump h a n t a s h e reg a rd ed
hi msel f (a n d p erh a p s w i t h re ason ) t h e ex t en sive a ddi t i on a l fort ifi c a t i on s
,

w i t h w hi c h h e t h oug h t i t n ec essa ry t o surroun d t h e i mp eri a l c i t y d en ot ed

a t l e a st a n a re h en si o n of d a n g er w hi c h a c en t ury b e fore w ould h a ve
pp
b een reg a rd ed a s a n a ffron t t o t h e maj est y of t h e st a t e But a sec on d .

st ep of t h a t p r i n c e a fford s a st ill more un e qui voc a l p roof of t h e d ec a y of

A ure lia n per i n t ern a l st re n g t h t o w hi c h w e h a ve a llud e d A ure li a n w a s t oo c l e a r

.

rc e i v e t h a t a p erma n e n t p ea c e w i t h t h e T eut on i c
“ was it’ 3 “
si g h t e d a rul er n ot t o e
p
t rib es of t h e Rhi n e t h e D a n ub e a n d t h e E u
,
x i n e w a s wh olly un a t t a in
a bl e . E very fron ti e r p rov i n c e h a d b een ra va g e d an d d ep opul a t e d i n it s
t urn v ast t ra c t s re ma i n e d w a st e a n d v o id of i n h a bi t a n t s for w a n t o f t h a t

p rot ec t i on w hi c h i n te rn a l di sc ord h a d di sa bl e d t h e st a t e from e x t e n di n g

t o t h em . But b esid e t h ese di ffi c ul t i es t h e b oun d a ri e s of t h e e mp i re h a d
, ,

b ec ome t oo va st t o b e ma i n t a i n e d b ut a t a n e x p en se w hi c h t h e i m
p o v e ri sh e d s ubj e c t s c ou ld ill a ffo.rd Th ese c on si d era t i on s a
pp li e d
w i t h t h e grea t est forc e t o t h e p rov i n c e of D a c i a Th a t d ep en d en ce
.

h a d for severa l a g es p rove d usel ess a s a b ul wa rk a g a i n st t h e n ort h ern

b a rb ari a n s a n d i nj uri ous t o t h a t c on c en t ra ti on of forc e w hi c h t h e d a n
,

aban dons t h e g ero n s p os i t i on o f t h e fron t i e r d e m a n d ed A u re li a n t h ere fore w i t hd rew

.

"mm “ ° f
Dac i a t h e g a rri son s a n d remove d t h e i n h a bi t a n t s from t h e rema i n i n g R oman
,

c ol on i e s of D a c i a in t o C e n t ra l M oesi a w h ere h e se t t l e d t h e m u on t h e
£3 2;
7
ac 1
, p
w ast e d p osse ssi on s of t h e l a t e h a p l ess p ossessors w h om p est i l en c e a n d
2123 2402
1
5 0

t h e sword of t h e G ot h s h a d sw ep t a w a y H e ga ve t h e n a mes of D a c i a
.

R ip en si s a n d M e di t erra n ea t o t h e n ewly c ol on iz e d di st ri c t s i n ord e r

-

t h a t i n t h e ost en t a t i ous e n umera t i on of p rovi n c es t h e omi ssi on of so

, ,

i mp ort a n t a memb er mi g ht n ot c on ve y t oo g l a ri n g a c on fessi on of w ea k

n e ss
39
. T h e Poli c Yof t hi s st e P h ow ever w a s i n o n e resPec t q uest ion ab le
, , .

39
T h e n ew Ba c ias con sist ed of t he p art o f perha p s of Bosn ia F or t h is t ra n sac t io n
. se e

t he mod ern reg ion s of Bulga ri a , Se rvi a , a n d Vop isc in A urel vol ii 0 3 9 p 523 ;
. . . . . . . and
C ha p . vi . Sec . A BA N DO N MEN T OF D A C A I .
2 23

T h e G ot h s (a s mi g h t h a ve b een fore seen ) i mme di a te ly oc c up i e d t h e

eva c ua t e d t erri t ory; a n d t h us a n un i n t errup t e d c ommun i cat i on w a s est a
b li sh e d b e t wee n a ll t h e n a t i on s of t h e gre a t S a rma t i a n a n d T e u t on ic
fa mili es from t h e c oa st s of t h e E ux i n e t o t h e G erma n oc ea n 40
The ,

D an ub e b ec a me on c e more t h e b oun d a ry of t h e e mp i re , a b out on e a fter an oc .

cu pati on of
h un dre d an d six t y s even years from t h e d efe a t of D ec eb a lus kin g of ab out 1 67
-
-

D a c i a by Traj a n a n d t h e a nn ex a t i on of h is d omi n i on s t o t h e e mp i re
,
y ears
.
.

T h e a b a n d on men t of D a c i a a pp ea rs t o ma rk a n i mp ort a n t era i n t h e

hi st ory of t h e G ot h s Th e y w ere b roug h t i n t o c l oser c on t ac t w i t h t h e
.

emp i re , t h oug h p erh a p s t h e d efen c e of t h e p rov i n c e s most ex p ose d t o

th e ir h ost ili t y w a s b et t er org a n iz e d D i visi on s a mon g t h e G ot h s t h em .

se lv es n ow b e c ome p erc e p t ibl e , a n d e x t ern a l e n emi e s di st urb t h e m more

fre que n t ly a n d di vert t h e i r a t t en t i on from t h e i r old oc c up a ti on s To .

t h e se c a use s we ma y a t t r ib ut e t h e di mi n i sh e d p ert i n a c i t y of i n va si on
duri n g t h e c e n t ury i n t erven i n g b et wee n t h e a b a n don men t of Da c i a a n d
t h e i rrup t i on of t h e H un s Th e i r fe roc i t y w a s t o a c ert a i n e x t en t .

assua ge d by i n t erc ourse w i t h t h e R oma n s ; t h e i r c u idi t y wa s g rat ifi e d

p
by p resen t s or l ucra t ive en g a g eme n t s in t h e servi c e of th e e mp i re ; a n d
t h oug h wi t hi n t h e p er i od j ust a llud e d t o t h e y a re fre quen t ly foun d i n a
h ost il e a t t it ud e , t h e i r i mp ort a n c e a s a n e n emy si n k s far b e l ow t h a t of t h e
Fra nk i sh a n d Al ema n n i c t ribe s on t h e Rhi n e or t h e Up p er D a n ub e ,
w h ose hist ory w ill form t h e subj ec t of t h e foll ow i n g c h a p t er .

S EC T I O N 11 .
—A . D 27 0
. a nd 27 1 .

—
The G oth i c P ower I ts T err it ori a l Ex ten t a n d P oli t i ca l Con d it i on Di visi on s Wa rs with t he — —
Burgun d ia n s G ep i d z a n d Va n d a ls A tta cks of th e eap a tri a ted T ribes of Ea stern Germa n y
,
—
up on the Emp i r e i n the R eig ns of A ureli a ma n d P robus .

I T h as b b se rv e d t h a t i n t h e mid dl e of t h e t hi rd c en t ury t h e
een o ,
1

assoc i a t e d G ot hi c t r ib es p osse sse d t he e n t i re t ra c t of c oun t ry b et ween

t h e V i st ul a a n d t h e S e a of A sof Th e i r domi n ion s w ere sub sequen t ly .

e x t en d e d by O st ra g ot h a i n a n ort h erly di re c t i on t o t h e sh ore s of t h e

Ba l t i c Amon g t h e a ssoc i a t e d or subj ec t n a t i on s w hi c h i n t h e foll ow i n g

.

ag e c on t ribut e d t o swe ll t h e G othi c p o wers w e fi n d t h e n a me s of ,

T h orin g i T a i fa les G e p id ae B ur gun di a n s V a rn i H eruli E st u P e uc i n i

, , , , , , , ,

En trop H ist Mi scell It — M a scou

. . . a
p Mura t Ss Rr
. . . . al .
p 68
. .
, v ol . 11D issert ix p 40 9
. . . . .

vol i p 68 Se e p 20 8 of t he precedin g sect ion

1 .
. . . . .

H i st Miscell . . lib . x . ap . M ura t . vol .

2 F 2
22 4 PO L I T I C AL C O N D T O N O F T H E G O T H I C A S SO C AT O
I I I I N .
[Book 1 .

Membersof R ox ol a n i , S c i rri ,
li a n c e ma y b e p l a c ed up on t h e g eo
an d H irri . If re
th G h
os1 t 1 on a ssi g n e d t o some o f t h e se t r1 b es
e ot xc
a rt i c ul a rly t h e
g ra p h i c a l

”
l gu
ea e ,
p p ,

T h orin g i B urg un di a n s a n d fEst i i t h e i n fl ue n c e of t h e c on fed era c y must

, ,

h a ve e x t en d e d over t h e w h ol e o f t h e mod ern ki n g d om of P russi a a n d ,

ma y h a ve e n c roa c h e d up o n G erma n y t o some ex t e n t I n t h e l a n g ua ge .

o f J orn a n d es t h e V a n d a l s w ere h umbl e d t h e M a rc oma n n i

, c rou c h ed
,

b e n ea t h t h e y ok e a n d t h e p ri n c e s of t h e Q ua di w ere red uc e d t o ser

,

v i t ud e
p h ra ses w hi c h evi n c e i mi t a t i on of t h e rh e t ori c a l st yl e of t h e
,

R oma n p a n eg yri st s ra t h e r t h a n a c q ua i n t a n c e w i t h t h e t rue c on di t i on of

,

t h e subj ec t st a t es of t h e G ot hi c l e a g ue Th ere i s n o groun d for b eli ev i n g

.

R l ti
e a f h th at
on o t h ose st a t es eve r me l t e d i n t o p oli t i c a l muc h l ess i n t o n a t i on a l
t e ,

1 e n t i t y w i t h t h e d omi n a n t t rib e
“
32123 32 i d I t i s c l e ar t h a t t h e G o t hi c
.
p ri n c es
fi “ f dm
fe
w ere sa t i sfi e d w i t h a g e n era l ob edi en c e l n p ea c e a n d fa i t h ful servi c e s i n
e
fi ve m hy
on arc
,

o f t h G h t t h e i r w a rs
e ot s o T h e n ot i on of h oldi n g ot h er n a t i on s i n servi t ud e w a s i n d e e d
m um
.

$ 21: a s re mot e from t h e i r c on t em l a t i on a s t h a t of e n sl a v i n

p g t h e i r ow n un t a me d
subj ec t s W i t h t h e e x c e p t i on t h erefore of servi c e s i n t h e msel ve s c on
.

si st en t w i t h t h e h a bi t s a n d
p re dil e c t i on s of t h e i r a lli es t h e l a t t er w ere ,

p ermi t t e d t o re t a i n e very ot h er a t t rib ut e of a se p a ra t e n a t i on a l ex i st en c e .

B e t t er p roof i n fa vour of t hi s i n feren c e c a n n ot p erh a p s b e offere d t h a n

t h e fa c t t h a t w h en t h e t i e w hi c h b oun d t h em t og e t h er w a s sudd e n ly d is
,

sol ve d by t h e i n v a si on o f t h e H un s a ll t h e p ri n c i p a l memb ers of t h e , gre a t

fe d era t i ve mon a rc hy of t h e G ot hs st a rt e d a t on c e i n t o i n d e p e n d en t e xi st
e n c e un d er t h e i r old n a me s a n d w i t h a ll t h e i r a n c i e n t ec uli a ri t i es of
, p
c h a ra c t er a n d a c t i on T h e id ea of re duc i n g ot h ers t o a st a t e o f t rib ut a ry
.

subj e c t i on w a s t h e more re mot e from t h e c on c e p t i on s o f t h e G o t hi c ki n s

g ,

a s t h e y t h e mse l v es osses se d n o ec u n i a ry re v e n ue U n d er suc h a sy st em

p p .

n o ma t e ri a l or l a st i n g i n fri n g emen t of i n di v id ua l ri g h t s or n a t i on a l

lib ert y w a s ev en p ra c t i c a bl e T h e p ri n c e s we re d oub t l ess i n a si t ua t i on

.

t o t a x t h e mora l a n d ev e n t h e p hy si c a l p ow ers of t h e i r subj e c t s t o

t h e ut t ermost w i t h out e x c i t i n g a murmur ; b ut i t see ms e qua lly c er t a i n
t h a t t h e sma ll est a b rid g men t of t h e me a n s of sub si st en c e or v i ol a t i on
of ro ert y w ou
p p ld h a ve met wi t h i mme di a t e resi st a n c e W h en t h e .

ri h t o f remon st ra n c e a a i n st a rbi t ra ry t a x a t i on i s e x t in ui sh e d a ll
g g
g ,

G l ot h er ri h ts c rumbl e a w a y of t h emse l v e s A n d h e re i n c on si sts t h e

e ne ra
5
co n
g .

3353 3; Sp ec ifi c di fferen c e b e t ween t h e c on di t ion of t h e subj ec t s of Rome a n d

t h a t o f h e r b a rb a ri an a ssa il a n t s T h e h e t erog e n eous memb ers of t h e
.

b b
a r a i an
r e m i re h a d b e c ome re d uc e d t o on e i n e rt a n d un i form ma ss w i t h out
ene m i es
p ,

a c 1 rc umst a n c e t o remi n d t h e m of t h e a n 0 1 en t t erms of c om a c t w1 t h

.

Po me ra n ia a nd Mecklen b urg Bo hemia a nd J am 16 See Ma scou,

, . 0 .
p 20 0
. . . vol. 1 1 .
Moravia .
D isse rt ix
. . 5 p 41 1
. . .
C hap . vi . Sec . RO YAL FAMI L I ES O F T HE G O T H S .
2 25
'

t h e p a ren t st a t e mora l a n d p erh a p s even t h e ir p hysi c a l p ow ers

: t h ei r
w ere S i n ki n g b en e a t h t h e e xh a ust i n g op era t i on of fi sc a l O pp ressi on and

e very fee li n g w hi c h mi h t h a v e c on n ec t e d t h e m w i t h t h eir rn men t

g g ov e

a n d w i t h ea c h ot h er w a s b ec omi n e x t i n ui sh e d i n sorrow i n su ff i
g g er ng , ,
4
a n d i n vi c e .

J orn a n d es rela t e s a t ra di t i on t h a t i n t h e re i g n of D omi t i a n h i s c oun t ry H eroes or

men un der t h e i r ki n g D orp a n eus won a g rea t b a t t l e a g a i n st t h e Roma n s

, ,

c omma n d e d by C orn e li us F usc us

“ th G
a n d t h a t suc h w a s t h e e l a t i on
° t h s°
p rod uc e d
5 e
,

by t h ei r v i c t ory t h a t t h e y b e st ow e d up on t h e c hi e fs w ho c omma n d ed t h em
t h e t i t l e of A n ses h eroes 6 or d emi g od s From t h e se An ses Sp run g a
, ,
-
.

ra c e o f ri n c e s w h om t h e e o l e a c k n ow l e d e d a s t h e i r h e re di t a ry c hi e fs
p p p g .

O n e fa mily esp e c i a lly ob t a i n e d t h e re p ut a t i on of p ec uli a r n obili t y of bi rt h .

I t d erive d i t s n a me from A ma l a t h e t hi rd i n d esc en t from G a p t t h e fi rst Am li , , a and

T h e i n fl ue n c e of t hi s ra c e w as g rea t e st a mon g t h e ea st ern

B lthi
of t h e An ses
a '

G ot h s on t h e E uxi n e a n d P a l us M aeot i s T h e w est ern t rib e s a t t a c h e d .

t h e msel ve s t o t h e B a l t hi a fa mily of lik e h eroi c d e sc e n t ,From t h ese .

t wo ra c es t h e n a ti on w a s i n t h e h a bi t of c h oosi n g i t s sovere i g n s t h oug h ,

by w h a t rul e or ord er of suc c e ssi on w e a re w i t h out p osi t ive i n forma t i on

. .
.

Brom Ama l a sp run g I sa rn a t h e fa t h er of O st rog ot h a ; t hi s l a st p ri n c e

.
,

w a s suc c ee d e d by Kn i va ; t h e p ri n c e s Aori c h a n d A ra ri c h c on t e m ,

ora ri es of t h e e m e ror D i oc l e t i a n a re n a me d n e x t ; t h e y fl ouri sh e d

p p ,

a b out t h e sa me e ri o d a n d w e re suc c ee d e d by G eb eri c h i n t h e a g e

p ,

of C on st a n t i n e t h e G re a t A t a c on sidera bl e i n t erva l H erma n ri c h

.
.
,

w h om J orn a n d e s d esi g n a t es a s t h e most n obl e of t h e A ma li fol ,

l owe d G eb eric h on t h e t h ron e of t h e G ot h s A ft er a l on g re i g n h e .

die d of a w oun d i n fli c t e d by t h e h a n d of a s
. n a sa ssi ; a n d S h ort ly a ft er
n
7

See b elow , c 8 sect l M ascou ( D issert ix

. . . . . . fab les G ree ks an d Roman s, h as prob ably
of t he
5 p 41
. . re mar s t ha t , in t h e t rea t men t of t h eir
k overlook ed t h e g en ui n e sig n ifi c a t ion of t he w ord .

su bj e c t s, t he Go t h s resembled t h e most cele A ma or H a usa , i n t h e old est T eut on ic d ia le ct s

, ,

b ra t ed n a t ion s o f a n t i uit y N o d oub t h e allud es q si n i fi ed a con g reg a t i on p ub l i c me et in g or

.
g , ,

t o t h e ea rly con d uct of t h e R oma n s t ow ard s coun c il ; h ence A use or H a n se, c h i efs of coun c il

q
t h e con uered st a t es T he Ro man p ow er i t self
. or n ob les ; an d h en c e likewi se several c omp oun d
j n ames b ot h of i n d ivid uals a n d n a t i on s, a s A n s
g rew up ra t her b y a ssoci a t ion t han sub ug a
t i on . berl us on e of t h e an ce st ors of t he C arlovin gi an
,

5
Sueton ius ( in D omit c men t ion s b ot h . . race Anselmus an d man y ot her p rop er n a mes ;
,

t he e x p edi t ion s a llud ed to b y J ornan d es i n h i s so also A nsi ba rii , t h e n ame of a Fran k i sh t rib e

severa l t i me s men t ion e d i n t h ese p ag es S ch i lt en

'

t hirt een t h ch a p t er T he fall of t h e C on sular

.
.

Sab in us, i n t h e rst of t h ese c a mp a i n s, is a d

fi g T h es A n t i q T eut on vol iii p 52
. . T h e w ord
. . . . .

w it t e d b y Suet oni us uve n a l, in h is four t h

. J ,
A n ses occurs in t h is sen se in t he fr a g men t of a
S a t ire, W 1 1 1 , 1 1 2 , commemora t e s t h e d ea t h
.
p opula r lay of t h e a ge of C h arles t he G rea t T he .

of F u scus w ell kn own lea gue o f t he g rea t co mmerci al cit ies

-

of G erm an y d erived it s n ame fl om t he sa me

Et q ui vult urib us servab a t viscera Ba cis
root
F uscus mar morea medit a t us prtelia villa
.

7 I sodor H t sp a lensis, Chron G ot hor a d

.

. . .

6
J orn an d es, w ho i s alw ays an x i ous t o con n ec t aara m c ccviii . Ed L in de nb rog p 1 66
. . T he . .

t he t ra dit i ons of his eo le wi t h t h e m th olo i c al list of G ot hic kin g s p reserved b y J orn an d es is

p p y g
a
NN
a
O ST ROG OT H S A N D V S G O T HS I I .
[Book I .

h is d e a t h t h e ki n g d om of t h e O st rog ot h s w a s di ssol ve d by t h e i rrup t i o n

O f t h ose c oun t l ess T at a r h ord es w h o g a v e t h e fi n a l i mpul se by w hi c h t h e

mi g h t y revol ut i on of t h e fi ft h c e n t ury w as c on summa t ed .

A t h reefold di st i n c t i on of ra c es seems t o h a ve prev a il e d amon g t h e

G ot h s a t a n e a rly p eri od of t h ei r hi st ory un d er t h e severa l n a mes
of G e t ae
8
O st rog ot h s a n d Vi si g ot h s
,
T h e G e t aa soon di sa p p ea r en t ir ely ,
, .

l e a vi n g t h e t w o gre a t divi si on s i n t o e ast ern a n d w e st ern G ot h s a l on e

c urre n t Th e se divi si on s w ere a s w e h a ve a l rea dy i n t i ma t e d a t ta c h e d
.
, ,

t o di ffere n t re i g n i n g fa mili e s ; a n d t h oug h t h e e a st ern G ot h s must b e

g en e ra lly reg a rd e d a s t h e d omi n a n t p ort i on y e t t h ere see ms g ood rea son ,

t o b el i ev e t h a t t h e w e st ern or V i si g o t h s a l w a y s e nj oy e d a sep a ra t e
t h oug h sub ordi n a t e g ove rn me n t I t i s e x p ressly a ffi rme d t h a t O st ro .

o t h a rul e d ov er b ot h ; h is suc c essor K n i v a se ems t o h a ve mai n t a i n e d a

g
si mil a r ex t e n t of a ut h ori t y ; a n d i n d ee d up t o t h e a b a n d on me n t of D a c i a

by Aureli a n n o t ra c e of t h e sub se quen t sc hi sm a pp e a rs But w h en t h e

,
.

R oma n s fell b a c k up on t h e D a n ub e t h e w e st ern G ot h s foll owe d a n d ,

oc c up i e d t h e ev a c ua t e d rovi n c e t h ereby g a i n i n g a l a rg e e x t en si on
p ,

of t erri t ory a n d w id en i n t h di st a n e b e t w e en t h e mse l ve s a n d t h e

, g e c

d omi n a n t di vi si on By t hi s remova l th e sovere i gn of t h e sub ordi n a t e

.

t rib e must h a v e b e c ome l e ss d e p e n d en t a n d t h e t wo n a t i ons l ess ,

c on n ec t e d i n i n te re st s a n d
p ursui t s a n d t h us w h e n reg a rd i s h a d t o t h e ,

l oosen ess w i t h w hi c h t h e p ri n c i p l es of g overn men t sa t up on t h e T eut on i c

ra c e s i n g e n era l i t i s n ot t o b e w on d ere d a t t h a t a sev era n c e b e t w e en t h e
,

O str og ot h s a n d V i sig ot h s sh ould h a ve t a k e n p l a c e w i t h out a p p are n t

st rug l e or c on v ul si on
9
g .

W h a t ever t h e t erms ma y h a ve b ee n up on w hi c h t h ese p ow erful t rib es

se p a ra t e d w e fi n d t h a t w hil e H erma n ric h re i n e d o ver t h e O st ro ot h s a
,
g g ,

p ri n c e n a me d A t h a n a ri c h sa t up on t h e t h ron e of t h e V i sig ot h s H is
l o
.

very imperfect T he A malic p ed ig ree , in c 1 4

.
. . t he w estern G ot h s . H is reason in g is t he less
o mi t s t h e n a mes of K n iva , A oric h , Arari c h , a n d su
con v in c i n
g , t h at t o i t his t he ory h e has con d e
G eb eric h , t ho ug h i t c on t a in s t hose of Amala, sce n d ed t o mist ra n sla t e a p assag e in t h e t w en t
y
O st rog ot ha, a n d Herma n ric h P ossib ly t here . n in t h c h a t er of J oma n d es ; b y w h ic h d evi ce he
p
fore t he former w ere Ba l t h ic p rin ces . ma k es Al aric ( w ho fl ourished b etween t he years
T h e G e t ze a re be li eved b y C luver a n d o t hers 3 9 5 and t h e foun d er of t h e family o f t h e
t o ha ve b een t he p rior i n h a b it a n ts of t h e c o un t ry, Bal t hi I
h a ve follow ed t h e a c c ura t e M asco n ;
—
.

an d n o t of G o t hi c ori in
g G erm A n t lib i ii . . . . an d I fi n d t h a t M Pfister ( vol 1 p . has . . .

c 3 4 p 6 26
. . . . d on e t h e lik e .

L a de n ( vol 11 bo o v c 2 n o t e 1 8 p
. . k . . . . .
1°
T he p eriod of h is a c c ession i s ma rke d b y
ma in ta in s t ha t t he n a mes o f O st rog ot h s a n d V i I sid or of S ev ille in his C h ro n G o t hor p 1 6 6 . . . .

si o t h s d id n ot c o me i n t o use t ill t he en d of t he i n t he y ear 4 1 5 of t he S pan ish era, a n d t he 5 t h

g
fourt h or t h e be g i n n in g of t he ft h c en t ury ; a n d fi year of t he re ig n o f V a len s w h ic h correspon ds .

h e d isp rov es upo n n in e several g roun d s ( l) t he w it h t he 3 69 t h year o f t he v ulg a r era , t here fore
O p in ion of t h ose w rit ers
( Mas cou a mo n g t he a b ou t six yea rs be fore t he fi rst irrupt io n of t he
rest ) w ho ma in t a in t h a t t h e Greu t h un gi w e re t he Hun s .

c h ie f c la n of t he ea st ern , a n d t he Thervi n i i of
g
Cha p . vi . Se c. G OT H S AN D VA N DALS .

fa th er Rh ot est us, i f n ot ki n g, w a s a t l ea st a c hi e f of g re a t a ut h ori t y

a mon g th em, S i n c e h e w a s h on oure d w i t h t h e sp ec i a l n ot i c e of C on st a n

t in e t h e G rea t a s a t rusty fri en d Of t h e emp i re , a n d a p erson of g re a t

ta le n t a n d c oura ge 11
.

Thi s ge n era l out li n e , suc h a s t h e exi st i n g ma t eri a l s h ave en a bled us t o

erh a s fa c ili t a t e t h e a rra n emen t of sev era l i sol a t e d
p rese n t p p g
even t s w h ose hi st ori c a l si g n ifi c a n c e d ep en ds w h olly up on rest ori n g t h em
‘

t o th ei r n a tura l ord er T h e n ot i c e s h a n d e d d own t o us rel a t e i n t h e fi rst

.

i n sta n c e t o t h e i nt ern a l wa rs b et wee n t h e G ot hi c p ow ers a n d t h e grea t

ra c e s of n ort h ern a n d e a st ern G erma n y a n d i n t h e secon d t o t h e effec t s of ,

th ose c ommotion s up on t h e c on di t i on a n d we l fa re of t h e e mp i re of Rome .

I : T h e grea t e x p a n si on of t h e G ot hi c p ower i n t h e re ig n of O st rogot h a T h G th t

'

e o s a

b roug ht t h a t p eopl e i n t o c on fli c t w i t h t h e trib es wh o h a d suc c e e d e d t h em

i n t h e n ort h ern reg i on s t h e y h a d q uitte d
“

Th ese t rib es ma y w i t h out .

i mp rop ri et y b e c l a sse d a s memb ers of t h e gre a t V a n d a li c ra c e w hi c h i n h a

b i t e d t h e v a st sa n dy p l a in s stre t chi n g a l on g t h e sh ore s of t h e B a l t i c from

”
the m
out h s of t h e Vi st ul a t o t h ose of t h e Elb e Th ey a re di st i n g ui sh e d .

a mon g ma n y ot h ers by t h e severa l t rib e n a mes of B urgu n di a n s L

y gia n s
-

, ,

J ut h un gi L on g ob ardi H eruli L e movii R ug i i T h uri n gii

, ,
T h e B urg un Bu g u di
, , , . r n ans,

dia n s w h om Pli n y c l a sses a mon g t h e V a n d a li c or V i n d elic t rib es a re

'

, ,

b eli eve d t o h a ve b een set t l e d i n sout h ern P russi a not fa r from t h e b a n k s ,

of t h e Vi st u l a ; t h e L y gi a n s i n t h e western p a l a t i n a te s of Po l a n d a n d in L ygi an s,

Sil e si a ; t h e Rug i i i n M e c kl en burg ; t he T h urin gii a n d L on gob a rdi Ra m

“

i n B ra n d en b u g r a n d h
t e n ort h ern di stric ts of Up p er S a x on y ; 13
the
H eruli or L emovii i n P omera n i a .

E m it ? “
5 F rom t h e a e of O st ro ot h a t o th a t of P robus 1 4 t h ere seems t o h ave viii hit
'
'

g g ,
e y eeh

b een li tt l e c essa t ion of w a rfa re b e twe en t h e g re a t G othi c a n d V a n d a li c 333212 253;

1 1 1
-

ra c es t h us b roug ht i n todi re c t c on t a c t w i t h ea c h ot h e r At t h e sa me t ime .

w e fi n d t h e n a t i on s b ord eri n g on t h e P a n n on i a n a n d I llyri a n p rov in c e s

‘

i n a n i n ex p l i c a bl e st at e of c ommix t ure a n d fe rme n t a t i on t h e n ort h ,

e a st ern t rib e s esp e c i a lly ma n i fes t i n g a st ron g t e n d e n c y t o rec e d e south t d y f th en en c o e

t t h e p ressure of t h e ifiiii f fi
i t d
wa rd s ; for w hi c h di sp osi t i on n o re a son a pp e a rs b u ifi
e
o

t
O s rog o t hi c ow e r i n t h e n or th M a rc om a n n i Q u a di Al e ma n n i , a re
wa r d ?
p .
.
th y b m , ,

i n d ee d st i ll foun d i n t h ei r old se ttl em

e eco e

en t s i n t h e rei g n s of A ureh a n a n d m gl d t h in e
th M m
P rob u b ut mi n gl ed w i t h G ot h s V a n d a l s i o m
e arco an

a n d e ve n muc h l a t er
1 5
s , ,
i , , h e, h c,
Al m
Burg un dia n s J ut hun g i G ep id ae H eruli a ll of th em n a ti on s Wh ose ( S ue ic) m
,
16
, ,
-
i
,
e ann e

v es,

ori g i n a l d omi c il e l a y far a wa y t o t h e n ort h wa rd M ore over i n t h e reig n .

,

n
Ma scou b ook , p 3 20
. . Vop isc in A urel vol 1 1 c 1 8 p 48 6
1 51
. . . . . . . .

P li n lib iv 0 A W Vi c d e Caesa r p : 3 40
'

. . . .
. . . .

Cluv G erm An t lib iii

. . . . . cc . 26, 33 , 3 5, 3 6 .
1°
D ex ipp us ap P et Ma gi st EXcep t d e L e . . . .

A D 2 50 t o 27 5
. . .
gat p 7
. . .
I
vO 30
I
IN VASI O N S OF PA NN O NI A N O RI C U M , , AN D ITA L Y .
[Book I .

P rob us V a n d a l s B urg un di a n s a n d L y g i i a re di sc ove re d a c t i n g

of , ,

a g a i n st t h e R oma n s i n c onj un c t i on w i t h t h e F ra n k s o n t h e L o we r Rhi n e

”
.

S ev e n t ee n or e i g h t e en y e a rs a ft erw a rd s c e rt a i n O st rog ot hi c t rib es

a t t a c k e d a n d ov ert h re w t h e B urgun di a n s a ft er w h ose d e fe a t w e a re t old

t h e Al e ma n n i a st ri c t ly Rh e n i sh a n d D a n ubi a n n a t i on t ook up a rms i n , ,

t h e i r d e fe n c e Ag a i n a b out t h e sa me p eri od t h e T h ervin g i i a G ot hi c

.
, ,

t rib e a re sa id t o h a ve a t t a c k e d a n d d e fe a t e d t h e V a n d a l s a n d G e p id ee
, .

Th us by sl ow d egrees t h e n ort h ern n a t i on s w ere forc e d a wa y t o t he

s out h w a rd a n d w e s t w a rd a n d g ra d ua lly a d v a n c i n
g n ea rer t o t h e R oma n ,

fron t i ers on t h e Rhi n e a n d t h e U pp er D a n ub e .

fi t ga sw -

:
I I
:
T o t hi s sudd e n i n fl ux o f w a rlik e a d n ee dy st ra n e rs w e a t t rib ut e
n g
t h e S i mul t a n eous rush on t h e p a rt o f t h e n a t i on s n e a re st t o t h e D a n ub e u on
n

211? gzt t h P n n i a n a n d Norl c a n fron t i e r w h i h

fi v se
p
t ook p l a c e i n t h e c omme n c e
0

i n as i o n ;
v e an o c
Pw m N
1n en t o f t h e re i g n of Aure li a n A s soon a s t h e n ew s of t h e i n v a si on of P a n
’a ’ °'
um
.

nc d an

n on i a re a c h e d t h e e mp e ror h e di re c t e d t h e c orn a n d p rov i si on s of t h e i n h a

,

l fl y i
t h t e
f . n
,
re l
g f Au
n o re

l la n . b i t a n t s t o b e se c ure d W 1 t h 1 n t h e fort i fi e d t ow n s T h e b a rb a ri a n s soon b e c a me .

e mb a rra sse d for w a n t o f food ; a n i n d ec i si ve b a t t l e b roug h t t h e m n o re li e f ;

a n d di sc oura g e d by t h e di ffi c ul t i es of t h e i r p osi t i o n t h e y si g n ifi e d t o A n ,

re l la n t h e i r re a di n e ss t o q ui t t h e p rov i n c e on c on di t i on of h i s p a yi n
g t h em

t h e sub sidi es t h e y h a d forme rly rec e i ve d from t h e R oma n s T h e e mp eror .

re ell e d t h e d e ma n d w i t h fi rmn ess a n d t h e b a rb a ri a n s re t re a t e d a cross

p ,

t h e D a n ub e
18
.

T h Su i e d W hil e A ureli a n w a s en g a g e d w i t h t h ese en emi es i n P a n n on i a a fa r

ev c a n ,

more formid a bl e foe h a d p e n e t ra t e d t h roug h N ori c um a n d w a s a l re a dy ,

b m d tt k
sessi o n o f t h e a sses l n t o I t a ly A m id h h h
m um
“
e
in
a
p o s
ac
p t e c o n fu s w n w i c .

rev a il s a mon g t h e hi st ori a n s of t hi s p eri o d e ma

.

1
A D 27 1 .

p . .
w y st ill di sc e rn w i t h ,
9

suffi c i e n t di st i n c t n ess t h e c o O p e ra t i on o f t h e V a n d a li c ra c e s i n t hi s w a r -

T h e i n v a di n g forc e s a re sa id t o h a ve c on si st e d of M a rc oma n n i Al e ma n n i , ,

S c y t hi a n s (a n a me v ery g e n era lly a pp li e d t o t h e b a rb a ri a n s of t h e remo t er

n ort h ) V a n d a l s a n d J ut h un g i T h e l a t t e r i n d e e d see m t o c l a i m
, ,
.
20

a S c y t hi a n ori g i n si n c e t h e y a re d esc rib e d a s e x c ell e n t h orse men a n d , ,

Th y p e t n ot e d for t h e n umb e rs o f t h e i r c a v a l ry
en et ra e Th e se h ord es n ow i n v a d e d .

“5 f F
I t a ly di spe rsed a Roma n a rmy n ea r Pl a c e n t i a ra v a g e d t h e c oun t ry a b out
"
‘ “3 a’

n um F t u or ne , ,

a n a n d a d v a n c e d a s fa r a s F a n um F o rt un ae i n U mb ri a
’l

$3 333 Mil A c l ea r
“ i
.
,

j u i g
rh y d p ro a d t o t h e g a t es o f R ome l a b e fore t h e m a n d n o t hi n g b ut t h e d is er
y p
e s fse
,
es 0
ln
q
s i on o f t h e i r forc e s i n q uest o f l un d e r c ould h a v e reve n t e d t h e d efe n c e
p lu dn er .
p p

‘1
M a me rli n P a n egyr
C onst a n t c 1 7
. . ad . . .
’
9
We a llud e lib i p p 42 , 43
to Z osz m
’

. . . . .

D er ipp F rag m i n Ex cerp t , & c P et M a D ex ipp us i n F ra g m a p P M a g & c p 7

— M ascou, vol i p 2 20 —Tz llemon t,
. .
. . . . , . . . . .

g is t 7 Vop isc us i n Aurel c 8 a n d A urel Vi c tor c 3 5

p
—
. . .
. . . . . . . . . . .

Hist d es Emp vol iii p 3 80

.
I /uden , vol ii
. . . . . . . See a lso Ma scou, boo k v c c 47 a n d 48 . . .

pp l l 1 1 1 2
. . . F a n o on t he Ad ria tic .
C hap . vi. Sec . T HE C ITY O F RO M E I N DA N G ER .
2 29

l ess i t a l i t sel f from fal li n g i n to th e i r h a n d s T h e un w a rlike i n h a

c ap .

bi t a n t s of I t a ly w ere se iz e d w i t h un i versa l di sma y T h e t i mid a n d .

sup erst i t i ous p op ul a c e of R ome l oudly d e ma n d e d t h a t t h e Sibylli n e

b ook s sh ould b e c on sul t e d a s t h e b e st mod e of avert i n g t h e d a n g er T h e .

sen a t e d e l a y e d b ut t h e ma n d a t e of Aure li a n p ut an e n d t o t h e i r h esi t a

’

t i on h e re a di ly p romi se d t h e n ec e ssa ry numb er a n d qua li t y of v i c t i ms ,

a n d ord ere d a ll t h e e x p e n ses of t h e c ere mon y t o b e d e fra ye d by t h e

t re asury T h e ora c l e w a s a c c ordi n g ly c on sul t e d w i t h every a c c ust ome d

.
22

form a n d t h e re sp on se di rec t e d sa c rifi c es a n d i n c a n t a t i on s t o b e p er

,

forme d a t c e r t a i n sp ot s i n a d v a nc e of t h e c a p i t a l ; for t h e g od s i t w as
t h oug h t w ould n ot p ermi t a n e n emy t o c ross t h e b o un d s t h us c on sec ra t e d .

V 0 p i sc us a ssures us t h a t so h op e l ess w a s t h e st a t e of t hi n g s th a t n othi n g

b ut t h e ma n i fe st a i d of t h e g od s ob t a i n e d t h roug h t h e p rop i t i a t ory sa cri ,

fi c es p re sc rib e d by t h e ora c l e c ould h a ve sa v e d t h e c i t y ; b ut t h a t by ,

t h e i r i n te rv e n t i on t h e b a rb a ri a n s w e re p ut t o c on fusi o n by di ve rs d el usi ve

phan t o s m a n d fr fu
i gh l i i
t v s o n s a n d t h us c omp ell e d t o a b a n d on I t a ly ,
23
.

T h e c a use of t h e i r fa il ure ma y b e t ra c e d t o t h e i r di sp ersi on i n q ue st of Au h d re an e

b oot y Aft er Aureli a n h a d p rovide d for t h e d e fe n c e of P a n n on i a h e ifii ai fi

.
f
,
sa
es
s'

h a st e n e d t o t h e a ssi st a n c e of I t a ly T h e b a rb a ri a n s w ere a t t a c ke d a n d .

b ea t en 1 n d e t a il fi rst a t F a n um l n Umb ri a t h e fa rt h est p oi n t of t h e i r a d

, ,
i‘
4
v a n c e t h e n a t P la c e n t i a
,
on t h e P o a n d l a st ly on t h e r i ver T i c i n us S t ill , .

t h e w a r c on t i n ue d t o ra g e for some t i me l on g er on t h e D a n ub e Aure Au li g i re an a

d f t m
. a n

li a n i t i s sa id ob t a i n e d a d ec i si ve v i c t ory ov er t h e V a n d a l s a n d C om V d l th
a 1
e ea s
an a s on
e

e
Danu b e
elle d t h em t o g i v e h ost a g es a n d t o furn i sh h im w i t h a se l ec t e d b ody of
p
°

t w o t h ousa n d a uxili a ry c a va l ry ; up on t h ese c on di t i on s t h e d i sc omfi t e d

e n e my w a s p ermi t t e d t o re t i re t ot h e i r h ome s S t ill i t see ms a s i f t h e
5 2
.

suc c ess of t h e e mp e ror h a d b een i n c omp l e t e si n c e I t a ly i t se l f w a s sh or t ly ,

a ft erw a rd s a g a i n v i ol a t e d by t h e a c t i ve c a va l ry of t h e J ut h un i The
g .

l a t e i n v a si on h a d i n d ee d b rok en t h e c h a rm w hi c h surroun d e d t h e sa c re d
c a p i t a l of t h e R o ma n w orld ; a n d A ureli a n h a st e n e d t o b ri n g t h e e n or

”
mous sub urb s w hi c h i n p roc ess of t i me h a d sp r un g ti p a roun d t h e a n c i en t
,

ra m a rt s w i t hi n a n e w a n d more su b st a n t i a l i n c l osure 26
p , .

9
A urelian li ew ise p ro mises k cuj uslib et sin g ul ar coin cid en ce if t h e same plac e sh ould so
g en t is cap t ivos ; b ut surely n ot a s vic t i ms 1 Yet soon a ft e rw ard s h a ve b ee n t he sce n e of as si n a l
g
k
M ascou t a es t his p assa g e t o d en ote a pra ct ice of a vi c t or
y. M ascou, b oo v c 48 See also k . . .

sa cri c in g human vi c t ims as a n e c essa r

fi Ti llemon t , ub i sup vol iii p 3 82
y p art of . . . . .

t he c eremon y of consul t in g t he Sibyllin e b oo s k “5

D ex ip p in Ex cerp t d e L eg a t p 1 2
. . It . . .

an d h e a ffi rms ( w it hout uot in g a n y aut h orit y ) q w as n o t t ill a ft er a so mew ha t p ainful ex a min a t ion
t h a t , t houg h p ro hibit ed b y Ha d ria n , t his d e test o f t h e va g ue a ut horit ies t o w h i ch we ar e dr iven

able c ust om w a s n ot y e t d i sused Hi st of t he — in t hi s po rt ion of t he n a rra t ive , t h a t felt con fi I

”
.

G erman s, b oo v 48 k . . d e n t o f t he c on n ex i on of t his V a n d a lic ra ce wit h

23 Vop isc in A urel vol 11 c 2 1 p 46 6
. . . . . . . . I
t h e g re a t i nv a sion o f t aly of t he year 2 7 1 , d e
94 A
urel Vi c t or i n Epit ad A urel c 3 5 But
. . . . . scrib ed b y V opi sc us in t h e 1 8 t h an d sub se uen t q
t his ma y b e a mist a e T h e Roman s h a d suf k . c h a pt ers of h i s M emoir of A urelian .

fered a severe d efeat a t Placen t ia ; it would be a 6 Vo i sc in A urel vo

p . .
l i i c 2 1 p 46 7 T he
. . . . . .

V OL . I . 2 G
23 0 P RO B S D EF EAT S T H E SA RMAT A
U I NS [Book 1 .

S E CT 1 O N 1 11 .
—A . D 27 5 t o A D 3 6 8
. . . .

Wa rs of P robus on th e D a n ube Ba rba r ic Colon i z a t ion—Ch a n g es of P osi t i on a mon g the Tr ibes

-

e n tra l G erma n —J V a i s of G eberi c h a n d Herma n r ic h a ga i n st t h e Va n d a li c Rac es

f C -
o y
G row th of t he Visig oth ic Kin g dom d own t o t he I n vasion of th e H a ns .

A ure lia n “
s uc ceed e t l b
A F T ER Aureli a n h a d fa ll en a v ct i im to t h e t rea son of h is sec re t a r y Me
T a c it us
y
n e st h e us me d a s h is suc c essor M C l audi us T a c i t us a
, th e sen a t e na .
,

d esc en d a n t of t h e g rea t hi st ori a n a n d a ma n of d ili g en c e a n d p rob i t y T a , .

c i t us a p pli e d hi msel f w i t h z e a l t o t h e di sc h a rg e of h i s hi g h d ut i e s a n d w on ,

t h e l ove a n d a d mi ra t i on o f t h e p eop l e t o w h om un selfi sh c on d uc t on t h e ,

a rt of t h e i r rul ers w a s a s s t ra n g e a s i t w a s a c c e p t a bl e A si a Mi n or w a s
p .

a a i n di sturb e d by mi x e d G o t hi c a n d S c y t hi a n a d ven t urers w h o i ssue d

g ,

from t h e i r old h a un t s t h e h a rb ours of t h e C i mmeri a n B osp h orus ; a n d

, ,

g iv i n g out t h a t t h e y h a d b ee n i n v i t e d by A ureli a n t o h is a ssi s t a n c e

a g a i n st t h e P e rsi a n s ma rc h e d t h roug h P on t us a n d C a p a d oc i a a s fa r a s
, p

”
C ili c i a T a c i t us e n t rust e d t h e d ut y of rep elli n g t h e m t o h is b rot h er
.

Fl ori a n us ; b ut t h a t ofl i c e r soon be c a me i n vol ve d i n t h e rui n of h is

e x c e ll e n t rel a t i ve ; t h e G o t h s e sc a p e d h i s p ursui t a n d re t re a t e d wi t h
l
t h e i r b oot y t o t h e i r shi p s .

u i u T h e d eserv e d p op ul a ri t y of T a c i t us c on st i t ut ed n o c l a i m t o t h e a t t a c h
iffi ft i fiie
men t of t h e a rmy H e w a s sl a i n by t h e sold l ers a t Ty a n a l n C a pp a d oma
( r r
and i uf
s s e .
, ,

$31 a ft e r h a v i n
g re i g n e d over t h e R oma n w orld somet hi n g l e ss t h a n seven
“ 1 27 5 mon t h s
,
"
A ft er a sh ort i n t erva l h e w a s suc c ee d e d by V a l eri us Prob us a
.
,

h a rdy a n d d et ermi n e d v e t e ra n t h e c omra d e of Aureli a n a n d t h e fri en d , ,

of t h e b ra v e a n d w ort hy C l a udi us 1 1 H is fi rst un d ert a ki n g w a s t h e .

re ressi on o f a d a n g erous i n va si on of G a ul by t h e Rh e n i sh n a t i on s
p ,

i n c onj un c t i on a s i t see ms w i t h c ert a i n e a st ern or V a n d a li c t rib es

, , ,

c a ll e d by Z osi mus L og ion es A ft er suc c essfully ex e cut i n g t hi s t a sk

3
, .
,

h e p a sse d i n t o I llyri cum a n d so c omp l e t ely d e fea t e d t h e S a rma t i a n ,

i n va d ers of t h a t p rovi n c e t h a t t h e y w e re c omp e ll ed t o surren d er ,

a ll t h a t t h e y h a d a c q ui re d t h e re I n Th ra c e a n d M oesi a w h e re t h e .
,

v i c t ory o f C l a udi us a t N a issus seems ra t h e r t o h a v e h umbl e d t h a n

t o h a ve e x p ell e d or subd ue d t h e i n t rusi ve G o t h s Prob us a p pl i e d ,

w a lls of A urelia n ( impro ved

mplet ed b y or c o lea ves it un de t ermin ed w he t h e r he d ied b y
P rob us) st ill const it ut e t he i nclosure o f t he mo t reason or o fd ise as e But Z osi m ( lib i p
. . . .

d ern c it y b ut t he b uild in gs d o n ot c ove r much sa ys ex pre ssly t h a t T a c i t us fell a v ic t imt o t h e re

more t h a n on e t h ird of t h e i n clud ed sp a ce
o
se n t me n t en t ert a in ed b y t h e sold iers a ga in st h is
Z osi m lib i p 5 9 — Vop isc i n Ta c i t vol 1 1
.

. . . . . . . . . rela t ive M a x i min us, t o w h omhe h a d i n t ru s t e d t he

c .13 p 619
. . .
g ove rn me n t o f Sy ria T hey a ssa ss i n a ted Max i
.

A urel Vi c tor ( d e C te sa r a n d Ep it ) sa ys, min us ; a n d t h e e mperor wa s k illed i n a milit a ry

'

. . . .

t h a t he d ie d o f a fe ve r a t T ya n a o n t h e 20 0 t h t umult as he w a s in t h e a c t o f d e c a mpin g .

d ay of h is re ig n Vop isc u s ( in T a c i t
.
c 13 . . .
9
Ac cord in g t o Cluver L y g ii , .
C ha p . vi . Sec . AN D SET T L ES M(ES IA AN D T HRAC E .
23 1

hi mse l f t o c on c ili a t e t h e g ood w ill of t h e ma n y v a gra n t p a rt i e s of pl ish t h

-
re en es e

Sc y t hi a n s w h o st ill ma i n t a i n e d t h e msel ve s i n di ffe ren t qua rt ers p a rt ly i n ,

t h e c h a ra c t er of d e iz en s a n d p a rt ly i n t h a t o f c ol on i st s
n , Th ese h e n ow fi gfi fi i; i ‘
.
a

en d ea v oure d t o c on v ert i n t o e a c e ful subj ec t s I n c on formi t y w i t h t h e M i t s s,

p .

i n fa t ua t e d p oli c y of h is p re d ec essors h e i n t rod uc e d a fre sh c ol on y of on e,

h un d re d t h ousa n d Ba st a rn ae i n t o M oesi a a n d Th ra c e wh o w e a re t old , , ,

k e p t st ri c t fa i t h w i t h t h e i r b en efa c t or a n d re a dily c on forme d t o Roma n

l a w s a n d c ust oms b ut h e lik ew i se p e rmit t e d c ert a i n mi x e d c omp a n i es of
G ep id ae G reut h un g i a n d V a n d a l s t o se tt l e w i t hi n t h e li mi t s of t h e
, , ,

e m i re ; t h e se st ra n g ers a l most i n st a n t ly resume d t h e i r old p re d a t ory

p
a n d p i ra t i c a l h a bi t s a n d di s ersi n g t h e mse l ve s a l on g t h e c oa st s a n d
p ,

fa r i n t o t h e i n t e ri or sp re a d d ev a st a t i on a n d t e rror t h roug h out t h e p ro

,

vi n c es of G reec e Th ra c e a n d Asi a Mi n or T h e sup p ressi on of t h e se d mpl y

”
. 39 e o s
,

robb er b a n d s w a s t h e work of i n c essa n t a n d fa t i g u

-
i n g ex ert ion ; b ut si n c e iii 2 25552 3

suc h l a b ours b roug h t w i t h t h em n e i t h er p rofi t n or re n ow n t h e y w ere 2 23 ,

u d i n ly b est ow e d by t h e soldi er n d re c e i ve d w i t h i di ff 1
33235
1
g r g g a n e
, re n c e

by t h e subj ec t w h o k n ew th a t t h e a rmy n e i t h er c ourt e d h i s a pp rob a t i on

1

n or v a l ue d h i s a a use
4
pp l .

A few y ea rs sub se quen t t o t h ese e ve n t s a s fa r a s t h e un c ert a i n ty H m h ,

e at c es

ermi t s us t o j ud g e e B urg un di a n s a n d V a n d a l s hi ih
g iif‘
l
g
of our a ut h ori t i e s t h
.

p , , e t ns .

w h om w e ma y a ssume t o b e i f n ot id e n t i c a l w i t h t h e 1 n va di n g t rib e s of fggg g j ggf

,
g
g
t h e y e a rs 2 7 0 a n d e t of t h e sa me ra c e a n d d omi c il e a t t k d t h ub ; n e
y a c e e
'

fron t i er p rov i n c e s of t h e D a n ub e Probus ma rc h e d a g a i n st t h e m i n

.

B ot h a rmi e s en c a m e d on t h e o i b n k s of a ri ver
p e rson .
p pp o s t e a ; b ut
t h e e mp eror fe eli n g hi msel f t oo w e a k t o h a z a r d t h e p a ssa g e i n t h e fa c e
of a sup e ri or a d v e rsa ry di re c t e d h i s soldi ers t o
, p ra c t i se up on t h e i rri t a bl e
v a n i t y o f t h e b a rb a ri a n s an d to
p ro vok e t h e m t o t h e c omb a t by t aun t s
,

a n d c h a ll e n g e s T h e e n emy fe ll i n t o t h e sn are a n d p ush e d a cross t h e h d f t

. e e ea s
t h m;
st re a m ; P rob us a t t a c k e d t h e m b e fore t h e c ould rec ove r from t h e d is
d e an

y
-

o rd e r o c c a s i on e d by t hi s di ffi cul t o era t i on a n d c omp e ll e d t h e g re a t er

p
-

p a rt t o surren d e r a t di sc ret i on Th e y w ere a t fi rst a d mi t t e d t o merc y

.

up on c on di t i on of surre nd eri n g a ll th e 1 r p ri so n ers a n d b oot y ; b ut t h e

Roma n s h a vi n g d e t e c te d some a mon g t h em i n a n a t t e mp t t o c on c e a l
or c o n v e y a w a y a p a rt of t h e s oil s
p t h e w h ol e b ody w a s a dj ud g e d by
,

Prob us t o h a ve forfe i t e d t h e b e n efi t o f t h e c a p i t ul a t i on T h e soldi ers .

fell up on t h e re t re a t i n g mul t i t ud e kille d ma ny of t h em a n d t oo k t h e , ,

N ee p a rum molest i ce (b a rb ari) Roma n re

l erun t , says V op isc us T h e mili
g lory . of t he
n e c t ed from a sen se o f d ut
Roma n
h a d b ec o e disc on
ar mies m
g lori ce i n t u .
y t o t h e st a t e an d t heir
t a ry glory of R ome w as upp ermost i n t he
_

fellow subj ec t s
-
Se e Vop isc i n P robo, c 1 6
. . . .

min d of t h e w rit er as of h is coun t ry men I t w a s

'

.
p 66 6 a n d c 1 8 p
. . . . .

of t h e w orst sig n s of t h e t imes, t h a t t he

“

on e
 P RO G RESS O F T H E BU RG UN D lA N S
23 2 .
[Book I .

i n c l udi n g t h e i r c hi e f I g illus p ri son e rs T h e c a p t i ve s w ere t ra n s

res t , , .

ferre d by t h e e mp e ro r t o B ri t a i n w h ere se t t l eme n t s w ere a ssi g n e d t h e m; ,

a n d t h e re t h e y a re sa id t o h a ve c on d u c t e d t h e msel ve s a s e a e bl e an d
p c a

use ful subj e c t s .

5

th Ve d l an
N o t w i t h s t a n di n g t hi s d e fea t w e n ow
a s
erc e i ve t h e V a n d a l s a n d Bur
an d Bu g u r n
p
di d u
ans a
g un d ia n s a d v a n c i n g fa st i n t o n ot i c e
va ce T h e l a t t er w e h a v e seen ej e c t e d .

$33;f G from t h e i r ori g i n a l set t l e me n ts on t h e V i st ul a by t h e G ep id ae a n d 6

m
er ,
,
“
w e h a v e t ra c e d t h em rec e di n g i n a sout h w est di re c t i on b e fore t h e
3:
3 -

m t i d e o f t h e G ot h c p ow er 7 T h e V a n d a l s w e sh a ll sh ort ly fi n d i n full
li es i .

re t rea t from t h e i r n ort h ern se t t l e me n t s a n d c omi n

7
-

g i n t o c l ose c on ,

t a c t w i t h t h e Al ema n n i c ra c es Th us t h e n i t a p p e a rs t h a t up t o t hi s .

p eri od c e n t ra l G erma n y h a d b e en g ra d ua lly c h a n g i n g oc c up a n t s ; t h e

S uev i c n a t i on s h a d b ee n d ri ven t ow a rd s t h e U pp er D a n ub e ; t h e F ra n ki sh
t rib es h a d c on greg a t e d up on t h e Rhi n e ; t h e S a x on s h a d sp re a d t h e m
sel v es by li t t l e a n d li t t l e over t h e n ort h w est ern reg i on s of G erma n y
;
-

w hil e b e hi n d a ll t h ese B urg un di a n s a n d V a n d a l s w ere p ush e d forwa rd by

t h e p ow er o f t h e G ot h s w hi c h l e ft t h em n o a l t ern a t i ve b et we e n sub mi s,

si on a n d e x
p a t ri a t i on .

D uri n g t h e re i g n of C on st a n t i n e t h e G rea t some n ot i c e a bl e mov e men t s

£ n geo
l e
f
mn h
a ri c t ook p l a c e a mon g t h e grea t e a st e rn G e rma n i c ra c es T h e O st rog ot h s .
,
h
fiifi fi
e
un d er t h e i r ki n g G eb eri c h a t t a c k e d a V a n d a li c t rib e w h o h a d p en e ,

t ra t ed i n t o U p p e r H un g a ry a n d s et t l e d up on t h e ri v er M a ri sc h or , ,
A D 3 06
M a rsc h a n a ffl uen t of t h e Th e i ss i t sel f t h e p ri n c i p a l t ri b ut a ry st re a m of
. .

et S
q nn .
, ,

t h e D a n ub e i n t h a t re g i on A ft er a n ob st i n a te c on fli c t t h ei r ki n g 8
.
,

V i suma r w a s kill e d a n d t h e re mn a n t of t h e Va n d a l s w e re c omp ell e d t o

,

t h row t h e mse l ves up on t h e p ro t ec t i on of C on st a n t i n e w h o se t t l e d t h em ,

a s c ol on i st s i n P a n n on i a w h e n c e by di rec t i on of S t ili c h o t h e y w ere i n

, , ,

t h e foll ow i n g c en t ury remove d i n t o G a ul .

T h H ml
e e G eb e ric h w a s suc c ee d e d by H erma n ri c h w h om for grea t p erson a l
i. , ,

v a l our a n d t h e e x t e n t of h i s c o n q uest s J orn a n d es c om ares w i t h Al ex

p ,

a n d er t h e G rea t T h e n a t i on s h e subd ue d w e re most ly of t h e S c la von i c

.

or S a rma t i a n fa mily i n h a bi t i n g t h e e a st ern sh ores of t h e B a l t i c We .

sh a ll t h ere fore a ll ud e t o a si n g l e t rib e i n t h e li st o f J orn a n d es w hi c h , ,

t h oug h by h im p l a c e d most erron e ously on t h e P a l us M m ot i s w a s a g e . e

un i n e T e ut on i c p eop l e wh ose ori g i n a l se t t l e me n t un e q ui voc a lly id en t ifi es

,

t h e m w i t h t h e U lmerug i a n V a n d a l s o f P ome ra n i a a n d M e c kl e n b urg .

Th a t p eopl e a re t h e a ft erwa rd s c el eb ra t e d H eruli A s t h e B urg un di a n s -

.

Z osim lib i p 62
. . . . . t he se vera l n a t io n s o f G erma n y .
pos I t is no t

V id e sup p 2 og
. . . sib le in t h e p la c e h e ass ig n s t h e m t ha t t hey
S ee t h e p re ced in g sec t ion , p 2 27 . . sh ould h a ve h a d Hermun d uri ( I) for t he i r n ea rest

J or n a n des, c 2 2 p 20 2
. H is g eo gra p hy
. . . n e i hbours t o t he n o rt h ward
g .

c a n n o t be recon c iled w it h t h e now n posi t ion s of k

 C ha p
. vi . Se c . V S G OT HS O F T HE L O WER DA
I I NUBE .
23 3

an d V a n d a l s l i a d yi e ld e d t o G eb eric h so n ow t h e H e ruli b en t b en e a t h
t h e y ok e of H erma n ri c h a b out t h e sa me p eri o d t h a t t h e re mot er V e n ed i
,

a n d ZE st i i b eca me h i s d e p en d e n t s
9
.

Th us w e fi nd t h e st ress of t h e G o t h s up on t h e i r west ern D GIg h St f th ress o

G tm P w
-
e
.

b ours b ec omi n g h e a vi er every y ea r T h e ra p idi t y of t h e i r c on que st s up t h i

° ° ° er
.
on e r

duri n g t h e rei g n of H erma n ri c h t h e i r un i form suc c ess a n d i n c re a smg bwo ut s

.

gh es ern fl el
'

_
,
r

re sump t i on t h a t i n t h e n ex t a g e t h e y w ould h a ve
.

a ud a c i t y j ust i fy t h e
'

, p
i n un d a t e d G erma n y a n d b ec ome c omp e t i t ors w i t h t h e F ra n k s a n d A le
,

ma n n i for t h e sp o il s of G a ul But a s i n t h e g re a t c on vul si on s of n a t ure .

t h e fi erc es t t orre n t i s n ot un fre q ue n t ly forc e d fro m i t s a n c i e n t c h a n n e l by

a n a v a l a n c h e or a moun t a i n sli p e ven so t h e n a t u ra l ro re ss of t h e
p g ,

mi g h t y n a t i on w h ose fort un e s w e h a ve hi t h ert o foll owe d w a s sudd en ly

an d f orc ibly a rrest ed by t h e i rrup t i on of t h e H un s a n e v e n t w hi c h ,

t h o ug h i t a dd e d g re a t ly t o t h e un i ve rsa l a n d t umul t uous fermen t a t i on

w hi c h w a s t a ki n g p l a c e a mon g t h e n a t i on s of t h e n ort h must st ill ,

b e reg a rd e d ra t h e r a s t h e oc c a si on t h a n t h e c a use of t h e do w n fa l of t h e
a n c i e n t soc i a l sy st em of E urop e R ome c ould n ot h a ve st ood muc h .

l on g er h a d t h e H un s n ever a pp ea red t o d e a l t h e woun d s un d e r w hi c h h er

e mp i re sl owly e x i re d
p .

T h e p rog ress of t h e Vi si g ot h s up on t h e L ow er D a n ub e forms t h e l a st G wt h f th ro e e

t op i c w e sh a ll h a v e t o a dv ert t o i n c on n ex i on w i t h t h e hi st ory of t h e
e a st ern T e ut on i c n a t i on s A n i n t erc ourse b e tw e en t h a t p eop l e a n d
.

ti lt:
t h e Roma n s w as grow i n g up w h i c h mi g h t i n t i me h a ve led t o a ,
.

use ful i n t erc h a n g e of se rvi c e s t e n di n g on t h e on e h a n d t o t h e c i v iliz a ,

t i on of a n obl e a n d susc e p t ibl e ra c e a n d on t h e ot h er t o t h e mi t i g a ,

t i on of t h e h orrors of p re d a t ory w a rfa re un d er w hi c h t h e un fort un a t e

p rov i n c e s i n t h a t quart er of t h e e mp i re h a d b een so l on g sufferi n g

.
.

I t h as b ee n a l rea dy ob serve d t h a t t o t h e oc c up a t i on of t h e Roma n ,

p rov i n c e of D a c i a a n i mp ort a n t c h a n g e i n t h e p osi t i on of t h e G ot hi c

n a t i on s t ow a rd s e a c h o t h er mi h t b e t ra c e d T h e p ort i on of t h a t p eop l e
g .

w h o se tt l e d i n t h a t p rov i n c e c on t i n ue d i n c on st a n t i n t erc ourse w i t h t h e

R oma n s Di oc l e t i a n ma i n t a i n e d p e a c e w i t h t h e G ot hi c c on fe d era c y rh ey m i t m
. .
'
e e a

L a rg e b odi e s of G ot h s w ere t a ken i n t o t h e se rvi c e of t h e emp i re by G a l e ffffj fi

i
ga
n

if g e e

r i us . M a x i mi a n us H erc uleus e mp l oye d t h em a g a i n st t h e P ersi a n s a n d 2 3352 253:

as

C on st a n t i n e t h e G rea t e ng a g e d fort y t h ousa n d of t h e i r w a rri ors t o a ssi st

h i m a g a i n st h is c oll e a g u e L i c i n i us
10
I n t h e re i g n of C on st a n t i n e a n d .

t h ose o f h i s son s t h e fron t i er of t h e L ower D a n ub e w a s up on t h e

'

J orn a nd c 23 p 3 0 3 .I n east ern P russia ,

. . . . as i nvaders of G aul i n t h e reig n o f Dioclet ia n a nd
L ivo n ia , a n d C ourla n d M a mert i n O ra t a d . . . his colleag ues — P an egy r i i 0 7
. See a lso. . . .

Ma x imian , ment ion s t h e Heruli in c onj un c t ion

. Cluv G erm A n t lib iii c 3 5 p 6 40
. . . . . . . . .

with t he C a ivon es, Burg un d ia ns, a n d Alema n n i , 1°

J orn a n d c 2 1 p. . . .
 23 4 WA RS O F V A L E S A N D AT HAN A RI C H
N .
[Book 1 .

w h ol e more t ra n q uil t h a n i t h a d b e en d uri n g

y p eri od of t h e p re an

ce di n g y c e n t ur . L ike hi s p re d ec e ssors, h e i n t rod uc e d g rea t n um

b ers of b a rb a ri a n c ol o n i st s i n t o t h e w a st e d
p rov i n c es for t h e p urp ose
W ‘colon ist s

o f su
pp lyi n g t h e p erp e t ua l
d ra ug h t s up on t h e p op ul a t i on re qui re d by
t h e w a rs of t h e e mp i re a n d of sa t i sfyi n g t h e di st re sse d b ord e r t rib es ,
-

w h om w a n t or e x t e rn a l p ressure mi g h t h a ve d ri ven t o see k reli e f i n t h e

“
l u n d er o f t h e ro v i n c es
p p .

A mpt u re
Ab out t hi rt y y ea rs a ft er t h e d ea t h of C on st a n t i n e a rup ture oc c urre d
hg ht“? b e t ween t h e w est ern G ot h s a n d t h e e mp e ror V a l en s A b ody of t h ree
e
i .

l
t h ousa n d men of t h a t p eop l e h a d ma rc h e d t o t h e sup p ort o f t h e usurp e r
en s'

Proc op i us a n d i n c on se q ue n c e of t h e d ow n fa l of t h a t a dve n turer h a d b e

,

c ome t h e ri son ers of V a l e n s A t h a n a ri c h w a s a t t hi s p eri od ki n g or a s

p .
, ,

h e i s d en omi n a t e d by some w ri t ers sovere i g n j ud g e of t h e Vi si g ot h s Thi s ,

.

c hi ef d e ma n d e d t h e re st ora t i on of t h e c a t i ve G ot h s on t h e
p p l ea t h a t P ro
c op i us w a s a me mb e r o f t h e fa mily o f C on st a n t i n e t h a t t h e y w ere t h ere ,

fore j ust ifi e d i n reg a rdi n g h i m a s t h e ri g h t ful suc c essor of t h a t p ri n c e a n d ,

t h a t i n v i rt ue of t re a t i e s sub si st i n g b et we en t h e G ot hi c p eop l e a n d t h e
,

t h en re i g n i n g fa mily t h e y h a d furn i sh e d h im w i t h a uxili a ry t roop s , b ut

h e a d d e d t h a t si n c e fort un e h a d d ec id e d a g a ni st P roc op i us h e w a s n ow
, ,

w illi n g t o l i ve up on t h e sa me t erms w i t h t h e c on que ror a s h e h a d d on e

‘

w i t h h is p re d ec essors V a l en s rej ec t e d t h e a p ol og ; h e ma rc h e d a n
V figfig y
.
.

a rmy t o t h e D a n ub e
fl
h t a n d c rosse d t h e ri ver by a b ri d g e of b oa t s T h e
t e
ierr t ori e s , .

G ot h s re t i re d t o t h e moun t a i n s a n d V a l en s a ft er ra va g i ng t h e op e n , ,

c oun t ry w i t hd re w a t t h e a
pp roa c h o f w i n t er D uri n g t h e foll ow i n g se a son
, .

a n i n un d a t i on o f t h e D a n ub e rev e n t e d t h e em e ror fro m c a rryi n g h i s

A 11 3 “ ,
p p
a rms i n t o t h e e n e my s c oun t ry ; b ut i n t h e n e x t y e a r A t h a n a ri c h i s sa id t o
’

h a ve sust a i n e d a d e fea t w hi c h i n d uc e d h im t o sue for p e a c e V a l en s c on .

se n t e d a n d t h e t re a t y w a s ra t ifi e d a t a erson a l i n t erv i e w b e t w e e n t h e
Th w e ut ar er
p
m d by
,

T h e t e rms see m
“
t w o p ri n c e s up on a ra ft l a un c h e d up on t h e D a n ub e
e a

p w
ea ceh i h c re
.

“m t h 3 m t o h a ve re l a t e d c hi e fly t o t h e re st ora t i on of c ommerc i a l i n t e rcourse

e c° '

m i l t
erc a i n er

co u b tw
rse b et wee n t h e G ot h s a n d t h e R oma n s by w hi c h b ot h p a rt i es t h e former
e een
, ,
t h G th d
T w o C i t i e s w ere i t see ms n a me d
e o s an
th R m
e o e s ec i a lly h a d b ee n
p
a n s.
g re a t suffere rs ,
.
, ,

i n t h e t re a t y a s t h e e x c l usi ve ma rt s for t h e G ot hi c c omme rc e Re .

st ric t e d a s t h e i n t erc ourse w a s by t hi s a rt i c l e of t h e t re a t y w e must p re ,

sume a rea t c h a n e i n t h e h a bi t s of t h a t w a rlik e n a t i on t o a c c oun t

g g ,

sa t i sfa c t orily for t h e a n x i e t y ev i n c e d for t h e b e n efi t s of R oma n t ra d e a n d

t h ei r w illi n g n e ss t o a c c e p t i t up on t erms so di sa d va n t a g e ous

m .

M ascou , vol
i b oo v i p p 26 9 , 27 0
. . k . . . of V alen s, t o w hom h is eulo gy is d e d ic a ted , t ha t
A mm ll'l a rcell li b x x v n c 5 pp 5 3 0 , 53 1 t h ey h a d suffe red t h e fro n t ier g a rrison s t o ex
—
. . . . . . . .

Thcmi st i us, O ra t x , as q uo t ed a t len g t h b y c h a n e t h e h ab i t s o f sold ie rs for t hose o f m er

. .
g
M a s c ou, l ib v ii p 3 22 T hemist ius ma es i t
. . . . k c ha n t s
.

o ne a rt ic le of co m la in t a a in st t he
p g pred e cesso rs
 C HAP . V II .

H I ST O RY O F T H E F RAN K S SA X O N S , AN D A L EMANNI , F R O M T HE R EI G N
,

O F MA XI MI N T O T H E I RR U P T I O N O F T HE H UN S .

W E h a ve severa l di ffi c ul t i es t o c on t en d w i t h i n t h e a rra n g eme n t Of t hi s

o rt i on O f t h e n a rra t i v e a ri si n g c hi e fly from t h e un c ert a i n c h ro n ol o y of
p , g
t h e G ree k a n d R oma n w ri t ers a n d t h e w a n t of c on n exi on a mon g t h e
,

i n c id en t s t h e mselves F or t h e purp ose of si mp li fyi n g t h e subj e c t a s

.

muc h a s p ossibl e w e sh a ll a dh ere t o t h e four p ri n c i p a l ra c e s—G ot h s

,
,
,

F ra n ks Al ema n n i a n d S a x on s a s t h e guid es by w h ose mot i on s t h ose of

l '

, , ,

t h e oth e r n a t i on s of t h e n ort h a re for th e mo st p a rt d e t ermi n e d The .

hi st ory of t h e G ot h s h a s b ee n a l re a dy b roug h t d ow n t o t h e p e ri od O f t h e
re a t H u n n i c i rr u t i on ; it i s u r ose d i n t h e en sui n
p g c h a t e r t o c l a ss
p
g p p
t og e th er t h e p ri n c i pa l e ve n t s c on n ec t e d w i t h t h a t O f t h e F ra n k s ,S a x on s ,

a n d Al ema n n i up t o t h e sa me p oi n t o f t i me
, S ome a c c oun t h a s b een .

a l rea dy ren d ere d O f t h e ori g i n a n d e a rly g eog ra p hy of t h e se ra c es

2 f
-

t o w hi c h ma t t ers t h ere fore it i s n ow un n e c essa r y t o re c ur furth er t h a n t o

rec omme n d t h em t o t h e re a d e r s a t t e n t i on i n ord er t o e n a bl e h i m a s fa r
’
,

a s p ossib le t o c ombi n e un d er a si n g l e v i e w subj e c t s i n t h e i r n a t ure so

~
, ,

un fa voura bl e t o t h a t c on t i n ui t y w hi c h wh en a tt a i n a bl e a dd s so muc h
, , ,

t o t h e i n t erest a n d e ffe c t of hi st ori c a l n a rra ti ve .

S EC T I O N I . 3 54 .

A g ri Decumat es—Ca ra usius— M a rit ime Fra n ks—Const a n t ius Chloras d isp erses the F ra n ki sh
a n d Sa x on P ira t es — Con sta n t i n e t h e G rea t—H i s Wa rs wi th t h e A lema n n i His cruel P oli cy —
— —
Con sta n s p a cifi es t he Fra n ks Con sta n tius H e ex c i tes th e A lema n n i a g a i n st Ma g n en t ius Ci vi l
—
Wa r Cha ra ct er of the ba r ba ri a n A ux ili a ri es of Rome .

T H O U G H t h e fi rst a p p eara n c e of t h e Al e ma n n i on t h e Rhi n e c a n n ot b e T h Ag D e rz e.

um th c a t es, e
d a t ed e a rli er t h a n t h e re i g n of C a ra c a ll a y e t t h e hi st ory O f t h e di st ri c t ,

i n t o w hi c h t h ey ob t rud e d t h emsel ves forms a n ec essa ry i n t roduc t i on t o M m i m d by t h “ e e

a rc o an n
of Marb od in
A D 9
1
S ee c v
. . sec . 3 p 1 90
. . .
9
.

Ibid .
. .
 T HE A G R I D EC U MAT ES .
[Book 1 .

h e i r ow n st ory W h e n t h e M a rc oma n n i un d er M a rb od quit t e d t h e

t .
, ,

Rhi n e t o est a bli sh t h emsel ves i n Boj e n h a im a b out n i n e y e a rs a ft er t h e

l
,

bi r t h o f C h ri st t h e R oma n s d o n ot a pp e a r t o h a ve i n t erfe re d w i t h t h e re
,

c ol on iz a t i on of t h e e v a c ua t e d di st ri c t s Th e se di st ri c t s c omp re h en d e d t h e .

w h ol e sout h w e st ern a n gl e of G e rma n y b oun d e d by t h e M a y n e on t h e

-

n ort h t h e Rhi n e on t h e w e st t h e Al s t o t h e sout h a n d t o t h e ea st w a rd

, p , ,

Th y e by t h e hi g h l a n d s w hi c h di vid e t h e w a t ers O f t h e Rhi n e a n d t h e

a re re
,
2

E iifl iffl g D a n ub e I n t hi s fe rt il e reg i on c ol on i st s from G a ul w a n d e ri n g fa mili es

l a'
.
,

of G e rma n s ( e rh a s of H elve t i i
“ “m m
) t og e t h er w i t h O ffset s from t h e Rh e n i sh
8 "
d p d t up
e en en on p p ,

R m du mg
o e Ne me t e s T ri b oc c i a n d V a n g ion es
r
, suc c e ssi v e ly se t t l e d t h emse l ve s
, ,
3
.

th l p
e a f th
se o e
fi t t u y f Th e re i s a b u n d a n t ev id e n c e t h a t t hi s mi sc e ll a n e ous o ul a t i on did n ot
rs

Ch m
c en r o
p p
l on g ma i n t a i n i t s i n d e p e n d en c e E a rly i n t h e se c on d c e n t ury o f t h e
r‘s “
.

C h ri st i a n era t h ei r c oun t ry a p p ea rs a s a d ep en d e n c y of t h e e mp i re b ut
t h e p rec i se p eri od a t w hi c h t h e re d uc t i on t ook p l a c e i s a subj e c t o f c on

j e c t ure on ly N e a r Fre yb urg i n t h e B re i sg a u t h ere a re ma n y rema rk

.
, ,

a bl e v es t i es O f R oma n se t t l e me n t s
“
g T raj a n i s b eli eve d t o h a v e e re c t e d
sev era l c a st l es u on M oun t T a un us a n d a l on
p g t h e b a n k s of t h e M a y n e for
t h e p ro t ec t i o n O f t h e n ort h ern b ord e rs a g a i n st t h e t urb ul e n t C h a t t i ; a n d
H a d ri a n b uil t t h a t ex t rao rdi n a ry ra mp a rt of st a k e s a n d sod s t h e re ma i n s ,

o ul a rly k n ow n by t h e n a me of t h e D evi l s W a ll for

’
of w hi c h a re st ill
p p _

t h e d efen c e O f t h e e n t i re di st ri c t T h e R oma n s c a ll e d t h e i r n ew a c q ui .

si t ion t h e A r i D ec uma t es ; t h e o ri g i n o f t h e a pp ell a t i on i s i n d e e d i n

g
v ol ve d i n ob sc ur i t y ;
y e t t h er e s e e m s t ro n g g roun d s for b e li ev i n g t h a t t h e

di st ri c t s so n a me d h a d b ee n ori g i n a lly se t a p a rt by D rusus or G erma n i c us

for t h e supp ort O f t h e g a rri son s O f t h e fron t i er fort resses e re c t e d a l on g t h e
5
ri g h t b a n k O f t h e Rhi n e w i t h t h e ri h t t o a ly a d efi n i t e ort i on of t h e
g p p , p
p rod uc e t o t h e i r ma i n t e n a n c e .

i t h f ll w
n e o Be t hi s a s i t ma y t h e R oma n s soon b ec a me sen sibl e O f t h e i mp ort a n c e
o
,

hndz li of t h e Ag ri D ec uma t es a s a n a d va n c e d p osi t i on O f d e fe n c e a g a i n st t h e

l‘ f t le

e r e .

m g ‘m re t s n
s b eli e ve d t h a t t h e e mp e ror S e p
" ‘ea e
an d ex e n se
s l es i h a bi t a n t s of t h e i n t eri or I t i
p
.

" 0n
P t h mm e
t i mi us S e verus st re n g t h en e d t h e a g g er o f H a d ri a n t h a t b e rec on s t ruc t ed
'

t
e n a n ce an d
f t hi t h e mi l i t a ry ro a d s a l on t h l f h B t se a n d t h e n c e a c ross t h e
gv :m y
f o t e er s ra s
g g
e en c o s e i n e ,
e en
Bl a c k F ore st i n t o V i n d eli c ia ; a n d t h a t h is s uc c essor C a ra c a ll a e x
’

, ,

t e n d ed a n d i mp ro ve d t h e m 6
I n t h e re i g n o f H a d ri a n t h e e i g h t h l e g i on
.
,

Se e pp 7 3 a n d 1 0 5 of t h is volume
. . a ft erw ard s a n y p a y men t i n prod uce T hus, also , .

2
T he rid g es n ow n kb y t he n a mes o f t he T a citus ( A n n lib x iii c d e sc rib es ce rt a i n
. . . .

Ra uhe A lp , t he S teig erwa ld , a n d t he F i ch tel la n d s occ upie d for a t i me b y t he F ris ii a n d A n s i

—
-

G ebi rge . b a rii a s A g ri milit um usui se posit i — Se e a lso .

3
T h e d ist ric t s of S pe ye r, Wo rms, a n d S t ras Pfi st G esc h v S c h w a b p 3 5 n o t e 3 7 ; a n d see
. . . . . .

b urg .
sup c 4 sec 2 p p 1 42 , 1 43
. . . . . . .

Pfi st er, G esc h v S c hw ab en , vol i

. .
p 38 . . . . Pfi s t c r G e sc h v S c h w ab vol i p 47 q uo t es
. . . . . .

n ot e 4 1 Sch oepfl i n s A lsa t ia llust ra t e , pp 5 5 2 , 5 68, 569

'
I . .

T he D ecumaa, O i i g in a lly a t e n t h or t it he, b ut

C ha p . vii . Sec l . .
] A L EMA NN I AN D F RA N KS IN T HE RE G I N OF V A L ER A I N .
23 7

h a d i t s p erma n en t qua rt ers i n t h e Ag ri D e cuma t es ; a c en t ury l a ter t h e

t wen t y se con d l e g i on w a s st a t i on e d th ere ; a mul t i tud e of Roma n re
-

ma i n s , suc h l t a rs i n sc ri p t i on s a que duc t s b a t h s

as b oun d ary st on es, a , , , ,

a n d eve n t h e si t es of c a st l e s a n d t own s ma rk t h e li mi t s of t h e subj ec t ,

c oun t ry a n d b e a r t est i mon y t o a l on g a n d p e a c e ful oc c up a t i on

’
.
,

F rom t h e i rrup t i on s of t h e C h a t t i in t h e re i g n of T raj a n d ow n t o t h e Al ut th l io e i

f tg
,
gi ll ' ’
a g e of t h e y oun g er G ordi a n p e ri od of up wa rd s of a c en t ury t hi s .h fi igtmy f
m
a , , n

d ep e n d e n c y of t h e e mp i re w a s li t t l e di st urb e d b y b a rb a ric i n va si on But ;ggfige . .

s

duri n g t h a t i n t erva l t h e Al ema n n i w ere g a t h eri n g st ren g t h on t h e Up p er 252353? 6

8 1 8
0

M a y n e a n d t h e D a n ub e w hil e t h e a t t e n t i on O f t h e suc ceedi n g rul ers th mpi

, ,
ee re.

Phili p D ec i us G a ll us a n d l Emili a n w a s divert e d from t h e d efen c e

, , ,

of t h e G a lli c fron t i er by t h e d est ruc t i v e i n roa d s O f t h e G ot hi c n a t i on s by ,

”
t h e i n v a si on s of t h e P ersi a n s i n t h e e a st a n d by sa n gui n a ry c on t e s t s for ,

t h e p urp l e a mon g t h emse l ve s

8
A t t h e sa me t i me t h e F ra n k s on t h e L ower Su.
i i ccess ve a

i f th va s on s o e
Rhi n e w ere w a t c hi n g t h ei r O p p ort un i t y t o ra va ge t h e G a lli c p rovi n c e s m k i th
“v l ”
. ee , n e

I n t h e re i g n of V a l eri a n th e y p a sse d t h e Rhi n e a n d p e rp et ra t e d seri ous is ?

a e
,

d ep re d a t i on s i n a l most every p a rt O f G a ul Th a t emp eror c ommitte d t h e Al l 25 .

d efen c e O f t h e p rovi n c e t o Aure li a n w h o d e fe a t e d t h e F ra n k s killi n g , ,

seven h un d re d a n d t a ki n g t h ree h un d re d ri son ers T h e c re dit h e

9
p .

g a i n e d by t hi s t rifli n g suc c e ss i n di c a t e s t h e d egree of t error t h ese b a r s

b a ri a n s i n sp i re d ; V a l eri a n c on ferre d up on h i m t h e t i t l e of R estorer of

G a ul a n d t h e R oma n p op ul a c e sa n g t riump h a n t son g s i n h is p ra i se
,
o
.
l

But t h e ill suc c ess of t hi s t h e i r fi rst a t t emp t d oe s n ot se em t o h a v e ma d e

muc h i mp ression up on t h e Fra n k s t h emselve s W hil e t h e Al ema n n i .

i n va d e d t h e Ag ri D ec uma t e s a n d p a sse d t h e Rhi n e i n to G a ul t h e y

.
, ,

a g a i n ra v a g e d L ower G erma n y a n d a g rea t p a rt of B el g i um th ey t ook

t h e c i t i e s of August a T revirorum a n d M e di oma tri c um
11
a n d e xt en d e d ,

t h e i r d es t ruc t i ve i n roa d s t o t h e n ort h ern p rovi n c e s of S a i n w h ere t h e y

p ,

t ot a lly rui n e d t h e c i t y a n d di st ri c t of T a rra g on a “

T h e p rec i se p eri od s .

of t h ese i n va si on s c a n n ot n ow b e a sc e rt a i n e d I n d ee d our i n forma t i on

e

i s so mea g re a n d un c on n e c t e d a s a l most t o d efy a rra n g emen t ;

y et ,

suc h a s i t i s w e g a t h er from it st ron g p roof O f t h e i n a bili t y of R ome

,

t o ex t en d e q ua l p rot ec t i on t o e very t h rea t en e d p oi n t of h er en ormous

fron ti er V a l eri a n w a s c omp ell e d t o p ut a l most t h e w h ol e force of
.

‘
l But t he na mes of t hese t ow n s an d castles,
’
Vop i sc i n A urel c 7 vol 1 1 p 43 3
. . . . . . . .

ex cept in
g o n e or t w o men t ion ed in t he t i neraries, I M ille Fra n cos
are t ot ally lost Sch oepfl i n , Alsa t I llust r p 440 ;
. . . . M ille Sarmat as
a n d Sa tt ter i A n t i qui t ie s, T a b iii a n d i v q uot e d . . . Semel occidimus ;
by Pfi st loc ci t . T he T a b P eut i ng d oes n ot
. . . . M ille, M ille P ersa s q ueerimus .

n ot i ce t h e A ri D ecuma t es, n or a n Vopisc loc mod cit

g y Roman road . . . .

or st a t ion on t h e ri h t b an k of t h e Rhin e n
T reves a n d Met z in L orrai n e
g . .

9
See 0 vi sec 1 pp 21 1 2 1 4
. . . . .
-
. Orosius, lib vii c 22 p 51 8. . . . .

V OL . I .
23 8 T HE F RA N KS A DV A N C E IN N A U T I CAL EN T ERP RI Z E .
[Book I .

mp i re i n re q ui si t ion t o a rrest t h e p rogre ss of S h a h p oor ki n g

t he e

of P ersi a ; few t roop s c ould b e sp a re d for t h e d e fe n c e of G a ul ; a n d

w i t h t h e i n c on sid era bl e forc e w hi c h re ma i n e d a t h is di sp osa l h e sen t h is ,

and G ll u son G a lli e n us i n t o t h e

a i en s
rovi n c e w i t h A ureli a n a s hi s sec o n d i n c omma n d
p .

Th e re t h e Roma n s w ere a c c ordi n gly red uc e d t o t h e d e fe n si ve a n d a t l a st ,

obli e d t o u rc h a se by st i e n d s a n d g ra t ui t i e s a susp e n si on O f h ost iliti es

g p p
from t h e el a t e d b a rb a ri a n s 13
By suc h mea n s some Of t h e b a rb ari c .

C hi e ft a i n s w ere d e t a c h e d from t h e re st a n d w i t h t h e i r a ssi st a n c e t h e ,

more p re ssi n g di ffi c ul t i e s of t h e p rovi n c e w ere ob v i a t e d “

.

A b ut h
o
p t is D uri n g t h e p rogress of t h e se b ord er w a rs on t h e Rhi n e a n i n c ide n t a l
e ,

Lféfif fifia n ot i c e of Aureli us V i c t or c on fi rme d by a sh ort p a ssa g e i n t h e P a n eg y

' i s 15
,

gfidfgt figg
‘ ll
ri st N a z a ri us a c q ua i n t s us w i t h a fa c t of g re a t i n t eres t i n c on n e x i on w i t h
‘
f ,

l u l t h e hi s t ory of t h e n ort h e rn n a t i on s of E uro e W e h a v e a l rea dy seen

tt
:z yss
‘ x e
a va
p .

h ow re a dily t h e G ot h s O f t h e E uxi n e a c q ui re d t h e n a va l skill n e c e ssa ry

t o t h e n a vi g a t i on of t h a t st ormy sea We n ow fi n d t h e sa me n a ut i c a l .

sp i ri t a t w ork up on a fa r
g rea t er sc a l e a n d suc c e ssfully c on t e n di n g w i t h ,

st ill more formid a bl e di ffi c ul t i e s on t h e oc e a n c oa st s of n ort h ern G er -

ma n y I n t h e re i g n of G a lli en us F ra n ki sh fl ee t s run n i n g out of t h e

.
, ,

mout h s O f t h e Ems t h e We ser a n d t h e Elb e ma de d e sc en t s up on t h e , ,

c oa st s of G a ul S a i n a n d ev e n A fri c a : t h e fi rst i n di c a t i on th is o f t h a t
p ,

t erribl e p rop en si t y t o p i ra t i c a l w a rfa re w hi c h for t h e foll ow i n g seve n or

e i g h t c e n t uri es n ever c ea se d t o d esol a t e t h e w e st ern c oa st s o f t h e E uro

p e a n c on t i n en t
16
.

P ost h umius suc c ee d e d t o G a lli e n us a n d A ure li a n i n t h e c omma n d of

G a ul T h e fa vour O f V a l e ri a n a n d t h e h a t re d O f t h e a rmy for t h e
.

i n d ol en t a n d v i c i ous G a lli e n us e n d e a re d t h e n e w c omma n d e r t o t h e ,

soldi e ry ; t h ey t h ou ht t h a t h e w h o sust a i n e d t h e a c t ua l c h a rg e O f
g
g ov ern me n t a n d p erforme d i t s d ut i es o ug h t t o e nj oy t h e h on ours of
, ,

sovere i g n t y a n d P ost h umi us w a s un a n i mously sa l ut e d Aug ust us by t h e

,

a rmy o f G a ul F or a p eri o d O f seven y e a rs d uri n g w hi c h h e c on d uc t e d

"
.
,

t h e d e fe n c e O f t h e rov i n c e t h e c oun t ry e nj oy e d c omp a ra t i ve t ra n q uilli t y

;ygtgi
l e vres
p ,
.

W hil e i n eve ry ot h er q ua rt er of t h e e mp i re t h e t orre n t O f i n va si on w a s

‘ s

sw ee i n g a ll b e fore i t G a ul wa s c l e a re d O f t h e rov i n g b a n d s O f F ra n k s
p ,

Vop isc in A urel loc mod c it

. Z osi m . . . .
— . From t he A urel Vi ct or it seems
c on t e x t Of .

li b i p 2 8
. . . . a s i f t he c it y of T a rra co, o n t h e e a st e rn coa st of

Wh ile G allien us resided in G a ul he fell in S pa in , had b een d est royed b y t he se p ira t e s But .

love w it h P ip at a , d a ug h t er O f A t a lus a ra n ish .

F k O rosius, h imself a S pa n iard , re sid e n t i n t h e
c h ie f, a n d marrie d he r a ft er re ud ia t i n c o un t r , d oes n o t n ot ic e a n y n a ut ica l i n vasion
g h is w ife
S a lo n ia .
— p
A urel Vict d e C aesa r p 3 3 6. T re . . .
— y
d urin g t his p erio d .

belt P oll i n G a lli en o, c 3 vol ii p 2 5 0

. . T h is . . . . . .
'7 T rebell P o ll in x x x Tyra n n c 3 vol i i
. . . . . . .

c on ne x ion i n s ired h i m w it h a t a st e for b arb aric 2 5 9 H e h eld t h e c o mma n d i n G a ul fi orii t he

p p . .

c ust o ms ; he w o re t h e
y ellow h a ir, a n d i mit a t ed y e a r 2 57 t ill his d e a t h i n 26 7 He c a used him .
~

t h e d ress O f t h e ra n s F k . self t o b e p ro c la imed e mperor in 2 6 1 A rt d c .

'5
D e C aesa r i n G al lieno . . Vcr , & c vol i p 3 8 1
. . . . . .
C hap . vii . See I . .
] D EF E C E OF GA
N UL BY T HE ROMA N M I L I T A R Y U SU RPERS .
23 9

an d Al ema n n i w hi c h i n feste d it t h e t own s a n d fortresse s were re st ore d , ,

t h e c a st l e s a n d mili t a ry li n es on t h e ri g h t b a n k of t h e Rhi n e w e re
re a i re d a n d se ve ra l d ec i sive suc c esse s ob t a i n e d A s l on a s P o t A D 25 7
p g s - -
.
,
t
h umius li ve d t h e e n emy resp ec t e d t h e fron t i ers of t h e p rov i n c e
o
H i s A D 267 . . . .

d ea t h by t h e h a n ds of h i s own ra p a c i ous a n d di sa p p oi n t ed soldi ery w a s géi iliii

,
fi h
, g
e e

a si g n a l t o t h e b a rb a ri a n s for a g en era l rush up on a ll t h e mili t a ry p ost s t

f h d
d
t f es

l on a n
evas a’
ca r

of t h e R oma n s o n t h e ri g h t of t h e Rhi n e Th ese d efen c es w ere soon g .

ri a e.

d e st roye d or b urn t a n d G a ul on c e more b ec ame a p re y t o d eva st a t i on

, .

a n d c a rn a g e
1
But L ollia n us w h om a ft er t h e a ssa ss i n a t i on of P ost h u
8

L lli ii ffii
.
l z l
, ,

mi us t h e a rmy h a d p roc l a imed emp eror a p p li e d hi msel f w i t h suc c ess t o p l t h g

o ar i s n

, re e s e ar
,
ha a s n n
t h e p ubli c d efen c e ; t h e b a rb a ri a n s w e re a g a i n d ri ven b a c k a n d t h e
’

Tra n s Rh en a n e p ost s on c e more p l a c e d i n a d efen sibl e st a t e

-
.

But w i t hi n t h e t wel v emon t h a ft er h i s e l e va t i on L olli a n us p a id t h e H p i h by ,

e er s ss
m tm
c ust oma ry
p e n a l t y of a mbi t i on h e wa s murd ere d by t h e sa t elli t e s of h i s
a

i
a ssa s '

19
a ssoc i a t e V i c t ori n us T h e n ew rul er w a s h ow ever a n a bl e
.

h e h a d t a k en a p ri n c i p a l p a rt i n t h e suc c essful w ars of P ost h umi us

a a i n st t h e T ra n s Rh en a n e t rib e s a n d w a s w ell fit t e d t o c a rry on a n d
g
-

a c c om li sh t h e d e si g n s of h i s re d ec e ssors H i s re i g n l a st e d sc a rc e ly
p p .

t w o y ea rs ; h i s p ubli c v i rt ues a re a d mi t t e d a n d e x t oll e d e ven by h i s

en e mi es ; b ut t h e di ssol ut e h a bi t s of h i s p ri v a t e li fe a b rid g e d t h e sma ll

c h a n c e of a l en g t h en e d re i g n w hi c h t h e i rre g ul a ri t y of h i s e l e c t i on a n d
t h e c h a ra c t er of h i s c on st i t uen t s mi g h t h a ve a d mi t t e d H e fell a sa c ri A D 268 .
. .

fl ee t o t h e rev en g e of on e of h is own offi c e rs for t h e se duc t i on of h i s

w i fe
’
G a ul n ow fell i n t o t h e h a n d s of P ublius P evi suv ius T e t ri c us ; t h e H i u d
f0
e s s ccee
d hl T t i u e e r c s
b a rb a ri a n s of t h e Rh i n e d i d n ot re n ew t h e i r i n roa d s a n d t h e n ew rul er Du lg h i , n s

ma i n t a i n e d hi msel f i n t h e p rov in c e for a p eri od of six ye a rs M ea n w hil e gigggfbgfgg h ‘

.
n n

t h e l eg i t i ma t e e mp erors V a l eri a n us G a lli en us C l a udi us a n d Q ui n t ill us f

g éjgzfézg
fl
, , ,
e r s

h a d p a sse d from t h e sc en e a n d Aure li a n h a d a ssume d t h e g ove rn me n t w i t h h i pu pl

,
s r e
t A u li
t h e h a n d of a d a ri n g a n d remorse l e ss sold i e r
o re an
T e t ri c us w e a ry of t h e d b t yg h .
, an e ra lg

sh a mel e ss i n sub or di n a t i on a n d i n sol e n c e o f t h e a rmy w hi c h sup p ort e d

h i m re sol v e d t o me ri t h i s p a rd on by d esc e n di n g from t h e p eril ous

,

emi n e n c e u on w hi c h h e st ood a n d b et ra yi n g h i s own i n t ra c t a bl e sup

p ,

p ort e rs Thi s foul t ra n sa c t i on w a s a c c omp li sh e d w i t h suc h skill a n d

.

p romp t n ess a s t o sec ure t h e c l e men c y ev en of t h e sev ere a n d obd ura t e A u

t eli a n T e t ri cus i n d ee d fi gure d a s a c a p t i ve i n t h e sup erb t ri ump h w hi c h
.
, ,

Aure li a n c el eb ra t e d over Z en obi a t h e h ero i c queen of P a l myra a n d h er

i n fa n t c hildren ; b ut h ere en d e d t h e resen t men t of t h e c onqueror ; t h e
fa ll en p ri n c e w a s n ot merely rec e i ve d i n t o fa vour b ut en ri c h e d w i t h t h e ,

T rebell P oll i n x x x Ty ra n n c 5
. . . . . vol . ii . de Ver les D a tes, vol i p 382
. . . . .

Trebell P oll loc cit p 26 6

p 26 1
—A
2°
. . . . . . . .

‘9
T rebell P oll i n x x x Ty ra n n loc c it
. . . . rt

2 H 2
240 A U REL I A N .

[Book i .

i n te n d a n c y of L uc a n i a a n d h on oured w i t h t h e p erson a l fa mili a ri t y of ,

21

t h e e mp e ror ? 2

T h "M y y
e
ra n t s.
T h e R oma n hi st ori a n s st i g ma t iz e t h e mili t a ry usurp ers w h o st a rt e d up
f

M it f t h
er s o suc c e s si vely i n G a ul a n d o t h er a rt s of t h e e mp i re d uri n g t h e rei g n s of
p
ese
‘

th
V a l eri us G a lli e n us a n d C la ud i usf by t h e n a me of t h e t hi rt y t y ra n t s
e
3 "
, , .

G m"
Th oug h t h e el ec t i on of a n emp eror w a s n ow w h olly mili t a ry y e t t h e ,

forma l ra t ifi c a t i on of t h e sen a t e w a s st ill reg a rd e d a s l eg a lly e sse n t i a l t o

i t s v a lidi t y I n ot h er re sp e c t s t h e t i t l e of t h ose usurp ers w a s e q ua lly
.

Th 'y g ood w i t h t h a t of t h e l e i t i ma t e C aesa rs ; t h e y w ere a t t h e sa me t i me

e nec e ssx
f l g , ,

m for t h e most p a rt men of t a l e n t c on fid e d i n by t h e army a n d p ush e d i n t o

o severa i rre

s ons
p i bl e co .
, ,

fifigfz gg ff a c t i on by t h ei r p rec ar i ous p osi t i on I n t h e a c t ua l st a t e of t h e emp ire

t
.

ea c h of i t s memb ers w a s n ec e ssa rily a b a n d on e d t o i ts ow n re sourc e s for

mP ie l re s
l

sa fe t y a n d d e fe n c e c o o e ra t i o n t h ere fore a n d c on c ord w ere o f l e ss

; p
-

, ,

momen t t h a n p romp t ex ert i on a n d t h e p resen c e o f a n i n d ep en d e n t i rre ,

sp on sibl e h e a d w h ereve r a re ssi n g d a n g er exi st e d a n d t ha t w a s e ve ry

p
w h ere T h e R oma n s i n d eed a c k n ow l ed g e d t h e sa l ut a ry e ffe c t s of
.
, ,

ffigiifi ii y t h ese usurp a t i on s i n G a ul

'
W hil e G a lli e n us sa y s t h e bi og ra p h e r .
,

w it
r ers. P olli o w a s sup i n ely w a ll ow i n g i n t h e most sh a me l e ss d eb a uc h ery
, ,

t h ere a rose i n G a ul fi rst P ost h umius t h e n L olli a n us a ft er h i m Vi et o , , ,

ri m us a n d l ast ly T e t ri c us a s sup p ort ers of t h e h on our of t h e R oma n

, ,

n a me ; a ll of t h e m me t hi n k s se n t by h e a v e n t o p reve n t t h e G erma n s
, ,

from t a ki n g p erma n e n t p ossessi on of t h e p rovi n c e for i f a t t h a t mome n t

”
th e i r i n va si on s lik e t h ose of t h e G ot h s a n d P e rsi a n s h a d b een sec on d ed
, ,

by t h e i n h a bi t a n t s of t h e c oun try t h e v en era bl e n a me of R ome h a d ,

M
t h e n c e fort h c ea se d t o e x ist .
S

Th F e k ra n Whil e t h e v i g il a n t e y e of Aureli a n w a t c h e d over t h e d efen c e of t h e

s
m
:fffififi e m i re t h e F ra n k s a n d Al e ma n n i did n ot v en t ure t o re n ew t h e i r i n c u
p , r

si on s But e x p eri en c e h a d l on g si n c e t a ug h t t h em t o re g a rd t h e fre quen t

.

”
re vol ut i on s a n d t ra n sfers o f t h e s ov ere i n t y a s t h e
p e ri od s most p rop r
.

ha n.
g
A D 27 5
. . ti ous t o t h e i r d esi gn s A ft er t h e d ea t h of Aureli a n t h e w h ole p rovi n c e
. .

w a s a g a i n overrun by t h e t rib es of t h e We ser a n d t h e Elb e D uri n g t h e .

m ut “ sh ort re i g n of T a c i t us and rob a bly t h e fi rst y e a r of h i s suc c e ssor

“ s
wh l p
o e m rov ce p ,

d i ty P rob us t h e G erma n s s eiz e d six t y of t h e ri n c i a l c i t i e s of G a ul an d

p
an se iz e s x

m
,
p ,

53 }
“
$2
c
t hei r d e t a c h ed b a n d s ra n g e d freely ov er t h e w h ol e p rov i n c e A s soon

”
.

Cor rect or L uc a n icm in ten d a n t or c ivil g o -

Fro m t he year 2 53 t o t h e yea r 2 7 3 .

v ernor see ms t o c ome n ea re st i n si n i ca t io n fi '

Tri bell P 0 11 to ]
‘

g . . . in x x x I yra n n . c . 5 . . n .

Sa mg ny ren d ers it civil lieuten an t , a n d ma es k

'

p 26 1
"
. .

q
it e uivalen t w it h con sula ris O ne y ea r d oe s n ot seem t oo much for t ra ns
"
and
95
p re se s .

See Hist of t he Rom L aw , vol i p 2 25

. . . . . a ct in g t he ma n y i mp ort a n t a ffa irs w h ic h, a c cord ,

A urel Vi c t d e C aesar
p 3 40 T rebell i n g t o Z osimus a w a it e d h im a t t he out se t of his
—
-
. . . . . . ,

P oll i n x x x Ty ra n n c 2 4 vol 1 1 p p 3 1 4, 3 1 5 g o vern men t Se e h is Hist l i b i pp 59 , 6 0

—
.
. . . . . . . . . . . .

See a lso S ch a tcn , H ist West ph li b iii

p 1 12 . . . . . .
Ch ap . vii . Se c L ]. P RO B S U .
24 1

”
t h ere fore as t h e emp eror
h a d sup p re sse d reb e lli on i n Afri c a a n d B ri t a i n ,
h e p ut hi mse l f a t t h e h e a d of t h e Rh e n i sh forc es a n d ra p idly rec ove re d P robus rec o
i
t h e G a lli c c i t i es ; h e c ut off fort y t h ousa n d of t h e b a rb a ri a n ma ra ud ers, Z iif ffi e? g
’

‘he in vade‘s
a n d d rove t h e rest a cross t h e Rhi n e , rec a p t uri n g a ll t h e b oot y t h e y
'

h ad ll e c t e d w i t hi n t h e p rovi n c e
co H e t h en le d his a rmy i n t o t h ei r
.

c oun t ry a n d t ook me a sure s w hi c h i n di c a t e a n i n t e n t i on

p erma n e n t ly t o
-

re d uc e t h e c oun t ry of t h e F ra n k s t o a d e e n d e n c y of t h e em i re H e H d
p p d
. ea van ces
o.

buil t c i t i e s ra i se d fort s a n d e st a bli sh e d st ron g g a rri son s e ven b ey on d t h e

, , ,

ut most li mi t s t o w hi c h t h e R oma n d omi n i on s h a d a t a n y t i me e x t e n d ed .

He rep a i re d t h e d efen sive li n e s on t h e M a yn e a n d t h e D a n ub e a n d ,

ra i se d a c orp s of six t ee n t h ousa n d merc e n a ry b a rb a ri a n s w hi c h h e ,

st a t i on e d o n di ff eren t p oi n t s of t h e fron t i er ? H e p rov id e d for t h e 8

n e e d ful su
pp ly a n d c omfort of t h e outp ost t roop s by e st a bli shi n g ma g a
z mes ra n t i n g ou t l a n d s t o t h em for t h e i r supp ort a n d b uildi n g st a ti on
g, ,

h ouses a l on g t h e a dvan ced li n e T h e e mp eror n ow p roc l a i me d h is p urp ose .

of ex t ermi n a t i n g a ll a d versari e s w h o sh ould re si st hi s y ok e ; e very soldi er

wh o b roug h t i n t h e h ea d of a b a rb ari a n w a s rew a rd e d w i t h a p i e ce of

o ld a n d t hi s sa va e ra c t i c e w a s a t t e n d e d w i t h suc h suc c ess t h a t n i n e
g ; g p
c hi e fs of t h e F ra n k s t h rew t h emse l ves w e a re t old a t t h e fee t of P rob us , , ,

a n d i m l ore d h i s c l emen c y T h e e m eror a c c ep t e d t h e i r sub mi ssi on a n d

p p .
,

t ook h ost a g es for t h e i r future g ood b e h a v i our ; h e i mp ose d up on t h em But h f il i e a s n

a n d c a t t l e ; b ut h e fa il e d i n a n a t t emp t t o g izfi fifl fb
t e
c on t rib ut i on s of g ra i n sh ee
p a s
m
, ,

di sa rm t h e sub mi ssi ve t rib es T h e h on our a n d ma n h ood of t h e G erma n .

b “ “SS‘Ve es’

w a s i n sep a ra bly c on n ec t e d w i t h t h e p ri vil eg e of b eari n g a rms an d

Prob us wa s soon c on v i n c e d t h a t h is p roj e c t c ould n ot b e re a liz e d un t il

t h e w h ol e n a t i o n sh ould b e re duc e d t o t h e c on di t i on of p rov i n c i a l s a n d ,

p a rt a k e of t h a t a bj ec t sel f a b a n d on me n t on t h e p a rt of t h e subj ec t up on
-

w hi c h t h e R oma n govern men t d ep en d e d for i t s st a bili t y

9 2
.

U p on t h e w h ol e t he mea sures of P robus up on t h e F ra n ki sh a n d p ro g buz um va

g
”
, ,
n

b a bly a l so up on t h e Al ema n n i c b ord ers w e re a tt e n d e d w i t h suc c ess H e u t th ,

. no n ce s o e

a n n oun c e d h i s t ri ump h s t o t h e se n a t e i n e x a g e ra t e d t erms All :fifijfig ifii f

e

g n o

G a ul ,
h e sa id i s rec on q uere d G erma n y subd ue d t h e b a rb ari a n s
, ,
G mw f
,
er

t h emse l ves p l oug h a n d sow a n d rea p a n d fi g h t for t h e R oma n s : fort y

t h ousa n d h a ve b e en sl a i n six t een t h ousa n d n ow st a n d by us i n a rms
, ,

seve n t y of t h e n obl e st of our c i t i es h a ve b e en d e li vere d from b on d a e

g ,

9°
Z arim loc cit . . . N k ec ar.
“7
Vop i sc in P robo, c 1 3 vol 11 p 6 62 I t i s
. . . . . .
99
P er diversas provin cia s IS t he e x pression
n ot
p rob able t ha t t h e b arb arian s a tt emp t ed t h e of Vop isc ( loc mod
. . b ut a s t he p assag e
d efen ce of t hese cit ies V 0 p iscus, i n t h a t vein of
. rela t es solel
y t o t he p roceedin g s of P rob us on t he
i g n oran t ex agg era t ion w hic h p ervad es all t he I
Rhin e, have ven t ured t o rest rict t h e word s a s
h ist oria n s of t his p eriod , a ffi rms t ha t P rob us ab ove .

d rove t he en emy b eyon d t he Elb e a n d t h e V0p isc in P robo, vol. 1 1 p 66 3

99
. c . 3 . . . .
 242 RO MA N M I L I T A RY T ENU RES ; [Book I .

a ll G a ul is l ib era t e d a ll t h e b oot y h a s b ee n rec overed a n d muc h more

, ,

t a k e n from t h e e n e my t h a n t h ey t h e mse l ves h a ve e v er g a t h e re d from

us ; t h ei r ox e n p l oug h t h e fi e ld s of G a ul t h e i r c a t t l e fee d up on our ,

a st ure s for our n ouri sh me n t t h e i r h orses h a v e re moun t e d our c a va l ry ,

p ,

a n d o ur g ra n a ri es a re fill e d w i t h t h e i r c orn We h a ve l e ft t h em t h e b a re .

soil t o sub s i st up o n a ll t h e y p osse ss i s ours a l re a dy T h e c on c l usi on of .

t hi s v a un t i n g e p i st l e c on t ra s t s re ma rk a bly w i t h t h e t ri ump h a n t t on e of
i t s c on t e n t s I t w a s our i n t e n t i on c on sc ri p t fa t h ers, t o h a ve c on vert ed

”
.
,

G erma n y i n t o a n ew p rov i n c e ; b ut t hi s w e h av e d eferre d un t il i t sh a ll

p l e a se t h e p rov id en c e of t h e g od s t o i n c rea se our a rmi es t o a more
e ffi c en t st ren t
3°
h i g .

B ut t l
he rea T h e rea l a moun t of t h e suc c e sses of P rob us did n ot p rob a bly e x t en d
m u t f th
b ey on d t h e h umi l i a t i on of some of t h e n e a rest b ord er t ri b e s All h i s
a o n o e
s u f
cce sses o .

31231 113? me a sure s w ere ra t h er of a d efen si ve t h a n a n a gg re ssive c h a ra c t er on e of

1

‘h h umfl i m
e
t h em i n p a rt i c ul a r d ese rve s a t t e n t i on b ec a use i t h a s b e e n reg a rd e d
fl
,
o f h
t t
e n ea re s
t d t ib a s c on t a i n i n t h rudi me n t s o f fe ud a l i n st i t ut i on s I t h a s b ee n a l rea dy
g e
i
rp
r er r es .
.

t
n ot i c e d t h a t t h e R oma n
l d di ii i ili g ov ern me n t h a d b e e n for sev era l a g e s i n t h e
r l

”
a i in

h a bi t of g ra n t i n g l a n d s t a k e n from t h e en e my t o t h e soldi ers a pp oi n t e d

i h for t h e d e f n c 1
T h e n a t ure of t h ese g ra n t s ren d ere d a ll 3
e of t h e b ord ers
figi hzg
se c
e .

e
b
e en erron e t h e ma l e c hild re n of e a c h suc c e ssi v e p ossessor li a bl e t o mili t a ry serv i c e ,
l
fi fiffigfl fiso t h a t t h ey c ould n e i t h er divest t h emsel ve s of th e i r mili t a ry c h a ra c t er
e

mm“ “ m n or a li en a t e t h e l a n d s t o w hi c h t h a t c h a ra c t er wa s a t t a c h e d 33 V o isc us i n
e ,

s
p .
,

h i s li fe o f P rob us a dv e rts (i t must b e c on fe sse d ob sc ure ly ) t o si mil a r g ra n t s

,

ma d e t o t h e soldi ery a ft er t h e l a t e h umili a t i on of t h e F ra n ki sh b ord erers 3

.
4

But h e i n forms us i n di st i n c t t erms t h a t P rob us p ursue d t h e sa me p oli c y

i n I sa uri a t o a g re a t e x t e n t All t h e l a n d s h e sa y s w hi c h la y i n fron t of .
, ,

t h e moun t a i n d e fi l es o f t h a t rug g e d re g i on w e re g ra n t e d out t o t h e

v e t e ra n s o f t h e a rmy u on c on di t i on t h a t a ll t h e i r ma l e c h ild re n
p , from ,

t h e a g e of e i g h t een a n d up w a rd s sh ould b e t ra i n e d t o mili t a ry serv i c e “

, .

H ere t h e t e rms of h oldi n g d o n ot a d mi t of b e i n g q uest i on ed a n d ma n y ,

mod e rn w ri t ers h a ve c on fid e n t ly re ferre d t o t hi s p ra c t i c e a s t h e g en ui n e

T h e G erma n s sa y t h e y w h en t h e y h a d ma s
'

ori g i n o f fe ud a l t en ure s
36
.
, ,

t e re d t h e e mp i re i mi t a t e d t h e R oma n s i n t h e p a rt i t i on of t h e i r n e w
,

a c qui si t i on s a s t h e y did i n so ma n y ot h er t hi n s R e a son i n g t h e n up on t h e

g

”
.
,

Vop is c i n P rob c 1 5 v ol l l p 6 6 6
. . . . . . . .
g ra n t s . I t is st a t e d merely t ha t t h ey were g iven
S ee p 2 3 6 o f t h is sec t ion by w ay of
y ea rly s upp ly
"
. . a n n o na , or .

3
L a mp rid i n A l S ever 0 5 8 vol i p 1 0 2 4 35
I sa uria c o mp rehen d s t he e n t i re d ist ric t s of

”
. . . . . . . . .

3°
M a scou, b oo i v k9 p 110 . . . . t h e provi n ces o f P a mp h ylia a n d C ilic ia , ly in g a t
A g ros, e t horn e a e t d omos, a n n on a m t he foo t o f t he ra n g e of I a urus
’ ‘
3‘
.

T ra n s R hen a n is ( limit a n e is milit ib us) o mn ib us

- 3°
Ma scou, b oo v
. k 54 . He g ives a list o f
.

fec it , iis vid e lice t , q

uos i n ex c ub iis c ollo ca vi t . t h e writ e rs w h o ma in t a in t he a ffi rma t ive He is .

But n o te rms a re me nt io n ed as a n n ex ed t o t hese h imse lf ca rried a wa y b y t h e st re a m .

Ch ap . vii . S ec . ERRO N EO U S OP IN I ON S RESP EC T IN G T HEM .
243

sup
pi t i on t h a t t h e c ust ommust b e der iva t ive t h e y t hi n k it more p rob a bl e
os ,

t h a t t h e b a rb a ri a n c on querors sh ould h a ve a d op t e d i t from t h e R oma n s ,

t h a n from t h e i r own G erma n i c a n c e stors wh o a c k n ow l e d g e d n o p rop ert y i n ,

l a n d a n d live d i n a st a t e of c on st a n t mi g ra t i on a n d c h a n g e But our in

, .

forma t i on resp ec t i n g t h e A g ri li mi t a n e i of t h e Roma n s i s fa r t oo i mp erfe c t

t o en a bl e us t o d e t ermi n e a n y t hi n g a s t o t h e sub se que n t fa t e of t h e se
b ord er a ll ot me n t s T h e Ag ri D ec uma t es h a ve i n d eed b ee n supp ose d t o
.

h a ve p a rt a k en of t h e c h a ra c ter of mili t a ry gra n t s ; b ut t h a t di st ri c t h a d

37

b e en overrun by t h e G erma n s severa l c en t uri es b efore t h e e arli e st b en efi

c ia r ra n t s of w hi c h w e h a v e a n a un t s ; a n d n e i t h e r d uri n g t h a t
y g y c c o

p eri od n or sub se q uen t ly d o w e mee t w i t h t h e sma ll est v est i g e of t h e

, ,

old R oma n mili t a ry t en ure or i n t e lli ibl e referen c e t o i t A t a ll ev e n t s i f

g .
,

re t a i n e d by t h e G erma n s it must i n t h e i r h a n d s h a ve w h olly l ost i t s

,

h ere di t a ry n a t ure w hi c h w a s i t s most st riki n g a n d p erh a p s most p ra c

, , ,

ti c a lly use ful q ua lity un d er R oma n ma n a g emen t T h e fi rst fi efs w ere n ot .

h eredita ry ; t h e y t ermi n a t e d g en era lly w i t h t h e se rv i c e in every c a se w i t h ,

t h e li fe of t h e t e n a n t a n d ori g i n a lly i mp li e d n o a ll eg i a n c e ot h e r t h a n t h e
,

t i e w hi c h must bi n d t h e p erson obli g e d t o h i s b en e fa c t or T h e rese mbl a n c e .

b e t w e en t h e t wo ki n d s of t en ure se ems t o fa il p re c i sely a t t h e p oi n t of

t i me w h e n a c c ordi n g t o t h e n a t ura l c ourse of h uma n c on d uc t i t oug h t t o
, ,

h a ve b e e n st ron g est ; t h a t i s a t i t s fi rst a d op t i on I t i s ex c e e di n gly ,

.

i mp rob a bl e t h a t t h e fi rst b a rb a ri c p ossessor would h a ve reli n qui sh e d t h e

sub st a n t i a l a d v a n t a es o f h e re di t a ry ro ert y w hil e h e a d op t e d on ly t h e
g p p
b t h e some dut i e s of t h e te n ure
u r n
38
.

T h e hi st ory of t h e Rh en i sh t rib es duri n g t h e t wo y e a rs i n t erven i n g A D 282

. .

b etween t h e d ea t h of P robus a n d t h e a c c e ssi on of D i oc l e t i a n ma y

39 f°
, A D 284
, ,

b e t old i n a fe w w ord s A s soon a s t h e d ea t h of P rob us w a s k n ow n

.
of Ca rus en
b ot h t h e Fra n k s a n d t h e Al ema n n i ren ewe d t h e i r i n c ursi on s i n t o G a ul

37
Ei chhorn 2 0 p 67
, vol
. i . . . . v a ssa ls of t h e lord —S ee c . 11 . sec . 2 . n ot e 1 4, of
3°
I
h a v e h e re ven t ured t o di ssen t from t h e t hi s h ist ory .

opi n ion of t h e learn ed M a scou, a n d

p e rh a p s
33
T h e G erma n s st ill respect the memory of

h is more learn ed a uth orit ies, in p art i cular t hi s e mperor . He pro hib i
revo k ed t h e an c ien t
G od ef r oy see h is comme n t a r t ion t o plan t v in eyards i n t he p rovin ces, w h ereb y
y a d t it C od ic is .

T h eodos D e T e rris li mi t a n eis, v ol i i p 3 9 4

. . . . . t he t alia ns h a d hi t h erto e nj oyed a mon opoly o f
I
His stron g est a rg umen t s seem t o me t o b e, t h e w i n e t ra d e T he privileg e o f makin g w i n e
.

fi rst , t h a t t he se l
a l ot men t s w ere for t h e most w a s e x t en d ed b y Prob us t o S pa in , G a ul, P a n n o
p a rt g iven t o t h e vet era n s o f t h e b arb arian a ux i n ia , a n d llyricum
I From t his it has b een inferred
.

lia ries a n d t h erefore li ely t o b e t ra n smit ted t o

, k t h a t t h e Rhin e i s in deb t ed t o t h a t prin ce for i ts ex
t heir d esc e nd a n t s a ft er t h e overt hrow of t h e em
q ui si t e p roduc t , t h e source o f i t s w e al th , an d n ot
p ire ; a n d , secon dly, a coin ciden ce o f n ame ; t h e t he l ea st o f i t s cla ims up o n our a t t en t ion an d re
— —
gra n t ees b ein g called L ce ti cce, a n d L aet i i n t he
C od T heod os , w ho , h e a f rms, are n o other t h an
. . fi
g a rd é See A urel Vi ct i n C aesar c 3 7
lib iv p 2 6 8
. . . .
—
Pli n y lib x iv c 4
. S tr a bo,
Sueton i n
,
.

. .
.

.
.

.
— .

t h e L iti an d L eod es, or, i n feud al la n ua e, t h e

g g D omi t ia n o, c 7 . .
2 44 A L EMA NN I IN UNI O N WIT H VA N DA L S .
[Book I .

coun t er a n d reli eut en a n ts of C a rus e n coun t ered t h em a s t h ey b est mi g ht a n d t h e

t he ,
press t h Rh e e
“o
i h b b
n s ar b a rb a ri a n s a re sa i d t o h a ve b een repressed
a .

T h e fa ll of t h e e mp e ror N umeri a n us i n t h e y ea r 2 8 4 O p e n ed a w a y t o
"a“

, ,

t h e t h ron e of t h e e mp i re t o C V a l Aure li a n us D i oc le t ia n us a ma n of
“fi t35335
- 8
. .
,
1

d e x eri e n ce a n d t a l e n t by bi rt h t h e son of a n I lly ri a n e a sa n t T wo

1113 3
3
322: p
1 an
, p .

y e a rs a ft er h is a c c essi on h e a ssoc i a t e d C V a l M a x i mia n us w i t h hi msel f . .

A D 286
. . i n t h e e mp i re a n d a ssi g n ed t o h i m t h e p rov i n c es o f G a ul a n d S p a i n
.
, .

M a x imia n sp eedily p ut a n e n d t o t h e di st urb a n c es w hi c h h a d b rok en out

i n t h e forme r c oun t ry a n d p re p a re d t o e n c oun t er a t h re a t en e d i rrup t i on
,

of F ra n k s a n d Al e ma n n i n ow st re n t h e n e d by t h e a c c e ssi on of t h ose
g ,

V a n d a li c t rib es w h om t h e p re ssure of t h e G ot hi c p ower h a d di sl od g e d

from t h e i r ori g i n a l set t l emen t s on t h e Vi st ul a t h e O d e r t h e Elb e a n d , ,

t h e B al t i c
“1
Th ese n a t i on s w ere t h e B urg un di a n s t h e H eruli a n d
.
, ,

eo l e w h om t h e a n e y ri st M a mert i n us c a ll s C h a ib on es T h e A le
4 2
a
p p p g .

ma n n i a n d B urgun di a n s a d va n c e d i n t o G a ul w i t h so li t t l e p rec a ut i on
t h a t p rov i si on s soon b eg a n t o fa il t h e m T h e sc a rc i ty w a s en h a n c e d by .

t h e p oli c y o f M a x i mia n ; w a n t a n d p est il e n c e soon c omp ell e d t h e m t o

re t re a t l ea vi n g t h e C aesa r a t lib ert y t o d e a l w i t h t h e F ra n ki sh t rib es
, ,

w h o i n c onj un c t i on w i t h t h e i r n e w a lli e s t h e C h a ib on es a n d H eruli we re

, ,

ra v a i n t h ro v i n c e of L o w er G erma n y H i s e ul og i st c l a i ms for h im
g g e p .

a v i c t ory ove r t h ese t rib es so e a sy a n d so c o mp l e t e t h a t n ot a ma n o f ,

t h e m re a c h e d h is h ome t o a n n oun c e t h e di sa st er t o t h e w i ves a n d fa mil i es

t h e y h a d l e ft b e hi n d t h e m .

T h e i n c re a se of a c t i vi t y a mon g t h e b a rb a ri a n e n emi es of t h e emp i re

”
,

I i g
n c reas n w hi c h t ook p l a c e a b out t hi s p eri od i s i n n o p oi n t of v i e w more surp ri si n g .

35223223a t h a n i n t h e sud d e n w e mi g h t a l mos t sa y t h e my st eri ous ra p idi t y w i t h

1 1

”
1 , ,

b
w hi c h t h e y a c qui re d p rofi c i en c y i n n a vi g a t i on a n d n a v a l e n t erpri se A 11 .

Th F e ki h i n c id en t h a d a l rea dy oc curre d w ell c a l c ul a t ed t o e x c i t e t h e a st on i sh men t

ra n s

fifiifitzii a n d a pp re h en si on s of t h e R oma n s A b ody of F ra n ki sh p ri son ers w h om

sh e
.
,

t h e e mp eror P rob us h a d se t t l e d on t h e sh ores of t h e E uxi n e seiz e d t h e

it? ,

b k t th i shi i n o f t h e n e i hb ou i ort s w i t h t h e b old u r o se o f re t u rn i n g

ac o
pp g
e r
g r n
g p p p
$323 by sea t o t h e i r n a t i ve l a n d D uri n g t h e i r p eril ous voy a ge t h ey sup .

ort e d t h emse l v es by l un d eri n g t h e c oa st s of G ree c e a n d A si a Mi n or

p p .

L a n di n g t h e n i n S i c ily t h e y t ook a n d p ill a g e d t h e c i t y o f S y ra c use a n d

, ,

sl a u h t ere d ma n y o f t h e i n h a bi t a n t s A ft er a re ul se b e fore t h e w a ll s of
g p .

C a rt h a g e t h ey re sume d t h e i r v oy a g e w i t h un a b a t e d re sol ut i on a n d p a ssi n g ,

Vop i sc i n Ca ra
'

.
—S c h a ten ,
lib iii p 1 1 5 . . . . i d en t ical wi t h t he A vi on es o f T ac it us ( G erm .

Se e p p 2 0 9 , 227 , 2 3 2 , o f t h is Hist o ry
, . 0. w h om he places i n t h e marc h o f Bra n~
Ma mert a p P an egyr V it l ib i c 5
. . . . . . . . d e nb n rg , b etw een t he rivers Havel a n d Elbe .

Cluver ( lib iii c 2 7 p re ard s t he m a s

. . . . .
g
.
C ha p . v ii . Sec . C A RAU SI Us .
2 45

t h e S t ra i t G ib ra lt a r, th e y c oa st e d t h e sh ores Of t h e Atl a n ti c n ort h w a rd

Of ,

a n d fi n a lly ra n i n t o t h e r i vers O f t h e i r n a t i ve l a n d i n sa fe t y t h ereby

”
,

ma ki n g i t ma n i fe st sa y s t h e p a n eg yri st Eume n e us
, t h a t n o c oun t ry ,

w hi c h is a p p roa c h a bl e by sea li e s b e y on d t h e rea c h of t h ese d e sp era t e

43
p ira t e s .

W hil e t h e emp i re w a s bl ee di n g a t every p ore un d er t h e i n c e ssa n t

a t t a c k s of t h e G ot hi c a n d S a rma t i a n t rib es o n
'

h er D a c i a n fron t i e r ,

a n d O f t h e F ra n ki sh Al e ma n n i c a n d V a n d a li c e n e my on t h a t O f t h e
,

Rhi n e t h e S a x on s a n d ma ri t i me F ra n k s sw a rme d up o n t h e d efen c e l ess T h S xo

m
, e a ns

c oa st s O f t h e G erma n a n d At l a n t i c oc e a n s C a ra usius a M e n a p i a n Bel s .

tig a ,

M x i mi a
t h A"
g i a n a n e x p eri e n c e d il
sa o r w a s se l ec t e d by, a n t o c l e a r t h e sea s P “ “ e
, l ti t f an c coas s o

of t h e se p i ra t i c a l a d v en t urers H e st a t i on e d h i s fl ee t n ea r Boulog n e t h mpi

m
. e e re
, ,

a n d a w a i t e d t h e re t urn O f t h e rove rs from t h e sout h w a rd S ome O f t h e S i iis

a al s s
gi i d
s

. o r h ie

i ra t i c a l v e ssel s were t a k e n a n d a g oo d d e a l of b oot y re c a p t ure d ; b ut

p ,

C ara usi us n e i t h er re st ore d a n y p a rt of i t t o t h e ori g i n a l p ossessors n or a c ,

c oun t e d for i t t o t h e i mp e ri a l t rea sury M a x i mi a n more ov er susp e c t e d h i s i h tmy h i

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a n d t ha t h e h a d a b u se d i t ma y b e i n ferre d from t h e fa c ili t y w i t h w hi c h

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h e a sse mbl e d un d er h i s b a n n e r t h ose v ery p i ra t e s w h om i t w a s h is d ut y

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a n d most c on v en i e n t O f a ll t h e i r n av a l st a t i on s a n d t h e c oa st s O f G a ul S h ld t ,
c e

a n d S p a i n w ere on c e more a b a n d on e d t o d ev a st a t i on a n d sl a ug h t er .

T h e a t t en t i on of M a x i mi a n w a s for a t i me w i t hd ra wn from t h e se
even t s i n B rit a i n by fre sh di fferen c es w i t h t h e Rh en i s h n at i on s H e i n xx fififii .
e
Rh enish tri bes .

4°
Eumen . O ra t io ad Consta nt P a negyr iv
. . . c . 18 .

V OL . I .
2 46 MA XI MI AN A N D CA RA U S I U S .
[Book 1 .

d e d t h e i r t erri t ori es seve ra l t i me s a n d O b t a i n e d a d va n t a ges w hi c h

va , ,

i f ra t e d a t t h e v a l ue i mput e d t o t h e m by h i s p a n e g y ri st a moun t e d t o a h ,

sol ut e c on q ue st All y our p re d e c essors e x c l a i ms t h e e n ra p t ured

. ,

M a mert in us c on g ra t ul a t e d t h emsel ve s t h a t t h e y h a d t h e Rhi n e for t h e

,

p rot e c t i on of G a ul a g a i n st t h e b a rb a ri a n s W hil e y ou O i n v i n c ibl e .

,

I mp era t or ! h a ve t a me d t h ose w ild a n d i n d omi t a bl e sa va g es w i t h fi re a n d

w i t h sword by b a t t l e a n d by sl a ug h t er
,
N ow i n d e e d d o w e b re a t h e .

fre ely : t h oug h t h e Rhi n e w ere dri e d up even t o a sl e n d er b rook w h ose ,

n t l e w a t e rs sh ould sc a rc e ly di st urb t h e oli sh e d ebbl e i n t h e sh a ll ow

g e p p
ford y e t sh ould w e b e w i t h out fe a r si n c e a ll w e se e b e y on d t h a t st rea m
, ,

i s n ow R oma n g roun d 44
.

H t tu
e n ex A ft er t h ese v i c t ori es M a x imi a n re sumed t h e t a sk of di sp ossessi n g t h e
rn s

h m
Th a t O ffi c er h a d i n t h e i n t eri m st re n g t h en ed hi msel f
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g i t C
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by fresh a lli a n c e s w i t h t h e S a x on a n d F ra n ki sh sea rove rs ; h e h a d -

i n c re a se d h is n a vy by b uildi n g shi p s on t h e R oma n mod el a n d ma n n i n g ,

t h em w i t h t h e re a dy t ra i n e d a n d h a rdy ma ri n ers of t h e n ort h -

a n d n ow ,

w i t h t h e a d v a n t a g e of p orts on b ot h c oa st s O f t h e C h a n n el h e w a s i n a ,

c on di t i on t o bid d efi a n c e t o a n y forc e h is a n t a g on i st c ould b ri n g a g a i n st

mm
h im M ax imia n s effort s w ere i n effe c t ua l a n d a ft er a sh ort st ruggl e h e
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s a e .
,
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3 13 a n d h i s c oll e ag ue D o e t a us c on se t e d t o a p e a ce w h ereby C a ra usius
45
i c l i n n ,

“ t m er
w a s p ermi t t e d t o re t a i n t h e c omma n d i n B ri t a i n a n d t o a ssume t h e ti t l e ,

O f A ug ust us .

D l ii oc es an a
p T h e un i on of t h e e mp i re un d er on e h e a d h a d for severa l a g e s p a st b een
p mt t w wo ne
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a t t en d e d w i t h se ri ous i n c on v e n i en c es t o t h e
C aesa rs .
g en era l w e l fa re .

w a s foun d i n c a p a bl e of sup e ri n t en di n g t h e a d mi n i st ra t i on of so ma n y a n d
suc h c omp li c a t e d a ff a i rs o n e a rm n o l on g er suffi c e d for t h e d e fe n c e O f t h e
,

di st ra c t e d p rovi n ces A di v i si on of t h e g overn men t h a d b ec ome i n d i sp en

.

sa bl e t o
p reve n t i t s t ot a l d issol ut i on ; D i oc l e t i a n h a d t h e g ood sen se t o en
Th mm d t ert a i n a n d t h e g e n e rosi t y t o a c t up on t hi s c on v i c t i on ; G a ul a n d S p a i n
e co an ,

ra c e a n d l lly ri c um t o G a lerius
G l d
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a“

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w
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es e
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ra usms from

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. . . s up Viol d e
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—A urel . .

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. I t a pp ea rs a t lea st
.

a llud e d t o i n M a sc ou ( b ook v i 4 an d a nd . d o ub t ful, w he t her D ioclet ia n a n d M a x imia n

t he H ist M iscell ( lib x a p M ura l k
ever a c n ow le d ed C a ra u si us a s emperor T he
. . . . . .
g .

a re our only a ut h orit ie s for t he even t s of on ly evi d en c e c a n fi n d is a med a l st ru

I c b y t he k
p.

t h is p e rio d T he ra mb lin g d e cla ma t io n of t he

.
la t t e r a ft er t he p ea c e, i n w h ic h h e assumes t he
k A ugust us in con unc t ion w it h his t w o j
p a n egy rist s, a n d t he n a e d p overt y of V ic t or a n d
—
t i t le o f
t h e H ist M isceli , ren d ers i t i mpossib le t o t ra c e
. . riva ls M ascou, boo vi k
5 , n ot e 2 . .

t he suc cessi on O f even t s wi t h a n y cert a in t y .

Chap . v ii . Se c . CO N STANT IU S RED U CES BRI T A IN .
2 47

sa n d s of t h ese p red a tory b a rb a ri a n s t o set t l e p ea c e a bly i n t h e re g i on s t h e y th B t i e a av an

h a d so l a t ely ra v a ge d
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.
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t h e G a lli c emp eror s a t t en ti o n w as di vert e d from t h e rec on q uest of B ri t a i n t h

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b y t h e n ec essi t y of a ga i n Op p osmg t h ose v ery G erma n s w h om h 1 s p th Al
p n ai n o 0

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c oll e a g ue M ax imi a n i s sa id t o h a v e so effe c t ua lly h umbl e d .

H is p a n e .

gy r i st E u m e n e us d e c l a res t h a t h e le d a n a rmy i n t o t h e coun t ry of t h e

hm ‘

Al ema n n i a n d ra va ge d t h e e n t i re c oun t ry from t h e bridg e of the R hin e

t o t h e Ga n t ia n p a ssag e of t h e D a n ub e a n d t h a t h e t ook p ri son er t h e ki n g ,

of t h a t most feroc i ous O f a ll t h e T eut on i c b a rb ari a n s From t h e v i c tori es .

O b t a i n e d on t hi s oc c a si on h e a ssume d t h e t i t l e O f G erma n i c us b ut t h a t

”
w hi c h i s c hi e fly n ot i c ea bl e i n t hi s eul og i st i c i n t i ma t i on i s t h e a d mi ssi on i t ,

i mp li es t h a t t h e R oma n s h a d a b a n don e d t h e Ag ri D ec uma t es a n d t h a t ,

t h a t di st ri c t w hi c h a s l a t e a s t h e re i g n O f P robus h a d b e en a d e p en d e n c y
,

Of t h e e mp i re h a d a l rea dy b ec ome a n e n e my s c oun t ry t h e subj ec t

’
, ,

of p ill a g e a n d of c on quest .

S O muc h i mp ort a n c e w a s n ow a tt a c h e d t o t h e rec on quest of B ri t a i n 1 1 298

41 ,
. .

t h a t t h e e mp eror M ax imi a n w i t h a v i ew t o e n a bl e C on st a n t i us t o w i t h ,

“ i m
dra w from t h e Rhi n e hi msel f t ook t h e c omma n d on t h a t fron t i er t h oug h t h F ki h;
,
i
e
M a
ran
“
s

i t la y W i t h i n t h e p rovi n c e of h i s c oll e a gue I n B ri t a i n C ara usms h a d d S pi .

an ax on
d
a l re a dy b e e n murd ere d by a n O fl i c er n a me d Ale c t us w h o i n h is t urn ;t e
fe i s.
'

ii , , ,

a ssume d t h e p urp l e a n d d e fe n d e d h i s usurp a t i on for t h re e y e a rs by t h e

, A D 29 5 . . .

a i d O f t h ose b odi e s O f F ra n ki sh a n d S a x on p i ra t e s w h o h a d b e en en g a g e d

a n d t ra i n e d by h i s p re d ec e ssor But i n t h e y e a r 29 8 C on st a n t i us p ut t o A D 298 .

- -

se a w i t h a formid a bl e a rma me n t h e ev a d e d t h e fl e et O f t h e e n e my a n d ,

l a n d e d up on a p a rt Of t h e c oa st w h ere h e wa s l ea st e x p ec te d ; A lec t us
'

w a s d e fe a t e d a n d sl a i n : a p ort i on of his F ra n ki sh a uxili a ri es e ffec t e d

t h e i r re t rea t t o L on d on ; b ut t h ere t h e y w ere ov ert a k en by t h e R oma n s -

a n d a ll O f t h em e i t h e r sl a i n or ma d e p ri son e rs T h e w h ol e i sl a n d sub .

mi t t e d t o t h e c on queror a n d t h e c oa st s of G a ul were free d from t h e c ruel ,

d ev a st a t i on s t h e y h a d en dured for t h e t en y e a rs w hi c h foll owe d t h e usur

a t i ou O f C a ra usi us
48
p .

S h ort ly a ft er t h e re duc t i on of B rit a i n C on st a n t ius ma i n t a i n e d a suc Cb t tiu d ns a n s e

c e ssful c on t est w i t h t h e Al ema n n i n ea r L a n g re s i n G a ul At fi rst t h e £3253: .

b a t t l e a pp ea rs t o h a ve g On e a g a i n st h im ; t h e a dva n c e d gua rd w hi c h h e
c omma n d e d i n p erson w a s surp riz e d by t h e e n e my a n d fl e d t ow a rd s t h e ,

c i t y so c l ose ly p ursu
,
e d t h a t t h e e mp eror w a s on ly sa ve d by b e i n g d ra wn ,

4°
Bumen P an egyr vi 5 Eumen eus iv 17 —H i st Mi scell 1ib
g yr
—Au
. . . 0 . . ne .
, . c . . . . x .

p 69 rel. Vi ct or i n D ioclet ia n o, p 3 47
—S
41
] b id iv , . 0 . 2 , . . . .

4°
From t he year 2 8 8 t o 29 8 . ee t he P a

2 1 2
 CO N STAN T IU S T RA N Q UI L L I Z ES T H E R HE NI S H T R BES
I .
[Book I .

up by rop es over t h e w a ll s t h e g a t es h a v i n g b e e n c l osed t o p rev e n t t h e

,

u rsuers from en t e ri n g t og e t h e r w i t h t h e fug i t i ve s B u t i n t he s ace Of

p p .

fi v e h ours t h e ma i n b ody O f t h e a rmy c a me up t o t h e i r a ssi st a n c e a n d ,

e n a bl e d h i m t o re n e w t h e c omb a t a n d t o d e fea t t h e e n e my w i t h t h e l oss

O f n e a rly six t y t h ousa n d me n A sec on d v i c t ory over t h e Al e ma n n i a t

.

V i n d on issa i n mod e rn S w i t z e rl a n d i s a t t rib ut e d t o C on st a n t i us by h is

eu l og i st Eume n eus, b ut so v a g ue a n d un c ert a i n i s t h e l a n g ua g e O f t h a t
c l a ss of w ri t e rs t h a t li t t l e p re c i se i n forma t i on c a n b e e x t ra c t e d from t h e i r
,

i n fl a t e d effusi on s 49
.

C on stan t ius F or t h e sec uri t y of t h e fron t i er C on st a n t i us n ow t h oug h t i t e x p e di e n t

c on forms t o

t h e g en eral t o c a rry h is a rms i n t o t h e F ra n ki sh t erri t ori es a n d t o p l a n t h i s e a g l es on ,

t h e b a n k s O f t h e Ems a n d t h e W e ser
sy st em of b ar
b a ria n c olon i F oll ow i n g t h e e x a mpl e of h is p re
.

z a t t on ,
d ec essor P rob us, h e se t t l e d v a st n umb ers of c a p t i ve s a n d o t h er ex
a t ri a t e d b a rb a ri a n s i n t h e w a st e d di st ri c t s O f G a ul T h e g e n e ra l oli c y
p p .

O f t h e g ov e rn me n t h a d fully c on forme d t o t hi s me t h od of sup p lyi n g t h e

d ra i n of t h e p op ul a t i on oc c a si on e d by t h e i n c e ssa n t c a ll s O f w a r a n d t h e
i n roa d s O f t h e e n e my ; a n d t h us b e fore t h e c l ose O f t h e t hi rd c en t ury
a l most a ll t h e n ort h e rn p rov i n c e s of t h e e mp i re h a d b e c ome g ra d ua lly re
50
p e op l e d by b a rb a ri a n se t t l ers L a n d s were gra n t e d t o t h e se d a n g erous
.

c ol on i st s for t h e i r supp ort ; t h e y w ere p rohibi t e d t h e use O f a rms, a n d

e m l oy e d i n a g ri c ul t ura l p ursui t s a n d on ly t h e n c a ll e d t o a rms w h en re

p ,

qui re d for t h e d e fe n c e of t h e fron t i er T h e p a c ifi c p oli c y of t h e re i g n i n g

.

e mp erors w a s for t h e t i me suc c e ss ful i n t ra n q uillizi n g t h e fi e rc e b a rb a ri a n s

a nd ma i n ta i ns o f t h e Rhi n e W h e t h er a t t hi s t i me t h e a t t e n t ion O f t h e b ord er t rib es w a s

.
-

a t ra n q ui lli t y a b sorb e d by t h ose i n t e rn a l c ommot i on s so fre q ue n t a mo n g t h em or w h e

on t h e G erman ,

f ro n t ier for a
t h e r t h e y w e re re st ra i n e d b y t h e re n e w e d v i g o ur w hi c h t h e re c e n t di vi si on
peri od of se ven
or ei h t O f t h e e mp i re h a d i m a rt e d t o i t s d e fe n si v e p o w ers, i t i s c e rt a i n t h a t t h ey
g y ea rs .

p
a b st a i n e d from i n v a si on for t h e un usua l t erm o f sev en or ev en e i h t
g
suc c ess v ei y ea rs .

A D 306. .
I n t h e i n t e ri m t h e a g e d Di oc l e t i a n h a d re t i re d from t h e g overn men t t o
C on st a n t i us h a d b e c ome resid en t i n
Diocletl a n t e
t ires from t he
h i s p a l a c e of S a l o n a i n D a l ma t i a .

g overn me n t ,
a nd C onst a n
B ri t a i n a n d G a lerius h a d n a me d M a x imi n us a n d S eve rus a s h is c ol
,

t in e t h e G rea t
su c cee d s h i s
l e a g ues i n t h e e mp i re I n t h e y ea r 3 0 6 C Fl a vi us C on st a n t i n us sur
.
, .
,

fa t h er C o u n a me d t h e G re a t suc c ee d e d h is fa t h er C on st a n t i us i n t h e g ove rn me n t
,
st a n t ins i n

G a ul, S pa i n , of G a u l S p a i n a n d B ri t a i n w i t h t h e t i t l e o f C aesa r H e foun d t h e

, , .

a n d Bri t a i n
t e rri t ori es h e w a s c a ll e d t o r ul e o ve r a re y t o fore i g n ill a g e a n d l a wl e ss
p p
.

i n surrec t i on H is fa t h er h a d b e en l o n g a n d a rd uo usly e n g a g e d i n sub

.

Eumen eus , Pa gy r vi c 6
ne . . . . G a ul a n d Belg ium; be sid es ma n y b arb aria n
5°
F o r in st a n ce : G o t hs Bast a rn ee , C a rpi, P eu
.
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colon ies p la n te d i n re mo t er p rovin ces .T he
c in i, a n d ot he rs , w e re se t t le d i n vas t n umb ers i n g
p a ssa es i n t h e p rece d in g p ag es on w h ich t his
Mmsia, T h ra c e , a n d llyria : Marc oma nn i, V a n
I e n umera t ion is foun d ed w ill readi l
y occur t o t he
d als, J ut h un g i, Q uad i, & c , i n P a n n o n ia an d
. read er .

N oric u m: F ra n s a n d fug it ive Alema n n i i n

k
C h ap . vi i
. S ec L ]. WA R OF CO N ST AN T IN E WI T H -
T HE A L EMA NNI .

d ui n g B a g a ud ae a n i n surg en t ra bbl e c on si st i n g O f t h e sufferi n g T h B g ud

the , ,
e a a aa

e a sa n t ry O f B el i um a d v e n t ure rs a n d out l a w s of e very

p g ,

t h e w h ol e O f G a u l h a d for ma n y y e a rs suffere d un t old mi seri es from

a rt i e s O f sa n ui n a ry b a n di t t i ur e d t o t hi s d esp e ra t e c ourse by fi sc a l
p g g
O
p p re ssi on or d ri ven a b roa d i n a st a t e O f d e st i t ut i on from b a rb a ri a n
,

Sp oli a t i on t o e arn a r ec a ri ous sub si st en c e by d omest i c robb e ry Th ese

p .

ma ra ud e rs w ere n ow j oi n e d by rov i n g b a n d s O f F ra n k s a n d Al ema n n i t o

'

w h ose i n h e ren t l ov e of p re d a t ory a dv e n t ure suc h a n O p p ort un i t y c ould

n ot b e o t h e rwi se t h a n w e l c ome T h e F ra n k s h a d a g a i n a p p roa c h e d t h e T h F k
. e ran s

B a t a v i a n t erri t ory a n d fi x e d t h e msel ve s i n t h e i sl a n ds a t t h e mout h s of

,

t h e Wa a l t h e S c h eld t a n d t h e Rhi n e ; a n d i n c o j un c t i on w i t h t h e w gft gg

th s e
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, ,

ma l c on t e n t s O f t h e i n t eri or on c e more d e sol a t e d t h e n ort h ern p rovi n c es tslfggfitm d .

l e an

C on st a n t i n e i n c e n se d by t hi s d a ri n g i n fra c t i on O f former t re a t i e s a n d
'

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s t ill more so by t h e c o a li t i on w i t h h i s ow n i n surg e n t subj e c t s resol v e d t o ,

k e ep n o me a sures w i t h t h ese b a rb a ria n s H e a t t a c k e d a n d d e fea t e d t h e giéiii iiéi .

n ’
.

F ra n k s a n d t ook ma n y p ri son ers a ll O f w h om i n c l udi n g t wo O f t h e i r d q

, , ,
ap r a ssacres
h p is n son ex s'
ri n c es A sc a ri c a n d R a d a g a i sus h e e i t h er h a n g e d or c a st t o w ild b e a st s
p , ,

for t h e sp ort O f h is c a mp
1 5
.

But t h e i mp oli c y of t h ese seve ri t i e s w a s n ot l on g i n a pp e a ri n g A T h Al m i e e an n

G m
.

formid a bl e c on fed e ra c y a mon g t h e F ra n ki sh a n d Al ema n n i c ra c e s st a rt e d

th t rea en a ‘

up t o re t a li a t e t h e w ron g s of t h e i r sl a ug h t ere d p ri n c es a n d c oun t ry men .

Ac c ordi n g t o t h e p ra c t i c e of t h e p a n eg yri st s n e i t h er t h e t i me n or t h e

”
,

l a c e o f t h e i r a ssembl a g e i s i n di c a t e d C o n st a n t i n e l ost n ot a mome n t i n C t t

p 1
. ons an i n e

b ut w h e t h e r h e foun d a l on g e r resp i t e n ec essa ry t o $333 gif

m
t
c oll ec t i n g h i s forc e s

c on c e n t ra t e h i s p ow ers or w a s a n x i ous t o mi l
ffigaf gf
‘
s e a d t h e b b ia
a r,
a r n s a s t o t he

re a l n a t ure of h i s d esi g n s h e rod e i n t h e g a rb of a R oma n O ffi c e r w i t h f t l

“

u ity
~

a a sec r .

, ,

t wo a t t e n d a n t s on ly i n t o t h e c a mp O f t h e e n e my re lyi n g for h i s sa fe t y
, ,

up on t h e i r i g n ora n c e of h i s p erson a n d q ua li t y N O h ost ili t i es h a d y e t .

b ee n c ommi tt e d on e i t h er sid e a n d t h e b a rb a ri a n s w ere p erh a p s n ot p re ,

a re d for a n i mme di a t e b re a c h w i t h t h e Ro ma n s T h e di sg ui se d e m eror

p
-

p .

am use d t h e m w i t h h oll ow w ord s h e ra i se d t h e i r h op es a n d p ra c t i se d

”
,

up on t h e i r c re duli t y ; h e a ssure d t h em t h a t t h e e mp eror w a s n ot p rese n t

w i t h t h e a rmy w hi c h t h e y k n e w t o b e a d v a n c i n g a g a i n st t h e m d oub t ,

l ess i h t h e e x p e c t a t i on O f i n c rea si n g t h a t sp i ri t of p resump t i on a n d

c a re l e ssn e ss by w hi c h t he R oma n a rms h a d so fre que n t ly p rofi t e d .

I n a smuc h a s t h e w ri t ers w e a re n ow obli g e d t o foll o w n ev er g i v e di rec t ,

H i st M iscell lib
i

. . . i p 71
x .
'
. . loc . up
s . c it . a nd Tuba n t es .

Eumen eus P a n e g yr
, . vi 0. 10 . .
53
P a c is verb a , spemillorum a g it as, e t versa s
N
55‘
a z a rius men t ion s a mon g t h e F ra n k s e n cred uli t a t em, n eg as t e esse p rese n t em, & c suc h .
,

a ed i n t hi s con fed era cy Bruc t er i , Ch a ma vi , i s t h e c h ara c t er o f t h e speech a t t rib ut e d b y N a

g g
an d Cherusc i ; a mon g t h e Alema nn i, Va n g i on es
’

z a rin s t o h is hero .
—
P a n egyr i x c 1 8
. . . .
250 CR U EL PO LI CY OF CO N STA N T IN E; [Book I .

or
p osi t i ve i n forma t i on up on a n y of t h e ev en t s t h e y a ll ud e t o w e a re ,

l eft t o c onj ec t ure a s t o t h e effec t s of t h e e mp eror s a d ven t ure I t i s h ow

’
.

e ver v e ry rob a bl e t h a t by t hi s si n ul a r mix t ure of d a ri n g c oura e w i t h

p g g
fa l se h ood a n d e ffron t ery t h e v i rt ues ra t h er of a spy t h a n a p ri n c e
, ,

H e a t ta c k s h e p rod uc e d t h e i mp ressi on h e d esi re d T h e a t t a c k w hi c h foll ow e d wa s

.

ffifmfffi c omp l e t ely suc c essful

‘ s
t h e c on fe d era t e h ost w a s di sp e rse d t h e c a p t ure d
i ubl ly u d h h ri son e rs of l ow e r d e g re e w ere
p r n c es w ere
p c
ip t t o ea t t e p
e i t h e r t h row n t o W l ld b e a st s or W i t h more w a n t on c ruel t y re serve d for t h e
,

He i n va d es d e t est a bl e sp ort s of t h e a mp hi t h e a t re R eeki n g w i t h t h e bl ood of his

y
.

t he cou of
c a t i v es C on st a n t i n e c on d uc t e d h i s t roo s by h a st y ma rc h es i n t o t h e
nt r

t he Bmct e ri, p , p
l a nd of t h e B ruc t eri h op i n g t o surp ri se t h e i n h a bi t a n t s i n t h e i r vill a g es
54
,

same feroc w i is
sy st em o f i n t i
b e fore t h e y sh ould h a ve t i me t o frust ra t e h is p l a n of i n t i mid a t i on by w i t h
mi dat i on . d ra w mg t h emsel ves a n d t h e i r fa mi l i es t o t h e fen s a n d fore st s of t h e i r
c oun t ry . M ul t i t ud e s w ere sl a i n i n t h e i r d w elli n g s ; ma n y w ere t a k en
ri son ers ; a ll t h e i r c a t t l e w a s e i t h er d ri v e n off or kill e d by t h e c a t ors
p p
t h e i r v ill a g e s w e re b urn t t o t h e g roun d ; a ll t h e ma l e p ri son ers (w h ose
i n d omi t a bl e l ove of lib e rt y di sq ua lifi e d t h em for t h e mili t a ry servi c e s
of R ome w e re t h row n t o w ild b e a st s ; a n d so
) g rea t w a s t h e i r n umb er,
t h a t t h e feroc i ous a n i ma l s t h emsel ve s b e c a me fa t i gue d w i t h c a rn a g e
“
.

T o us i t a pp e a rs sc a rc ely c re dibl e t h a t a c t s so i n h uma n sh oul d i n an y

a e h a ve foun d a e ul o i st ;
g g y e t t h e sy c op h a n t i c p ra i se of t h e ora t ors w a s
fra n kly a n d g ra t e fully re e c h oe d by t h e R oma n p eop l e
-
I n e v ery p e ri od .

of t h e i r hi st ory t h e R o ma n s h a v e re g a rd e d t h e i r e n emi es ra t h er a s c ri

mi n a ls t h a n a s p oli t i c a l a d versa ri es t h e l a w s w hi c h re g ul a t e t h e p ra c t i c e
of mod e rn w a rfa re a re t h e li v i n g ev id e n c e o f t h e
p ow er of C h ri st i a n i t y t o
soft e n t h e h ea rt o f ma n , a n d di re c t h i m i n t h e a d va n c e o f c i v iliz a t i on t o
, ,

t h e b est mea n s of mi t i g a t i n g a n d b ridli n g h i s ow n v i n di c t i ve p a ssi on s .

T h e mora l se n t i me n t s of t h e a g e w e a re n ow t re a t i n g of w ere c a st
i n a di ffere n t mould T h e sl a ug h t er of t h e c ommon h e rd
. sa y s ,

t h e ora t or o f C o n st a n t i n e i s of sma ll a c c oun t for t h e y soon forg e t t h e

, ,

c a l a mi t i e s w hi c h a ffec t on ly t h e i r ow n c l a ss A more c omp e n di ous a n d .

e ffec t ua l mod e o f ma ki n n i m ress i on u on t h e m i s t o t a k e off t h e

g a p p
c h i e fs . A n d t h e n a ft e r a mi n ut e e n umera t i on of suc c esses a n d a t ro
,

c i t i es, Th ese h e ex c l a i ms
, a re t h e frui t s of a h a
, pp y c on fid en c e
i n y our o w n v a l our a n d fort un e O h i n v i n c ibl e i mp era t or ! i t is y our p a rt
, ,

n ot t o
p u rc h ase
p ea c e by sp a ri n g b ut t o g ra sp a t v i c t ory by p rovoki n g
,

your e n emi es t o t h ei r own d est ruc t i on .

I t w ill b e reme mb ered t h a t t he Br u an d e 1 p 1 7 3 o f t his h ist ory

—
5‘
c t eri wa s . v sec
. . . . .

on e o f t h o se ma n N a z a ri us loc mod cit Eumeneus, Pa

y n a t io n s w ho w e re sa id t o ha ve
5°
, . .

bee n t o t a lly a n n ihila t ed S ee T a c G erm c 3 3 ;

. . . . ne
gyr vi c 1 2
. . . .
C ha p . vii . Sec . I T S T EMP O RAR Y SU C CESS .
25 1

C on st a n t i n e , i n ord er t o k e ep t h e fea r of ven g e a n c e susp en d e d over th e r? builds a

h ea d s of t h e t urb ul e n t b a rb a ri a n s, b uil t a b rid ge over t h e Rhi n e a t £ 3
i
5: £333
9

C ol og n e w h ereby h e i n sure d t h e mea n s of c h a st i si n g t h e e n emy a n d 12

,
535322; 2?
reve n t i n n e w c ombi n a t i on s for t h e fut ure ; fl e e t s of a rme d b oa t s w ere g l i
t fi gg fiDz io
o t on
p g
st a t i on e d a t di fferen t p oi n t s, a n d t h e w h ol e c ourse of t h e river w a s watch an d
m e G erma n O c e a n T h e £2 323 2?
56
g ar n i s h e d w i th t roo
p s fro i t s so urc e t o t h .

c on d uc t of t hi s e mp e ror h a d n o d oub t b ee n g uid e d by c on sid era t i on s of

'

w hi c h , a t t hi s di st a n c e of t i me w e a re wh olly i g n ora n t ; h i s feroc i ous ,

p oli c y wa s suc c essful a n d t h e S p i ri t of re t ribut i on w hi c h w e mi g h t h a ve

, ,

e x ec t e d t o see bl a z e up a mon g t h e b a rb a ri a n s w i t h i mmi t i g a bl e fury

p ,

”
w a s q uen c h e d i n fe a r a n d d esp on d en c y T h e re i gn of C on st a n t i n e w a s He secures .

i n d ee d fre quen t ly di st urb e d by p a rt i a l i n roa d s ; b ut t h e movemen t s of l t ii lgdrlllg

a a

E
t h e b a rb a ri a n s w ere d est itut e of c ombi n a t i on a n d p l a n W i t h out foll ow .

i n g t h e d ull a n d c on fuse d d et a il of i n c ursi on s w hi c h mi g h t b e c oll ec t e d

_

from t h e i n di rec t a ll usi on s of t h e ora t ors, i t i s suffic i en t t o ob se rve t h a t

up on t h e w h ol e t h e G a lli c fron t i er enj oye d a l on g er p eri od of t ra n quilli t y
duri n g t hi s re i gn t h a n it h a d don e a t a n y t i me w i t hi n t h e p rec e di n g
c en t ury .

By t h e suc c essi ve d efe a t s of M a x e n t ius a n d L i c i n ius, C on st a n t i n e b e A D 3 l l . . .

c a me t h e sol e ma st er of t h e e m i re U n d er h i s a usp i c es C h ri st i a n i t y sup

_ p .

pl a n t e d t h e a n c i en t st a t e sup erst i t i on s, a n d t h e se a t of g overn me n t wa s

-

t ra n sferre d t o a n e w a n d Sp l e n did me t rop oli s on t h e sh ore s of t h e Th ra c i a n

B osp h orus T h e fron ti er of t h e D a n ub e , n ot w i t h st a n di n g some p a ssi n g
.

b ra wl s w i t h t h e G ot hi c b ord erers, w a s n e ver b e t t er secure d t h a n d uri n g

t h e re i g n s of C on st a n t i n e a n d h i s son s L ik e h i s p re d e c e ssors h e i n t ro He i n trod uces .

d uc e d g re a t n umb ers of b a rb a ri a n c ol on i st s i n t o t h e d ep op ul a t e d di st ri c t s .

H e e n g a g e d i n h is servi c e more n umerous b odi e s of b a rb a ri a n a uxili a ri es

t h a n a n y p rec e di n g e mp eror Mon e y a n d h on ours were freely b est ow e d 33am m
3
.

o n t h e se fore i g n ers w i t h a v i e w t o a t t a c h t h em t o t h e servi c e ra t h er of t h e

p ri n c e t h a n of t h e e mp i re T h e fid e li t y of t h ese merc en a ri e s w a s w h olly

.

groun d e d on a feeli n g of i n tere st or of p erson a l a t t a c h men t t o t h e h a n d

w hi c h fe d t h em Th e y w ere c on n ec t e d b y n o t i e w h a tever w i t h t h e st a t e ,
.

a n d seem i n n o d e g ree t o h a v e reli n q ui sh e d t h e i r hi g h se n se of n a t i on a l

58
or i n div id ua l i n d ep en d e n c e .

C on st a n ti n e t h e G re a t di e d i n t h e y e a r 3 3 7 H i s t h ree son s, C on st a n A D 337 . . . .

t i n e , C on sta n s a n d C on st a n t i us, sh a re d t h e e mp i re a mon g t h e m C on .

st a n t in e , t h e e ld e st of th ese p ri n c e s, ob t a i n e d B ri t a i n , G a ul a n d S p a i n

5°
Eumen P an egyr v i. 0 . 13 E
u seb. i n C on st a n t lib iv c 26 J or —
—
. . . . .
. . .

T he curious ma y refe r t o Eumen eus, P a n vi n a nd. c 22 a n d 23 Ma scou, b ook 11 pp 26 9 ,

—
57 . . .
. . .

P a n eg y r i n cert i A utorz s, vi ii c 2 2 , 27 0
'

c 21
. . . . . .

2 3 , 24 .
2 52 CO N STAN S PA C I F I ES T HE F RA N KS .
[Book I .

y oun g e r
is de b ut h is c a reer wa s y e a r 3 40 h e a t t a c k e d h is b rot h er C on
h ort
s ; in t h e
fea t ed a nd
sla in b
y C on st a n s w h o re i g n e d i n I t a ly I lly ri c um a n d M a c e d on i a a n d l ost h i s li fe i n
, , ,

s t a n s.
t h e c o n t e st
5
By h is d e fe a t t h e w ort hl ess a n d p rofi ig a t e C on st a n s
.
9 0 6

b e c a me sov e re i g n of t w o t hi rd s of t h e w h ol e e mp i re C i v il c on t est h a d
-
.

a t a ll t i me b ee n s a si g n a l for i n v a si on t o t h e b a rb a ri c t ri b es ; a n d C on

s t a n s o n h i s a rri v a l i n G a ul
, foun d hi msel f i n vol ve d i n a wa r w i t h t h e
,

T h e F ra n k
v a d e G a ul
s in
F ra n k s F rom t h e d e sc ri p t i on g ive n of t h ese b a rb a ri a n s by t h e ora t or L i
.

b a n ius i t w ill b e rea dily p e rc e i ve d h ow li t t l e p e rma n e n t i mp ressi on h a d i n

.

re a li t y b ee n rod uc e d u on t h e t e m e r o f t h e se re st l ess n a t i on s by t h e v i c
p p p
t ori es a n d c rue l t i es of C on st a n t i n e so hi g hly e x t oll e d by h i s p a n egyri st s

”
.

W i t hi n t hi rt y y e a rs of t h ose sa n gui n a ry p roc e e di n g s t h e F ra n ks w e a re , ,

t old w e re n ot mere ly un di mi n i sh e d i n n umb e rs b ut lik e w i se i n d a ri n g

, ,

c on t e m t for d a n e r a n d d e a t h Th ey e n t e rt a i n sa y s t h e ora t or
p g .
, ,

n o mo re fe a r u on t h e st ormy oc e a n t h a n u on t h e fi rm l a n d ; t o t h e m
p p
t h e frost s o f t h e n ort h a re more a c c e p t a bl e t h a n t h e soft b re e z e s of t h e
sout h ; t h e y re a rd re ose a s a c a l a mi t y
g w a r a s t h e summi t of e n j oy
p ,

men t : i n v i c t ory t h e i r p ert i n a c i t y i n t h e p ursui t i s un b oun d e d ; i f c om

p e lle d t o re t re a t i t i s on ly w i t h a v i e w t o re n e w t h e i r i n c ursi on s
,
more
ov er h on our a n d re w a rd a re b es t ow e d by t h e mu on fe a t s o f i n sa n e d ari n
, p g
a n d a ud a c i t y ; t h e y l o ok u on a di s osi t i on t o i n d ol e n c e or re ose a s a
p p p
di sea se for t h ese rea son s t h e n e i g hb ouri n g p ow e rs h a v e i n n o a g e b een
a bl e t o
p rev a il up on t h e m e i t h e r by rea son or by forc e t o re ma i n , ,

at
p ea c e ; i t h a s b e e n a l w a y s n e c e ssa ry t o b e up on t h e w a t c h n i g h t a n d
d a y t o b e rea dy t o mee t t h e i r i n c e ssa n t a t t a c k s n o on e c ould e a t b ut
w i t h h i s a rms by h i s sid e n or sl ee p b ut w i t h t h e h e l me t on h is h e a d ;

”
,

a rmy foll o w e d a rmy l i k e t h e bill ow s o f t h e sea a n d sc a rc ely h a d t h e fi rs t ,

w a ve o f i n v a si on b rok e n on our sh ore t h a n i t w a s foll ow e d by a n ot h er ,

a n d a n o t h er i n q ui c k suc c e ssi on un t il t h e s t orm sub sid e d of i t sel f , .

Thi s un q ui e t S p i ri t a dd s L ib a n ius w a s quell e d by t h e p resen c e of t h e

, ,

A D 3 43 e m eror t h e h a ug h t y b a rb a ri a n s t h rew d own t h e i r sp ea rs a n d st re t c h e d

.

3 44
. or
p
out t h e i r h a n d s for p ea c e
.

1 6
.

A t re a t y of a lli a n c e p rob a bly up on t h e ordi n a ry t e rms of sub sidy on

,

t h e o n e sid e a n d mili t a ry se rvi c e o n t h e o t h er p ut a n e n d t o t h e w a r

, , ,

a n d t h e suc c esses o f C on st a n s w e re c el eb ra t e d by e n ra v e rs ora t ors a n d

g , ,

t m u a n d h on est y a s usua l a mon g t h e

6
p oe t s w i
,
2
h a s c h re
g a rd t o t ru t h
p rofe sse d eul og i st s of d e sp ot s W h a t e ve r a d va n t a g es ma y h a ve b e en
.

g a i n e d t h e R oma n s w ere c on t e n t e d t o a c k n ow l e d g e t h e Rhi n e a s t h e

,

b oun d a ry of t h e e mp i re N 0 furt h e r me n t i on i s ma d e of c a st l e s or fort s

”
.
,

5" A un t Vi c t Ep i t p 3 9 0
. . . . . L iba n i us O ra t iii p 1 3 1
, . . .
—Socra te s
, Hist .

6°
F or his c ha ra c t er se e Z osi m li b . . l l. p 1 18
. . Ec cles li b i c 7
. . . . .

6
M as c ou, boo vi 24 k . .
C ha p . vii . Sec L ]
. MAG N EN T I U S .
25 3

or se t t e l men t s 0 11 t h e ri g ht b a n k of t h a t st ream By t hi s t i me t h e A gri .

D ecuma t e s h a d b een a b a n d on e d a s a n un t e n a bl e p o st t o t h e n e i g hb ouri n g -

Al ema n n i c t rib es M e a n w hil e t h e c on di t i on of t h e p rov i n c e s of U pp e r

.

a n d L ow er G erma n y a n d B el g i um h a d un d e rg on e a mi g h t y c h a n g e .

Th ey h a d b ee n a l most en t i re ly re p eop l e d w i t h refug ees i n t rud ers or -

, ,

li c en se d se t t le rs b e t w ee n w h om a n d t h e i r i n d ep en d en t c oun t ry men on
,

t h e o t h er S id e of t h e Rhi n e n o ma t eri a l i mp e di men t t o fre e i n t erc ourse

c ould n ow ex i st We c a n n ot sup p ose t h a t t h ese re cen t c ol on ist s sh ould Ti ht y mu f i
.

n erco
e a'
ll a "

rse

h a ve a t on c e re n oun c e d t h e i r former h a bi t s a n d c on n e xi on s a n d h a ve w ith th i b ,

e r ar

b i u ar an co n
set t l e d d ow n i n t h e c ourse of a s i n g l e a e i n t o ea c e a bl e a n d i n d ust ri ous t m u b y d
g p y r e e on

c i t iz e n s I n d ee d t h e i n forma t i on w e p ossess ren d ers i t hi g hly p rob a bl e fi f fifih m

.
t h a t t h e i r d ep e n d e n c e up on t h e e mp i re Wa s ra t h er n omi n a l t h a n r e a l I t p il f t h .
S o so e

p i wit h rov n ce

seems n ot t o a d mi t of a quest i on t h a t t h e y h e ld t h emse l ve s a t lib ert y t o t h l tt d e a er, a n

sh are t h e sp oil s of t h e i n t eri or di st ric t s w i t h t h e rov i n g b ord erers fromb e 5 352233:

5
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y on d t h e Rhi n e T o n on e c ould t h e w e a k p oi n t s of t h e fron t i er t h e mili t a ry 2312

.
? d
,
e ‘

st a ti on s t h e roa d s a n d os i t i on s of t h e c ount ry b e b e t t er k n ow n t h an t o
, p
t h ese h a l f rec l a i me d se t t l ers ; n on e c ould b e b et t er qua lifi e d t o a dv i se
-

t h e i r ki n d re d a n d g i ve t h e si g n a l for i n v a si on A n d i n fa c t t h e mot i on s .
, ,

of t h e F ra n k s a n d Al e ma n n i a fford un e qui voc a l p ro ofs of c orrec t i n forma

t i on a s t o t h e i n t ern a l st a t e of t h e e mp i re : t hus w h en ev er a vi g orous ,

a n d w a rlik e ri n c e or l e a d er w a s re mov e d from t h e sc en e w h enev er

p ,

a leg i on or a n a rmy w a s ma rc h e d a w a y w h e n ever i n t ern a l di st urb a n c es , ,

w a rs or i n surrec t i o n s di st ra c t e d t h e p rov i n c e t h e b arb a ri a n s p oure d

, ,

a cross t h e Rhi n e t o t a k e a d va n t age of t h e o p port un i t y for ill a e an d

g
p
rev en e
g .

S uc h h a n d C onst a n s h a d a l rea dy re i g n e d six A D 50

i wa s n ow a t
a n oc c a s on .

Th 1
y e a rs i n t h e w est a n obj ec t of c on t emp t a n d h a t re d t o hi s c ourt a n d sub g i fgiZi zd
-

oi s
b y Dmd m
j e ct s H i s v i c es w e re of a c h a ra c t er most lik ely t o di sgust t h e l eg i on s d C t
.
an
e

on s a n
“

ra i se d by Di oc l e t i a n a n d C o n st a n t i n e w hi c h c on si st e d a l most w h oll y fi i t l n e con s s a

,
m t Wh lly f

”
os o o

of G erma n s M a g n e n t ius a G erma n by bi rt h on e of t h ose c a p t i ves G m

.
, ,
er an s
Th y m
erh a p s w h o h a d b e e n Sp a re d from t h e b ut c h eri es of t h e p rec e di n g m d d h m
e a re co

p y an e e

i
re g n ,
i
h a d r sen by i b
h s ra ve r y a n d t a l e n t t o t h e c omm a n d o f t h ese
i nf?
M
]
a

l eg i on s P erson a l a mbi t i on g oa d e d by a j ust sc orn of t h e se rvi c e

.
,

of suc h a b e i n g a s C on st a n s i n d uc e d h i m t o h ea d a c on sp i ra c y for t h e
,

d ep osi t i on a n d murd er of h is ma st er C on st a n s w a s Sl a i n a n d M a g n en t i us M g t m
.
,
a

cons i re s
n en s

p
i n v est e d w i t h t h e p urp l e H e t ook i n t o h is servi c e a l arg e body of g t C
. a ai n s on

Fra n ki sh a n d S a x on merc en a ri es w hi c h h a d b een broug h t t og e t h er for ffifiij fii flfif

,
t
a
‘

a n i n t en d e d ex p e di t i on a g a i n st t h e b a rb a ri a n s ; a n d st re n g t h en e d h im

se l f by a t t a c hi n g t h e b est a n d b ra v est w a rri ors of S p a i n a n d G a ul

a n d G erma n y t o h i s c a use T h e F ra n k s a n d S a x on s w h om J uli a n

.
,

d e sc rib es a s t h e fe ll ow c oun t ry men of M a g n en t ius w e re t h e most

'

V OL . I . 2 K
_
 C V L I I WA R BET WE E N C O N STAN T IU S A ND M A G N EN T I US .
[Book I .

z e a l ously d e vot e d t o h im a s t h e y w ere a l so t h e most n umero us w a rlik e

, , ,

a n d formid a bl e o f h i s a dh e re n t s ; t h e up st a rt N e p ot i a n us w h o h a d
63
u
fif gi gif d
a s
,

a ssume d t h e i m e ri a l di g n i t y a t R ome
e r an
i w a s p ut t o d e a t h a n d I t a ly
s ack w no
p , ,

233n
b ‘h
a c k n o w l ed e d M a n e n t i us a s i t s soverei g n oug h s u e ri or t o t h e
"
V
-

g g Th p .

e a st e rn e m e ror i n mili t a ry st re n g t h a n d sk ill t h e a d v a n t a g e s of w ea l t h

p ,

Th a n d c un n i n w e re o n t h e sid e of C o n st a n t i us M a n en t ius ma d e a n g

mp
t
e eas e rn
g .

mmm mj l a t t emp t t o c o me t o a n a mi c a bl e a rra n g e me n t w i t h h is ri v a l

e C
e ror on
, ec s An .

e mb a ssy w a s se n t t o Al ex a n d ri a w h e re C o n st a n t i us a t t h a t t i me resid ed
$ 3 223 “ , ,

f h t o p rop ose a c c ommod a t i o n

o t e A mon g t h e e n v oys were t w o C h ri st i a n
.

bi sh op s b e t we en w h om a n d t h e c h a mp i on of ort h od oxy A t h a n a si us some

, , ,

ki n d of i n t erc ourse t ook p l a c e w hi c h g a ve g rea t umb ra ge t o t h e Ar i a n

emp eror
“
C on st a n t i us re fuse d t o li st e n t o a n y t e rms ; a n d t h oug h h e

”
.

w a s a t t hi s mome n t t h rea t e n e d by t h e P ersi a n s on t h e M esop o t a mi a n

b ord er b e d et ermi n e d t o ma rc h fort h w i t h a g a i n st t h e west ern usurp er 65
, .

l w bar S h ort ly a ft er t h e d ea t h of C on st a n s t h e fe ebl e V i t ra n i o t h e c omma n d er

e
, ,

of t h e P a n n on i a n l e i on s
g h a d a ss um e d t h e p urp l e,
T h e a
pp roa c hin
g .

m t en
c on t e s t b e t w e e n t h e e a st ern a n d w est ern e mp erors re n d ere d h im a t t hi s
“

mome n t a p e rson a g e O f some c on seque n c e B ot h p a rt i es c ourt e d h is .

fri e n d shi p V i t ra n i o i n c li n e d in fa v our of C on st a n t i us a n d c on sen t e d t o a ,

u bli c on fere n c e w i t h h i s a st ut e c om e t i t or w h o p li e d t h e soldi ery wi t h

p c p ,

re mi n i sc e n c e s a n d
p romi ses so suc c essfully t h a t t h ey un a n i mously p ro
c l a i me d t h e d e osi t i on o f t h e c hi e f t h e y h a d t h e mse l ve s ra i se d t o t h e e m
p
p i re V i t ra n i o w as p ermi t t e d t o re t i re from t h e t h ron e t o p ri v a t e li fe a n d
.
,

C on st a n t i us le d t h e n ow combi n e d a rmi es a g a in st h is more formid a bl e c om

p e t i t or T h e l a t t er a dv a n c e d i n t o I lly ri c um t o me e t h i m a n d ob t a i n e d a
.
,

t rifli n g a d va n t a g e i n t h e A d ra n i a n
p a sses b ut t h e fa i t h of h is t roop s w a s
a l re a dy sh a k e n by t h e i n t ri ues of C on st a n t i us
g Ma g n en t ius fa il ed i n a n
a t t e m t t o c ross t h e S a ve n ea r S c i ssa on w hi c h oc c a si on h e suffere d
p ,

a sev ere l oss ; soon a ft e rw a rd s Syl va n us t h e c hi ef of h is b a rb ar i a n ,

M g iu i c a va l ry w en t ov e r w i t h h is w h ol e c or s t o t h e e n e my a n d t h e w est e rn
a n en t s s , p ,

fifii fif m e mp eror w a s t ot a lly d e fe a t e d n ea r M ursa i n P a n n on i a Thi s overt hrow

‘ ‘
, .

d e p ri v e d h im O f I t a ly a n d d rove h im b a c k up on G a ul .

But h ere l ik e w i se h is a ffa irs w ore a muc h l e ss p romi si n g a sp e c t t h a n

w h e n i n t h e p rec edi n g y e a r h e q ui t t e d t h e p rov in c e t o O pp ose C on s t a n t i us .
66

C t t u
on s a n i T h e l a t t er h a d by t h e di st rib ut i on of e n ormous sums suc c e ed e d i n ra i si n g
s , ,

t h e G e rma n i c n a t i ons of t h e Rhi n e i n h i s rea r D ec e n t ius w h om M a g n e n

" ‘e

Al m e it
a nn o
.
,

k G ul t i us h a d l e ft i n c omma n d of h is G a lli c l e i on s w a s a t t h e i n st i a t i on of
a t t ac a
g g , ,

J ulia n Work s ’
s q
p 3 4 a s uot e d b y Ill a »
, . , b oo k v i. 3 7 not e 3 . .

l i b oo k vi 34 “5 Z osun lib ii p 1 2 1
—1 3 1
0 0 1 , vo. . . . . . . .

Se e t h e d ign ifi ed a polo gy b y w h ic h A t ha Ib id lib ii pp 1 2 1

. . . . .

n asius e x pla i n s h is con d uc t , a pud Ma scou,

C h ap vi j Sec l ] C HA RACT ER O F T HE BA RBA R A I N MERCEN A RI ES 25 5

”
. . . . .
‘

C on st a n ti us, a t t a c k e d a n d d e fea t e d by C h n od oma r a p owerful c hi ef of

t h e Al e ma n n i Mea n w hil e t h e F ra n k s, p erc e ivi n g t h a t t h e fron t i er fort s
.

on t h e L ow er Rhi n e h a d b e e n di vest e d of t h e i r g a rri son s, overra n t h a t

rov i n c e t h e c i t y o f T reve s sh ut i t s g a t e s a g a i n st D e c e n t i us a n d Ma g
p ,

n e n t i us w a s a g a i n d e fe a t e d by t h e g e n e ra l s of C on st a n t ius n e a r G a p i n

Prove n c e I n t h e i n t eri m t h e a g en t s of t h a t p ri n c e h a d b een b usy

.

i n S p a i n a n d A fri c a , t o w hi c h p rov i n c es M a gn e n t ius n ow l ook e d a s Spai n an d

G aul d eclare
t o g roun d w hi c h mi g h t y e t b e di sp ut e d But fi n di n g t h a t t h e Sp a n i a rd s a ga i n st Ma g .

a n d M oors h a d a l re a dy d e c l a re d ag a i n st h i m a n d t h a t h e w a s c ut off from fi fifififfi efi?

‘ ‘
,

h is l a st refug e h e fe ll up on his own sw ord a n d t h us esc a p e d t h e ve n 33253121;

,
1

ea n c e of h is c ra ft y a n d v i n di c t i v e e n e my H i s b i o t h er D ec en t ius wh ole mpir

g “n de‘fi
e
.

l s swaY
foll o we d h is e x a mp l e a n d t h e c iv il w a r w a s a t a n e n d C on st a n t i us h a d
'

.
,

t h us wrest e d t h e w e st ern p ro v i n c e s from t h e h a n d s of a ri va l w h o, w hil e

i n t h e serv i c e of R ome h a d l e a rn t j ust en oug h of h er sta t e p ra c ti c e ,

t o fe e l li t t l e sc rup l e i n i mb rui n g h i s h a n d s i n t h e bl ood of a w ort hl ess

mast er b ut n ot en oug h t oen c oun ter th a t d e a dly c ra ft t h a t c ool vill ai n y
,
-

, ,

w i t h w hi c h his O pp on e n t sa c rifi ce d t h e li ve s a n d p rop ert y O f milli on s of

subj e c t s t o g ra t i fy hi s selfi sh t hi rst for un i v ersa l e m i re
68
p .

T h e a n c i e n t fid eli t y of t h e G er ma n a uxili a ri e s of Rome w a s n o doubt Th m

b e a rba ri a n
erc en aries

up on t h e d e c li n e Th e i r offi c ers t rust e d a s t h e y w ere by t h e g overn p t k

.
,
ar a e of t h e

men t c ould n ot re ma i n st ra n g ers t o i ts p ra c t i c es or un c on t a mi n a t e d by

, ,

i t s c orrup ti on s T h e me a n s a n d my st ery of i t s p oli c y w e re sp rea d out

.

b efore t h em a n d ma n y i n a b a n don i n g th e vi rt ues of t h e b arb a ri a n t gi tj

, ,
e l s cs of
r stl
bar

c h a ra c t er e n g ra ft e d on i t s ow n e c uli a r v i c e s t h ose O f more c i viliz e d

,
p ,

li fe ; Suc h i s t h e p i c t ure w hi c h Z osi mus h a s h a n d e d d own t o us O f

M a g n e n t ius hi msel f H e i s sa id t o h a ve c ombi n e d w i t h t h e rough a n d
.

d ow n ri g h t ma n n ers of a b a rb a ri a n a w on d erful p ower of c on c ea li n g t h e

d e ep sea t e d ma li g n i t y of h is n a t ure so t h a t t o t h ose w h o w ere n o t i n t i
-

ma t ely a c qua i n t e d w ith hi s h a bi t s h e a pp ea re d a fra n k a n d g eod ,

‘

h ea rt e d p erson T h e Fra n k Syl va n us on t h e c on t ra ry w h o so l a rg el y

.
, ,

c on t rib ut e d t o t h e l oss o f t h e fa t a l b a t t l e o f M ursa i s re p rese n t e d a s ,

a ma n of p oli sh e d ma n n e rs a n d a dd re ss w ell v erse d i n t h e l a n gua g e a n d

m
,

h a bi t s of Ro e T h e c a p a c i t y for di sc i p li n e a n d t h e qui c k p erc ep t i on

.
69
,

of t h e a dv a n t a g es of R oma n t a c t i c s di sp l a ye d by t h e se merc e n a ry
‘

l ea ders h a d re n d ered t h e m t h e most e ffec t ive offi c e rs i n t h e a rmi es

,

of t h e emp i re b ut a mid t h e c orrup t i on of t h e c ourt t h e y un d erwen t t h a t

c h a n g e of c h a ra c t e r t o w hi c h a ll yi eld e d w h o c a me w i t hi n i t s b a l efu l

“
7 A mm . Ma rcell .
, lib . x v . c. 6 p 9 5, i n cid en
. .
p 39 1
. .

t ally men t ion s t hi s fa c t A ure l Vi c t i n Epit

—A u p 39 1
. . .
. . .

m loc mod Epit

'

Z osz . . . c it rel. Vi c t in
. .

2 K2
 EXPED IT I O N OF C O N ST AN T IU S AGA IN ST T H E G ERMA NS .
[Book 1 .

at mosp h ere ; a n d h on our a n d l oy a l t y mi g h t n ow si t a s li gh tly up on t h e

c o n sc i e n c e o f a G erma n a s i t h a d d on e for ma n y t h a t of a
a g es
p a st on

R oma n c ourt i er .

S EC T I ON II . A D 3 54
. .
—3 60 .

Wa rs w ith t he A lema n n i a nd Fra n ks—Th F k Sy lva n us a ssumes th e P u

r le H is d ownf a ll —
—Juli —Juli
ra n

—
e
p
an i n G a ul an a nd th e A lema n n i Ba ttle of S t r —
a sbur
g J uli a n i s p rocla imed
Emp eror a nd q ui t s G a ul .

C O N ST A NT I U S w ould h a ve purc h a se d t h e re t re a t of t h e
n ow w illi n g ly
sa v a g e a lli es t o w h om h i s w i c k e d
p oli c y h a d b e t ra y e d t h e p rovi n c e ; b ut
t h e Al e ma n n i w e re c omma n d e d by a ma n li t t l e di sp osed t o reli n q ui sh
t h e rew a rd of h is serv i c es or e ve n t o mea sure i t by a n y ot h er sc a l e t h a n
,

t h e l en g t h O f h is sw ord C h n od oma r t h e Al ema n h a d b e fore t h i s t ri ed

.

h is fort un e a g a i n st a R oma n a rmy un d e r D ece n t i us a n d ove rt h row n it i n ,

a fa i r fi eld ; h e h a d ra v a g e d ma n y a fe rt il e t ra c t of G a ul t a k e n ma n y o u
p ,

l en t c i t i es a n d c on d uc t e d hi mse l f t ow a rd s t h e p rov i n c e i n ev ery resp ec t

,

a s a c on q ueror
l
T h e b rot h ers V a d oma r a n d G un d oma r c hi e fs of t h e
.
, ,

354 .
Al ema n n i c t rib e n ow i n p ossessi on O f t h e A gri D ec uma t es were p re p a ri n g
2
,

t o i n v a d e t h e sout h of G a ul w i t h a l a rg e forc e T h e n ort h ern p a rt s of t h e .

p rovi n c e w ere mea n w hil e c rue lly p l un d e re d a n d w a st e d by t h e F ra n k s

a n d S a x on s ; 1 1 0 R oma n a rmy w a s u on t h e s ot t o c h e c k t h em a n d
p p ,

n e i t h er a rms st ren t h n or s i ri t rema i n e d a mon t h e a bj e c t p rov i n c i a l s

g , p , g
t o d e fe n d t h e msel ves C on st a n t i us se n t S yl v a n us w h ose F ra n ki sh
.
,

ori g i n ma h a v e b ee n t h ou h t t o q ua li fy h i m i n a rt i c ul a r for suc h

y g p
t o Opp ose t h e i n roa d s of h i s c oun t ry me n i n L ow er G e rma n y
3
a serv i c e , ,

w hil e h e p roc ee d e d in p erson t o t h e U pp er Rhi n e t o c h a st i se t h e i n so

l e n c e of G un d oma r a n d V a d oma r .

E a rly i n t h e sp ri n g of t h e y ea r 3 5 4 t h e a rmy a ssembl e d a t C h a l on sur ,

S a on e a n d suffere d c on sid era bl e h a rd shi p s i n i t s ma rc h a c ross t h e

,

w i n t ry V osg es t ow ard s B a sl e H e re t h e emp e ror resol ve d t o t h row .

a b ri d e O f b oa t s a c ross t h e Rhi n e ; b ut t h e R oma n e n g i n e e rs w e re S O

g
a n n oy e d b sh owe rs of mi ssil es t h a t t h e d esi g n w a s a b a n d on e d T h e
y .

e m e ror sur riz e d a t t h e ob st i n a c y o f t hi s O p p osi t i on a

p p e a rs t o h a ve
p , p ,

J uli a n .in O ra t l C on st a n t io h ab it a
. . . a b a n d on ed a b out t en yea rs a ft e r t he b a t t le o f t he
9
Pfi ster ( G esch ic h v Sc hw ab en , vol i p
. . . . A le m a n n i w it h P rob us i e b et w ee n t he year
. . .

k
t h in s t h a t t h e t errit ories o n t h e ri h t b a n o f t he
g k 280 a n d t he c lose of t h e c en t ury .

U p per Rh in e ( Agri D e cuma tes) must h a ve b een

3
A mm . M a rc ell lib
. . x v . c . 5 p 83
. . .
Cha p . vii. Se c . HE MA KES PEA C E .

b ee n se ri ously a t a l oss h ow t o g e t a t h is e n e my But sh ortly a ft erw a rd s wh m h t

. . o e a
t m
a n i n h a bi t a n t of t h e c oun t ry w a s foun d w h o offere d t o p oi n t out a ford by $2 52
8 o s

w hi c h t h e a rmy mi g h t p a ss over i n sa fe t y T h e t roop s a c c ordi n g ly p ut .

t h e mse lv es i n mot i on duri n g t h e n i g h t a n d rea c h e d t h e op p os i t e sh ore

”
,

w i t h out di ffi c ul t y by d a y b rea k i n t h e fi rm ex p ec t a t i on of fi n di n g t h e,

e n e my wh oll y un p rep a re d for so d e c i si v e a move me n t T o t h e i r sur .

riz e a n d a l a rm t h e y foun d t h e Al e ma n n i st ron gly p ost e d a n d re a dy

p
t o rec e i ve t h em Thi s di sa p p oi n t men t w a s a t t rib ut e d t o se c re t i n fori n a but i d i p
. s sa

mt d
t i on t ra n smi t t e d t o t h e i r c oun t ry me n by some G erma n O ffi c ers of hi g h
e ’

ra n k i n t h e i mp eri a l servi c e ; s u s i c i on fe ll i n p a rt i c u
p l a r u on L a t i n us
p
c oun t of t h e d ome st i c s A g ilo t rib un e O f t h e st a b l es a n d S c ud ilo c a p t a i n
, ,

of t h e t a rg e t e e rs ; t h e l a t t er i s d e sc rib e d by A mmi a n a s on e w h o c on

c e a le d a n a rt ful a n d p ersua si v e a dd ress un d e r a roug h a n d fra n k ex t e

-

r i or T h e a w e i n sp i re d by t h e formid a bl e a t t i t ud e o f t h e b a rb a ri a n s
.
,

a n d t h e a p p re h en si on O f t re a son i n h i s ow n c a mp i n c li n e d C on st a n t i us ,

t o a c c ommod a t i on w i t h t h e e n e my T h e G e rma n s on t h e o t h er h a n d .
, ,

w ere e q ua lly a n xi ous t o a void t h e evil s of i n v a si on a n d t o a c qui re t h a t ,

w e a l t h w hi c h w a s t h e obj e c t of a ll t h e i r efforts ra t h er by n eg oc i a t io n t h a n
, ,

by forc e C on st a n t i us t old t h e soldi e rs t h a t t h e a usp i c e s w ere un fav our

. d m k an a es

a bl e for a b a t t l e ; a n d a t rea t y w a s c on c l ud e d w i t h t h e e n e my w h ere by

p ea ce '
,

former c ust oma ry st i p en d s w e re c on t i n ue d t o t h e m up on c on di t i on

4

O f t h e i r k eep i n g t h e p ea c e a n d furn i shi n g a ux ili a ry t roop s i n suc h n um

b ers a s mi g h t b e re q ui re d of t h e m A ft e r t hi s t h e b a r ba ri a n s re t urn e d .
5

t o t h e i r h ome s a n d C on st a n t i us re t i re d t o Mil a n w h e re h e ma t ure d a n d

, ,

c arri e d i n t o e x ec ut i on t h e l on g me di t a t e d p l a n for t h e d e osi t i on a n d

”
p
murder of h is un w ort hy n ep h ew G a ll us .
6

N ot fa r from t h e sc e n e of t h ese eve n t s b e t we e n t h e sout h ern sh ore s of A b ti , r e o ns

_

h
t h e l a k e of C on st a n c e a n d t h e ri ver A a r la y t h e g a u or c a n t on of t h e L e n f gf figfifi fi
' e
-
,

t ie n si a n Al e ma n n i ] a d a rk a n d g l oomy reg i on of moun t a in a n d forest

A l mm e
,

b ut l a t e ly oc c up i e d by a w ild a n d h a rdy Offse t from t h e g re a t ra c e w hi c h

h a d n ow fi x e d i t sel f i n un di sp ut e d p osse ssi on of t h e sout h w est ern a n gl e -

of G e rma n y Th ese set t l ers h a d a l rea dy oc c a si on e d so muc h i n c on

. .

C o n cession em pree t erit orume t pa ce m are D e in ut aux ilia t ores p ro ad versa ri i s a d sc is

t he w ord s w h ich A mmia n put s in t o t he mout h of ca mus q u A mm M a rcell loc

”
od
p olli cen lur . . .
.

t h e emp eror i n hi s sp eec h t o t h e a rmyon t his occa mod c it T h e G erma n s w ere n ev er a verse from
. .

sion . T hey con t a in t h e on ly hin t h e h as t houg h t st ipula t ion s O f t hi s in d , n o r d oes i t seem t ha t

k
fi t t o record of t he n a ture of t he t erms T h ere . t h ey ever refused t o serve as a ux ili a ry t roop s, i n
c a n b e lit tle d oub t t h a t t he pra t erit um h ere a smuc h a s if t h e pa y w ere w an t i n
g t he o pport u
si n i fi es st ipen d , p a y men t , or v aluable con si n i t y o f plun d er c ould n ot fa il
g
A mm M a rc ell lib x iv c l l p p 5 7 —6 5
.

d era t ion of some k in d , perh a ps a formal g ra n t of

'
6
. . . . . . . .

t h e T ra n s Rh en a n e A g ri D ec uma t es, or ot h er fi
7 P sler
( p 6 7 , n ot e en t ert a in s n o do ub t
'
-
.

t errit ory forme rly b e lon g in g t o t h e e mpi re t h a t t h e mod ern t own of L en z burg i n t he A a r a u
.
g
A mm M a rcell li b x iv c 1 0 p 56
. . . . . . . .
m
d erives it s n a e from t h at race .
258 S Y L V ANU S [Book I .

v en i e n c e i g hb ouri n g p rov i n c e of G a lli a S eq ua n a t h a t C on st a n

t o t he ne ,

t i us re sol ve d t o di sl od g e t h e m W i t h t h a t vi ew h e di rec t e d t h e ma s t er of.

t h e h orse A rb e t io t o ma rc h w i t h a suffi c i e n t forc e t h roug h t h e v a ll e y of

, ,

t h e G ri son s t ow a rd s t h e sout h ern sh ores o f t h e B ri g a n t i n e l a k e

8
,
F0 1 .

l ow i n g h is i n st ruc t i on s A rb e t i o foun d hi msel f i n vol ve d i n a wild a n d

,

t ra c kl e ss reg i on w i t h w hi c h h e w a s w h olly un a c q ua i n t ed H ere t h e .

Al ema n n i i ssui n g sudd en ly from t h e gl e n s a n d g org es of t h e i r moun

,

t a i n s c ommi t t ed g re a t sl a ugh t er a mon g h i s st ra g g li n g t roop s

, O n t he .

foll ow i n g morn i n g t h e e l a t e d b a rb a ri a n s a t t emp t e d t o st orm t h e e n c a mp

men t of t h e i r a d versa ri es ; b ut t h ei r di sord erly b ra ve ry w as a s usua l
i n e ffec t ua l a g a i n st t h e di sc i p li n e of t h e R oma n s ; A rb e t io c on t ri ve d t o
wh m b d
o t h row t h e m i n t o c o n fusi on by w e ll di re c t e d sa lli e s a n d h e i n t h e e n d oh
e e -

,
f t
e a s.

t a i n e d a d ec i si ve a n d sa n g ui n a ry v i c t ory over t h ese h a l f a rme d a n d h a l f -

n a k e d sa v a e s
g A ft e r t hi s suc c ess C on st a n t i us w h ose p rese n c e w i t h t h e
p resumed re t urn e d i n t ri um
.
,

army or i n i t s v i c i n i t y mus t b e
p h t o Mil a n
9
, .

S yl u th
van s, M ea n w hil e S yl v a n us e n a e d t h e F ra n k s a n d S a x on s i n t h e n ort h of
e
F k m g g
W hil e h e w a s g a ll a n t ly st e mmi n g t h e
ra n co
G a ul w i t h i n di ffe re n t suc c ess
,

b t hi
a s us co n .

t ym
t h f G ul ; c rre n t o f b a rb a ri a n i n va si on by w hi c h fort y fi v e of t h e most fl ou
i th
u
r en n e
ri shi n
g
-

n or o a

c i t i es o f G a ul h a d a l re a dy b e e n ov erwh el med
b ut i d i
a d a rk i n t ri ue w a s i n
s r ven

to re eb ll by i on g ,

ut i rogress t o rui n h i m i n t h e c on fid e n c e of h i s ma st e r D y n a mi us a n
p
a co r n .
,
t gu

p a l a c e O b t a i n e d c ommen d a t ory l e t t ers from t h e un sus

rl e,
O fl i c er of t h e ,

p i c i ous g e n e ra l t o c ert a i n fa mili a r fri e n d s i n I t a ly t o w h om h e p re t e n d e d

t o d e si re a n i n t rod uc t i o n I n c onj un c t i on w i t h L a mp a d ius t h e p rae t ori a n
.

p re fec t E use bi us t h e e x c oun t of t h e p ri v y p urse a n d se ve ra l ot h ers h e

,
-
, ,

c on t ri v e d t o e ff a c e t h e sub st a n c e o f t h e l e t t e rs l ea v i n g on ly t h e si n a t ure
g ,

a n d a dd resse s a n d t o i n sert i n t h e b ody of t h e m ma t t e r o f a t re a son a bl e

,

i mp ort Th ese forg eri es w e re t h en t h row n i n t o t h e emp eror s w a y w h o

'

.
,

i mme d ia t e ly i ssue d ord ers for t h e a p p re h e n si on b ot h of t h e sup p ose d a ut h or

a n d of t h e e rson s t o w h om t h e l e t t ers w e re a dd re ssed B u t t h e a ffa i r n o
p .

g ot w i n d a mo n g t h e b a rb a ri a n p a l a c e g ua rd
lo
soon e r t h a n t h e ir c a p t a i n s ,

M a loric h a n d M elob a ud e s h a st en e d t o d en oun c e t h e foul c on sp ira c y t o ,

w hi c h t h e e mp eror w a s a b out t o sa c rifi c e a fa i t h ful se rv a n t T h e l e t t ers .

w e re more c a re fully e x a mi n e d t ra c es of t h e ori g n a l w ri t i n g w ere d et e c t e d , ,

and a a rt O f t h e i r c on t e n t s d ec h e d T h e j u t ifi c a t i o n of S yl va n us
p yp e r s .

w a s n ow c omp l e t e b ut t h e sec re t a ut h o rs o f t h e i mp ost ure ma n a g ed t o

,

e v a d e d e t ec t i on S yl v a n us t o w h om h is fri en d s h a d c on ve y e d i n t e lli
.
,

V allis C an n in ia . from it s ori g in al mea n in g , men o f k in d red ra c e ,

9
A mm M a rcell ( lib x v c 4 p la t e r sig n ifi c a t io n , see H ofl i n L ex
. .
p 80 . . . . . t o its . .

g i ve s a lo ng rhe t oric al d escri pt io n of t his c a m U n iv vol i i a d V erb G en t iles

. . . A lso D u Ca n g e,
. .

pa ig n. G loss a d V erb
. .

1°
G en t iles F or t h e c han g e of t his t erm
.
C ha p . vii . CO U RT IN T R I G UE T O RUIN H I M .

g e n c e Of t h e p l ot , b ut h a d n ot y e t h a d t i me t o a n n ounc e i t s d efe a t , w as
so a
pp re h e n si ve of t h e sus i c i ous a n d v i n di c t i ve t e
p p er of h i s t y ra n n i c a l m
mast er as to reg a r d quiva l en t t o c on d e mn a t i on I n
a c c usa t on i as e .

t h is di ffi c ul t y h e a t fi rst p rop ose d t o a pp e a l t o hi s c oun try men t h e

Fran k s ; b ut b e i n g a ssure d by h is fri en d t h e F ra n ki sh t ribun e L a n i o
a is us t h a t t h e y w ou ld i t h ut h i m t o d ea t h a s a t ra i t or or b e t ra y hi m
g , e e r
p ,

t o t h e ROma n s for a sum of mon e y h e resol v e d w i t h t h e c on c urre n c e , ,

O f h i s p ri n c i p a l offi c e rs b oldly t o a ssume t h e p urp l e a n d a p p ea l t o t h e

, ,

sw ord i n d e fe n c e of h is li fe a n d h on our T h e i n t e lli g e n c e of t h e re vol t

.

of S yl va n us fe ll lik e a t h un d erb ol t up on t h e c ourt a t Mil a n T he .

emp eror se l ec t e d U rsi c in us a n ofl i c er w h o h a d l a t ely b e e n rec al l e d from

,

t h e E as t up on some susp i c i on of h i s l oy a l t y a s t h e mi n i st e r of h is v e n ,

e a n ce S yl v a n us re sid e d a t t h a t t i me a t C ol og n e a n d w a s o c c up i e d i n
g . ,

ma ki n g prep a ra t i on s for t h e i n v a si on of I t a ly A ffec t i n g t ot a l i g n ora n c e .

O f t h e d e si g n s of t h e reb el gen era l C on st a n t ius se n t U rsi c i n us i n c oni

‘

a n y wi t h t h e hi st ori a n A mmi a n us M a rc e lli n us a n d some ot h ers t o

p
C ol og n e w i t h c ommen d a t ory l et t ers t o S yl v a n us
, Th e se e mi ssa ri e s .

Were i n st ruct e d t o p a y t h e i r c ourt t o t h e g e n era l t o e n t er i n t o h is v i ew s , ,

t o a c qui re h i s c on fid e n c e a n d t o w a t c h t h e i r opp ort un i t y t o se iz e h im or d t

, h an rea c er

t o p ut h i m t o d e a t h S yl v a n us rec e i ve d t h e m w i t h out Susp i c i on Urs i 2311; fi

' d w
. .

c i n us a n xi ous t o re est a bli sh h i s c re di t a t c ourt sh owe d e x t ra ordi n a ry

5331222?
0

m
-

, ,

a bili ty i n t h e ex ec u
8 1

t i on O f t h e b a se c om i ssi on i n t rii st e d t o h i m a n d w a s ,

a bly se c on d e d b y h i s c oa dj ut or M arc e lli n us Th ey foun d t h e a rmy w ell .

disp ose d t o wa rds t h e i r l e a d er a n d p rep a ri n g in hi g h Sp i ri t s t o ma rc h

,

t h roug h t h e C o t t i a n p a sses i n t o I t a ly N 0 t i me w a s t o b e l ost t h e c on

.

S ira t ors p ro mp t ly suc c e e d e d i n c orru t i n

p p g a sma ll n umb e r of t h e sol
di ery wi t h w h ose a ssi st a n c e i t w a s resolve d t o st rik e t h e bl ow w it h out
d el a y T h e a ssa ssi n s a c c ordi n g ly p roc ee d e d a t d a y b re a k t o t h e quart e rs
.
-
_

of S ylv a n us ; t h e al a rm w a s g i v en t i me e n oug h t o e n a bl e h i m t o t a k e

re fug e i a a n ei g hb ouri n g C h ri st i a n c h urc h

, b ut t hi t h er t h e murd e rers ,

foll owed h im a n d di sp a t c h e d h im w i t h ma n y w oun ds i n t h e sa n c t ua ry

,

t o w hi c h h e h a d fl ed

”
.

T h e j oy O f C on st a n t ius a t t hi s d e li vera n c e w a s of sh ort d ura t i on ; t h e C t t i u ons an s

b arb a ri a n ra v a g es i n G aul w ere t h e subj ec t of d a ily a n d urg en t a fghfl ffli ll

e ls e.
a

messa g es from t h e p rov i n c e ; h e c ould n o t v e n t ure t o qui t I t a ly i n t h e CW

a c t ual st a t e of t h e
p ubli c mi n d t h ere ; a n d n o n a me p rese n t e d i t se l f
t o h i m for t h e c on duc t of t h e w a r t o w hi c h some susp i c i on di d n ot
a t t ac h S t il l t h e n ec essi ty of a c o reg en t a mid t h e i n c re a si n g d a n g ers of
.
-

u A mm M a rcell lib x v c 5
. .
pp. 8 3 —93 . . . . . ra t h er to a p p rove t he p r i nc ip le, b ut i s b y n o
A mmia n us d oes no t suspect t he b asen ess of t he mea n s sa t isfi e d t h a t t h e mer i t of t he en t er ri z e
p
co mmission in w hi ch h e w as j oin e d He see ms . was d uly a p prec ia t ed b y hi s ma st er
. See p 9 3
. .
260 J U L IAN lN GA UL .
[Book I .

i mp ell e d h im i rre si st ibly t o fi x up on some on e up on w h om t o

t he st a t e

co n fe r t h e d eg ree o f c on fid en c e a n d t h e e x t e n t of p ow e r w hi c h t h e c ri si s

d e ma n d ed A ft e r lon g h esi t a t i on h e resol ve d t o i n vest h i s n e p h ew J uli us

.

C l a udi us J ulia n us w i t h t h e t i t l e of C aesa r a n d t o c on fer up on h i m t h e c om ,

ma n d o f t h e a rmy i n G a ul I n A ug ust of t h e y e a r 3 5 6 J uli a n t ook .

12
,

p ossessi on of h is g ov e rn men t I n t h e i n t eri m t h e F ra n k s h a d d est roy e d .

p e n e t ra t e d i n t o t h e h ea rt of G a ul w h e re t h ey l a id Si eg e
13
C ol og n e a nd , ,

T h Al m i t o A u ust o d un um “ Ab out t h e sa me t i me t h e Al ema n n i on t h e U pp er

g
e e ann

d t y th
.

Rh i n e ma d e t h emsel ves ma st ers o f t h a t p rovmc e a n d d est roy e d t h e

es ro e
i f U pp
c i t es o er ,

c i t i es of M a y n t z \V orms S p ey er S t ra sb urg Z a b ern S e l t z a n d Bru

, , , , , ,

Hm ‘ ww
m at h
s 15
T h e C aesa r h a st en e d t o t h e rel i e f O f A ug ust o d un um ; a n d t h e
A ug u d u um
.

sto n
an d t h b a rb a ri a n s re t re a t e d a t h i s a
a rre st s
p p roa c h O n h i s ma rc h t ow a rd s Rh e i ms t o
m
e .

f fi fi fii effec t a j un c t i on w i t h t h e t roop s of U rsic in us a n d M a rc e ll us w h o h a d

r r s e
r a ,
“mm "
su c c essi vely h eld t h e c omma n d i n G a ul a ft er t h e murd er of S yl va n us a ,

n ume rous a rmy o f b a rb a ri a n s b e se t h i s sma ll forc e a n d w ere n ot re ul se d

p
w i t h out di ffi c ul t y But t h e a c c essi on o f st re n g t h w hi c h h e g a i n e d by t h e
.

j un c t i on e n a bl e d h im t o a ssume t h e off e n si ve ; t h e F ra n k s i t a p p e a rs ,

re t rea t e d for t h e mome n t a n d h e t urn e d h i s a rms a a i n st t h e Al e ma n n i

g ,

ou t h e U
pp
-
er Rhi n e b u t t h e g a i n of a b a t t l e a n d t h e re c a t ure of t h e
p ,

si n g l e t ow n of B ruma t h w ere t h e on ly b e n e fi t s d eri ve d from t hi s ex p e di

,

1 6
t i on .

Th F u k
e r n
But a g a i n : t h e a d va n ce of t h e Fra n k s from t h e L ow er Rhi n e c om
s
w h
re n e t e
w ar Th y d
.
p elle d t h e C aesa r t o re t ra c e h i s st e p s n ort h w a rd a n d t o a b a n d on t h e l a t ely
e e

a? re c ove red di st ri c t s t o t h e Al e ma n n i I n L ow er G e rma n y e ve ry c i t y a n d .

”
m )
an "
t ow n e x c e p t i n g C obl e n t z a n d a si n g l e c a s t l e n ot fa r from C ol og n e h a d
, ,

b een ut t e rly d est roy e d ; t h e F ra n k s l ik e t h e Al e ma n n i reg a rd e d t h e , ,

fe n c e d p l a c e s a s d a n g erous sn a res for t h e i r lib ert y a n d e a g erly se t ,

a b out root i n g o ut from t h e c on quere d l a n d s w h a t a e a re d t o t h e m

p p
a s so ma n y c a g es a n d d e n s of serv i t ud e C ol og n e w a s a b a n d on e d .

on t h e a
pp roa c h of J uli a n a n d t h e b a rb a ri a n s c on sen t ed t o a t ruc e , The .

a rmy w e n t i n t o q ua rt ers a n d t h e C aesa r t ook u

p h i s resid e n c e i n t h e
,

c i t y o f S e n s fo r t h e w i n t er T h e di st a n t Al e ma n n i me a n w hil e w ere .

t ruly i n form e d o f t h e p osi t i on o f t h e R oma n a rmi es ; t h e y p erc e i ve d ,

A mm M a rc ell lib x v c 8 p 9 9
. . . . . . . . on e tot ally d est royed , a n d t h e W hole p rovi n ce i n
"
3
I t see ms a s if A mm M a rc ell ha d purposely
. . t h e ir h a n d s .

O mit t ed a ll n ot ice of t h e e ven t s W h it h t oo pla ce k A ut un i n Burg un d y .

o n t he R h in e a ft e r t he murd er of Sylva n us . O r, in t he ord er of A mmia n us A rg en t ora .

j
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c it y o f C olo n e, w he re t h e murd er t oo
g pla ce, i n k A mm M a rcell lib x vi c 2 p 1 22
. . . . . . . .

possessio n o f t he e n e my , e ve ry t ow n a n d cit y b ut Ih d lib x v

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26 1

t h a t di st ribut e d a b roa d as t h ey w e re i n a n ex h a uste d c oun try for t h e

mere c on ven i en c e of sup pli es a surp riz e mi g h t b e a t t emp t e d w i t h t h e ,

b est h op es of suc c ess I n mid wi n t e r t h e y a p p e a re d sudd en ly b e fore Th y b i g e es e e

J ul i th
.

i an n e
S en s a n d for t h i rt y d a y s c a rri e d on a seri es of d esp era t e a n d p erseveri n g i y f S
, c t o en s,

a ssa ul t s up on t h e w a ll s O f t h e c i t y T h e g a rri son w a s w e a k i n n umb ers .

b ut t h e v i g il a n c e of t h e C aesa r a n d t h e ex a mp l e w hi c h h e se t of p erson a l d ffi ulty

-

,
i c .

g a ll a n t ry c omp e n sa t e d t hi s d e fi c i e n c y a n d k e p t up t h e S p i ri t s O f t h e ,

s oldi ery ; t h e b a rb a ri a n s w ere c omp ell e d by c old a n d h un g er t o d e si st

from a n e n t e rp riz e w hi c h t h oug h un suc c essful w a s a lik e c re di t a bl e

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t o t h e di sc e rn men t of t h e i r l e a d ers a n d t o t h e v a l our of t h e i r w a rri ors

18
.

I n t h e sp ri n g of t h e foll o w i n g y ea r J uli a n a ga i n t ook t h e fi e ld A n J uli i i .

an s re n

a rmy of t w e n t y fi v e t h ousa n d me n un d e r t h e c omma n d of Ba rb e t io w a s ié fii wit

d o ar '

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: ggggggm
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t h e Al ema n n i on t h e Up p er Rhi n e T h e obj ec t of t h e p roj ec t e d c a mp a i g n .

se e ms t o h a ve b ee n t o d riv e t h e e n e my from b ot h S id es of t h a t ri v er a n d ,

t o re un i t e t h e A gri D ec uma t es w i t h t h e e mp i re
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a re e d t h a t Ba rb e t i o Sh ould t h row a b rid g e a c ross t h e Rhi n e n ea r A u

g
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9

d ow n t h e st rea m ; b ot h a rmi es we re t h e n t o form a j un c t i on in t h e h ea rt

of t h e e n emy s c oun t ry T h e b rid g e w a s b uilt a n d J uli a n p rep a re d
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ma rauders t h e re st O f t h e ir c oun t ry men ob t a i n e d t ime t o c l ea r t h e

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c on t e n t e d hi msel f w i t h re elli n
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a uxili a ri es un d e r t h e i r n a t i v e c hi ef Ba i n ob a ud e s
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21
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A mm M a rcell lib . . . 4 p r l 23
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presen t . . . .

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Barbet iO plun M ea n w hil e t h e c on d uc t O f Ba rb e t io wh e t h er sugg este d by pri va t e dis

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lik e or by sec re t i n st ruc t i on s from t h e c ourt a p proa c h e d t h e verg e of op e n ,

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re t ri ev e t h e di s ra c e w hi c h h a d so l a te ly b e fa ll en t h e R oma n a rms
g .

W hil e J uli a n w a s st ill oc c up i e d in t h e rest ora t i on of Z a b ern t h e Al ema n n i c ,

c o n fe d era t e s un d er t h e i r ki n g s C h n od oma r W es t ra lp U ri n s U rsi c i n us

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S e ra p i on S uomar a n d H ort a r l a id si e ge t o t h e c i t y o f S t ra sb urg

, , Whil e .

t h us e n g a g e d t h e y w ere a p priz e d by a d esert er o f t h e sma ll n e ss of t h e

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n umb ers un d e r t h e c omma n d O f t h e C aesar : t hi s i n t elli g en c e i n c rea se d

t h e i r ordi n a ry resump t i on a n d i n sp i re d t h em w i t h t h a t rec kl ess e a g e rn ess
p ,

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o f S t ra sb ur w a s a b an d on ed a n d t h e a rmy b rok e u t o e n d t h e war by

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b e supp ose d t o w e i g h up on t h e sp i ri t s O f h i s e n emy N e xt t o h i m i n .

e sti ma t i on a mon g t h e b a rb ari a n h ost st ood S era p i on t h e son O f M e d e ,

ri c h t h e b rot h er of C h n od oma r t h e p rop er n a me of t hi s c hi ef w a s

A g en a ri c h ; b ut h i s fa t h er h a vi n g resid e d for some t ime i n G a ul a n d ,

h avi n g b een t h ere a dmi t t e d i n t o t h e G reek my st eri es h a d c h a n g e d t h e ,

n a me of h is son t o S e ra pi on i n me mory of h i s i n i t i a ti on ,
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t o j oin t h e c a use O f t h e c on fe d era te s ; a n d V a d oma r still a dh ere d wi t h

in vi ol a bl e fa i t h t o h i s e n g a g emen t s w ith t h e emp i re But th e i r i n di g n an t .

a n d e l a t e d subj e c t s fl oc k e d t o t h e st a n d a rd of C h n od oma r a n d furt h er ,

sw e ll e d t h e a l re a dy fe arful sup eri ority of t h e e nemi es of J uli a n But as .

t h e t umul t ua ry w a rri ors of t h e Al ema n n i did n ot ev en by t h e R oma n c om ,

u t a t i on e x c ee d t hi rty fi ve t h ousa n d me n t h e di fferen c e w a s n ot g rea t er th i t y fi

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i n va d e But wh e t h er t h e a p p ea l w a s ma d e t ot h e j ust ic e or t he fears of
.

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w ere unj ust ifi ab ly d e t a i n e d w h o it a p p e ars hop ed t o a v a il Juli d t i , .

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t o t he ora t or t hey sen t let t ers or wri ti ng s t o st a t e s t h e ma t t er more ex

plici t ly : A n d w hen
Julian b y w hich t hey made out t he la n d t o b e
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t h e G e rma n s seems t o h a v e un d e rg on e li t t l e c h a n g e si n c e t h e d a y s
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w h ose d ut y i t w a s t o c re e p b e n ea t h t h e h orses of t h e e n emy a n d e i t h er ,

t o st a b t h e m or by li ft i n g t h e rid er o ut of his sa ddl e t o d e li ver h im u

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o o
k
g f fi m a n n i C h n od oma r s h orse fell w i t h h im i n a t t e mp t i n g t o c le a r a di t c h
r

i f
en
o e ,
h i
h e t h en re t re a t e d w i t h a b out t wo h un d re d O f h is p erson a l c omp a n i on s t o a n
‘

i sol a t e d emi n en c e w h ere h e w a s surroun d e d by t h e R oma n s a n d a ft er

, , ,

a b ra v e a n d
p rol on g e d resi st a n c e w a s c omp e ll e d by h un g er fa t i gue a n d , , ,

w oun d s t o surre n d e r t o t h e e n e my
,
W i t h h i m t h ree c hi e ft a i n s a n d a ll h is
.

survi v i n g c omp a n i on s d i sd a i n i n g e v e n by h on oura bl e d e a t h t o se p a ra t e

, , ,

an d di t h e i r fa t e from t h a t of t h e i r p ri n c e w e n t i n t o h op el e ss c a p t i vi t y
es Th us,
.

mm" 0
n o t ok en o f t ri um h w a s w a n t i n g t o re n d er t h e v i c t ory of J uli a n a s com
w d t
ar s a p
l h u ld h h d A n a ri c h i s su se d t o h a ve fa ll e n i n t h e
diff er d? p e
e t e a s e c o a v e o
p e g e
pp o .

eff t t h i
ec b a t t l e C h n od oma r w a s sen t t o R ome w h ere h e s h ort ly a ft erwa rd s di e d ;
e r
5
,
2

esc a pe a c ross

the Rhi M
A ccord in g t o L ib a n ius, loc c it p 5 4 1
. . . .
g our p rod uced b y t he hopeless slot h of a life of
’5 A mm
M a rcell lo c c i t p 1 64 say s t h a t he
—
. . . . .
. c a p t ivit y .

d ied of a let ha rg ic d isord er prob a b ly t he la n

Chap . vi i . Sec . J U L I AN MA RC HES A GA IN ST T HE BATAV A I N F RAN KS .
265

a ll h er c hi efs effec t e d t h e i r esc a p e a c ross t h e Rhi n e whi t h er

t h e ot ,

Juli a n resolve d t o p ursue t h em .

26

T a ki n g a dva n t a ge of t h e t error a n d c on fusi on oc c a si on e d by t h e J m i d

t a? ! m
n va es
i e e an n c
d efea t of S t ra sb urg t h e C ae sa r p l a c e d h is p ri son ers a n d t h e sp oil s t it i , err or es on

th ht b k
l n se c uri t y a t M e t z a n d h a v 1 n g t h rown a b ri d g e ov er t h e Rh i n e a t
e ri
g an

f t h Rh m ;
, o e e

M a y n t z a d v a n c e d a l on g t h e sout h ern b a n k of t h e M a y n e i n t o t h e h e a rt
,

O f th e Al e ma n n i c t erri t ory But t h e e n emy w i sely a v oid e d O pp os i t i on .

i n t h e fi e ld a n d J uli a n w a s c omp ell e d by t h e a p p roa c h of w i n t e r a n d

, ,

”
t h e mov e men t s of t h e Fra n k s on t h e L o w e r Rhi n e t o c on c l ud e a t e n ,

mon t hs truc e w i t h t h e b a rb a ri a n s A ft er re st ori n g on e of t h e ma n y but ti

’
. re res

rui n e d fort s by w hi c h t h e R oma n s h a d n ot l on g S i n c e h e ld t hi s di st r i c t

,

m t w m‘h
bj i
i n su e c t on h e recrosse d t h e Rhi n e a n d p l a c e d h i s t roo
p s i n w i n t er en ‘ e
,
my en e .

quar t ers .

S ome c h a n g es h a d of l a t e y e ars oc c urre d i n t h e n ort h of G a ll ] J uli t k up ,

an a es

w hi c h w ould b e i n st ruc t ive i f t h e w ri t e rs from w h om our i n forma t

h i wi t qu s n er ar

t pm
-

ers a s,

t i on i s d e rive d h a d b een i n a n y d egree soli c i t ous t o a c q ui re a k n ow

l e d g e e i t h e r O f t h e order of even t s or eve n t h e n a mes O f t h e a c t ors? 3

J ul i a n a ft er h i s re t urn from t h e M a y n e t ook up hi s w i n t er qua rt ers

, ,

a t P ari s Ab out t h e sa me t i me S everus t h e ma st er g e n era l of t h e

. ,
-

c a v a l ry w h o w a s p roc ee di n g w i t h a c on sid e ra bl e forc e on h is ma rc h

,

from C ol og n e t h roug h J uli ers t o Rh e i ms e n c oun t ere d a b ody of F ra n k s ,

w h o h a d i n v a de d t h a t re g i on i n t h e h op e of a c c omp li shi n g t h e i r p roj e c t s

O f d ev a st a t i on b efore t h e C aesar sh ould b e di se n ga g e d from h i s w a rs

w i t h t h e Al e ma n n i ; b ut t h e sudd e n a p p ea ra n c e O f a R oma n a rmy

i n d uc e d t h em t o ret re a t i n t o t wo dil a p id a t e d fort s on t h e M euse w hi c h but h tly f , s or a
t m d
t h e y rest ore d a s w e ll a s c irc umst a n c es p ermi t t e d J uli a n h a st en ed from m h t th e ' “
.
arc es o e

P a ri s t o di sl odg e t h em Aft e r a g a ll a n t d e fe n c e of fi ft y four d a y s t h e y fi z g i t

z
- a e fl s
.
,

surren d ere d a t di scre t i on a n d w e re se n t t o C on st a n t i us wh o i n a d mi ra , ,

93
F or t heg in al n arra t ive of t hi s b at t le see
ori C h a uc i,) a memb er O f t h eir ow n n a t ion , t o in vad e
A mm M a rcell lib x vi c 1 2 p p 1 5 1 1 6 6
. . . . . . .
-
. G a ul ; b ut t ha t h avi n g b ee n re fused a p assa g e
C omp are H i st M i sc ell loc cit p 7 6 , E A urel . . . . . . . t hroug h t h eir la n d s b y t h e F k
ran s O f t he L ow e r
Vi c t Epit 3 9 1
. L i ba n ius O ra t t om i p 540
. . . . . . . Rhin e , t hey p a ssed d ow n t he river an d e x p elled
Edi t Reiske
. osi m us, lib iii p 1 4 1 , ma es
. Z . . . k t he S a lii , a b ra n ch of t h e F k
ran i sh un i on , from
t he kille d al on e a moun t t o n early d oub le t h e t he i sla n d s of Ba t a vi a , as t h e la tt er ha d b efore
n umb er a t w hi c h A mm M arcell ra t es t h e w h ole . . ex pelled t h e R o ma n s . J ulia n , he sa ys furt her,
army O f t he b arb ari a n s T he mod ern wri t ers .
( lib iii p
. . . immedi a t ely marched ag ai nst
w ho t rea t of t his even t are L a den , v ol ii p 1 9 1 . . . .
I
t he i n t ruders, i n st ruct in g h i s offi cers t o sp are t he
k
M ascou, b oo vi § 5 1 Pfi st er , G esc h v Schw ab . . . . . e x p a t ria t ed S alii , a n d t o d irect t h eir host ili t ies
vol i
.
p 73 to 77
. . . solely ag ai n st t he Sa x on s ; t he S alii were so i m
7 A mm M a r cell lib x v n c 1
p ressed b y t his unex p ec t ed forb ea ran ce t h a t t hey
’
.
p 1 68 . . . . . . .

osimus t ells us, t h a t t h e w arli e Sa x on s

Z k sub mi t t ed t o t h e C a But Ammi
9°
e sa r i n a b od
y .

h a d , some t ime b efore , sen t a b ody of Q uad i, ( b y a n us M arcellin us does n ot n ot ic e t his in vasion of

w hich h e d oub tless mean t t o d esig n a t e t he t he S a x on s .

 2 66 HE O PEN S A C O MM UNI CAT I O N WIT H BRI T A IN ; [Boo k I .

F ra nks wh om , t i on O f t h e i r st a t ure a n d at hl et i c a
pp e a ra n c e i mmedi a t e ly e n ro ll ed t h em
he c ompels t o

sur ren d er “ my of t h e e mp i re
in t he ar
m m
.
.

Thi l i a s b ut t h e p rel ud e t o a g e n era l w a r w i t h t h e F ra n ki sh n a

“
I th
n m e ca
s ex
p o t w
ai
p g f th
n o
t i on s set t l e d i n t h e a n c i e n t B a t a v i a
e T h e n ex t c a mp a i g n O p en e d i n Bel
f ll wi g y
.

ere t w o F ra n ki sh t rib es t h e S a lii on t h e S c h e ld t a n d t h e C h a ma vi

o o n ear,
A D 3 58
g i u m w h
fh ggglgw n ow set t l e d b e t w een t h e Rhi n e a n d t h e M euse i n t e rrup t e d t h e n a vi g a t i on
, ,
.
,
.

,
‘ ' s
,

of t h ese st rea ms a n d c ut O ff t h e c ommun i c a t i on s by se a w i t h t h e p rovi n c e

“
3 253 11 3
3
,

t h Rhi
e
of B ri t a i n from w hi c h a lOn e o r from t h e di st a n t Aq ui t a i n e t h e R oma n
n e,
, , ,

a rmi e s c ou ld rec e i ve t h e i r sup pli e s I t wa s b e sid es of t h e ut most imp ort .

a n c e t o t h e d efe n c e of G a ul t o c l ea r t h e mout h s o f t h ose ri ve rs from t h e

p i ra t i c a l i n t rud e rs w h o for t h e l a st seven t y y e a rs h a d i n fest e d t h e B a t a

v i a n i sl a n d s T h e S a lii w e re n ot muc h di sp ose d t o resi st a n c e a n d
.
,

di sp a t c h e d a mb a ssa d ors t o t h e C ae sa r t o O ff er t erms of p ea c e J uli a n .

30
rec e i v e d t h e e n v oy s a t T o n g ern i n t h e re se n t p rov i n c e of L i eg e an d
p ,

di smi sse d t h em w i t h fa i r w ord s a n d a c oun t erp mp osi t ion of h is own , ,

p romi si n g t o rema i n w h ere h e t h en w a s t ill t h e y sh ould re t urn w i t h a n

a n sw er from t h e i r eo l e B u t as t h e e n v oy s h a d d e a rt e d on
p p a s soo n p .

t h e i r erra n d of p ea c e J uli a n b rok e up h i s c a mp a n d foll ow e d t h em ; t h e ,

S a lii w e re foun d t ot a lly un p re p are d for t hi s t re a c h ery ; t h e y a c c ordi n g ly

m mp l surren d ered a t di scre t i on t o t h e Roma n s w i t h t h ei r fa mili es a n d p ro
c e s
fil me
y J uli a n t h en t urn e d h is a rms a g a i n st t h e C h a ma vi : a ft er a n ob st i
e 0 SUI "
fi n d er H ,
p e rt e .

n a t e d e fen c e t h e y lik ew i se w e re c om e ll e d t o
p y i e ld a n d w ere
p ermi t t e d , ,

h a ft er se v ere l osses i n k ill e d a n d ri son e rs t o re c ross t h e Rhi n e w i t h out

gigs t e
; p ,

furt h e r mol est a t i on T h e p i c k e d men a mon g t h e C h a ma vi a n c a p t i ve s .

w ere a s usua l d ra ug h t e d i n t o t h e R oma n ar mi es a n d some of t h e m ,

w e re ev e n re c e i v e d i n t o t h e fore i g n b ody gua rd of t h e e mp eror 1 -

.
3

an d u
sec T h e fi e e n a vi g a t i on of t h e Rhi n e t h e M euse a n d t h e S c h eld t b e i n g
res
,
.

,
th f
e u
ree na v
g ap
ti
on o f th t t h us sec ure d t o t h e R oma n s a n d t h e c ommun i c a t i on op e n e d w i t h B ri t a i n
a
,

by se a t h e C aesa r i n st e a d of h a v i n g t o w a i t t ill t h e mon t h of J un e for h is

i w ll
,b t m
r ver as e as
a o e , ,

supp li es from t h e di st a n t a s e n a bl e d t o c om
“
5333
1
rovi n c e of Aqui t a i n e w
p ,

By t h m mm me n c e t h e c a mp a ig n up on t h e U p p e r Rhi n e a s soon a s t h e w i n t er frost s

.

b rok e up T h e t ruc e w i t h t h e Al ema n n i h a d e x p i red a n d J uli a n

.
,

9"
A mm . M a rc ell lib . . x vu . c . 2 . L i ba n ius, ma vi were admit t ed i n cluded i t should see m
, , ,

O ra t ii i n
. .
J ulia n i n ecem c 2 . . . se para t e corp s of almost a ll t he T e ut o n ic n a t ion s
Ma sc ou co nj ec t u f Am O f t he L ow er Rh i n e as Bruc t eri Ba t a vi A m
3°
re t he T ox an d ri s a o , , ,

mian us t o b e id en t ica l w it h t he d ist ric t O f T esse n p siv arii, T ub an t es, S alii, T un g ri, & c T here is .

d erloo i n t he mod ern d iocese o f L ie e

g .
g oo d groun d for believi n g t ha t from t he a ge of
A mm M a rcell lib x vii c 8 C o n sta n t in e d o w n w a rd s t he b ul k o f t he Ro man
.

p 1 8 5 L iba
. . . . . . .

n iu s i n O ra t P a re n t al c .
32 N ot i t ia i mp eri i
. . . a rmies co n sist ed O f b a rb a rian a ux iliaries, a n d
a p M a s cou b ook vi
.
. 5 8 T he P a l a t i n a A ur i
. . t hose prin ci pa lly Ge rma n s .

li d of t he N
o t it ia , i n t o w h ic h t he ca t ive C ha
p
 C h ap . vi i . Sec . HE HUM BL ES H O RTA R AN D SU OMA R ; 26 7

reso ve d t o se c ure t h e fut ure tra n q uilli t y of G a ul by t h e h umili a t i on f h i my

l or s ar
Q fl
p ossessi on of t h e Agri D ec uma t es
th e ’
o f t h e fi erc e t ri b e s n ow i n H e t h ere ifif f éfff
C
Q r '

.
v eo

fore c rosse d t h e riv er n e a r M a n h e i m a n d fe ll up on t h e c a n ton s of t h e H “i b y - n 8 98 °

m h ,
e a rc es

ki n gs H ort ar a n d S uomar Aft er a sh or t re si st an c e b ot h th ese pri n c es em i t th

.
fl e ns e
A i
sub mi t t e d ; t h e y surren d ere d a ll t h e R oman
e an a ,

p ri soners t h e y h a d t a k e n du t h re ces e

d i g h e i r l a t e i n c ursi on s I n t o G a ul ; t h ey e n g a g e d t o furn i sh p rovi figagfigg

u r n t g ‘ '

si on s for t h e R oma n a rmy a n d t o t “ w

p rov ide w ood a n d ot h er b uildi n g ma t e
° e“ ,
d ,
mp l an co e s

ri a l s for t h e rec on st ruc t i on of t h e C is Rh en a n e c i t i e s w hi c h t h e y b a d m build

g
- a e re

d e st roye d I n t h e c ourse of t h e y e a rs 3 5 9 a n d 3 6 0 sev en c i t i e s a mon g A 11 3 59

e
.
, .

w hi c h w e n ot i c e t h ose of N euss B on n A n d ern a c h a n d Bi n ge n w ere re Regggg

32 -

, , , es

b uil t ; t h e G erma n s a dh ere d t o t h e t rea t y w i t h st ri c t fi d eli t y a n d d e li 33 2 ?

d
,
e

v ere d t h e st i p ul a t e d p rovi si on s a nd b uildi n g ma t eri a l s a n d t h e n a vi g a

ti on of t h e Rhi n e wa s secure d by a fl eet of six hun d re d v essel s un d er t h e ,

p rot ec t i on of w hi c h t h e storeshi s from B ri t a i n

p r e a c h e d t h e a rm i es
i n sa fe t y
. By t h ese a rra n gemen t s muc h t i me w a s g a i n e d a nd t h e g rea t
.
33
.
,

e x p e n se of l a n d c a rri a g e en t i re ly sa v e d a b un d a n c e p rev a il e d i n t h e
-

c a mp s of J uli a n a n d t h e s i ri t s of t h e t roo s a n d of t h e i r c hi e f rose as

p p ,

t h e p rosp ec t b ri g ht en e d a roun d t h e mf ’
t
f

But e ven t s w ere i n p rogress w hi c h t h re a t en e d t o W i t hd ra w h im from H tt k th e a ac s e

m mb e
.

th o er e rs
t h e sc e n e of h i s p re se n t a c t i v ity ; a n d h e fel t t h e n ec e ssi t y of p rovidi n g f h d
mg
o no

for t h e p erma n en t safe t y of t h e p rov i n c e b e fore h e sh ould c ommi t hi msel f d m y

q a 8 CO D 8
.
e c ,

i n a c on t est i n w h i c h b ot h li fe a n d h on our must b e st a k e d a g a i n st t h e

ower a n d t h e c ra ft of h i s j ea l ous ki n sma n T h C aesa r t h e re fore ri g h t ly
p e .

d e eme d h is p osi t i on p rec ari ous a n d t h e t ra n quilli t y of t h e p rov i n c es ill ,

sec u re d a s l on as t h e m a i n in m emb ers of t h e g rea t Al ema n n i c

g , e r g
c on fe d era c y c on ti n ue d un subd ue d Hort a r a n d p erh a p s S uoma r were .
, ,

a l re a dy i n t h e R oma n i n te rest ; H a ri ob a ud es a G erma n offi c er i n t h e ,

Roma n a rmy h a d b een secre t ly sen t by J uli a n t o ob t a i n i n forma t i on of

,

t h e p oli t ic a l c on di t i on of t h e Al ema n n i c c a n t on s a n d i f p oss ibl e t o sow

'

d issensi on a mon g t h e m A s soon a s J uli a n h a d rec e ive d t h e rep ort of .

his a g e n t h e a ssembl e d t h e army a t M a y n tz a s it sh ould seem w i t h t h e

”
, , ,

9“
C ast ra Herculis, Q ua d rib urgium, Tricesimae , suppli esfrom Brit ain A t t he mout h of t he
.

N ovesium Bon n a A n t un n a cum e t Bin g io

, It
, .
,
Rhin e, h e t ells us, d ist an t ab out n in e hun
i s d iffi cu l t t o d e t ermin e t h e posit ion of th e t hree dred st adia from t h e i sla n d of Bri t a in , h e b uilt
fi rst : Q uad rib urg ium is b elieved t o b e t he mo ei h t y b arks of h eavy b u
g rt h en T hese he d is
.

d ern W6 ri n g en , on t he R hi n e, b et ween C olog n e p a t c he d in t o Bri t ai n for g rai n ; an d on t heir

an d N T rice sima; i s conj ec t ured t o b e ret urn foun d mea n s t o t ra n sport i t up t h e st rea m
'

euss .

U i n smaller river b oa t s
_

i d en t ical w it h U lt raj ect a or t rech t See . By rep ea t ed voya g es of

.

H qfi n L ex n iv a d verb U t h is descrip t ion , ( for t he n avig at ion w a s a short

”
. . . . .

L i ba n ius in O ra t P a ren t c 40 on e, ) h e supplied t h e i n h abi t a n t s w hom h e h ad

9“
. . . .

Amm M a rcell lib x vii cc 8 , 9 , lib rest ored t o t heir t own s wi t h ab un d a n t mea n s for
3‘
. . . . . .

x viii . c. 2 p 20 4
. Z osi m ( lib i ii p 1 45) d e
. . . . . . t heir own sup p ort , an d for seed corn , un til t he -

scrib es Jul ian s arra n ge en t for p rocuri n g his

’
m n ex t h arvest .
268 AN D D SP ER SES T HE REMA I
I NIN G CO N F EDERAT ES .
[Boo k I .

i n t en t i on of p a ssi n g t h e ri ver a t t h a t p oi n t But some un k n ow n .

ob st a c l e rob a bly t h e re mon st ra n c e s o f H ort a r w h ose c a n t on l a

p , y a lon g ,

t h e o pp osi t e b a n k i n d uc e d h i m t o d esi st
, M e a n w hil e t h e more di st a n t .

Al e ma n n i c c a n t on s a ssembl ed t h e i r forc e s a n d d et ermi n i n g t o h old H ort a r ,

t o h is e n g a eme n t s for t h e c ommon d e fe n c e ma rc h e d t h roug h h is t e rri t ory

g
,

t o t h e Rhi n e a n d t ook t h e i r st a t i on op p o si t e t o t h e R oma n s i n t e n di n g t o

, ,

r s Al m i d i s ut e t h e a ssa g e o f t h e ri v e r Th us di sa oi n t e d J uli a n mov e d

.» e ann
p p pp .

h s out h w a rd s w a t c h e d a n d foll ow e d by h i s opp on e n t s on t h e ri g h t b a n k

t e , .

Rh 'n e
A sp ot wa s a t l en g t h foun d w hi c h p romi sed t o a fford t h e me a n s of sur
rizi n g t h e e n emy ; or t h e l a n s a l rea dy c on c ert e d b e t w een h im a n d
p p
H ort a r w ere by t hi s t i me b roug h t t o ma t uri t y : a p i c k e d d e t a c h men t of
J uli d
a n sen
t h ree h un d re d me n w a s e mb a rk e d a t t h e d e a d of n i g h t i n sma ll b oa t s
s a

d t hm t
,
e ac en

a c ross th e w i t h direc t i on s t o p roc e e d i n sil e n c e di rec t ly t o t h e q ua rt ers of H ort a r ,

: o w a s t h a t n i g h t t o fea st t h e Al e ma n n i c c hi e fs w h en i t w a s e x
a t ;
‘
fi j jfi w h e ,
p ec t ed ,

t h a t t h e y w ould i n dul g e i n t h e i n t e mp era n c e usua l on suc h o c c a si on s

3 2215513 ?
8 1
,

a n d t h us h e l p t o re n d er t h e sur riz e t h e more c om l e t e T h e c a rousa l

p p .

”
l a st e d t ill t h e t hi rd n i g h t w a t c h ; b ut b efore t h e a rri va l of t h e Roma n s
-

t h e a sse mbly h a d a l rea dy b rok e n up ; most of t h e c hi efs b e i n g a l rea dy

th e chi f e s esmoun t ed ea sily e sc a p e d t h e i r p ursue rs a n d n o n e b ut a few of t h e i r fol

, ,

bighdigl lfy l ow ers fell by t h e sw ord s of t h e R o ma n s But t h oug h t h e i mme di a t e

t l t l
.
r i ar r

m m Pm obj e c t of t h e e x e di t i on h a d fa il e d di st rust a n d a n i c c o m l et e d t h e rout

“ “
i k
st r c en dan p p p ,

of t h e b a rb a ri a n s ; i t w a s p l a i n t h a t t re a son w a s i n t h e i r c a m ; t h e

m
m
t
re t rea s, a nd
p
g c hi e fs k n ew n ot w h om t o foll ow or w h om t o t rust ; t h e gre a t b ody of t h e
i e “

a rmy b e li e ve d t h a t t h e R o ma n s w e re a l re a dy i n p oss essi on o f t h e c oun t ry

“ P
$2532
L"

i n t h e i r rea r a n d h a st en e d b a c k t o p rot e c t t h e i r w i ve s c hild re n a n d

, ,

p rop e rt y T h e ri g h t b a n k of t h e ri v e r w a s i n a momen t c l e a re d of t h e
.

e n e my a n d J uli a n w a s e n a bl e d t o c on st ru c t h i s b ri d e a n d
, g p a ss ove r h is
e n t i re a rmy w i t h out ob st ruc t i on
35
.

H e ra va g th es Th oug h H o rt a r a n d S uoma r c on t i n ue d i n a pp a ren t a mi t y w i t h t h ei r

e

{3 & 2n fell ow c hi e ft a i n s i t is obv i ous t h a t t h e y h a d n ow l e n t t h emsel ves w h olly

-
,

Pm m t o t h e sc h e me s of J uli a n H e t ra v erse d t h e i r c oun t ry (a lib ert y t h e

.
,

R oma n s a t a ll t i mes b eli e ve d t h e msel ves fre e t o a ssume w i t h t h e t erri t ori es

rsui t of t h e re ma i n i n g n umb e rs o f C h n od oma r s c on fe d e
’
o f a lli e s ) i n
p u ,

ra c y V a d oma r U riu
, s Urs ic i n us a n d W e st ra l p
, ,
A s soon a s t h e a rmy h a d ,

ma rc h ed t h roug h t h e c a n t on s of t h e fri e n dly p ri n c e s t h e w ork of d est ruc t i on ,

c omme n c e d t h e l ig h t ly c on st ruc t e d d w e lli n g s of t h e p eop l e w ere b urn t

-
,

t h e c oun t ry ra v a g ed a n d t h e i n h a bi t a n t s re morsel e ssly p ut t o t h e sw ord

,

w h erever t h ey w e re met w i t h N o opp on e n t a p p e a re d in t h e fi eld a n d

. ,

A mm . M a rcell . lib . x v iii c

. . 2 p 20 6
. . .
C hap . vii . Sec . J U L IAN I S P RO C L A I MED EM PER O R .
26 9

J uli a n proudly p itc h e d h is c a mp on t h e extre me c on fi n es of th e i r t erri

t ory , t h ere w h ere i t b ord ere d on t h e c a n t on s t h en l a t e ly oc c up i e d
by t h e B urg un di a n s V a d oma r w h ose d omi n i on s la y far a w a y t o .
,

t h e sout h w a rd a n d w e re p rob a bly hith ert o un t ouc h e d w a s emb old en e d

, ,

by t h a t sec re t un d erst a n di n g w hi c h t h e c ourt of Mil a n t ook c a re

t o k e e p up w i t h t h e e n e mi es of J uli a n w h et h er fore i g n or d o ,

mest i c t o p resen t hi msel f b efore t h e c on queror a rme d w i t h c omme n T h Al m

, , e e an

d a t ory l e t t ers from C o n st a n t ius a n d t o d ema n d ra t h er t h a n t o en t rea t d m bt i

i hi f “ ° ° c e
, o ar o a ns

i mpun i ty T wo ot h e r c hi e fs n a me d H a riob a ud es a n d Ma c ri a n us were gggtgfigz

.
, ,
r
‘

an

like wi se rec e i ve d i n t o fav our ; b ut a furt h er c a st i g a t i on w as d eemed ti u s.

Th mi i g
n ec essa ry t o re d uc e t h e t h re e rema i n i n g p ri n c e s U ri n s U rsm
e re a n n
l n us an d l d

m
f th , , , ea ers o e

We st ra lp t o a d ue se n se of d e p e nd en c e a n d t o di sa bl e t h e m fro furt h er ;ggfi

,
zfig zifi, ,

a gg re ssi on : t h e i r h a rve st s a n d v ill a g es w ere b urn t or d est roy e d a n d t u f

m
° s e °r

pea e
,

ma n y of t h e ir p eop l e were put t o d ea t h a n d t h e y t h emselve s c o p ell e d t o

c .

se n d a sp e c i a l e mb a ssy t o sue for pea c e I t i s h ow ev er si n g ul a r t h a t of .

t h e c on di t i o n s gra n t e d t o t h ese h umbl e d a n d (a s t h e hi st ori a n d esc rib e s

t h em) a bj ec t supp li a n t s on ly on e i s a n y w h ere a ll ud e d t o n a me ly t h e , , ,

re st ora t i on of t h e
p ri son ers t h e y h a d ma d e i n t h e i r p rec e di n g i n roa d s .

T h e t e rms w e a re t old w ere t h e sa me t o a ll ; w i t h t h ese w h a t ev er t h e y

, , ,

w ere J uli a n e i t h er w a s or p re t en d e d t o b e c on t en t e d
, H e h a d i n dee d .

urg e n t re a son s t o h a st en hi s d e p a rt ure from G erma n y ; h e w e ll k n e w

t h a t t h e ma c hi n ery for a rrest i n g h i s a l re a dy t oo b rilli a n t c a reer w a s
i n mot i on ; t h e susp i c i o us soul of C on st a n t ius si c k en e d a t t h e d a ily
re ort of h i s suc c esses
p a n d i t w a s d e t ermi n e d t o d e ri v e h i m of h is
p ,

st ren g t h by remov i n
g t h e b est t roop s of h is a rmy i n to t h e east t o serve
a g a i n st t h e P e rsi a n s i n S y ri a a n d M es0 ot a mi a
36
p .

But t h e a l l p ow erful a rmy d e t ermi n e d t h e que st i on b e t w e en Juli a n a n d Th m y pm

-
e

h is cra ft y sov ere i g n by i t s own a ut h ori t a t i ve v oi c e T h e soldi ery p ro .

c l a i me d h i m e m eror a t P a ri s ; a n d t h e di stressed c on di t i on of t h e
p
e a st ern
p rov i n c es n ow seri ously men a c e d by t h e P e rsi a n s un d er S h a h
,

p oor c omp ell e d C on st a n t ius t o foreg o h i s t h re a t e n e d ve n g ea n c e for t h e

,

rese n t Thi s t e m ora r y t r u c e b e t w ee n h i m a n d hi s ki n sma n a fford e d

p p.

J uli a n a n op p ort un i t y of reduc i n g t h e A t t ua ria n F ra n ks wh o h a d i n ,

former t i me s S i g n a liz e d t h emsel v e s by t h e n umb er a n d p ert i n a c i ty

.

o f t h ei r i n roa d s Thi s t rib e n ow li ved up on t h e ri ver L i p p e i n We st

.

a n d t ruste d t o t h e b rok en a n d moun t a i n ous c h a ra c t e r of t h e i r

37
p h a li a ;

3°
A mm M a rcell lib x viii c 2 ; lib x x cust o ms
wit hin t heir t erri tory up on art icles of

”
. . . . . . .

c 4 p 2 59 : \
. . .
Ammia n b oast s t ha t his pa t ron had t ra d e or con sump t ion ; if so, w e mig h t fearle ssly
ren d ere d t h e Ale man n i b ot h t ri but arios e t vec d en y t h e vectig a li ty See A mm M a rcell li b
.
-
. . .

t igales ; i e t rib ut a ry an d cust omable : t he la t ter

. . x viii c 4
. .
p 259
. . .

w ord w ould i mply a rig h t t o collec t t olls or 37

T h ese are t he At t uari i of Vellei us P a t erculus,
V OL . I . 2 M
 270 C HA RA CT ER O F J UL I A N .
[Book I .

c oun t r y for
h ei r d efe n c e a g a i n st e x t ern a l a t t a c k
t L ik e t h e ot h er .

memb ers of t h e F ra n ki sh c on fe d era c y t h e y h a d e x t en d e d t h e i r se t t l e ,

H tt k t h me n t s t o t h e
e a ac s e G a lli c b a n k s of t h e Rhi n e Th ey w ere n ow a t t a c k e d .

A u i tt ar a n

F k i t h by J uli a n i n t h e se c uri t y of a p rofoun d p e a c e t o t h e b re a c h of w hi c h

ra n s n e ,

md t f i

ea ce ; h
s o
t h e y h a d g i ve n n o rec e n t p rov oc a t i on T h e c on q uest of t h e i r c oun t ry
.

p e c on

qu thers
w a s e a sily a c c omp li sh ed ; mul t i t ud e s w ere sl a i n ma n y w ere d ra gg e d
ei r
ut y
,
co d
n r an
du th m in to c a
p t i v i t y ; t h e re ma i n d er i mp l ore d p ea c e a n d ob t a i n e d i t U on
p
re ce s e ,
ubj ti
suc h t erms a s t h e c on q ueror t h oug h t fi t t o di c t a t e
t o s ec on . 38
.

Ch t f
ara c er o Th ere a re fe w hi st o ri c a l c h a ra c t ers of w hi c h a g rea t er va ri et y of
J uh ;
e st i ma t es h a v e b ee n forme d t h a n t h a t o f J uli a n
an
T o on e c l a ss of wri t ers .

h e i s some t hi n g w orse t h a n a fi e n d ; t o a n ot h er li t t le l ess t h a n a h ero H is .

p mptro
gi q ,ua li t i e s a s a mili t a ry l ea d er c a n n ot b e d e n i e d ; p romp t i t ud e vi g il a n c e
Vi
, ,
l t a n , an d b ld ;
b old n e ss a n d foresi g h t w ere sc a rc ely e ver more c on sp i c uously di sp l a y e d
o

t h a n i n h i s c a mp a i g n a g a i n st t h e Al e ma n n i c a n d F ra n ki sh t rib es of t h e
Rhi n e O f t h e b a t t l e of S t ra sb urg w e k n ow e n oug h t o feel sa t i sfi e d t h a t
.

a bl e c on d uc t a l on e c ould h a v e i n sure d t h e v i c t ory ; o f h i s sub se q ue n t me a

sure s a s a g e n era l t oo muc h c a n h a rdly b e sa id t o h is p ra i se t h oug h li t t l e ,

c a n b e a ll eg e d t o h i s c re di t a s a ma n I n t h e l a t t er resp ec t h e se ems t o
.

h a ve t a k e n t h e c on duc t of h i s g rea t p re d e c essor J uli us C ze sa r a s h is , ,

b ut ft y d u id a n d t he u i l w a s n ot un w ort hy of h i s ma st er Di ss i mul a t i on a n d
f t hl
ai
cra
wh e ss
g e ;an
en
p p .

t mp rfi d w e t h b s t t i n g si n s of t h e a g e i n w hi c h h e li v e d a s w e ll a s o f
a e
g p e
ti n
y 0cer e e e ,

t h e sc h ool i n w hi c h h i s y out h h a d b een n urt ure d ; a n d i n t hi s v i ew

c asx on oc

c u d rre

i t must b e a d mi t t e d t h a t his t ran sg ressi on s w ere few er a n d l ess fl a g ra n t

.

t h a n suc h a n e d uc a t i on a n d suc h e x a mp l es mi g h t h a v e le d us t o e x p e c t
h e n ever forfe i t e d h i s w ord or b rok e h i s fa i t h b e y o n d t h e urg e n c y of t h e
, ,

H h t d f oc c a si on
is a re o H i s h a t re d of C h ri st i a n i t y i s e a sily a c c oun t e d for ; t h e a ust ere
Ch i y
ri st a n i t
.

a t b ut b l t
t ri d og ma t i sm of t h e C h ri st i a n c l erg y a li e n a t e d t h e i r a c ut e a n d l i vely p up il ;
a e o
th e e rrors o f
h i t ut
is h e l a id t h e v i c e s a n d folli es of i t s p rofe ssors t o t h e c h a rg e of t h e g osp e l
n s r c i on .

i t sel f a n d w a s t h us i n d uc e d t o t h row h i msel f i n di sg ust i n t o t h e a rms of

,

t h ose bli n d l e a d e rs o f t h e bli n d t h e G ree k sop h i st s ,

H is hi st ory ill us .

t ra t e s t h e l a me n t a bl e t rut h t h a t t h e t ree of li fe i t sel f w h en pl a n t e d i n ,

a ra n k s o il ma y b e ma d e t o sen d fort h a n evil od our re p elli n g t h e

, ,

l ea rn e d a n d t h e i n t elli gen t a n d a t t ra c t i n g on ly t h e i g n ora n t t h e sup er

, ,

st i t ious a n d t h e b a se .

T h e l a st a c t of J uli a n s g overn men t i n G a ul ma y serve as a n ill ust ra t i on

’

of t h e
p r e c e di n
g r e m a r k s E a rly i n t h e s ri n
p g o f
. t h e y e a r 3 6 0 h e l ea rn t ,

lib i i c 1 0 5, a n d a re p rob a bly t he sa me w it h

. . T a c i t us ( G erm . c . ly in g b e h in d ( t o t he
as

t h e C h a t t n a ri i o r C assua ri i w h o se se t t le me n t s,
, ea st w a rd of ) t he C ha ma vi a n d A n g riva rii , a n d
a c c ord i n
g t o C l uve r la y b e t w e en t he C ha t t i t he
, , con t ig uo us t o t hem .

Bruc t e ri a n d C h erusc i T hey a re me n t ion ed b y

.
3°
A mm . M a rcell li b . . x x . c . 1 0 p 27 6
. . .
 C hap . v i i Sec
. . J UL IAN AN D V A D OMA R .
27 1

t hat t he Al ema n n i of t h e C a n t on of V a d oma r w ere a g a i n i n mot i on ; a n

offi c er n ame d L ibi n o w a s i n st a n t ly d esp a t c h e d w i t h a b ody of t roop s t o
, ,

c ru sh t h e i n surre c t i on i n i t s i n fa n c y b ut t h a t offi c er h a vi n g c ommi t t e d

hi msel f i n a ra sh a c t i on w i t h sup eri or n umb ers w a s sl a i n a n d hi s t roop s , ,

rep ul se d w i t h some l oss C on st a n t i us c on fid en t i n t h e se crec y a n d fid e li t y C t t u . ,

on s an i s
u t
of V a d omar n ow p ro p ose d t o ma k e use o f h is a g e n c y a g a i n st h i s e n e my m V d
d en eav o rs o

, e , a o

J uli a n i n like ma n n er a s on a former oc c a si on h e h a d ra i se d up C h n od oma r gutfz

,
g i ' n
a
a nst

a a i n st t h e usur e r M a g n e n t ius A c c ordi n g ly h e i n st ruc t e d h i mby l e t t er

g p .

t o h a ra ss t h e fron t i e r di s t ri c t s of G a ul so a s t o p reven t h i s a d v ersa ry from ,

qui t t i n g t h e p rovi n c e J uli a n ob t a i n e d p roof of th ese p ra c t i c e s by t h e c a p .

t ure of t h e n ot ary i n trust e d w i t h t h e l et t e rs from t h e e mp e ror t o h i s a g e n t

'

V a d omar on t h e o t h er h a n d see me d t o h a v e a b a n d on e d h i s h ost il e i m

,
t en ,

t ion s a n d h a d a c t ua lly rec og n iz e d J uli a n a s h i s l e g i t i ma t e sovere i g n

, But .

t h e l a tt er fe e li n g t h a t C on st a n t ius w a s a l re a dy sp rea di n g h i s sn a re s a roun d

,

h i m a n d l ooki n g forwa rd t o t h e a p p roa c hi n g c on t e st w i t h a n a n x i e t y min

,

l e d w i t h a se c re t d re a d of t h e d a rk a n d hi t h ert o i rresist ibl e p oli c y of h i s

g
a dv ersa ry re sol v e d a t a n y sa c rifi c e t o se c ure t h e p erson of V a d oma r
, He .

t h ere fore sen t h i s c on fid en t i a l fri en d t h e n ot a ry P h ila grius i n t o t h e v i c i

n it of t h e t erri t ory of t h e Al e ma n n i c p ri n c e fu rn i s h e d w i t h se a l e d
y
.

. ,

i n st ruc t i on s w hi c h h e w a s n ot t o op en or re a d t ill h e sh ould se e V a d oma r

,

o n t h e G a lli c sid e of t h e Rhi n e T h e l a t t er wh o p rob a bly sa w n o i m V d m i

m
. , a o ar s

me di a t e groun d for a p p re h en si on c a me a c ross t h e Rhi n e w i t h out fea r jg fégfgm ,

‘

or h i i
es t a t o n t o meet t e n ot r W
h a y h o m b e su pp os e d t o b e c h a r d i h I m
ge w t b i h d i t
d ’
f ‘s

an s e
r' a n

n o

p u bli c b usi n ess i n w hi c h h e w a s i n t e re st e d H e w a s i n v i t e d by t h e Sp i . a n

offi c er o f t h e fron t i er g ua rd t o a s upp er t o mee t P h ila g ri us wh o a s soon , ,

a s h e sa w V a d oma r b rok e t h e se a l s of h i s i n st ruc t i on s a n d a ft er su , pp e r ,

t h e G erma n p ri n c e w a s se iz e d a n d i mme di a t e ly c on ve y e d t o S p a i n ,

w h ere h e w a s k e p t p ri son er t ill lib e ra t e d by t he e mp erors V a l en t i n i a n

a n d V a l en s a n d by t h em a
pp oi n t e d g ov e rn or of
, W h e t h er

i n n oc en t or g uil t y—a n d t h e ma t t er i s d oub t ful even up on t h e st a t emen t

of A mmi a n t h e a d mi re r a n d fri e n d of J uli a n —t h e me a n s a t l ea st w e re
,

e qua lly un j ust ifi a bl e i n e i t h e r c a se b ut st ill t h e y w ere c a rri e d 11 0 w hi t

,

furt h er t h a n t h e c ra ft of h is a dv ersa ri e s a n d t h e n e c e ssi t i e s of h is ow n

p osi t i on mi g h t i t h e op i n i on of t h a t a g e sugg est a n d p a lli a t e 0 4
n , , .

3°
A mm . M a rcell . lib . x x ix . c . l an d lib . x x i . d en ce on ly a g a in st t h e wri t er ; n or is it said t ha t
c 3 t h e prin ce h i mself t oo a n y p art i n t h e dist urb
k
—
. .

4°
I b id 4 p 29 1
. lib Lz ba n i us i n
. x x i . c . . . . j
a n c es commi t t ed b y his sub ec t s on t h e R haet ia n
O ra t P a ren t alt c 5 2 — a li mi Ep ist ad A t he
. . . J . . fron t i er
. L e t t ers from V a d omar t o C onst a n
n ien s By n on e o f t h ese w ri t ers i s t h e c harg e o f
. t ius w ere , i t i s t rue, in t ercep t ed ; b ut i t is n ot
ac t ua l c on sp ira c w i t h C on st a n t i us brou h t h ome
p re t e n d ed , eve n b y ulian s frien d s, t ha t more
J ’

y g
t o V a doma r T he i n t ercep t ed let t ers w ere evi
. t h a n a sin gle sen t en ce w a s foun d in t hem o f

2 M 2
27 2 J UL I AN S ’

CA MP A G I N S IN G ERMA NY ; [Book I .

J uli an h um ft er t e c a p t re o
A a do h m J uli u d
a r, an u
n ert oo k
a ra
p fV id i n cursi on i n t o
b le s t he A el
ma nn i , wh o h ad t h e t err t or es of t ose
i i h Al m
e a n n c c a n s w h o h a d so ro
i l g u hly h a n dl e d t h e
d efea t ed L i bi
i i o, a n d
di i iv s o n of L ibi
no H
e c rosse t he
d n e in t he
Rhi . middl e o f t h e n i g h t ,

ma rch es
a a i n st Con
f u d il
a n d i n p ro o n s en c e Wh
en t h e b b i
a r a r a n s p erc e ve i d t h a t t h e y w ere
.

d h m l
g
st a n t i us u u d d
.s rro n e on a ll s id
es, t e h y u
s rre n d ere t e se ves t o J uli a n y i e ldi n g ,

up a ll t h e b oot y t h e y h a d t a k e n a n d sui n g for p ea c e T h e e mp eror ,

.

g ra n t e d t h e i r p ra y er ; a n d h a v i n g a s h e b e li eve d p rov id e d for t h e t ra n , ,

quilli t y of G a ul h e p re p a re d t o pursue t h ose p roj ec t s w hi c h t h e ri g ht of

,

sel f d efe n c e so a mp ly j us t ifi e d

-
41
.

I n t h e y e a r 3 6 1 h e mov e d h is a rmy t h roug h Rh aet i a a n d N oric um i n to

P a n n on i a ; b ut fa t e d e t ermi n e d t h e c on t est for h i m ; C on st a n t i us di ed a t
M op sucre n e a c i t y of C ili c i a si t ua t e d a t t h e foot of M oun t T a urus on
, ,

t h e 3 d of N ove mb er A D 3 6 1 i n t h e fort y fi ft h y e a r of h i s a g e a n d t h e
, . .
,
-

e i g h t een t h of h i s re i n
g a n d J uli a n r ema i n e d t h e un di s ut e d l ord of
p,

t h e R o ma n emp i re
42
.

T h e a c c oun t s of J uli a n s c a mp a i g n s i n G erma n y t h oug h more c i rc um

’
E t im t f t h
s a eo e
,
a mut f o n o
Jl st a n t i a l t h a n t h ose of a n y eri od si n c e t h e a g e of T a c i t us a re st ill
u p p er
'
a i en s s c ,
cesses a
th G m
e
g i t
er p lex e d a n d li a bl e t o sus i c i on
a ns
a n s. p A m m i a n us M a rc elli n us i s a l w a y s w ordy .

a n d oft e n ob sc ure ; t h e G re ek s Z osi mus a n d Eun a i us w rot e from h e ar

p , ,

sa y ; t h e ora t ors st udi e d effec t ra t h er t h a n t rut h a n d c a n on ly b e re li e d u on

p ,

w h en c on fi rme d by t h e h on est b ut t oo fri e n dly t e st i mon y of A mmi a n us .

Up on t h e w h ol e w e ma y c on c l ud e t h a t J uli a n s suc c e sses a g a i n st t h e ’

G erma n s t h oug h i n d e c i si ve w ere a s g rea t a s c ould h a ve b een a c hi eve d

, ,

w i t h t h e li mi t e d me a n s a t h is c omma n d T h e b a rb a ri a n s w ere on c e .

more i mp ressed w i t h a sen se of R oma n sup eri ori t y i n t h e fi eld ; t h e rui n

H ll t h e y h a d oc c a si on e d w a s p a rt i a lly re p a i re d ; t h e Ro ma n s w e re p ut i n t o
e recovers a

e w h ol e c ourse of t h e Rhi n e from i t s sourc es

G ula d an se

c u th f
res
,

p e a c e a bl e
e ron p os se ssi on of t h
sy st e m o f c ommun i c a t i on supp ly w a s
ti f th
er o
t o t h e oc ea n
e
an d a an d
Rh i ne

e st a bli sh e d by w hi c h w i t h t h e a ssi st a n c e o f n umerous g arri son s a n d

, ,

t h e n a va l forc e se t on foot by t h e emp eror a li mi t e d fi e ld forc e mi g h t ,

e ffec t ua lly wa t c h t h e fron t i er a n d re e l t h e d esul t ory i n roa d s o f t h e

p ,

b a rb a ri a n s .

Th a t t h ese i mp ort a n t a dva n t a g es w ere p urc h a sed i n p a rt a t l east by , ,

”
a s usp ic ious c harac t er ; t h e words were C aesa r , d o ma r b y o pen w a r h e h a d recourse t o fra ud , .

t uus d isc iplina m i i on h abe t Pfi st er ( G e sc h de r D eut sc he n , vol i

"
an ex ceed in g ly
, &c . . . .

d oub t ful p h ra se sin ce i t i s i mpossible n ow t o

, p.
p asses n o j ud g men t d e m, in h is . I
a sce rt a in i n w ha t se n se t he w ord d isc iplin a Hist of Sw a b , vol i p 80
. See also G i bb
. . . . . .

w a s used or un d e rst ood S ch a t en ( Hist West p h

. . . vol i i c x x i i n 3 6 p 3 3 2
. . . . . . . .

l ib iv p
. . . sh o rtl
y a n d j ust ly a pp rec ia t es A mm M a rcell li b x x i c 4
. . . . .
~

t he con d uc t of J ulia n : N ot d a ri n g say s t h a t ,

‘9
A rt d e V é r les Da t es, vol 1 p 393
. . . . . .

h ist oria n t o un d ert a k e a n yt h in g a g a in st V a

,
C ha p . vn . Sec . T HE R T R
I U E EXT EN T .

t re a c h ery a n d c ruel t y must b e a d mi t t e d : t h a t t h e suc c e sses of t he

,

Roma n s a re fre quen t ly ex a gg era t e d t h e i r reverses ex t en ua t ed a n d t h e i r , ,

v i c t ori es d e p i c t e d i n t oo b rilli a n t c ol o u rs sub se uen t ev en t s a

q p p ea r t o ,

i n di c a t e T h e t erms of t h e v ari ous t rea t i es c on c l ud e d w i t h t h e G e rma n

”
.

ri n c e s by w hi c h t h e e x t en t of t h e suc c e ss of t h e i r e n emi e s mi h t
p , g
b e more a c c ura t e ly e st i ma t e d a re a l w a y s v a g ue ly g i ven some t i me s ,
-

w h olly omi tt e d O n e p oi n t i s a b un d a n t ly c l e a r n a me ly t h a t t h e but i a ls n

t gt fi lf
.
re
, ,
l
R oma n s did n ot reg a i n on e foot of groun d on t h e ri g h t b a n k of t h e RdmZ psg
a
n s es
1
Rhi n e ; t h e fort s a n d c a st l e s of D rusus t h e li n es of H a dri a n t h e An t o t i l i flu , , ca n
"

en c e

n i n e s a n d P rob us w ere for ever a b a n d on e d t h e Agri D e c uma t e s w ere tl gl t

figl i t h a
l p
,
t n t
l ost ; e very t ra c e of Roma n i n fl uen c e on c e so p owerful a mon g t h e ,
ri ver

Tra n s Rh e n a n e t rib e s w a s obli t era t e d F rom t h e c h a ra c t er t h e h a bi t s

, .
,

a n d mod es o f li fe of t h ese b a rb a ri a n s n o p erma n en t c on t rol c ould n ow ,

b e ma i n t a i n e d ov er t h em sh ort of a b sol ut e c on quest a t a sk t o w hi c h t h e ,

e mp i re i n t h e z en i t h of i t s p rosp e ri t y h a d p rov e d un e qua l N 0 on e w a s

”
.

more sen sibl e of t hi s t h a n J uli a n hi msel f I n h i s own mod e st summa ry .

of h i s g a i n s by t h e G erma n w a rs t h e y a re p rob a bly e st i ma t e d a t t h e i r ,

t rue di men si on s I t would b e t oo l on g a t a l e

. h e sa y s i n h i s E p i st l e t o ,

t h e A t h e n i a n p eo p l e t o Sp ea k of a ll I h a ve d on e a n d t o t rea t of e a c h
, ,

a c t in a rt i c ul a r d uri n t h e four y ea rs of my G a lli c a d mi n i st ra t i on ;

p g
b ut t h e foll ow i n g a re t h e p ri n c i p a l h e a d s w hil e I w a s y e t C aesa r on ly I _ ,

c rosse d t h e Rhi n e t h ree t i me s : I re t ook t we n t y t h ousa n d R oma n c a p

t iv es from t h e T ra n s Rh en a n e b a rb a ri a n s : i n t wo g en era l b a t t l es a n d
-

o ne si e g e I c a p t ure d o n e t h ousa n d p ri son ers a n d t h ose n e i t h er a g e d n or ,

i n fi rm b ut a ll men i n t h e fl ower of t h ei r a g e : I se n t four p i c k e d

,

”
b a t ta li on s of b a rb a ri c i n fa n t ry t h ree squa d ron s of c ava l ry n ot a t a ll i n ,
'

ferior t o t h e i n fa n t ry a n d t w o h on oura bl e c orp s of b ody gua rd s t o C on

,
-
43

st a n t ius I h a ve n ow re c ov ere d a ll t h e t own s (of G a ul ) w hil e I w a s y e t

C aesa r on ly I h a d ma d e my se l f ma st er of n e a rly fort y c i t i e s
-
44
.
,

S i n c e t h e d ea t h of C h n od oma r t h e b a rb ari an s h a d ra re ly v e n t ure d t o

mee t t h e R oma n s i n t h e fi eld ; t h e y re t ire d t o t h e ir hill s a n d th ei r
fore st s li t t l e reg a rdi n g t h e d a ma ge d on e t o t h e i r rud e d w elli n g s a n d
,

v a l ue l e ss p rop ert y T h e rea di n ess t oo w it h w hi c h t h e Roma n s g ra n t e d

. , ,
'

t h e m t e rms o f p ea c e i s i n c on si st en t w i t h t h a t st a t e o f a bj ec t h u
,

mili a t ion t o w hi c h t h e hi st ori a n s w ould p ersua d e us t h e y w ere re duc e d

”
.

43
Hon ora t issimte sch olae are t he w ord s of lay s upon t h e b a rb ari c au x iliar ie s sen t t o C on

J ul i an . T h e t erm sc h ola w a s, b eliev e, e x I st a n t ius i s re ma r a ble a s evi d en ce of t he i n creas

k
elusively a pp li ed t o t he various corp s o f of c ia ls fi i n g d i ffi cult y o f recrui t in g in t he provin ces, of th e
a t t a c h e d t o t h e i mp eri al p a la c e By t h e S t h olm . a c t ual comp osit ion of t h e Roma n armi es, an d of

h ere referre d t o P a l a ti ne t r oop s must t herefore t h e fa cilit y w i t h w hi ch t he w arli e b arb arian s k

h ave b een mean t . con sen t ed t o t ran sfer t heir servi ces for occu pa t ion
4‘
J ulia n a d S P R A t hen ien s p 280 , a p
. . . . . . . a nd pay .

. . . k
M a ss vol i b oo vi 60 not e 3 T he st ress he . . .
27 4 VAL E T N INIA N I .
[Book I .

b a rb a ri a n s w ere i n d ee d rep ell e d from t h e fron t i e r ; t h e y w ere

T he
w ea k en e d by l osses a n d for t h e mo me n t di sc oura ge d by t h e v i gour a n d
,

p romp t n ess w i t h w hi c h t h e e mp e ror me t a n d d e fe a t e d a ll t h e i r p roj ec t s

T he rec o uec . b ut t hi s p e a c e a bl e di sp osi t i on did n ot out li ve t h e re memb ra n c e o f
J uli a n s vi c t ori es ; a n d w h en a c h a n ge of rul e rs oc c urred t o rel a x t h e
’

ov ern me n t t h e y w ere u on
c uw s a mmn e fl vi g il a n c e a n d t o di vert t h e a t t e n t i on of t h e
tar y re li e f on ly g p ,

t h e a l e rt t o re n e w t h ei r d ev a st a t i on s a n d S re a d ra i n e a n d d e sol a
0

for t he d i st re ss
p p ,
e provmce
t i on w h erever rev i vi n g p rosp eri t y a n d i n d ust ry h eld out a n a d e q ua t e
t emp t a t i on .

S EC T I O N I I I .
—
A D
. . 3 6 1 to A D 3 7 5
. . .

Val en t in i a n I . . i n G a ul a nd G er ma ny —H is wa rs w ith t he A lema nn i —W ar w ith t he Q ua di

s d ea th .

T h e e mp eror J uli a n p eri sh e d i n t h e P ersi a n w a r, i n t h e t hi rt y sec on d

i g gggésm
u ar es -

o 27 t h J un e
r y ea r of hi s a g e a n d i n t h e e i g h t h of h is reig n , rec k on e d from h is e l ev a
H e w a s suc c e ed e d by F la vms C l a ud i us
d . 0

t i on t o t h e ra n k of C aesa r
C Q

4 .

a s succt e d
J ov i a n us b u h e lik e w i se di e d i n t h e e a st a ft er a re i g n of sc a rc ely e i g h t
g gy J ov n t
‘

ia

a h mon t h s
,

11 13 A few d a y s a ft er t h e d ec ea se of J ovi a n t h e l ea d ers of t h e

l 1 7 3 1eL
6 e
, .
,

p egs ) R oma n a rmy c h ose V a le n t i n i a n us, a g e n era l offi c e r of t h e d omest i c

’
O

fh2ei§ £ er gua rd s t o suc c e e d h im Th oug h n ot of di st i n gui sh e d e x t ra c t i on t h e

° s
, .
,

n ew e m eror w a s k n ow n t o t h e a rmy a s t h e son of on e of i t s b ra v est

“ 9 4g “ ° f
sc a rcely e g h t
.

i p
mont h s, c a tain s
p a n d a c k n owl e d g e d t o b e a
p erson
, p osse sse d of g re a t mili t a ry
V a lent n i a n
t a l en t fra n k n ess o f d i sp osi t i on a n d un i mp ea c h e d i n t eg ri t y
i

succeed s h i m .
,
But h e w a s .

a l so a merc il ess di sc i li n a ri a n ; h is t e m er w a s i ra sc ibl e a n d v i ol e n t t o a

p p
d e g ree some t i mes moun t i n g a l most t o p h re n z y ; i n t hi s st a te of mi n d h e
w as susi c i ous, h ea d st ron g a n d c rue l , t h oug h on ordi n a ry oc c a si on s
P
n e i t h er un g e n e rous n or i n c a a bl e o f d efe rri n g t o t h e a d v i c e of h i s
p
fri e n d s 1
S h ort ly a ft e r h i s a c c essi on h e sh a re d t h e e mp i re w i t h h is
.

w e a k er b rot h er V a l e n s, a b a n d on i n g C on st a n t i n op l e a n d t h e e a st t o h is
ma n a g emen t a n d rese rv i n g a ll t h e w est e rn p rov i n c e s t o hi msel f From
,
-
.

C ib a li s i n P a n n on i a w h ere t hi s di vi si on o f t h e gov e rn me n t w a s a g ree d

,

up on V a l e n s p roc ee d e d t o t h e e a st e rn c a p i t a l a n d V a l en t i n i a n t ra n s

”
, ,

fe rre d h i s resid e n c e t o Mil a n 2

.

T h e a l a rmi n g st a t e of t h e e mp i re a t t h e c o mme n c eme n t of t h e n e w

re i g n s i s w ell d escrib e d by A mmi a n A t t h i s j un c t ure h e sa y s the .
, ,

A mm M a rcell li b . . . x x vi . c. l p 484
. . . Z osim .
2
A mm NI a rcell lib
. . . x x vi . c . 5 p 49 6
. . .

lib iii p 1 9 8
. . . .
C hap . vii . Sec . ST A T E OF T HE E MP I R E AT H I S AC C ESS O I N .
27 5

l m O f w a r w a s sou n d e d a l on h w h l f i of t h e R oma n w orld

’

a ar g t e o e ro n t er

t h e w ild t rib es ov erst epp e d t h e b ord ers i n e very di rec t i on t h e Al em an n i

ra va g e d G a ul a n d Rh ae t i a ; t h e S a rma t i a n s a n d Q ua di P a n n on i a ; t h e ,

Pi c t s S cot s S a x on s a n d A t a c ot t i vex e d B ri t a i n w i t h c on t i n ua l i n roa d s; t h e

“

, ,

A ust ori a n s a n d ot h er M oori sh ra c es ma d e more v i ol en t i n c ursi on s i n t o t h e

A fri c a n p rov i n c e t h a n ordi n a ry ; p re d a t ory h ord e s O f G ot h s w a st e d Th ra c e ;
a n d l as t ly t h e P ersi a n ki n g li ft e d h is h a n d a g a i n st t h e Arme n i a n s
,
an d ,

s t rov e w i t h a ll h i s mig h t t o re d uc e t h e m t o serv i t ud e Th ese i n va si ons Th i . ese n va

h a ve b e en v ery c ommon ly t rea t e d by hi st ori a n s a s t h e mere effec t s

t h a t mi g ra t ory s p i ri t by w hi c h t h e b a rb a ri c t rib e s w ere a g i t a t e d t h roug h
iflfi igt j fig
‘h
t
out t hi s a n d t h e foll ow i ng a e s
g B u t su c h a v i e w i s a t b est a
p a rt i a l R w g o an overn
m t
.

en '

on e : t h e b a rb a ri a n s l ove d i t i s t rue a li fe O f rov i n a d ve n t ure b ut t h e

, g ,

p r id e a n d st ill more fre quen t ly t h e

,
p ov e r t y O f t h e R o m,a n g ov e rn men t

O ft en g a v e t h em j ust c a use O f di ssa t i sfa c t i on or a fford e d t h em a ,

re t e x t for i n d ul g i n g t h e i r
p p redil e c t i on for ra p i n e a n d d e p re d a t i on T he .

t erms O f t h e t re a t i e s c on c lud e d by J ul i a n w i t h t h e Al ema n n i a re n u

kn ow n t o us ; b ut a n oc c urren c e w hi c h t ook p l a c e sh ort ly a ft er t h e
a c c essi on of V a l e n ti n i a n ma y t h row some li g h t u on t h e i r c h a rac t er
p ,

an d erh a s di sc l ose t h e more i m ort a n t c on di t i on s

p p p .

S ome t i me i n t h e y e a r 3 6 4 t h e Al ema n n i c t rib es sen t e n voys t o t h e A D 3 64 - -

R oma n g overn or of G a ul t o re mi n d h i m t h a t t h e c ust oma ry sub sidi e s

t
‘

p ym m f
w ere i n a rre a r a n d t o re quest t h e y mi g h t b e di sc h a rg e d
3“
T h e M a st er O f
a e °
, f ub .
rear s o s

t h e O ffi c e s U rsa c ius t o w h om t h e d e l eg a t e s w ere re fe u d ih du

d d il iih
e
, ,
r re en e a v o r e , '
e e

t o s il e n c e t h e i r i mp ort un i t i es by some t rifl i n g p re sen t s ; a n d w h en t h e se R m fu o a n s re

,
se
t r
w ere rej ec t e d w i t h i n di g n a t i on h e rep li e d t o t h e i r remon st ra n c es i n a h?
sa l s a c '

sc orn ful a n d c on t em t u A mmi a n g ive s us n o e x p l a n a t i on

p ous t on e .

res ec t i n
p g t h e n a t ure O f t h ese sub sidi e s or of t h e ri g h t i n w hi c h t h e y ,

w ere d ema n d e d f Th a t t h e G erma ns t re a t e d t h e m a s a n a t i on a l c l a i m

a ri si n g out O f sol e mn t rea t i es se ems t o foll ow from t h e fa c t t h a t t h e

hi st ori a n h i msel f so fa r from d e n yi n g t h e ri g h t c e n sure s U rsa c ius for

,
‘

t h e i mp rop ri e t y of h i s c on d uc t i n t h e re fusa l J udg i n g from t hi s st a t e .

O f t hi n g s i t i s h a rdly p ossibl e t o re si st t h e c on vi c t i on t h a t J uli a n h a d

,

n ot sc ru l e d t o p urc h a se t h e c on t i n ua n c e O f a
p ea c e so n e c essa ry t o h i s
p ,

own a ffa i rs a n d w hi c h h e w a s n o l on e r i n a c on di t i on t o e n sure by h i s

, g
p erson a l p re se n c e i n t h e fi eld by t h e d eg ra di n g a n d d a n g erous ex p e di en t s

”
,

of st i e n d s or sub sidi e s
p .

Aft er t hi s repul se t h e Al e ma n n i c en voys re t urn e d t o t h eir c oun t rymen Th Al m i ,

e e a nn ,

i tm t
a n d rouse d t h e i r a n e r by t h e re ort Of t h e t re a t men t t h e y h a d me t w i t h
n resen en

g p f t h i m ug .
o s ,

i n va d e Gaul .

A mm M a rcell l ib x x vi c 5 p 49 5
'

3
h ad a pp oin t ed t o t h at post immed ia t ely a ft er his
—
. . . . . . . .

4
P rob ably G erma nian us, wh om V alen tin ian elec t i on See A mm Ma rc ell ibid p 49 6
‘

. . . . . .

5
I bid p 49 7
. . .
 27 6 WA R WI T H T HE AL EMA NNI ; [Boo k I .

A t t hi s momen t V a l en t i n i a ni n t eri m h a d a rri ved a t P a ri s

, w h o in t h e ,

rec e i v e d t h e a l a rmi n g i n t e lli g e n c e t h a t P roc o i us a d e sc e n d a n t o f t h e

“

p ,

h ouse of C on st a n t i n e h a d a ssume d t h e p urp l e i n t h e ea st a n d w a s, ,

ma ki n g formid a bl e p rog ress a g a i n st h is b rot h er V a l en s A t t h e sa me .

t i me t h e Al ema n n i rese n t e d t h e c on d uc t O f t h e R oma n g ov e rn me n t by

i n va di n g G a ul D a g a la ip hus w a s h a st ily d e sp a t c h e d t o re p el t h em b ut ,

b e fore h e c ould overt a k e t h e m t h ey h a d a l re a dy di sp ersed a ft er ra va g i n g ,

t h e di st ri c t s w hi c h l a y n eare st a t h a n d V a l e n t i n i a n t h en p rep a re d t o .

ma rc h w i t h t h e G a lli c a rmy t o t h e sup p ort O f h is b rot h er i n t he ea st .

But t h e most e x p eri en c ed O f h i s O ffi c ers O p p ose d t hi s d esi g n ; a n d t h e

e m e ror a ft e r w a v e ri n f r t i m b t w t h i n t e re st s of h i s fa mily a n d
p g o a
, e e e e n e
\ l ti a en t h ose o f h is p eop l e a t l e n g t h g e n e rously d ec l a re d
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, t h a t t h oug h P rO ,
l
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h m lf t
i h c op i a s w as h i s ow n a n d h i s b ro t h er s foe
se o t e
y e t t h e Al e ma n n i w ere t h e ,

e n e mi e s O f t h e e m i re c ome w h a t mi g h t
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p and , ,

t h e G a ul s t o t h e i r me rc y .

A t n o t i me h a d G a ul st ood i n grea t er n ee d o f a resi d e n t g ov ern me n t .

A t mid w i n t er i n t h e y ea r 3 66 t h e Al e ma n n i w h o h a d O f l a t e ev i n c e d li t t l e ,

re a rd t o sea son s c rosse d t h e froz en Rhi n e

g . C h a ri e t t o a n d S eve ri a n us 6
.
,

O fl i c e rs c omma n di n
g i n t h e Rh e n i s h di st ri c t s h a s t ily a sse mbl e d a f orc e ,

t o O p p ose t h e m Th e y foun d t h e en emy p ost e d b e hi n d a b rook ; t h e

.

R oma n s p a sse d i t by a b rid g e w hi c h t h e b a rb a ri an s d i d n ot d e fe n d a n d , ,

a t t ac k ed t h ei r o si t i on T h e Al e ma n n i w a i t e d t ill t h e R oma n b a t t a li on s
p .

h a d exh a ust e d t h e i r mi ssil e s a n d w ere p re p a ri n g for c l ose c omb a t a n d ,

t h en rus h e d up on t h ei r e n e mi es w i t h suc h i mp e t uosi t y a s t o t h row t h em

Th y d fe i n t o c on fusi on A t t h a t momen t S everia n us fell severely w oun d e d from
e ea t .

h i s h orse ; a n d C h a ri et t o w h o c omma n d e d t h e ot h er w i n g w a s kill e d i n , ,

“S m
a n a t t e m t t o ra lly t h e fu i t i v e s a n d a rd O f t h e B a t a v i a n a n d
u
“ e ‘a n
p
s
g T h e s t .

H e rula n b a t t a li on fell i n t o t h e h a n d s O f t h e G erma n s w h o w a v e d i t i n ,

t ri ump h i n t h e fa c e O f t h e e n e my a n d t h e p a n i c oc c a si on e d by t hi s l a st ,

di sa st e r a pp e ars t o h a ve c omp l e t e d t h e d e fe a t of t h e R oma n s 7

.

T h e Al e ma n n i w e re d oub t l ess re i n forc e d d uri n g t h e w i n t er ; for i n t h e

T h y d id s ri n o f t h e y e a r 3 66 w e fi n d t h e m d iv idi n g t h e i r forc es i n t o t h re e
e
p iv
g e

izfil bl fiui b odi es t w o of w hi c h a dv a n c e d upon t h e M ose ll e i n t h e di rec t i on of M e t z

' c “
c , , ,

e n e t ra t e d i n t o G a ul a s fa r a s t h e b a n k s O f t h e
d
J
"
:
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on a n s c
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a rn e e
J ov i n us t h e ma st er g e n e ra l of t h e h orse ma rc h e d from h i s -

,
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.
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hilih
l e

ge r a c e w hi c h h a d b e f a ll e n t h e R o

A mmia n former C oun t of both t h e

ca lls t h e O ff ab rup t ly . T he he t ells us, w as
st a n d ar d ,

G erma n i e s ; t he la t t e r, C o un t of C a b ilo n a ( C h a re t a k e n p ost cert amin a ma gna T h e Ro .

lo n s sur Sa on e) D in t en sis ( D ij o n ) , a n d T ui i ma n s w ere i n g en eral surp ri smg ly succ essful in

’

g ric a n a ( T on g res)
,

.
—
L i b x x vii c 1 p 5 1 8
. . . . . . re c ove ri n g t h e ir c a p t ure d st a n d a rd s See A mm — .

7 He re A mmia n s a cco u
’
n t o f t h is b a t t le b re a k s M a rcell loc mod c it p 5 1 9
. . . . . .
C hap . vii . Sec . J OV IN U S D EFEAT S T HEM .
27 7

an us .
dva n c e d w i t h g rea t c i rc umsp ect i on t o a p l a c e c a ll e d S c a r H u p i
He a e s r r z es
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"
sur ri z e d a n d c ut t o p i e ce s ;
p , s

b ody Of th ese re morsel e ss ma raud ers w a s e n c a mp ed up on t h e b a n k s O f a

ri ver a t n o re a t di st a n c e i mme di a t e ly p ut hi s t roop s i n mot i on t o re p e a t
g ,

t h e surpriz e H is a d va n c e w a s c on c e a l e d by a t hi c k w ood w hi c h fl a n k e d
.

t h e en e my s e n c a mp me n t a n d a fford e d h i m t h e op p ort un i t y O f rec on

’
,

n oi t rin t h e m u n e rc e i v e d U n c on sc i ous of t h e p resen c e of a n e n e my

g p . ,

t h e b a rb a ri a n s w ere se en sc a t t ere d a l on g t h e b a n k s of t h e ri ver so me ,

b a t hi n g ot h ers dressi n g a n d a d orn i n g t h e i r l on g y ell ow h a i r a c c ordi n g

,

t o t h e c ust om O f th ei r c oun try w hil e ot h e rs w ere d ri n ki n g a n d c a rousi n g

,

i n c arel e ss sec uri t y up on t h e gra ssy ma rg i n O f t h e st rea m J ovi a n n o .

soon er ob serve d t h e O ort un i t y Offere d h im t h a n a sudd en b urst O f

.
pp ,

t rump e t s a c c omp a n i e d w i t h l oud sh out s from every q ua rt e r p roc l a i me d

, ,

d e fe a t a n d rui n t o t h e b a rb ari a n s b ut few t h oug h t Of resi st a n c e a n d a ll

w h o did so fe ll by t h e sword s of t h e R om
,

an s M a n y were kill e d a n d t h e .
,

rest sa v ed t h e msel v e s by d i s ersi n g a mon g t h e h oll ow s a n d d e fi les of

‘

p
t h e c oun t ry
9
.

J ovi n a s l ost n o t ime in mov i n g forwa rd h is v i c tori ous t roop s i n pursui t

of t h e t hi rd a n d ma i n b ody of t h e i n v a d e rs He foun d t h em p ost e d n ea r .

C a t ala un i on t h e ri ver M a rn e rea dy t o g iv e h i m b a t t l e

10
O n t h e fO l H tt k th
'

. e a ac s e
,
t hi d dmi
l o wi n g morn i n g a t b re a k of d a y h e d rew up his a rmy i n a n ex t en d e d b dy f th Al
r an a n

, o o e e
m i t Ch a
li n e e qua l i n l e n gt h b ut i n feri or in d e p t h t o t h a t O f t h e barb a ri a n s 1m Mame
, .
ann

“
a

T h e b a t t l e w a s l on g a n d ob st i n a t ely c on t est e d : a t on e momen t t h e

,

d e

R oma n s were p l a c e d i n i mmi n en t d a n ger by t h e flig h t Of a t ribun e Of t h e

b a rb a ri c a ux ili a ri es n a me d Ba lch ob a ud e s ; b ut t h e rest of t h e a rmy st ood
,

fi rm a n d b e fore n i g h t fa ll t h e Al ema n n i h a d l eft t en t h ousa n d kill e d a n d

,

w oun d e d up on t h e fi eld w hil e n ot more t h a n t we l ve h un dre d R oma n s

,

a re a d mi t t e d t o h a v e fa ll e n T h e G e rma n s re t re a t ed i n t h e d ark n e ss l e a v
. ,

i n g t h e i r w oun d e d t o p eri sh w i t h c old on t h e fi e ld O f b a t t l e Wh e n on .

,

t h e foll ow i n g morn i n g J ovi n us d re w o ut h i s t roop s t o re n ew t h e c omb a t

, ,

h e foun d n o li vi n g en emy t o e n c oun t e r ; i n t e llig e n c e wa s a ft erwa rd s

broug h t him t h a t a t rib un e Of t h e A sc a ri a n b ody— gua rd w h om h e h a d
‘

d esp a t c h e d t h e d a y b efore t o seiz e up on t h e en emy s c a mp h a d in t h e ’

,

n i h t t i me fa ll en i n w i t h a n d t a k e n ri son er t h e ki n g of t h e Al ema n n i I l 1 m
;
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l t2 l? g
g p ie 1 “
-

m
a ‘e 9 in
a n d h a n e d or c ru n t h e s ot w i t h a ll h i s a t t e n d a n t s
11
ifi d hi J O f th Al m
’

g c e o p , . o e e an

v mus a ma n O f
ui p i d
n erou f l u n a bl e t o su ress h 1 s i n d i n a
r soner a n
in s
, g e s ee g p p ,
g put h m t o

”
d eath , w i t h a ll
h i s atten dan t s
T he modern Serp a ig n e a small villag e A mm M a rcell lib x x vn c 2 p 520
.
9
. . . . . . . .

a b out si x lea g ues from Met z , i n t h e d e part men t C halon s sur Marn e
—
.

of t he Moselle H oj m L e x U Suffi x um pa t ibulo wi ll b ear eit her mean

'

n iv ad v Scar
11

i n g —A mm Ma rcell lib x x vii c 2 p 52 1

. . . . .

p on na . . . . . . . .

2 N
N\ 0 SAXO N A N D F RAN KI S H P I RAT ES REP RES SED [Boo k I
) l
0
. .

di g n p un i sh men t up on t h e a ut h or of t hi s
t i on , w a s a b out t o i n fli c t c on

w a n t on out ra g e b ut w a s d e t e rre d by t h e men a c es of h is fl ush e d a n d

,

fe roc i ous t roop s w h ose t emp e r w a s as li t t l e soft e n e d by v i c t ory a s

,

re st ra i ne d by di sc i li n e V a l e n t i n i a n w as n ot l ik ely t o v a l ue a vi c t ory
p .

t h e l ess b ec a use sulli e d by n e e dl ess bl ood sh e d ; t h e o ffen c e w a s a sse d

p
by a n d t h e hi gh e st h on ours c on ferred on t he suc c essful gen era l I n
, .

a ddi t i on t o t hi s sourc e of sa t i sfa c t i on h e rec e i v e d a b out t h e sa me t ime , , ,

t h e h ea d of h is O pp on e n t P roc op i us from hi s b rot h er V a l en s i n t est i mon y ,

of t h e v i c t ori ous t ermi n a t i on of t h e c on t est i n t h e e a st ; a n d i n t h e c ourse

o f t h e summe r a ll G a ul w as c l e a re d o f t h e st ra
gg li n
g b a n d s of Al e ma n n i
w hi c h h a d se p a ra t e d t h emsel ves from t h e l a t ely d efea t e d a rmy for t h e -

p urp oses of p l un d er
1 52
.

E very y ea r n ow b roug h t some n e w e n e my i n t o vi ew t o h a rass t h e

di st resse d e mp i re a n d t o p ut t h e b odily a n d me n t a l p ow ers of i t s rul ers
,

t o t h e sev erest t ri a l Th ere w a s n o p e a c e for V a l en t i n i a n i n G a ul t h e

.

Al e ma n n i w ere i n d eed repul se d for t h e momen t b ut i n t h e foll ow i n g y ea r ,

A D 3 67 n e w s w as b rou h t t o h im a t T rev es w h e re h e h a d fix e d h i s w i n t e r re si
. .

g ,
~

d en ce t h a t t h e c oast s of B ri t a i n a n d t h e opp osi t e G a lli c sh ores h a d fa ll en

,

a p re y t o sw a rms o f S a x on a n d F ra n ki s h i ra t e s w hil e t he Pi c t i sh
p ,

a n d Sc ot t i sh n a t i on s w e re overrun n i n
g w i t h out i mp e di me n t t h e n ort h ern
v i fi im
a en di st ri c ts of t h e B ri t i sh p rov i n c e T h e emp eror w i t h l a ud a bl e p romp t n ess
t g Gfl
.

} c oll e c t e d a n a rma men t a t B oul og n e l a n d e d a t S a n d wi c h or Ri c hb oroug h

l
c ea rs e

n , d B im
an r , , ,

a t t ere d d e t a c h men ts o f t h e
g i f? on t h e K en t i sh c oa st sur riz e d
13
t] p t h e sc ,

F k h pi en emy a n d t ook from t h e m a ll t h e b oo t y a n d sl a v e s t h e y h a d c oll e c t e d

ran is “
by w h m
,
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ra es o

th y w h t h ese w ere re st o re d t o t h e di st re sse d p rov i n c i a l s a n d V a l en t i n i a n en t ere d

m l
e ere a ,

L on d on a mid t h e j oy ful a c c l a ma t i on s of t h e p op ul a c e
'
T h e d ut y of .

re e lli n g t h e S c o tt i sh i n v a d ers a n d of c l e ari n g t h e G a lli c c oa st of t h e

p
an d t li t S a x on freeb oot e rs w as c ommi t t e d t o t h e a bl e h a n d s of Th eod osi us t h e
re a a es ,

m b m fa t h er of Th eod osius t h e G rea t w hil e t h e e mp eror i n p erson c arri ed h is

up h
on t w ei r o n

co t e , ,

ve “
g th y h d a rms i n t o t h e sw a m y re i on s of t h e n ort h ern F ra n k s a n d S a x on s an d
e a

co mmi t d i t e n p g ,

re ta li a t e d u on t h em a p a rt o f t h e evl lS t h e y h a d i n fl i c t e d upon t h e
0 0

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R d an u p
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,

p i d But i n t h e i n t eri m Ra n d o a c hi ef of t h e Al e ma n n i of t h e M a yn e h a d
r; 2
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, ,

lii y u a n su r riz e d t h e c i t y o f M a y n t z d uri n g t h e c el e b ra t i on of a grea t C h ri st i a n

p .

fest i v a l a n d c a rri e d a w a y ma n y c a p t i v e s of a ll a g es a n d c on di t i on s
, ,

b esid es muc h va l ua bl e b oot y But i t wa s V i t hic ab t h e son of V a d o .

,

A mm M a rcell loc ci t
. . . . e q ually clearly in ferred fro m t he t e x t of A mm .

Rut upiae P ort us . Ma rcell ( lib x x v ii c 8 p 5 3 9 ) t ha t t hey w ere so

. . . . . .
.

Ma scou( Boo k iii 54) q uot es a p assag e from Amm M a rcell loc c i t a nd li b x x vi ii c 3
—
‘
5 .
. . . . . . . .

Cla ud i a n ( D e iv C on s Hon ) in p roo f t ha t t hese

. . .
p 57 0
. Orosi us, lll) v ii c 8 2 p 549
. S ee . . . . . .

s D rep a mu
e n e mies w ere Sa x ons ; b ut I t hin k i t ma y b e a lso Pa c a t u p d M ascoufl oc mod
s a u
'

. .

ci t p 3 2 4
. . .
C hap . vii. Sec . VA L E T N INI AN MARC HES AGA IN ST T HE AL EMANNI .
27 9

ma r t h e ki n g of a di stri c t or c a n t on on t h e U p p er Rhi n e wh o n ow
,
16
,

b ec a me t h e grea t obj ec t of t h e fear a n d h a tre d of V a l en t i n i a n He w a s .

a y oun g ma n of sl en d er p erson a n d i n fi rm h ea l t h b ut of a n ard en t a n d ,

d ari n g Sp i ri t E n t ert a i n i n g hi mself a n i mp l a c a bl e h ost ili t y t o t h e

.

Roma n s h e h a d supp ort e d t h e Sp i ri t s of his coun t rymen un d er t h e i r l a t e

,

reve rses a n d b ec ome t h e c on t riv er of every sc h eme of mi sc hi e f a n d t h e

, ,

so u l of eve ry e n t erpriz e di re c t e d a ga i n st t h e p ea c e a n d p rosp eri t y of t h e

e mp i re Hi t h ert o a ll a t t e mp t s t o p rop i t i a t e t o c i rc umve n t or t o d est roy
. , ,

h i m h a d fa il e d V a l en t i n i a n i s sa id a n xi ously t o h a ve d esi re d h is d ea t h
.
,

w h e t h er i n h on oura bl e wa rfa re or by p ri va t e a ssa ssi n a ti on w h en t h e w i sh

a g en t s were easily fo un d re a dy t o
of t h e sovere i g n w a s k n own , p ursue a
c ourse a l re a dy b ut t oo fa mi li a r t o Roma n st a t esmen of t h e a g e a d omest i c .

a ssa ssi n ofl ered hi msel f t o d o t h e d ee d of bl ood ; a n d V i t hic ab w a s mu

'

r V it hi b th ca , e

d ere d w i t h p erh a p s n o ot h er p a rt i c i p a ti on on t h e p a rt of V a l en t i n i a n
t h a n i s a t t rib ut a bl e t o H e n ry II i n t h e a ssa ssi n a t i on of Th oma s 91 3 532
1 7—
.

3 33;
B ec k e t w i t h t hi s differen c e h owever t h a t V a l en t i n i a n mi g h t a ft er R m
, ,
o an s.

wa rd s sa fe ly a d opt t h e d e ed a n d p rotec t t h e p e rson of t h e a ssa ssi n

, .

T h e d ea t h of Vi t h i c a b wa s a severe bl ow t o t h e reviv i n g sp i ri t s of th a t A ft d p mg er e nv

bra n c h of t h e Al ema n n i c n a t ion w hi c h h e govern e d ; a n d t h e emp eror iliifilfi fii

i

ob t a i n e d t h e re s i t e n ec e ssa ry t o c oll e c t t roo s a n d t o ma t ure h is roj ec t s

ti hl r “ ve c e s’
p p p th mp e e eror

for it s subj ug a t i on A l a rge a rmy a mp ly prov id e d w i t h a rms a n d st ore s m k P p

.
, ,
a es re are

ti f th on s ei r

w a s a ssembl e d a n d i n t h e b eg i n n i n g of t h e summer of t h e y ea r 3 6 8 V a l en t t l ubj ug

or

,
o a s a

t i n i an c rosse d t h e Rhi n e a n d a dv a n c ed c a ut i ously i n t o t h e h ea rt of t h e A le th e

ma n n ic t erri t ory T h e G erma n s a c c ordi n g t o t h e ir i n va ri a bl e c ust omw h en 221333 ?

.
,

c on t en di n g w i t h a sup eri or en emy a b a n d on e d t h e i r fi e ld s a n d d w e lli n s m

18 i t i an n c err
, g m ,

an d re ti re d c oll e c t i n g t h e i r forc es a s t h e y re c e d ed t o t h e s ot se l ec t e d
,
p i n 3 68 ,
.

for t h e fi n a l st a n d Me et i n g w i t h n o opp on en t i n t h e fi eld V a l en t i n i a n

.
,

re d oubl e d h i s
p rec a ut i on s ; h e reserve d a ll p rovi si on s a n d ot h e r b oot y
w hi c h mi g h t b e of use t o t h e a rmy i n c a se of a reverse a n d a ve u t h e
g p ,

rest t o p ill a g e a n d t h e fl a mes Aft er a p rot ra c t e d ma rc h h e un ex p ec t edly H fi d th

.
e n s e

foun d hi s furt h er p rog re ss a rrest e d by a st ee p a n d rug g e d rid g e t o whi c h fiifif f

gg zg
‘ ‘ '

, ll

A mmi a n g ive s t h e n a me of S olic i n ium H ere h e p erc e ive d t h e w h ol e mi .

e nen ce

forc e of t h e Al e ma n n i c c on fe d e ra tes se curely p oste d ; t h e b ase of t h e b ill

w a s p rotec t e d by roc k s a n d p rec i p i c es t o a p p ea ra n c e i n a c c e ssibl e on e very
sid e b u t on e Tow a rd s t h e n ort h t h e emi n en c e d esce n d e d gen t ly i n t o
.
,

t h e p l a i n a n d V a l en t i n i a n w i t h a v i ew t o di vert t h e a t ten ti on of t h e
, ,

”
T he same V ad omar whom J ulian h ad en ~ But t he word s of A mm Ma rcell ( lib x x vu . . . .

t ra pped an d sen t a wa a c a t ive i n t o S ai n c 10

y p p . .
p 543 ) d o n ot fi x t h e c harg e person ally
. .

T he assassin , says L iz den ( vol ii p mperor

‘7 “
- . . . on t he e .

received t he b lood mone

y fro m t h e han d of See of t hi s Hist o ry
19
-
e. v sec t
. . 2 p [87
. . .

V al ent i n ia n , t o whom he fl ed a ft er t he d eed .

 280 BATT L E O F S O L I C I N I UM .
[Book I .

my w ho ex p ec t ed t h e a t t a c k from t h a t q ua rt er di re c t ed t h e c oun t
en e , ,

S eb a st i a n t o oc c up y t hi s n ort h ern a pp roa c h t o t h e p osi t i on w hil e h e hi msel f ,

c on d u c t e d a rec on n o i ssa n c e i n p erson t owa rd s t h e l ea st a c c essibl e p a rt for ,

t h e p urp ose of d e t ermi n i n g w h e t h er some p a t h wa y mi g h t n ot b e fo un d by

w hi c h t h e hill mi g h t b e sc a l e d i n a q ua rt er w h ere n o a t t a c k c ould b e a p p re
h en d ed I n t h e c ourse of t hi s O p era t i on h e i n c urred t h e most i mmi n en t
.

d a n ger from a n a mb ush O f t h e e n e my a n d n ot hi n g b ut t h e ex t ra ordi n a ry ,

st re n g t h a n d sp ee d of h is h orse sa v e d h im fromc a p t i vi t y or d e a t h But h e .

h a d see n e n oug h t o c on v i n c e h i m t h a t t h e di ffi c ul t i e s of t h e a sc e n t w ere

d l t l ess formid a bl e t h a n t h e y a ea re d ; t w o g a ll a n t soldi e rs S a lvius a n d
p p
an reso ves o
,

ffififffififf L up ic in us w ere se l e c t e d t o l ea d a ki n d of forl orn h op e a n d S eb ast i an

c s"

, ,

B t tl
a f S li w a s i n st ruc t e d t o sec on d t h e a t t a c k on t h e l e ft
e o o an d i f p ossibl e op en a , ,
mm
,

c ommun i c a t i on w i t h t h e R oma n a d v a n c e u on t h e c re st of t h e
0

p p osi t i on .

C overed by t h e t hi c k un d e rwood a n d c on c e a l e d by t h e si n uosi t i es of t h e ,

g roun d t h e p a rt y c re p t up t h e d e c li v i t y a n d suc c eed e d i n re a c hi n g

,

t h e b row o f t h e hill t h e re st o f t h e a rmy t h e n foll o w e d t h em w i t h l oud

sh out s a n d c h eers w hil e S eb a st i a n on t h e l e ft ,
p ut hi msel f i n t o c ommu
n i c a t ion w i t h S a lv ius a n d L u ic i n us a n d c l e a re d a s a c e for t h e ma i n
p p ,

b ody t o form a s t h e y a rri ved up on t h e groun d By t h e se O p era t i o n s t h e .

G erman s w ere e x p osed t o a t t a c k a t on c e up on t h e i r fron t a n d ri g h t

fl a n k y e t t h ey st ood t h e i r groun d g a ll a n t ly ; t h e fi eld w a s c on t est e d on
,

b ot h si d es w i t h gre a t Sp i ri t a n d p ersev era n c e : b ut t h e t a c t i c s O f t h e

Th A l m i R oma n s rev a il e d a t l e n t h a n d t h e G erma n s q ui t t e d t h e i r osi t i on ;
p g p
e e an n
,
b d th
on e b ody ret rea t e d i n t o t h e w ood s i n t h e i r re a r w h i l e a sec on d a t t e m t e d
a an on e
fi ld ;
e
p ,

t o c ut i t s w a y t h roug h t h e c orp s of Seb a st i a n : t h e l a t t er w e a re t old , ,

w ere d ri ve n b a c k w i t h grea t sl a ug h t er ; b ut t h e l oss o f t h e R oma n s w a s

c on sid era bl e ; t w o e n era l o ffi c e rs V a l e ri a n us a n d N a t os a rd us w ere
g p , ,

kill ed a n d t h e a b rup t n ess w i t h w hi c h A mmi a n c l ose s h is rep ort

, ,

w a rra n t s t h e supp osi t i on t h a t t h e v i c t ory w a s d ea rly b oug h t a n d t h e ,

a rmy t oo muc h c ri
pp l e d t o a d mi t of furt h er O p era t i on s for t h a t se a son .

A t a ll e v en t s V a l e n t i n i a n w i t hd rew t o t h e Rhi n e a n d p ut h is t roop s i n ,

w i n t e r q ua rt ers on t h e G a lli c sh ore

-
19
No t a n i n c h of groun d w a s .

ga i n e d on t h e ri g h t b a n k ; t h e e n e my h a d n ot e ven b ee n b roug h t

A mm M a rcell lib x x vu c 1 0 p 545

. . . . . . . . host ag e s ; b ut th ose A le man n i w ere t he A lema nn i
M L a d en ( vol ii p 2 28 ) a ffi rms t h a t V al en t i
. . . . o f t he Ma n e w h ile t hey w ho fou
y . g h t a t Solic i
n ia i i ma d e a j
m w ere ob viously t h e sub ec t s O f V it h ica b ,
p eac e w it h t h ese Ale ma n n i w h e reb y , n iu

he re co g n iz ed t he Rh ine a s t he b oun d a ry o f t he a n d o cc up ie d t h e a n g le O f t h e Rh i ne n ow now n k

e m ire T h is O pin ion i s ob viously a n in fere n ce b y t he n a me of t he Breis g a u M L ud ei i is g e n e
p . . .

fro m a p a ssa g e i n t he 2 8 t h b o ok o f A mmia n ra lly t oo a n x ious t o fi x a st ig ma upon t he con

(0 2 p
. . . where in t h e follow in g ea r, 3 6 9
, y , d uc t o f t h e Ro ma n s ; w h i le he somet imes ra ises
t he A le ma n n i compla in o f a b re ac h of a t rea t y fo r . i n fere n c es t o t he a d va n t a g e of t he G erman s upon
t he performan ce O f w hic h t h e Ro ma n s h eld t he ir a very sl en d er fo un d a t ion of fa c t .
C ha p vii Sec
. . . RO MA N EN C ROAC HMEN T S .
28 1
'

t o t er ms ; y e t lik e h is grea t p red ec essor G erma n i c us t h e emp eror publi gam c es

mm
, , ,

fifi t
‘
t oge t h er w i t h h i s son G ra t i a n c el eb ra t e d h is b a rren v i c t ory i n t h e c i t y zfi
,

of Trev es by p omp ous g a mes a n d sh ow s a n d li st e n e d w i t h a ffe c t e d c om ,

o t h e ful some p a n egyr ic k s of ora t ors a n d p oe t s

20
p l a c en c
y t .

T h e c on duc t of t h e R oma g ove n rn m e t sub se que t ly t o

n n t h e b a t t l e o f S o A D
V l ti i
3 69
a en
-

n an

lic i n i um seems t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e Rhi n e w a s t h e n c e forw a rd t o b e reg a rd ed t th res ores e

a s t h e b oun d a ry of G a ul I n t h e y e a r foll ow i n g V a l en t i n i a n re p a i re d t h e 32
.
1222533 , ,

b a rri er fort re sses a lon g t h e e n t i re c ourse of t h e r iv er from t h e c on fi n es of Rhi n e'

Rh aet ia t o t h e G erma n oc e a n moun d s a n d b ul w a rk s w ere t h rown up a t

t h e w ea k er p oi n t s w i t h fort ifi e d st a t i on s a t i n t erv a l s a n d l oft y w a t c h
, ,

t ow ers i n a dv a n c e of t h em S omet i mes sa y s A mmi a n . h e e ve n , ,

e n c roa c h e d on t h e b arb a r i c t erri t o ry

-

.
—h e buil t a st ron g fort a t t h e H b uild e s a

mout h of t h e N ec k a r w h ere t h e c i t y O f M a n h e i m n ow st a n d s a n d
, ,

s e iz e d up on a n e mi n en c e c a ll e d Pi rus some mil e s fa rt h er i n l a n d a s an f figfig;

ggm
e
, ,

a d d i t i on a l c h ec k up on t h ese t urb ul en t b ord er t rib es A n ofl i c er n a me d d N k -

.
,
an ec a r

H ermogen e s w a s di rec t e d t o c on st ruc t a st ron g c a st l e up on t h a t sp ot ;

,

b ut a s soon a s t hi s d e si g n b ec a me k n own t h e Al e ma n n i sen t t h e p a re n t s

O f t h e h ost a g e s w hi c h i t se ems w ere h e ld by t h e R oma n s for t h e p er
,

forma n c e of some p rev i ous t rea t y w i t h t h e t rib e s of t h e M a y n e t o t h e em 1

,
2

p eror a s t h e i r e n voy s t o c omp l a i n of t hi s un p rovok e d vi ol a t i on of t h e i r

, ,

t e rri t ory But V a l en t i n i a n w a s d ea f t o t h e i r remo n st ra n c es a n d t h e d e l e

.
,

a t e s t urn e d a w a y b ew a ili n g t h e n ow i n ev i t a bl e fa t e of t h e i r c a t i ve
g p
c hild ren Th e i r d e p a rt ure w a s a sig n a l t o t h e i r c oun t rymen t o fa ll sud
.

m
d en ly up on t h e t roop s of H ermog en es ; t h e foun d a t i on s of t h e n e w for T h y tt k e a ac

t ress w ere a l rea dy c omp l et e d w h en t h e Al ema n n i i ssui n g sudd en ly from ; , fgggg , b

h
t e re es s c se o f h
t e n i
e g hb o u ri n
g h ill s k
a t t ac e d a n d sl a ug h t e r e d t h e m
,
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a
in

Roma n w orki n g p art i es ; t h e t wo c omma n di n g ofl i c ers H ermog en es a n d t l wi h ,

cas e t in

th i t t y
A ra t or w ere b ot h k i ll e d a n d but on e ma n n a me d Sy a g ri us a l on e
e r erri or .

, , , ,

e sc a e d t o re ort t o t h e e m e ror t h e t ot a l d est ruc t i on of t h e d e t a c h

p p p
men t .
22

W hil e V a l en t i n i a n wa s t h us p rov idi n g a g a i n st ex t ern a l d a n gers t h e I D

D E
,

i n t e rn a l st a t e o f G a ul b ec a me a so urc e of c on st a n t fa t i gue a n d a n x i e t y t i ii Gul ;

s
. s i ie a

B a n d s of robb ers a n d ma ra ud ers i n fest e d a ll t h e hig h w a y s n o l ess t o t h e zzjtjgfiygggg; t

,

d et rimen t O f p ri va t e i n t erc ourse t h a n O f t h e p ubli c busi n ess T h e c oa st s 315522232 .

;

w e re a t t h e sa me t i me w a st e d w i t h out merc y by t h e Sa x on sea rove rs w t d by -

,
as e

pi t d
w h o lik e t h e M a ra t oc up re n ea n pi ra t e s of S yri a roa me d t h e oce a n
ra es a n

”
3 2
, m , sea en ,

9°
M ascou ( b ook v u c 4 p 3 24) q uotes . . . . S e e n ot e 1 9 of t his sec t ion .

( n ote 2 ) t he pan eg yri st Pa ca tus D repa n ius L a d en .

9
A mm M a rcell lib x x viii c 2 pp 567 , 568
. . . . . . . .

( vol ii p 53 4) al ludes to a n ora t ion of Sy mma

. . .
“
3
T h e in hab it an t s O f a t ow n n ame d Ma ra t ocu
p ren e n ear Ap amaaa in Sy ria , w hose cun n in g an d
ch u s ( I n L an d V ale n tin
) p ub lished b y A n g elo
.
,

Mai O a t Rome i n 1 823 . ra pa cit ren dered t h emt h e t error of t h e east

y T hey .
282 IN V ASI ON OF GA UL BY T HE SA X O N S .
[Boo k I .

bj ec t b ut p ill a g e l a n di n g w h eresoever op p ort un i t y or t emp

w i t h out an
y O ,

t a t ion offere d Th ese v i si t a t i on s h a d O f l a t e b ec ome so fre quen t a s t o a n n i

.

h ila t e t h e p rosp eri t y a n d exh a ust t h e wea l t h O f t h e ma ri t i me di st ri c ts .

T h e p i ra t es w h o w ere as g ree dy of bl ood as of p l un d er c ommi t t e d fe a rful

, ,

sl a ug h t er a mon t h e d e fe n c el e ss i n h a bi t a n t s t o a c on sid era bl e di st a n c e

g
from t h e c oa st

”
Th e y g en era lly c h ose t h e n i g h t ti me for t h e i r a tta c k s ;
.
94
-

i n t h e t own s t h e y surp riz e d i n t hi s w a y i t w a s t h e i r p ra c t i c e t o sel ec t ,

t h e h ouses O f t h e ri c h est c i t iz en s a n d a ft er l u n d e ri n t h em an d
p , g
c a rryi n
g O ff t h e m os t v a l u a bl e p a rt o f t h e i r p pro er t y t o p u t t h e own ers ,

t o d ea t h .

E n c oura e d by t h e i m un i t y w hi c h h a d hi h a t t en d e d th ei r
S g g p t e rt o
a
h th ra v a e s t h e S a x on
g i ra t es a ea re d i n t h e c o u rse of t h e foll owi n g y e a r
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ern
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w i t h a c on sid era bl e fl ee t on t h e n ort h ern c oa sts O f G a ul a n d l a n d e d ,

i n g rea t n umb ers ; b ut a ft er ma rc hi n g t o some di st a n c e from t h e sea ,

Th y e u t h ey foun d t h emse l v es e n c l ose d b et w ee n t wo b odi e s of R oma n s un d er

a re s r

N a n nen us a n d S e verus N eg oc i a t ion s w ere O p e n e d a n d i t w a s a gre e d

.
,
N m w w d
S
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c er t a i n n u m b e r o f t h e i r se l e c t y o u t h s h o u ld t a k e servi c e i n t h e
mk a m R
e ter
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Th R m e o a ns p ,
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-

forwa rd a b ody of i n fan t ry t o li e i n w a i t for t h e m i n a n a rrow p a ss

“WW "

whi c h la y i n t h ei r li n e O f re t re a t t o th ei r shi p s w hil e a b ody of ,

c a v a l ry foll ow e d t h e i r mot i on s a t a di st a n c e re a dy t o c h a r e a s soon a s

g ,

t h e a mb ush sh ould h a ve t a k en e ffec t T h e i n fa n t ry h oweve r b roke from

.

i t s c on c ea l me n t t oo soon a n d w a s severely h a n dl e d by t h e b arb a ri a n s

,

b ut t h e c a v a l ry di rec t e d by t h e c ri e s a n d sh out s O f t h e i r di st re sse d c om

,

ra d e s a t t a c k e d t h e rea r O f t h e S a x on s
, a n d t h e l a t t e r n ow surroun d e d
, ,

on a ll sid es
p e ri sh e d t o t h e l ast ma n
, Al t h ou g h s a.y s A m m i an a , ,

se v ere j ud g e mi g h t
p ron oun c e t hi s t ra n sa c t i on a n a c t of basen ess a n d p er
fi dg y e t i f t h e ma t t er b e ma t urely c on sid ere d a n d a ll p rop er a ll owa n c es
, ,

ma d e h e w ould n ot rega rd i t a s i n ex p edz en t t h a t by t h ese or a n y ot h er

,
’

mea n s t h e murd erous h a n d of t h ese p i ra t e s sh ould h ave b een a t l e n g t h

a rrest e d Thi s ex c use i mp li es a s d ep l ora bl e a n a d mi ssi on O f w ea kn ess
.
"

a s of w i c k e d n e ss a n d folly a a i n st t h e o e rn me n t T h e
p rov i n c i a l s
g g v .

h a d b een l on g si n c e di sa rmed a n d ren d e re d i n c a p a bl e O f sel f d efe n c e

,
-

by t he j ea l ous a n d d esp ot i c p oli c y Of t h e st a t e ; a n d n ow t h a t by

a ssumed t he d isg uise of merc han ts . and even o f for pilla e g .

t he imp eria l t roo ps. a n d t hus

g ain ed ad mit ta n ce Respect in g t hese pira t es see p 2 7 8 of t his
9‘ .

i n t o t o w n s a n d villag e s w hic h t hey t hen plun sec t ion ; also J uli a n i n O ra t i ; a nd A mm. . . .

d ered w it h muc h d isc rimin a t ion , selec t in g t he M a rcell lib x x ix p 584

. . . . .

most opule nt houses a n d t he richest in hab ita n t s 2°

A mm Ma rcell lib x x viii c 3 p 57 0
. . . . . . . .
Ch a p . vii . S ec . T H E RO MA NS AN D B RG U UN D I AN S .
28 3

the quen c es of i t s own vi c e s t h a t govern men t w as n o l on ger

c on se

c a p a bl e of a ffordi n g p rot e c t i on t o t h e su bj ec t i t s a d voc a t e sc rup l es ,

n ot t o c l a i m for i t a ri g h t t o supp ly i t s we a k n ess by t h e b a sest

26
t rea c h ery .

But t h e j oy of V a l e n t i n i a n for t hi s suc cess w a s of sh ort d ura t i on A D 3 7 O . . . .

T h e Al e ma n n i w ere a g a i n i n mot i on Sure ly t h e y a re
_
Th Alm “
ex c l a i ms ut th m l
e a
, e se ves

p
Ammi a n d u f m

”
y t t erribl e eo
p p l e w hi h t h h i t g i i a l ll
a ver , g rea a n c o g r o s
fi ii t i ,
o n

v ery c ra dl e e x p ose d t o so ma n y a n d suc h sev ere l osses

o

i s y e t un di G ul , a .

mi n i sh e d i n n umb ers a l wa y s sp ri n g i n g up a g a i n i n t o y out h a n d vigour

, ,

as i f for ma n y a ge s p a st i t h a d suffere d n o d e t ri me n t T h e i mmi n en ce Of .

t h e a p p ro a c hi n g d a n g er ma y b e e st i ma t e d by t h e p eril ous ex p e di e n t w hi c h
t h e e mp eror a ft er l on g a n d a n xi ous d e lib e ra t i on resol ve d t o a d op t T h e lmym m
,
g l gi , .

B urg un di a n s h a d by t h i s t i me grow n up i n t o a n umerous a n d p owerful Bu gu di

S in e
r n an s

m
s gif
"
e i r t erri t ory b ord ere d t o t h e n ort h e a st w a rd on
s
eop l e Th h ‘ ‘
t at
p
-
.

t h e Al ema n n i
27
w i t h w h om t h e y w ere up on un fri e n dly t erms
,
C on fi .

d en t i a l p erson s w ere se n t t o t h e c hi efs of t h a t p e op l e w i t h l e t t ers from ,

t h e emp e ror i nv i t i n g t h em t o c o Op e ra t e w i t h h i m for t h e d e st ruc t i on of

,
-

t h e Al ema n n i c p ower T h e B urgun di a n s ea gerly e mb ra c e d a p rop osa l

.

w hi c h p romi sed SO fa irly ; a n d t ime a n d p l a c e w ere fix e d up on for a

j un c ti on O f t h e ir forc es w i t h t h ose of t h e emp i re so t h a t t h ey mi g h t t og et h er ,

overw h el m t h e c ommon e n e my by on e un i t e d effort But t h e B urgun T h Bug u

8 2
. e r n

di an s i t a pp ea rs out st rip p e d i n t h e i r z e a l b ot h t h e e x p ec t a t i on s a n d gi fil i iiii; i a a

, , e r

i g ht y t h m
t h e w i sh es o f V a l en t i i a nn I t see ms p rob a bl e t h a t h e w a s d esi rous .

d t
e
s ron
“

g sa n

ra t h er of emb roili n g t h em w i t h t h e Al eman n i

,

a n d t h us of fi h t i n t
g afififzz i?
!
g ,

h i s own b a t t l es by t h e h a n d s of h is b a rb a ri an a lli es t h a n of sh a ri n g w i t h th t t y , e rea .

t h e m e i t h er th e t oil s or t h e h on ours o f t h e c a mp a i gn W hil e h e wa s .

e n g a g e d i n sup e ri n t en di n g t h e erec t i on O f n ew d efe n si ve w ork s t h e Bur ,

g un d i a n s e i g h t y t h ousa n d stron g a pp ea re d on t h e Rhi n e t o t h e ut t er

, , ,

di sma y of t h e p e op l e a n d t h e govern men t c l a i mi n g t h e fulfi l men t of t h e ,

t rea t y } Aft e r w a i t i n g some t i me t h e re a n d fi n di n g t h a t V a l en t i n i a n T h mp

?9
, e e eror

n e i t h er c a me t o t h e i r a ssi st a n c e n or sh ow e d a n
y di sp osi t i on t o p erform3 33352
h i s e n g a ge men t s w i t h t h em th e y re que st e d him a t l e a st t o sen d a b ody b d “ Th ,
a e
Bu u d i r
g n a ns

93
A mm M a rcell lib x x vi ii c 5 p 5 85
. . . . . . . .
p alis, ( lib ix c quot ed b y Clue (G erm A n t
. . . . . .

97
See 0 vi sec 2 p 227 , a nd sec 3 p 23 2
. . . . .
. . . lib iii p
. . While t he Roman s were in pos
.

of t his Hist ory . session of t he A g ri D ec u ma t es ( t he b ishop says

2°
A mmi a n ( lib x x viii c 5 p 586 ) gives as. . . . . ,
in t he a ge of T ib eri us) , t he g uard s pla ced i n
t he reason s why t he Burgun dia ns so read ily c a me
g arrison i n t he b order ca st les an d fort s g rew
i n t o t he scheme of V a len t in ian : fi rst , t h a t t hey -

g ra d ually i n t o a n umerous p eople, a n d t ook t heir

b elieved t h emselves to be orig i nally d escen ded n a me from t he bu rg i or burg en ( t h e vern ac ular
from t h e Roman s ; a n d , secon d ly , t ha t t hey h a d for a fort or ca stle) w hich t hey in hab it ed Orosi us .

frequen t q uarrels wi t h t he Ale mann i about cer ( lib vi i c 3 2 p 5 49 ) adopt s t h e sa me st ory

. . . . . .

ta in sal t sprin gs an d ab out t heir b oun d aries T he

-
. A mm Marcell , O rosius a n d sidor, were n early
. . I
error respec t in g t he ori i n o f t he Bu
g r u
g n d ia n s con tempora r w rit ers
y .

p rob ably a rose fi om t he followi n g t rad it ion al Orosius, lib vii c 3 2 p 549 H ist M i scell
-
29
. . . . . . . .

ta le, wh ich we c ollect fromI si d or, b ish o of His lib x ii a p M ura t i p 82

p . . . . . . .
284 MAC RI AN US .
[Book I .

re t ire i n dis of t roo s t o h i

rot e c t t e r rea r u
d i r n t h i
e r re t re a ti t h i
n o t e r own c o n t r u y
p p g .

g ust ; b ut t he
A le ma n n i are T h e e m p m
e ror hi
et t s rea son a bl e de m d i h d l y
an w t e a s a n d ev a s o n s ;i
k
c h ec e d, a n d
t he c
hi i d h h y h ad b md
a e t he du R m i
t h e Roma n s e fs
p erc e ve t at t e ee n
p es O f o a n art
rea
p t h e ad van fi ce
t a ge s Wi t hout ; my
a n d t he a r d
re t re a t e h i h m
to t e r o es i n s ust a n d n
di
g i di
g n a t on i .

i n c urri n g t h e TheR m o a n s n ee , so fa r fro

i d d m i i
e n t ert a n n g a n
y n ot on of a
i g g ra n dizi
n
g
d a n g ers o f ba r
b b i
b ari a n a lli a n ce on e
.
ar ar c t rib e a t t h e e p e n se O f a n ot er, ra t er
x h h d i
es d
g n e t o ren er d
t h e m i n st rume n t a l t o t h e i r mut ua l d est ruc t i on or a t l ea st t o re a p t h e ,

a d va n t a es w i t h out i n c urri n g t h e d a n g ers of b a rb a ri a n a lli a n c e

g Whil e .

t h e Al ema n n i w ere rec e di n g b e fore t h e a d va n c i n g B urgun di a n s Th e o ,

d osi us t h e ma st er gen era l o f t h e c a va l ry i n va d e d t h e i r t erri t ory from

,
-

t h e Rh aet i a n fron t i e r a n d c a rri e d O ff ma n y p ri son ers w h om h e set t l e d

, ,

a s c ol on i st s i n C i s Al p i n e G a ul But t h oug h t h e d a n ger of a n i mme

-
.
30

di a t e i n v a si on O f G a ul by t h e Al ema n n i h a d b ee n a vert ed by t hi s d ish o

n e st e x e di e n t
p t h e y h a d suff ered v ery li t t l e by i t s re sul t s a n d a s soon
, ,

a s t he B u r un di a n s re t rea t e d
g t h e y re t urn ed t o re oc cup y t h e g roun d ,
-

t h e y h a d y i eld ed for t h e mome n t .

T h e t e rri t ory of t h e Al ema n n i a t t hi s t i me e x t e n d e d c on sid er

a bly t o t h e n ort h w a rd O f t h e M a y n e a n d i n c l ud e d t h e rid g e O f M oun t ,

T a un us w h ere t h e p roud est fort resses of D rusus a n d Tib eri us h a d

,

on c e st ood
31
Amon g t h em a p ri n c e n a me d M a c ri a n us n ow oc c up i e d
. , ,

t h e sa me d ist i n g n i sh e d st a t i on whi c h C h n od oma r i n t h e d a y s of J uli a n ,

a n d V a d oma r a n d V i t hi c a b h a d fill e d a ft er h i m ; lik e t h em h e w a s

t h e soul o f t h e c on fe d era c y a n d a n O bj e c t of fea r a n d h a t re d t o t h e ,

R oma n s V a l en t i n i a n w a s b e n t up on t h e d est ruc t i on of t hi s ma n ; a n d

.

an o ort un i t y seeme d t o p rese n t i t sel f w h en u on t h e re ort of c ert a i n

pp p p , ,

d esert e rs i t w a s a sc ert a i n e d t h a t t h e Al e ma n n i c p ri n c e h a d t a k e n up his

,

resid e n c e n e a r t e h ot w e ll s of t h e Ma t t i a c i
h for t h e b en efi t of t h e wa t e rs
32
.

I t w as d e t ermi n e d t o a t t e mp t a surp riz e a n d S everus w a s sen t forwa rd ,

w i t h a d e t a c h men t O f li g h t t roop s t o i n t erc ep t i n t elli g en c e a n d p rev en t

t h e d esi g n from t ra n sp i ri n g V a l en t i n i a n hi msel f p rec e d ed by T h eod o
.
,

But f lai s si n s w i t h t h e c a v a l ry le d on w i t h t h e ma i n b ody O f h is a rmy

, S tri c t .

t h ug h h
ro t e
i nj un c t i on s h a d b ee n g i ven t o rev e n t ill a e a n d i t s a t t en d a n t d is
i d
n i sC i
pl f
i ne o p p g
ord e rs ; b ut 11 0 c omma n d O f t h e i r su e ri ors w a s of forc e t o c ure t h e
th d
e t roo s, a n
p
ully
cr e ra v a
g es p
th i
e r cout y Roma n soldi ers of t h e h a bits of p l un d er a n d d est ruc t i on t h ey h a d
n r .

c on t ra c t e d i n t h e se i rregul ar a n d b a rb a rous b ord er w a rs ; t h e smok e

O f t h e b urn i n g v ill a es a riz e d t h e Al ema n n i of t h e i r d a n g e r ; a n d

g pp ,

l a c i n g t h e i r si c k ri n c e i n a li h t c a r t h e y q ui c kly c on v e y e d h i m
p p g ,

b eyon d t he rea c h of d a n ger V a l en t i n i a n fra n t i c w i t h ra g e a t t h e esc a p e

.
,

of h i s e n e my ma rc h e d a di st a n c e O f fi ft y mil es i n t o t h e c oun t ry
,
c on ,

sumi n g a n d d est royi n g eve ry t hi n g b e fore him A ft er exh a ust i n g h is .

3°
Amm Ma rcell lib
. . . x x vi ii c . . 5 p 586
. . .
a
T he mod ern Wiesb ad en in t he gra n d d uc h y-

9
See c . iii . sec . 1 pp 1 0 1
. . 1 0 3 of t his Hist . of Na ssa u U sin gen .
C hap . v ii. Sec . M U R DER O F G ABI N I U S . 28 5

ve n g e a n c e d e fen c el ess l a n d h e retire d t o Treve s i n sull en d i s

up on t h e ,

l e a sure a t h is ow n ill suc c ess a n d t h e i n di sc i p li n e of h i s ow n t roop s

p .

T h e c oun t ry t h us i n h uma n ly ra va ge d b el on g e d i t se e ms t o a c a n t on H i t ll , ,
e ns a s

F m
k n own by t h e n a me of t h e Buc i n ob a n t e s W i t h a p i f
ar a s

of t h e Al e ma n n i
rao

. r n ce o en
,
Al m
a n t M a cri a n us a n d t o ma k e sure of a n a t i ve d e e n d en t on
e an “
v i e w t o su pp l , p t Th c an on . e

t h e ri g h t b a n k of t h e r i ver F ra oma r a n Al e ma n n i c offi c er i n t h e serv i c e d

l tt b a er a an
, ,
h w on s i s ne

O f R ome w a s a p p oi n t e d ki n g or c hi ef of t hi s di st ri c t But F ra o ma r t e “ i
gg r .
a s
,

foun d h i s n ew t erri t ory so ut t erly rui n e d a n d so e x p ose d t o a t t a c k from B it i

3x 1 “1 0

, r a n.

a ll q ua rt e rs t h a t h e soon a b a n d on e d i t
,
V a l en t i n i a n se n t h i m w i t h .

t w o ot h er c hi efs of t h e sa me t rib e n a me d H ort a r a n d Bit h eri c t o serve , ,

i n B ri t a i n w h ere H ort a r b e i n g susp ec t e d of a sec ret c orre sp on d e n c e

, ,

w i t h h i s c oun t ryma n Ma c ri a n us w a s p ut t o t h e t ort ure t o e x t ort a c on ; ,

fessi on a n d a ft erw a rd s b urn t a liv e a s a t ra i t or

33
.
,

E very y ear n ow di sc l oses some n ew p roof Of t h e st a t e of d ebili t y AD 37 1 . .

d
t o w hi c h t h e Roma n g ove rn men t wa s reduc e d
an
T h e i n sol e n c e of p ower A D 3 7 2 . . . .

o ft e n t ra mp l es up on t h e sa n c t i t y O f n a t i on a l e n g a g e men t s ; b ut t h e fl i fi fitg
s

g
‘
e

bl
fee e ess n o f d ec a y r e so r ts t o th a t s
p e c i e s o f i n iq ut
i y a s t o i t s n a t ura l f
w
e g th i se n e r
t by ron i er ar

d efe n c e W h i l e V a l en t i n i a n wa s e n ga g e d i n surroun d i n g t h e G a llmt ifi i l bul c a

o o o
.

k
rovmc e W i t h a rt 1 fi c 1 a l b ul w a rk s h i s l i eut en a n t s i n N ori c um a n d P a n

m
o t a 0 0

p ,

n on i a w e re b usi e d i n c omp l e t i n g t h e mili t a ry li n e s on t h e D a n ub e

fiffii ub
'
In .
e.

t h e p rogre ss of t h e i r un d ert a ki n g t h e a dva n t a g e of a dva n c e d p ost s on t h e

”
,

opp osi t e b a n k of t h e ri ve r b e c a me n o l e ss a p p a ren t h ere t h a n i t h a d

b ee n t o V a l en t i n i a n on t h e Rhi n e a n d n e i t h er p a rt y seeme d t o p a y more ,

re a rd t h a n t h e o t h er t o t h e ri g h t s o f t h e i r G erma n i c n e i hb ou rs A n Th g
g g fV l i
. e overn or

i mp ort a n t p ost on t h e l eft b a n k w i t hi n t h e t erritory of t h e Q ua di w a s

o a er a en

h up c roa c es on

t h “m
, ,

se iz e d a n d fort ifi e d by t he mili t a ry govern or of V a l e ri a t h e n orth ern f th

m e

Q u di , o e a

di st ri c t of t h e p rovi n c e O f P a n n oma
.

4
G ab i n i us t h e k i n g of t h e Q ua d i "
.
, ,

c omp l a i n e d of t hi s a c t a s a n O p en i n fra c t i on of ex i st i n
g t rea t i es a n d a ,

d a n g erous out ra g e up on t h e lib ert i es O f his p eop l e M ax i min us t h e . ,

o ern or a ff ec t e d a t t e n t i on t o h i s re mon st ra n c e a n d i n v i t e d t h e b a rb a ri a n
g v , ,

ri n c e t o a p erson a l di sc ussi on of t h e g ri ev a n c e c omp l a i n e d O f G a bi G bi iu t h

p . a n s, e
k f th
“

n i us W i t h out susp i c i on of t re a c h ery c a me t o t h e b a n quet g i ven by

, , gpt ac e s

t h e g overn or i n c on formi t y t o t h e G erma n c ustom on suc h oc c asi on s 3 3233

; .

V i ol a t i on O f h osp i t a li t y t h e murd er of a guest w a s a c ri me fa r b ey on d u th

,
-

,
p p ut on e Oi

t h e sc op e of b a rb a ri a n fore c ast a n d G a b i n ius fe ll by t h e d a ggers of i di put d n s e, a n

ly mu
,
i b
y i n w a it for h i m a S h e rose from t h e fe st iv e b oa rd T h e d d h
s a se r

a ssa ss i n s w h o la
/

. ere as e
f mth
rumour of t h i s a t roc i ous a c t a rouse d n ot on ly t h e su bj ec t s of t h e mur t bl d ,“ R ;
i r ses

a e
ro e

dered p ri n c e b ut a ll t h e Q ua d ic t rib e s t o p h ren z y ; t h ey ra n t o a rms m g

, , ,
an overn or.

“3
A mm M a rcell lib x x i x c 4 p 6 1 7 b etween t h e D rave an d t he D an ub e , an d m
—
'

. . . . . . . . co
V al eria lay t o t h e eastw ard of t h e mode rn p risi n g a la rg e p a rt of L ow er Hun gary Hq fi i
province of St yria , in cludin g t he w hole reg ion L ex . U
n iv vol iv a d V erb
. . . .

V OL . I .
28 6 T HE Q U AD I IN VA D E PANN O N I A .
[Book I .

and p a sse d the D a n ub e i n v a st n u mb ers l ea st at

p i
o n ts w h ere t h ey w e re
rov i nc e w e re surp ri se d a n d sl a u
.

mm ,
ex
p ec t e d . T h e i n h a bi t a n t s o f t h e
p g h
t ered w hil e e n g a g ed i n g a t h eri n g i n t h ei r h a rve st ; t h e i r g ra i n c a t t l e , ,

a nd ro ert y w e re c on v ey e d a c ross t h e ri v er a n d sec ured for t h e fut ure

p p ,

use of t h e c a p t ors T h e sw a rm t h en h a st en e d on w a rd t ow a rd s S i rmi um

.
,

t h e c ap i t al A p eopl e t h ey w ere sa y s A mmia n

. w ell p ra c t i se d i n
, ,

t h e a rt s of ra p i n e c a rryi n g O ff men a n d w omen a n d c a t t l e a n d ex ulti n

, g ,

ov e r t h e b urn i n
g v ill a g e s a n d fa rms O f t h e sl a ug h t ere d i n h a bi t a n t s

”
so sudd en w ere t h e i r i n c ursi on s t h a t t h e eo l e c ould h a v e n o i n t i ma t i on
p p ,

of t h e i r c omi n g a n d w e re t h us d e ri v e d of t h e me a n s e i t h er of e sc a i n
,
p p g
or o
p p osi n g t h em w i t h suc c ess A c al a mi t y t h e very t h ough t of
.
,

w hi c h a p p e a rs t o h a ve c a use d a sh udd er i n t h e l oy a l b re as t of t h e
hi st ori a n h a d n e a rly b efa ll en t h e emp i re d uri n g t hi s i n v a si on J uli a
, .

C on st a n t i a a d a ug h t er O f t h e i mp e ri a l h ouse of C on st a n t i n e h a d p ro
, ,

c e e d e d a sh ort di st a n c e from S i rmi um on h er w a

y t o j oi n h er b e t rot h ed
h usb a n d t h e y oun g e mp eror G ra t i a n w h en sh e n a rrowly e sc a p ed fa lli n g
, ,

They a ppear i n t o t h e h a n d s of t h e a d va n c i n g b a rb a ri a n s I n S i rmi um a ll w a s .

fiffi
s‘“
c on st ern a t i on a n d t error I n c on se que n c e of t h e l on g p eri od of t ra n
.

mem e
T h ey quilli t y w hi c h t h e p rovi n c e h a d e nj oy e d t h e w a ll s h a d b een a ll ow e d t o ,

“ mm “ ; fa ll t o d ec a y T h e b rea c h es w ere n ow h a st il y rep a i red t h e di t c h es

.
,

c l e are d out a n d w h e n t h e e n emy a rri ve d b e fore t h e a t e s h e foun d t h e

g ,

p l a c e suffi c i en t ly sec ure d a g a i n st t h ei r a wk w a rd a n d i n a rt ifi c i a l mod e

of a t t a ck Ab an d on in g t h e h op el ess p roj ec t of b esi eg i n g t h e c i t y
.
,

t h ey t urn e d b a c k up on V a l eri a i n se a rc h O f t h e govern or E q ui t ius ,

w h om t h ey rega rd ed a s a n a c c e ssory if n ot a p ri n c i p a l i n t h e murd er of , ,

t h ey an n ih i la te G a b i n ius O n t h e i r ma rc h t h ey e n c oun t ere d t wo R oma n l eg i on s

.
35
a nd ,

t “ Rm “
corps, a n d
t ot a lly a n n ihil a t e d t h e m t h e e n t i re p rovi n c e la y a t t h e i r merc y a n d t h e ,

k
ma e t h em “

w re t c h e d subj ec t s a t on e d fo r t h e c ri mes O f t h e i r fl a g i t ious rul ers by t h e

selve s mas t e rs

o f t h e en t i re most a p p a lli n g sufferin gs 36

.

provi n ce of Va
len a . O ur i n forma t i on a s t o t h e p rec i se p e ri od o f t hi s i n va si on i s n ot very
di st i n c t I t seems p rob a bl e h ow ev er t h a t i t oc c urre d i n t h e y e a r 3 7 3
.
,

a n d t h a t t h e Q ua d i c a n d S a rma t i a n b ord erers c o n t i n ue d t h roug h out t h a t

an d t h e foll ow i n g y ea r t h e un di sput ed ma st ers of V a l eri a I n t he

”
.

Mea n “ , i n t eri m M a c ria n us c on t i n ue d t o b a l a n c e t h e fort un e s O f V al en t i n i an on

mm “
t h e Rhi n e ; t h e R oma n s l ost e very ve st i g e O f t h ei r p ossessi on s on t h e
b a la nc es t h e
fort une of Va ri gh t b a n k w h ere t h e i r fort s w e re d est roy e d a n d t h ei r ma c hi n a t i on s
,
le n t i n ia n on
t he Rh i n e . t h w a rt e d by t h e t a l en t s a n d vi g il a n c e o f t h e Al e ma n n i c c hi e f T he .

e mp eror t h ere fore t ra n s fe rre d t h e se a t O f w a r t o t h e c a n t on s of t he

“ 1 3

’
5
We might ra t her c all t he m reg i men t s or sa n d to ab o ut fi ft een hun d red men —Gi bbon ,

bat ta l ion s S i n ce C on sta n t in e had red uced t h e

. v ol
. ii . c . 1 7 p 47. . .

e tfe c t ive st ren t h o f t h e le ion from six t ho u

g g A mm . M a rcell . lib . x x ix . c. 6 p 63 0
. . .
C hap . v ii . S ec . V AL E T N INIAN A ND MAC RIAN U S . 2 87
“

sout h ern Al ema n n i (p erh a p s t h ose of t h e L en t ien ses) a n d a ft er t h e , ,

usua l ra va ges b uil t a st ron g fort n ea r B a sl e w hi c h h e c a ll e d R ob ur t o

, , ,

k e ep t h e m i n c h ec k H ere h e rec eiv e d i n t elli gen c e of t he a l a rmin g st a t e wm

. i di “
f e f !

m m m m
_

;gkgggfgfi
’ f ns
g
of P a n n o n i a : h i s fir s t i p u l se w a s t o a rc h w i t h ou t a o e n t s d e l a y
Al
t o t h e resc ue of t h e i n va d e d p ro v i n c e ; b u t t h e a dv a n c e dp i d
e r o of t h e
e'
m um
.

a In

se a son t h e di si n c li n a t i on of hi s t roop s for a W i n t er c a mp a i g n b ut c hi e fly h k th c ec .

e
,
c o o o m
,

t h e d a n ger of l e a vi n g suc h a n e n emy a s M a c ri a n us b e h i n d h i m i n d uc e d

o e IS

th , e

h im t o a w a i t t h e re t urn of Sp ri n g a n d i n t h e me a n t i me t o op e n
th e
, i i f n vas on o

n e oc i a t i on for
g p ea c e w i t h t h e Al e m a n n i u p on s u c h t e rm s a s m i g h t P
V l ti i
i a nn on a

a en n an

i n sure a n i n t erva l of t ra n quilli t y on t h e G a lli c fron t i er M a eri a p p p .

ro oses a er
f
a n d M a n t z w a s fix e d u on zfi fiffitfifi
‘
n us wa s foun d n ot di si n c li n e d t o t rea t y p
m
, a

T h e Al e man n i c p ri n c e t o w h om t h e u ?
a s t h e p l a c e of c on fere n c e
“ s
. ,

c ri t i c a l st a t e of t h e R oma n a ffa i rs c ould n ot h a ve b een w h olly un k n own ,

n at u ra lly re a rd e d hi mse l f a s t h e a rbi t er of t h e

g p ea c e W i t h t h e fa t e of wh u
. o conc rs,

V a d oma r a n d p erh a p s th a t of G ab i n ius b e fore his e ye s it i s n ot sur

, , ,

p ri si n g th a t h e s h ould h ave d ec li n e d t rust i n g h i s p erson t o t h e fa i t h of

t h e R oma n s H e t h erefore refuse d t o c ross t h e Rhi n e t o t h e c on feren c e
. t crosses o

a n d V a l e n t i n i a n hi mse l f rel a xi n g t h e ri g our of t h e i mp eri a l forms p asse d 2

”
“ th
.

233
e
, ,

t o t h e G erma n sid e surroun d e d w i t h a ll t h e omp of mili t a ry p ara d e by Pfi n ce'

,
p ,

w hic h h e h op e d t o di sg ui se t h e rea l h umili a t i on i mp li ed i n t h e d erog a t ory

st ep h e w a s t h us c omp e ll e d t o t a k e Ma c ria n us met h im p roudly b ut .
,

c ourt eously ; t h e n eg oc i a t ion s c on d uc t e d by t h e t wo

p ri n c es i n p erson
, ,

t ermi n a t e d a ft er muc h di sc ussion i n a t re a t y w hi c h w a s sol emn ly sworn Th y lud

, , e con c e

f
t o by b o t h i n t h e p re se n c e of e a c h oth er a n d t h ei r resp ec t i ve foll owers i
szs
e °
, .
e

A s usua l t h e t erms a gree d up on a re n ot re c ord e d b ut w e ma y i n fer t h a t

”
,

t h e y w ere a dv a n t a g eous t o t h e G erma n s from t h e sub se q uen t soli c i t ud e

o f M a cria n us t o a vo id a ll i n fra c t i on of t h em on h is ow n a rt Fromwh i h i ft
c o p . c s a er
d
t h i s t i me forwa rd sa y s Ammi a n t h e k i n g of t h e Al e ma n n i n o t fa ijd p i
a
t i tl r r c

”
, , er ,
y
on ly k e p t t h e t rea t y i n v i ol a t e b ut f f h i f i dly di i i Al m
p s t on
e a n“
g a v e roo s o s r en s o
p ,

a s st riki n g a s t h ose h e h a d p rev i ously ev i n c e d of h i s en mi t y t o t h e

Roma n s 37
.

Ear ly i n t h e sp ri n g of t h e foll owi n g ye ar V a l en t i n i a n le d h is a rmy i n t o

Pa n n on i a a n d t ook up h is h ea d qua rt e rs in t h e rui n e d c i t y of Ga ruun
,
-

t um .I t w a s t h oug h t t h a t h i s fi rst st e p would b e t o i n qui re i n t o a n d P m i an n a'

p u n i sh t h e a ut h ors of t h e m urd e r of G a bin ius a n d n ex t t h at h e , ,

would ri gorously v i si t t h e i n c ap a c it y or t re a c h ery of t h ose offi c ers by

'

w h om t h e p rovi n c e h a d b een b et ra y e d t o t h e en emy But th oug h .

A mmMa rcell lib x x x 0 3 p 640

37
. Am . . . . . . . w hi ch , h avi ng ven t ured t o o forw ard in pursuit
mian says t ha t Ma crian us a ft erw ard s perished i n of
plun d er, h e w as surroun d ed a nd slain in an
a pred a t ory ex p edi t ion a a in st t h e Fran ks ; i n amb ush b y Mellob aud es, a chief of t ha t p eople
'

g .

2 O 2
28 8 VA L E T N INI AN IN PA NN ON I A ; [Book I .

h a bi t ua lly seve re t ow a rd s t h e
ldi e ry w e a re t old t h a t h e wa s i n d ul gen t so ,

t o t h e sup eri or offi c ers A n d i n t hi s i n st a n c e a t l e a st h is w ra t h e x h a ust e d

.

i t sel f upon a si n gl e d eli n que n t t h e Praet ori a n P refec t Probus wh om , ,

ve n a li t y a n d ra p a c i t y h a d re n d ere d a n obj ec t of g en era l c on te mp t a n d

h a t re d Th re e mon t h s w ere sp en t a t C a rn un t um i n p re p a ra t i on s for t h e

.

c a m a i n a a i n st t h e Q ua di a n d w h en t h e e m e ror t ook t h e fi eld t h e

p g g p ,

se a son w a s a l re ady t oo fa r a d va n c e d for di st a n t or e x t en si ve Op era t i on s A .

b rid g e of b oa t s w a s h owever t h rown a c ross t h e D a n ub e a t A c i n c um by

m
H th w
e ro s , , ,

g fgfgih w hi c h t h e a rmy crosse d i n t o t h e c oun t ry of t h e e n e my T h e i n h a bi t a n t s

d ’
.
e

fl ed t o t h e moun t a i n s w i t h t h e i r w i v es a n d c hild ren a n d most va l ua bl e

giggglfig
d

t m
e y f h e ff ec t s w hi t h e r i t a p p e a rs t h e R oma n s d id n o t v e n t ure t o p ursue t h e m
t or o t e , , , .

Qu d
T h e rema i n d er of t h e sea son w a s sp e n t i n th e w ork of d est ruc t i on w i t h
a "
,

a v i e w t o ren d er t h e c oun t ry for a s l on

g a ti me a s
p ossibl e un i n h a bi t a bl e .

V a l en t i n i a n t h en ret urn e d t o A c in c um b ut foun d t h e p rovi n c e so fri g h t ,

fully w a st e d by t h e i n va si on s of t h e p rec e di n g y e a rs t h a t it w a s di ffi c ul t ,

t o fi n d sh e l t er a n d p rovi si on s for t h e a rmy d uri n g t h e w i n t e r mon t h s a n d ,

st ill more so t o fix up on p rop er q ua rt ers for t h e i mp e ri a l c ourt

8 3
.

T h mi d f
e n F or hi msel f h e h a d g rea t n ee d of a n i n t e rva l of re t i re men t a n d t ra n
o

31331151, quilli t y T h e e x t ra ordi n a ry e x ert i on s freque n t di sa pp oi n t me n t s a n d

.
, ,

severe mort ifi c a t i on s h e h a d un d e rg one of l a t e h a d st ron gly a ffec t e d h i s ,

u d bl e t emp er A t S a b a ri a i n t h e mod ern regi on O f

.

39
t
gaggd?
sa g
e n i n e a n i rri a .
,

L ow er H un g a ry h e foun d t ol era bl e S h e l t er a g a i n st t h e i n c l e me n c y of
gone. ,

t h e w ea t h er ; b ut h e w a s sc a rc ely se t t l e d t h ere w h e n w i t h t h e rest l e ss ,

n e ss ec uli a r t o me n t a l di se a se h e a a i n re move d t o Breg e t io o n t h e

p g ,

D a n ub e t o i n sp ec t a n d sup e ri n t e n d t h e d efe n si ve w ork s t h en i n t h e

,

c ourse of e re c t i o n a l on g t h e e n t i re Oua di o fron t i e r A ft er t he a ec om .

mmmp b p lish me n t of t hi s t a sk h e t ook some rep ose a t Bre g e t io : h e re t h e d is

e, e .

m r of h is mi n d sh ow e d i t sel f i n g roun dl e ss susp i c i on s a n d ve h e men t

gfif fi gfi a
t e p e
n
,

sui na r
y b urst s of p a ssi on ; seve ra l p erson s of ra n k w ere p ut t o d ea t h on va ri ous
fri vol ous c h a rg es ; 40
t h e n a t ura l v i ol en c e o f h is di sp osi t i on i n c rea se d
t o feroc i t y
“
h is sl e ep w a s di st urb e d by feveri sh d rea ms a n d h is w a ki n g

”
, ,

3°
A mm M a r cel l lib x x x c 5 p 6 48
. . . . . . . . I f you wish t o b e a not a ry , yo u must fi rst
3°
T he mod ern tow n of Sa rvar on t he river ma ke me empe ror, for whic h N igri n us a n d some
Ra ab i n L ower Hun ga ry . ot he rs were ex ec u t ed —
A mm Ma rcell lib x x x . . . .

A n o ffi cer n a med F a ust i n us w as put t o c 5 p 6 48

. . . .

d eat h upo n t he cha rg e o f ha vi n g k illed an ass ‘1

T hus he ordered t h e ha n d of on e o f h is
w it h a n in ten t t o use t he carcass for t he p ur eq u e rries t o b e st ruc k off for ha vi n g a llow ed

p oses of n ecroma n cy or d iv ina t io n I n ad d i t ion . a fi ery c h arg er w hich he w a s in t h e a c t o f

t o t h is c h a rg e , for w h ich i n t he co rrupt st a t e o f moun t in g to rea r up a n d t h row himbefore he w as
Roma n soc iet y t here ma y h a ve been so me fo un fi x ed in t he saddle dem ib id .
—
I He w a s,
"
. .

d a t io n it w as repo rt ed o t Fa ust in us t ha t h a v i n g
. , sa ys Z osimus a p erson n a t u
, ra ll
y in clin ed to
o n e d a y i n j est a ske d a erson n a med N i ri n u w ra t h, w h ich i mpelled himt o c ruelty , eve n t o t h e
—
p s
g
t o proc u re h m a n o ta r s la t e , t h e la t t er re lied ,
'
i y p p ver e o f in sa n it y
g L ib iv p 1 9 9
. V ery
. . . .
C ha p . vi i . Sec . HI S D EAT H .
289

h ours h aun te d by omi n ous mi sg i vi n gs I n t hi s st a t e of mi n d t h e a rri va l Th Q u di . e a

d
of en voy s from t h e Q ua di t o sue for
p ea c e w a s a n n ou n c e d t o h im A o fiz fffg ie i .

c ordi n
g t o A mmi a n t h ese a mb a ssa d ors evi n c e d t h e most a bj ec t h umili t y
,

w h e n i n t roduc ed i n t o t h e i m eri a l
p p re se n c e W i t h b odi e s b e n t a n d .
,

feebl e a n d sh run k en w i t h fea r t h ey d ec l a red w i t h ma n y p ro t e st a t i on s , , ,

t h a t t h e c hi efs a n d t he g rea t b ody of t h e eo l e h a d t a k en n o p a rt i n t h e

”
p p
l a t e out ra ges a n d t h a t w h a t h a d h a pp en e d w a s a t trib ut a bl e n ot t o t h e ,

n a t i on a t l a r e
g b u t o n ly t o c ert a i n t hi ev i sh t rib es w h o i n h a bi t e d t h e
,

b a n k s of t h e river Th e y v en t ure d t o a d d a s some p a lli a t i on for t h e t h y tt mpt t

.
,
e a e o

a fort ress on ffi ffi t f
t
c on d uc t of t h ese t rib es t h e e x t re me i m ro ri et y of e rec t i n f
p p , g
t h e i r t erri t ory a st ep th e y ob serv ed n ot un lik ely t o p rovok e t h o se un m
‘h w m t y c r ‘

, , , en .

e n a bl e c l a n s t o c ommi t out ra e B u t t hi f bl t t m t t u l Th i u ses

g v e r ex c
o r
g s ee e a e
p a e x c
m
.

th w th ro ee

p a t i ou i n st ea d of soo t hi n
, g ki n dl e d a p a roxy sm of fury i n t h e di st emp e re d p
,
i t et or n o a

min d of V a l en t i n i a n He rep e ll e d t h e ex c use w i t h t h e c oa rsest i n vec ffgfl ffi fl

.
f
c

a s hi s p a ss i on i n c re a se d his vo i c e w a s ob serve d t o b e c ome h usky

t ive s
gig g i g} ?
n

a n d feebl e a n d t h en a s if st ruc k by li g h t n i n g v oi c e a n d a n i ma t i on “ d

”
g “e
o -
vess
, , , ,

fa il e d a t on ce a d ea t h swe a t suffuse d hi s b row s bl ood b urst from h i s ig

ll s
n ii
t ng
-

, ,

mout h a n d n ost ril s h e sta ggere d a n d fell i n t o t h e a rms of h is a tte n d a n ts A D 3 7 5

, , . .
,

w h o c on ve y e d him t o a n i n n er a p a rtmen t w h ere i n a sh ort ti me h e

1 7 th
_ , , ,

b re a t h e d h is l a st .

Mili t a ry Op era t i on s w ere i mme di a t ely susp en de d t h e b rid g e over t h e fi lif y p

g
ar O era

D a n ub e w a s b roken a w a y a n d t h e offi c ers of t h e a rmy p roc l a i me d V a p d d d

1 0 11 8 a re 8 11 8
-

, en e , an

l e n t i n i a n us t h e i n fa n t son of t h e l a t e sov ere i gn a n d b rot h er of G ra t i a n a s

, ,

e m eror a n d c oll e a u m
f t h l t t G t i iz d t h l t i fgfg gh p e e e
p o a e r ra a n reco
g e e g n e e e. e c on ,
e

a n d t h e R oma n w orld w a s n ow g overn e d by th re e l e i t i ma t e e m erors my

g p .
ar ~

V a l en s st ill c on t i n ued t o w i e ld t h e sc ep t re of t h e e a st ern e mp i re his re i g n

i s i n d ee d full of i n t erest i n t h e n a rra t i ve of t h e T eut on i c mi g ra t i on s b ut
a ft er t h e di sa st rous c l ose of t h a t re i n t h e ma i n c urren t of G erma n hi st ory
g
fl ows in a di fferen t di rec t i on Aft er t h a t e ra t h e st re a m of mi g ra t i on w ill .

b e foun d se tt i n g i n ma i n ly t o t h e w e stwa rd ; a n d t h oug h c omp e ll e d t o

a d vert for some t i me l on g e r t o t h e a ffa i rs of t h e ea st ern emp i re w e sh a ll ,

d o so w i t h a v i ew t o e x p l a i n t h e c a uses w hi c h d et ermi n e d t h e fi n a l d i re c
t i o n of t h e mi g h t y t orre n t r a t h er t h a n t o l oa d t h e n a rra t i ve w i t h a mul t i
,

l i c it o f ev en t s d eriv i n t h e i r i n t erest l ess from t h e i r c on n e xi on w i t h t h e

p y g
hi st ory of t h e G erma n i c n a t i on s t h an w i t h t h a t of t h e e a st ern p ort i on of
t he Roma n w orld .

sh ortl
y a ft er hishe w as at t acked wi t h
acc essi on severa l p erson s of ra n k t o d ea th .

vi olen t fever accomp an ied w i t h fi t s of phren z , ‘2

A mm M a rcell lib x x x 0 6 p 6 5 1 Va
y
—
.
. . . . . . . .

d urin g w hi ch he i n dulg ed i n t he ab surd est sus len tin ian d ied in t he fi fty fift h year of his a g e,
p icions a n d b ut for t he fi rmn ess a n d p rud en ce
, a n d t he t welft h of hi s rei g n .

of t he prae t ori a n
p refect Sa llust , would h a ve put
 C HAP . V III .

S U RV E Y O F T HE C A U S ES WHI C H L ED T O T HE D ECL IN E O F T HE P O L I
T I CAL AN D M I L IT A R Y IN ST I T U T I O N S O F R O ME A N D T HE D ECA Y O F
A N C I EN T C I V I L I Z AT I O N — G EN ERA L M I G RA T I O N O F T HE T EUT O N I C
,

N AT I O N S .

En umera t wn T H E p rec e di n g p a ge s h a ve di sc l ose d t o our v i ew severa l symp t oms of

of t he ca use s
o f d ec a y i n t h e d ec a y i n t he a n c i e n t fa b ri c of t h e e mp i re . Amon g t h ese w e h a ve
p a rt i c ul a rl y n ot i c e d t h e suc c essi ve v i ol a t i on s of t h e fron t i ers of R ome by
“O‘ifl d
G ot h s F ra n k s Al e ma n n i a n d S a x on s —t h a t ob vi ous i n a bili t y t o d e fe n d
'

, ,

t h e v a st e x t en t of h e r old li mi t s, w h i c h le d t o t h e a b a n d on men t of D a c i a
a n d t h e Ag ri D ec uma t e s —t h e i n c a p a c i t y for sel f d e fen c e t o w hi c h t h e
-

su bj ec t w a s re d uc e d by t h e j ea l ous a n d c on t ra c t e d p oli c y o f h er g overn

‘

me n t —t he rui n of t h e ri c h c i t i e s of A si a Mi n or G reec e , I llyri c um a n d

G a ul —t h e i n d ec i si v e v i c t ori e s t h e more fre q uen t d e fea t s of t h e R oma n
, ,

a rmi es t h e i n t rod uc t i on of b a rb a ri a n l ev i e s t o fill u t h e i r w a st e d ra n k s

— p
,

t h e p eril ous ex p e di en t a d op t e d t o rep l e n i sh t h e di s e o l e d di st ri c t s by

p p
t h e a d mi ssi o n o f mul t i t ud e s o f fore i g n e n e mi e s i n t h e a mbi g uous c h a ra c t er
of c ol on i st s —l a st ly t h e un scrup ul ous d e n ud a t i on of t h e fron t i ers w h en
,

ev e r t h e t r0 0 s st a t i on e d t h ere for t h e i r d e fe n c e w ere re qui re d t o t urn t h e

p
sc a l e i n t h e fre q uen t c o n t est s for t h e i m eri a l
p p urp l e .

A retrospect i ve O n t h e ot h er h a n d t h e ev e n t s of t h e l a st t h ree c e n t uri es h a ve a fford e d

,

33 35322. fre que n t oc c a si on s for c omp a ri n g t h e n a t ura l a n d y out h ful c on di t i on

3

° “ h ° de w
o f t h e b a rb a ri c n a t i on s w i t h t h e a rt ifi c i a l a n d c om li c a t e d st ruc t ure c i v il
“
o f t h ee m
r i
p e s i p ,

nw w y to a n d mili t a ry of t h e e m i re B ut a s w e a d v a n c e t ow a rd s t h e e ri o d
elu ci d a te t h e
, p .
p
pa rt t ken by ren d ere d for ev e r me mora bl e by t h e d ow n fa l of t h a t st up e n d ous p oli t i c a l
a

t h e G erma c
w h a m my,“ e d i fi c e w e fee l h ow i mp ossi bl e i t i s t o ob t a i n a c orrec t , muc h l ess a c om
ni

g m ‘ " e“ ; re h e n s i v e n ot i on o f t h e e n t i re c on n e xi on of t h a t g rea t c a t a st roph e w i t h

p
t h e subj ec t of our n a rra t i v e , w i t h out t a ki n g a ret rosp ec t i v e surve y o f
t h ose i n t ern a l c a uses of d ec a y w hi c h w ere a ll a l on g sec on di n g t h e a t t a c k s
of t h e fore i g n e n emi e s o f R ome . T h e n a t ura l i n t erl a c i n g of t h e eve n t s
by w hi c h t h e e mp i re w as sh a k e n t o i t s foun d a t i on s h as a l re a dy c om
lle d u fre q ue n t ly t o a d v ert t o t h ose c a use s i n c id e n t a lly a n d i n t h e i r
p e s ,

c on n e xi on w i t h t h e hi st ory of t h e eo l e w h ose e ffort s w ere so p e rsever

p p
i n gly di rec t e d t ow a rd s a c c omp li shi n g i ts d ow n fa ll But t h e re t rosp e c t b e
.

c ome s of st ill hi h e r i m ort a n c e t o e l uc id a t e t h e n ew v i e w s w hi c h t he ro

g p p
g re ss of our st ory op en s out . W e a re n ow a t l en g t h c all ed upon t o a ssig n ,
 C ha p . viii ] I MPO RTA N C E O F T HE S U BJ ECT .
29 ]

wit h me d e gree of a c c urac y t h e sh a re w hi c h ma y b e t ruly i mput ed t o t h e

so ,

b a rb a ri c n a t i on s of t h e n ort h i n e ffe c t i n g t h a t gra dua l b ut n ot l ess won

d erful revolut i on i n re li g i on li t e ra t ure a n d govern men t —i n ma n n ers
,

, , ,

mora l s a n d mod es of t h oug h t w hi c h i mp a rt a ge n ui n e p hil osop hi c a l

,

i n t erest t o t h e hi st ory of t h e middl e a g e s we a re c a ll ed up on t o e st i ma t e

t h e force of t h e p owers by w hi c h t h a t g rea t c h a n g e w as b roug h t a b out ,

a n d t o a pp rec i a t e t h e mora l c h a rac t er of t h e a g e n t s by w h o m t h e fi rst

”
i mp ul se w a s g iven By t h us t ra c i n g t h e dec li n e of t h e c on serva t ive t m k t he
. o ar

p o w ers of a n ci en t c i viliz a t i on w e sh ow i n some sort t h e n a t ure of t h e

, , ,

soil up on w hi h h s e d s of t h e n e w so c i a l sy st em w e re sc a t t ere d ; w e ll
c t e e ; a “

a rri ve a t t h e c on n e c t i n g li n k s b e t w ee n t h e old a n d t h e n e w w orld ; we a re

e n a bl e d t o p oi n t out w h a t p ort i on of t h e ma t eri a l s of t h e a n c i e n t e difi c e

have b e en wroug h t up i n t o t h e n e w i n fi n e w e p l a c e oursel ves i n a

.
,

p osit i on fav oura bl e for a g en era l surve y of t h e g re a t sc h eme of p rovi d en d bl u an en a e s

t i a l govern men t by w hi c h a fa l se a n d a rt ifi c i a l c ul t ure w a s ex t i n gui sh e d ifi ffififfi? ,

“m
a n d h uma n soc i et y re c on st ruc t e d u on
p p ri n c i p l es rud er i n d ee d b ut whi h t h
, w , c e ne

more n a t ura l a n d more t rue a n d th erefore more susc ep tibl e of g ra d ua l mh m fth u

,
sc e e o
'

a n d d ura bl e i mp rov eme n t

an soc i e
1 y
. w b d as ase .

T h e more el eva t e d p osi t i on i n w hi c h ma n y c en t uri e s of rec orde d Th R m e o an s

f f f th "
ex p e ri en c e a n d t h e freer c i rc ul a t i on o f k n ow l e d g e h a ve p l a c e d usn fb féwf r
, , e s

e n a bl e s us t o a sc ert a i n a fe w g en era l
p ri n c i p l es re l a t ive t o g overn men t
w hi c h were litt l e a tte n d e d t o i f kn own a t a ll t o t h e a n c i en t world
, We . .

h a ve seen g ood rea son t o c on c l ud e t h a t t h e h ea l t h ful st a t e of soc i et y

d epen d s up on a p rop er di st ribut i on of t h e p owers of t h e st a te a mon g t h e
ma n y a n d t h e fe m—a mon g t h e fun c ti on a ri es emp l oy e d in l e g i sl a t i on a n d
a d mi n i st ra t i on so a s t o se c ure t h e w h ol e a a i n st t h e a b sor t i on of a ll i t s
, g p
v a ri ous
p owers by a n y on e a mon g t h e sev era l c on st i t uen t p a rts of t h e
g overn men t I n st a n c es a b oun d of d emoc ra t i c a l of a ri stocra t i c a l a n d of
.
,

mon a rc hi c a l rev ol ut i on s ; y et w i t h a ll our a dva n t a g e s we a re st ill t oo

.

y oun g i n e x p eri en c e t o d et ermi n e w hi c h of t h e t h ree i s most t o b e

d re a ded or t o a sc e rt a i n in w hi c h ca se t h e rui n i s t h e g re a t est t he
, ,

di st resse s of soc i e t y t h e most p oi g n a n t a n d i n t ol era bl e I f t h e b a l a n c e .

b e overt h row n by t h e ma n y i t g e n era lly i n vol ve s t h e rui n of t h e e xi st i n g

,

g en era t i on b ut ra rely ex t en d s b ey on d it ; i n d ee d t h e i n t en sity of t h e

,

Se tt in g out from t he d own fall of t he e mpire d ecli n e, w hich we are a ccust omed to look fot i n a ll
of t h e w est n ea rl
y fourt een cen t uri es ha ve
. eart hly t hin g s whi c h re q uire t i me for their d eve

elap sed d u , rin

g whic h p eriod civiliz a t ion h a s b ee n lo pmen t . A re we no t en t itled t hen t o a scrib e t his
g rad ua lly up on t he advan ce , ex hib it in g d ow n e x t ra ordin ary un iformit y of direct ion i n t he pro

7 t o t he p resen t hour n o p erce pt ib le sy mp t om g ress of mod ern c ul ture t o p ri n ci ples soun d er,
of d eca y I f w e o b ac k a n equal spa ce in t h e t ruer, a n d t herefore more d ura ble t han t hose
g
.

hist ory of t h e a n c i en t w orld , w e c a n t ra ce di s upon w hich t h e an cien t world sta ked t he w elfare
t inc tly t hose t hree period s of ri se, p rog ress, a n d of societ y ?
29 2 CA U SES or D ECL IN E .
[Boo k I .

l mi t y a c t s a s a c h ec k up on i t s c on t i n ua n c e i f i t b e d est roye d by t h e
ca a

ri vil e e d or t h e w e a l t hy c l a sses t h e e vil i s fa r more d ura bl e b ut muc h

p g , ,

l ess i n t en se ; i f by t h e mon a rc h t h e p roc ess (ex c ep t a s t h e i mmedi a t e

,

c on se q uen c e o f d emoc ra t i c v i ol en c e) i s n era lly g ra d ua l —oft e n sc a rc ely

g e

p er c e
p t ibl e — l e a di n
g s t e a l t hily fro m c on c e ssi on s i n
p ra c t i c e t o a b a n d on
me n t of p ri n c i pl e un t il t h e subj ec t i s un fi t t e d t o resume h is sh a re i n t h e
,

g ove rn me n t a n d i s c on t en t t o run a ll t h e h a z a rd s a n d suffer a ll t h e

,

k n ow n evil s of d esp ot i sm ra t h er t h a n resort t o t h e p eril ous re me dy of

revol t a n d un d e r o t h e mi se ri es of rev ol ut i on w i t h out t h e n ec essa ry
g , ,

l a n d ma rk s t o g uid e h im t h roug h i t i n sa fe t y .

I n t hi s p l a c e we a re c on c ern e d on ly w i t h t hi s l a st sp ec i es of rev olu

hr C C 19
t i on ; a n d i n d ee d t h e hi st ory of t h e e mp i re o f R ome a fford s by fa r t h e
0 I e
re pub h t c o

3 2 13 5 231; m ost memora bl e i n st a n c e on t h e re c ord roll s of t h e h uma n ra c e of t h e -

M e
e x t e n t of t h e rui n i t i s c a a bl e o f i n fli c t i n
p u m ki d
m
g p o n a n n .

gy s z ggi N eri o d w e c ould sel e c t a p ea rs t o offe r a fi t t er o ort un i t y t h a n t h e

°fl fl
0
p p p p
i l f t bi rese n t for a n o ut li n e of t h e c hi e f i n t ern a l c a use s o f t h e d ow n fa ll o f t h e
litp
c e o
p s a

e m i re
p W e h a v e foun d t h e st ru
.
ggl e b e c o mi n g ev e ry y ea r more c on v ul
si v e a n d a i n ful o n t h e on e sid e —more v i orous a n d h o eful on t h e ot h er
p g p
We h a ve se en Rome red uc e d t o t h e d e fe n si ve —ev ery sc h e me of c on
.
,

q uest l a id a sid e —t h e t ri umph s of t h e l a t er e mp e rors restri c t e d t o d oub t

,

ful v i c t ori es w on ove r fore i g n i n v a d ers w i t hi n t h e t e rri t ory of t h e emp i re

i t sel f a n d t h ose i n v a d ers st riki n g root t h ere i n suc h a w a y a s t o mak e
,

ma n i fe st t h e i n a bili t y of t h e g overn me n t t o resi st t h e t id e of i mmi gra

t i on We p rop ose n ow t o a dvert t o t h e c a uses of t hi s d ebili t y i n t h e foll ow
.

S p i ip l in g ord e r
even r nc a I W e sh a ll t ra c e t h e st e p s by w hi c h t h e C aesa rs suc c ee d e d
-
.

fififi ffifgj i n e n grossi n g a ll t h e p owe rs of t h e st a t e a n d obli t era t i n g every vest i g e ,

“ M of t h e old free c on st i t ut i on II We sh a ll n ot i c e t h e p rogress of t h e

.

g overn men t t ow a rd s a mili t a ry d esp ot i sm I II T h e d egra d e d st a t e .

of t h e ex e c ut i ve offi c e rs a n d ma g i st ra c y : IV T h e c orrup t a n d i n e ffi .

c i e n t a d mi n i st ra t i on of j ust i c e : V T h e O p p ressive sy st em of reven ue

.

a n d t a x a t i on : V I T h e d e c a y of mun i c i p a l i n st i t ut i on s : a n d VI I T h e
.
.

e a l m l d li t i l d i t ud e resul t i n g fromt h e c ombi n e d op e

g n e r ora a n
p o c a ec re
p
ra t i on of a ll t h ese c a uses .

THE m I T h e a t t a c h me n t to old republi c a n p ri n c i p l e s h a d b een d ec li n i n g for

es .

$53t n e a rly a c e n t u ry
p ri or t o t h e a c c essi on o f A ug u st us t h o u g h t h e v e n e ra t i on
,
EE E
eo l e for i t s forms re ma i n e d i n a g re a t d eg re e un di mi n i sh e d
S U CC I) D
w E N G n o ss of t h e
I NG A L L THE p p .

‘
gggggi g W i t h t h i s c i rc umst a n c e i n h i s V l e W t h e t a l e n t s a n d sa g a c i t y o f t h a t p ri n c e
,

d ev i sed a sc h eme of g overn men t w hi c h ma i n t a i n e d h im a n d h is a d op t e d

V Y E o
5 53 E R E suc c essors i n p osse ssw n of t h e e mp i re for a p eri od of n i n e t y fi v e y e a rs
V S o o 0

0 1? T
-
1
FR E
.

OLD
u
c ox s i i r
“ ON
W'

h
'

en t h e R o ma n sen a t e a n d
.

p e op l e p l a c e d t h e sup re me p ow er i n

h is h a n d s n o on e w a s more se n sibl e t h a n hi msel f t h a t t h e y w ere

“

,
Chap . vi ii ] T HE T R B I UNIT I AN PO WER .
29 3

fa r from i n te n di n g a n un rese rve d surren d er O f t h e ir ri g h t s a n d lib er

t i es .But t h e p osi t i on i n whi c h h e foun d hi mse l f p la c e d ren d e re d i t i m ‘

p oss ibl e , e v en b een so di sp osed t o p re serve i n v i ol a t e t h e forms

if h e h a d ,

of a g ove rn me n t e ssen t i a lly b a se d u on re ubli c a n ri n c i p l es A s sove

p p p . e

re i g n h e h a d n o l eg a lly d efi n e d p rerog a t i v e ; t h e ower O f t h e sen a t e

p
-

w a s n ot more limit e d b y law n ow t h a n h ere t ofore ; t h e p op ul a r p ri v il eg e s

_ ,

so fa r from b e i n g i mp e a c h e d by h is e l ev a t i on t ot h e p ri n c i p a li t y w e re i n ,

”
fa c t p ut forwa rd a s t h e b a si s of t h e i mp eri a l a ut h ori t y ; t h e t r i bun it ia n
ower w hi c h b e roc ure d t o b e Vest e d i n hi msel f w a s t h e ae i s b ehi n d A ugu tu
p p g ;
s s as

w hic h h e fre que n t ly sh e l t ere d hi mse l f a g a i n st t h e c on se quen ces O f hi s ifl fiffi fi a o r,

T h e a ssump t i on O f ui
Wh by h
ot h erw i se n a k e d i n fra c t i on s O f h is c oun t ry s l a w s
2 ’ elre e
t
.

t hi s p ow er t h ou
res a ve o
q
g h w i t
, h ou t an
y O f t h e u su a l a n d l e g l
a f or m s a n d for a w 11 1 8“ ? “ 3 8

u
,
l t t f
r ose a l t og e t h e r fore i g n from i t s ori i n a l d e st i n a t i on w a s n e vert h e l ess t h
a i ve a c s o
d
p p g t
,
e sen a e a n

a c omp li me n t t o p op ul a r ri g h t s ; i t h a d b een c rea t e d for t h e b e n e fi t

him lf
t h e p e op l e a n d t h e a c t O f v est i n g i t i n t h e sup re me ma g i st rat e O f t h e
se '

rep ubli c seemed t o id e n t i fy h i s p owe r w ith th e i r p ri v il eg e s a n d w e l fa re

i t w en t even furt h er t h a n t hi s—i t seeme d t o a c k n owl e d g e a t i t l e d eri ve d
from t h e p eop l e a s t h e sourc e O f sovere i g n t y W e h a ve rea son t o .

b eli eve t h a t i n t h e e a rli er a ge s of t he emp i re t h e tribun i t i a n p ow er w a s

, ,

re a rd e d a s formi n g t h e su b st a n c e O f t ha t su re me a ut h ori t y w hi c h w as
g p
v est e d i n t h e ri n c e a s i n t h e l a t e r it b e c a me a ri n c i a l a rg ume n t for
p , p p
i t s un li mi t e d e x t e n si on
3
.

Th a t August us sh ould h a v e t rea t e d t hi s ma g i st ra c y a s t h e b a si s of h is Ad t g bf van a es

h p t
a sc en d e n c y h a s b een a l w a y s reg a rd e d a s t h e ma st er st rok e o f h i s p ol i c y p p t ua t e
is OSl lon as
-
.
er e .

bm
T h e l eg i sl a t i ve a ut h ori t y st ill resid e d i n t h e sen a te b ut t h e e mp e ror
‘ e‘
,

c ould w e ll a fford t o a c k n ow l e d ge t h a t p ow er a s l on g a s h e w a s furn i sh e d

w i t h t he t ribun i t ia n vet o w h erew i t h t o e n c oun t e r a n y O p p osi t i on t o h i s

sup re m e w ill —a s l on g as t h e p erson a l i n viola bz lity Of t he t rib un e ex
,
’

e mp t e d h i m from a ll resp o n sibili t y for t h e a c t s O f h i s g overn me n t .

A n ot h er n ot l ess i mp ort a n t a dva n t a g e a t t e n de d t hi s e a sy y e t g i g a n t ic

s t rid e t ow a rd s a rbi t ra ry p ow er : i t sp a re d h i m t h e c h oi c e b e t we en t h e
O b n ox i ous a n d p erh a p s d a n g erou
. s t i t l es of ki n g a n d di c t a t or w hil e i t
, ,

c on ferre d p ow e rs n e a rl y a s se a r c hi n g a n d e x t e n sive
‘
.

2
T he tri bun i ti a p otest as, or con st it ut ion al t h e m t he sli
g h test in sult e it her b y word or

pow ers of th e t rib unes of t h e pe ople , c on f rred , d ee d

e
.

a mon g ot h er im port an t p erson a l a n d p olit ical Sed et q uod prin ci pi placuit , sa ys J ust i
3

”
rig ht s a n d i mmun it ies, t h e rig h t of vet o ( in t er n ian i n h is I nst i t ut es ( lib i t i t i i leg i s . . . .

ceden d i d ecret i s) a g a in st all d ec rees w h ich t he h ab et vig orem; c urn le g e reg ia, q uae d e ej us
-

c on su ls or t he sen a t e mig ht d esire to pass c on i mp erio la t a est , p op ulus c i et i n c um a mn e i m

t ra ry t o t h eir wishes : t h eir p erson s w ere b y la w p eri um 31mm et p ot est a tem con ceda t T h is .

sa c red a n d i n violable ; no
provoca t ion w ould ma x im is ad op t ed from a dict um of lpian , pre '

U
j ust ify t h e k illin g of a t ribun e ; an d it seems a s C o mpare
"

served i n D ig est lib i t i t i i

. 1 . . . . .

if t h ey w ere p rivile g ed t o aven g e t hemselves Codex J usti n lib i t it x iv

. . . . .

up on t he spot upon a ny one wh o mig ht O ffer 4 “

I d summi fastigii vocab ulum A ug ust us
V OL . I . 2 P
 29 4 IN DEPEN D EN C E O F T HE SE AT E A SSA L ED
N I .
[Book I .

He g uard s But w hil e h e fei g n e d reveren c e for i t s

t rea t e d t h e sen a t e w i t h w ell -

a a i n t d a n er
fmmt he sen a te v en e ra bl e n a me
g s
g
a n d a ffec t e d p rofoun d re sp ec t for i t s a n c i en t ri v i l e e s,
by d 'sm'ss‘n g
,
p g
m y e at ors h e w a s by n o mea n s bli n d t o t h e d a n g er of a rev i v i n g se n se O f i t s di g n i t y ,
an s n ,

or a erve rse rec urren c e t o i t s Old c on st i t ut i on a l p rerog a t i ve A c c o d

p r .

owh f ien ds ;
r i n gly , un d er p ret e n c e O f re d uc i n g t h e i n c on ven i en t n umb ers O f t h e sen a
t ors t o a re a son a bl e a n d p ri mi t i ve sc a l e a n d O f p uri fyi n g t h e b ody a t t h e ,

same t i me from a n ume ro u s c l a ss of w ort hl e ss a n d surrep t iti ous me mb ers,

h e t ook a dv a n t a g e of h i s a ut h ori t y a s c e n sor t o st rik e out on e h un d re d

a n d n i n et y n a mes a t on c e from t h e li st s O f t h e se n a t e a n d , w i t h out a n y ,

5
w a rra n t of la w t o i n t rod uc e severa l O f his own fri en d s
, Thi s a c t O f .

o w e i s ro erly reg a rd e d a s t h e d ea t hbl ow t o t h e i n d e en d en c e O f t h e

p r
p p p
se n a t e S t ill i t i s c l ea r t h a t Aug ust us n eve r e n t ert a i n e d t h e re mot est
.

i n t en t i on t o di sp e n se w i t h i t a s a n i n st rumen t O f g ov ern me n t if i n d e e d ,

h e w a s n ot p erson a lly i mb ue d w i t h h a bi t ua l v en e ra t i on for i t s n a me a n d

but h e resvc cts fun c t i on s H e t h ere fore c a re fully re sp ec t e d i t s out wa rd forms a n d d ig
.

t he out wa rd
forms a n d d ig n i t i e s . Some rea l p ow e r a n d a g re a t d ea l O f p a t ron a g e w a s a ll owe d t o
:Q ififffiiza vi s rema i n i n t h e h a n d s of t h e sen a te H a vi n g sa t i sfa c t orily a sc ert a i n e d t h e
s
.

c h a ra c t er O f t h e maj ori t y , a n d re l e n i sh e d t h e h ouse w i t h men Of a w ell

‘pw ef
fizffifiih p
k n own mora l c a lib re h e foun d t h a t t h e y w ould b e e a si ly c on sol e d for t h e
ppgfgfi g
n
,

l oss of sub st a n t i a l a n d use ful p ower p rov i d e d t h ey w ere st ill l ooke d up

t o by li tt l e me n for sma ll fa vours—p rovid e d t h e y w ere n ot d ep ri ve d O f
t h e out w a rd t ra pp i n g s O f a ut h ori t y , n or mort ifi ed by a n y g l a ri n g n eg l ec t ,
n or b ere ft O f t h ose me a n s of
p erson a l e mol ume n t w hi c h p a t ron a g e a n d
e li g ibili t y t o t h e hi g h er O ffi c es O f g ov ern me n t c on fe r .

A ug ust us s e T h e p owers t h us a c c umul a t e d i n t h e h a n d s of August us w ere O f a t wo

gi ggficfig
t t
s ‘
; f o ld h t F ro m t h e e
p p o l e b e d e ri v e d t h e t rib un i t i a n a t t ribut es ;
—
c a ra c e r .

fw mt he senm f a n a me w ell c a lc u
rom t h e sen a t e h e a c c e p t e d t h e t i t l e O f p ri n c e p s
l a t e d t o di sgui se t h e t rue n a t ure O f h is a ut h ori t y T h e w ord , i n t h e lib era l .

a c c e t a t i on , mi g h t si g n i fy c hi e f or p resid e n t mere ly , a n d i n d ee d a n O ffi c er
p
c a ll e d t h e p r in ce of the sen a t e w a s n ot un k n own t o t h e a n c i e n t c on st i t u
“
t i on .

But w hil e t h e fri en d s lib ert y c on sol e d t h e msel ve s w i t h sh a dowy a n a

of

l og i es a s a n e x c use for t h e i r sub servi en c y A ug ust us hi msel f a d op t e d t h e

,

l a rger si g n ifi c a t i on b e d e a lt w i t h t h e re p ubli c n ot a s i f b e re gard e d h im

,

reperit n e reg is a ut

.
” d ict a t ori s nomen a ssumeret
a c t a men a pp ella t ion e aliq ue ce t era i mperia pre
e min ere t —
Ta c it A n n lib iii c 56
S ust ou i n A ug ust c 3 5 p 1 6 1
.
. .

D io
. .
. .

.
.

.
.

.
, w as c alled

c ien t form
P ri n cep s Sen a tus, a ccord i n g t o ah
a n d he hi mse lf w a s used t o sa y t h a t

h e w as a bsolute L ord o f t he sla ves I mp era tor of

t he army, a n d P ri n ce o f a ll t he rest
,

T he word .

prin cep s, i n it s orig in a l a n d simp lest mea n

"
Ca ssius, lib lii 42 . . .

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sp e n t t h e re ma i n d er O f h i s d a y s i n some mili t a ry c ol on y e d uc a t i n
g a ,

fa mily Of soldi ers on a di st a n t a n d e x p ose d fron t i er T h e st a t i on a ry .

l e g i on s c on t a i n e d w i t hi n t h emselves a soc i et y w h olly di st i n c t from t h a t

of t h e subj e c t s t h e i r c hild re n i n t ermarri e d ; t h e y a ssoc i a t ed v e ry li t t l e
w i t h c i v ili a n s of a n y ra n k ; t h ey w ere i n most resp ec ts a di st i n c t a n d
ri v il eg e d c a st e e x e m t from a rt i c i p a t i on e i t h er i n t h e ri g h t s or t h e
p p p
b urt h en s O f subj ec t s t h e sum of t h e i r dut i es w a s i n c l ud e d i n t h e c om
mon p rec ep t s O f mili t a ry di sc i p li n e an d O b edi en c e t o t h e i r Offi c ers a n d
t h us t h e a rmy w a s g ra d ua lly c ut off from a ll i n t e rc h a n g e of i n t e rest a n d
a ffe c t i on w i t h t h e g re a t b ody of t h e p e op l e .

N on e b ut Roma n cit iz en s of g ood birth . ar

y in t he earliest ag es of t h e common we alt h .

a n d ex p ert i n a ll t he ex erc ises o f t h e C a mpus But t he mon ey (a very sma ll p a ymen t a t t he

M a rt ius, w ere ad mitte d i n t o t he legi on s Suc h
c it i z en s w ere a lone ca p ab le of hold i n g c om
ma n d s receiv in g st i pe nd , sh a ri ng t h e boot y, a n d
—
.
. be st ) w a s g iven b y w ay of gra t uit y merely, a n d
w as i n n o w ise in t he n a t ure of hire ; t he sold ier
w a s st ill boun d t o k ee p h imse lf a n d provide his

p ar t a k i n
g o f d o n a t ions n H qfl i L ex n iv q u ot . U . ow n a rms a n d clo t h i n
g out O f h is priva t e mean s .

i n g Veg eli us, D e Re M ili t a ri I n t he la t er ag es o f t h e re p ublic , how ever, t he

—
.

D t o Ca ssi us lib lv § 23 2 5 J ul Cap it st a te h ad a lre ad y ta k e n t hese b u rd e n s u on

p
it self —
. . . . . .

H ofl ma n , a d verb S t ipen d ium e t

'

in A n t on P hilosoph c 2 1 vol i p 3 69
. . . . . . . . . .
"

M ilit ary st ipe nd s h a d in d ee d b een c ust om M ilit e s " .

C h ap . viii .
] ST AT O I N A RY L EG O I NS .
29 9

Th oug h t h e emperors from t h e t i me of August us down w a rd s h a d n ot Th ul f

, ,
e r es p
.

c e ase d t o court t h e a rmy t o ex t en d it s p ri vil eg e s a n d t o i n c re a se i t s p a y S ifiézf ljf

a ‘’ 1°
e
m
, , ,

om l a i n t s of a n y ma t eri a l rel a x a t i on O f mili t a ry

d? e

y e t w e h ea r O f n o c p
di sc i p li n e till t h e rei g n of Sep t imius S everus Th a t emp e ror a n d h i s
'

”
.

suc c e ssors C a rac a ll a a n d Al ex a n d er Se verus e xh a ust e d t h e trea sury

, ,

t o e n ri c h t h e t rO Op s
16
Th e y i n c rea se d t h e sump t uousn ess of t h e i r th ldi
.
e so ers
i d ulg d
d ress ; t h ey rel a x e d t h e ri gour Of t h e mili t ary ex erc i ses w hil e in qua r d u ted by
are n e
an co r
th “
t ers t h ey i n d ul g e d t h e soldi ery i n l ux uri ous e a se ; th ey e st a bli sh e d g ; e fl a

ma ga zi n es O f p rov i si on s t o sp a re t h em t h e ordi n a ry b urt h en s Of t h e

ma rc h a n d p ermi t t e d t h em t o e n c umb er t h e i r c ol umn s w i t h l on g t ra i n s
,

O f mul es a n d b ea st s of b u rt h e n t o e a se t h em Of t h e w e i g h t of t h e i r

a rmour a n d w e a p on s Wi t h a ll th e se di st i n c t i on s a n d i n dul g en c es i t i s
.

n ot t o b e w on d e re d a t t h a t t h e y a ffec t e d a n i n sol e n t sup eri ori t y over t h e

rest O f t h e p eop l e a n d ma n i fe st e d a li c e n ti ous di sreg a rd O f t h e p rop erty

,

a n d ri g h t s O f t h e i r fe ll ow c i t iz e n s Arrog an c e h a d grow n i n t o a p ri vil eg e th y beco me

-
.
, e

a n d more th a n on e emp eror fell a sa c rifi c e t o hi s e n de a vours t o rest ore

m g t d “ an an
um u l i n o s,
17
t h e di sc i p li n e of h i s t roop s .

T h e l e n g t h O f t h e marc h es whi c h sep a ra t e d on e mili t a ry st a ti on from

a n oth er re n d ere d a c h a n g e of qua rt ers a t a ll t i mes a n e x e n si ve O era
p p
t i on H en c e a s e a rly a s t h e rei gn of Augustus some l eg i on s seem t o th l gi
. e e ons a s
um p m
h ave h a d p erma n en t st a t i on s 18
T h e c h a n ge s O f q ua rters b ec a me more .
t t ti ;
s
n en
e
s a
er
on s
a

a n d more ra re a s t h e fi n a n c i a l re sourc e s of t h e e mp i re d ec li n e d and ,

ear a t l a st t o h a ve c e ase d a ltog e t h er I n t h e re i n O f C on st a n ti n e

a
pp g .

t h e di vi si on s of t h e a rmy h a d b ec ome st a t i on a ry Th e soldi ers t ook t o th y t k t e a e o

o o
.

mec h a n i c a l oc cup a t i on s ; th e y b e c a me i mmerse d i n l uxury p ri de a n d $53 12 a h

o e c

, 3 . ,

li c en ce a ddi c te d t o ex p en sive a museme n t s b a t h s t h e a tri c a l ex hibi t i on s m d i lu

,
b m im
, ,
ec°
erse
e
n
‘

a n d fest iv i t i es
19
A t t h e sa me ti me t h e di sti n c t i on i n t roduc e d b e t ween y p id d r , r e. an
.

p i cence
t h e P a la t in e or h ouse h old t roop s a n d t h e Bord erers or fron t i er l e g i on s T h m l
.

, ; , , e ora co

d est roye d t h e mora l coh eren c e of t h e a rmy Th e l a t t e r in p ar t i c ul a r fre fffififiz ffif, .

a
‘
e

que n t ly d e sert e d t h e i r c ol ours t h e y c on n ive d a t or fa voure d t h e i n roa d s dbyi ti“ itdii w s nc

V
ons.
s

of t h e n e i g hb ouri n b a rb a r i a n s a n d some ti mes e ve n sh a re d w i t h t h em t h e

g ,

0 2
s oil s of t h e d e fen c el ess p rov i n c i a l s
p .

T h e d a n ge r Of mili t ary revol uti on by w hi c h t h e st a t e h a d b een so oft en

g g i
t on an ne

a dd e d t o t h e g row i n g j e a l ousy of d e sp ot i sm i n duc e d t h e em d u

e re
sh a k en , th um , ces e n .

p eror C on st a n t i n e a n d h i s i mmedi a t e suc c essors t o re duc e t h e c omp l e

H erodi a n in Hist A ugust lib iii p 1 1 5 9°

See Codex Theodos lib v n t i t 1 D e Re
—
. . . . . . . . . . .

’
7 Such w as t h e fat e O f Alex a nd er Severus Milit ari, lib i T hi s law is a re en act men t of a
lf —S
. .

himse ee L a m
’

p rz d i n V i t Al Sever . . . . c. 59 .
p art Of an ord in an ce of C on st a n t in e t he G reat ,
vol i p 1 02 6
. . . .
p assed i n t he ye a r 3 23 ; w hen c e it may b e in
1°
D i o Cassius lib lv c 23 , 24 , . . . . ferred t ha t t h e d elin quen cies i n question were of
See p a rticularly A mm Ma rc ell lib . . . x xn . a n en d u rin
g an d in vet erat e ch ara ct e r See .

0 2 4 p 3 25 G othofrz d Comment a d loc vol ii p 27 2

'

. . . . . . . . . . .
300 BA RBA RI A N EN L I ST MENT S .
[Book I .

a nd men t of t h e l eg i on s from six t h ousa n d me n a n d up wa rd s d own t o fi ft een

t h e re b y
i ju
h un d red a n d t o i n c rea se t h e i r n umb er from n i n et ee n t o w hi c h i t
n i re s fli ts e o

i
ei c h e r h n t e , ,

a moun t e d i n t h e re i g n of S e p t i mi us S ev erus t o on e h un d re d a n d t hi rt y
fi ld f
e
,

t wo Thi s e x t ra ordi n a ry st e p w as t a k en p ri n c i p a lly w i t h a vi e w t o

.

di v id e a n d mul t i p ly c omma n d s a n d t h us by a ugmen t i n g t h e n umb er O f , ,

a rt i c i p a t ors t o e n h a n c e t h e d ifl i c ult y of c on sp i ra c y B u t by t hi s
p , .

mea sure t h e e ffec t i ve forc e O f t h e l e g i on i n a c t i on w a s muc h w ea k e n e d ;

t h e old l eg i on st ood i n fa c t i n t h e p l a c e of t h e mod ern b ri g a d e —a c on
t riv a n c e t o me l t t h e forc e O f sev era l reg i me n t s i n t o o n e c omp a c t b ody
un d er on e c omma n di n g O ffi c er a n d t h e a t t e n t i on of t h e c omma n d e r i h ,
-

c hi e f w a s di st ra c t e d by t h e n umb er of i n d e p e n d e n t c orp s w h ose mo t i on ,

h e w a s n ow obli ge d t o w a t c h a n d di rec t .

T h d iffi ult y
e T h e grea t i n c re a se i n t h e a rmi es w hi c h t h e i n c essa n t a t t a c k s O f t h e
c ,
o
th
f ut i g
rec r

my
e ar
b a rb a ri c n a t i on s ren d ere d i n e v i t a bl e muc h e n h a n c e d t h e di ffi c ul t y of
i n

in ,

w h
re c rui t i n g S u c h w a s t h e h orr or O f t h e e fl e mi n a t e I t a li a n s for t h e mili
c rea ses it

th my
e nec e s
.

for aug m mmg t a ry serv i c e t h a t t h e y fre q ue n t ly ma i me d t h e msel v e s t o e v a d e t h e c on

e ~

" umb e
T h e most sa n g ui n a ry p e n a l t i e s w ere t h oug h t n ec e ssa ry
5 n rs '
1 2
sc ri p t i on l a w s .

t o p ut a st op t o se l f mut il a t i on a n d d esert i on A t t h e sa me t i me b ar
22
B b i
ar a r a n s a re
-

ll d m g
n a t i o n b ut more
m p a rt i c ul a rly from a mon g t h e G er
e n ro e a on

th l g
e e i on s
;
h a r la n s fr o e v ery ,

ma n i c t rib es—F ra n k s G ot h s S c y t hi a n s Al e ma n n i H eruli B a t a v i

a n d ma n y o t h e rs—w ere n ow e mb odi e d i n t h e l e g i o n s t h emsel ves a n d
, , , , ,

n o t mere ly a t t a c h e d t o t h em a s a uxili a ri e s Th ese fore i g n e rs w ere .

a d mi t t e d n ot o n ly i n t o t h e fron t i e r l e g i on s or b ord e re rs b ut i n t o t h e ,

t h yb e m P a l a t i n e or h ouse h old t roop s t h emsel ve s Th e y b e c a me t h e fa vouri t e

ec o e .

g ua rd s of t h e p ri n c e
23
Th e i r l e a d ers w ere oft e n a d mi t t e d t o t h e
m
-
.

hi h e t h on ours O f t h e st a t e b o t h i n t h e fi e ld a n d t h e c a bi n e t ; t h e more
g?i“
1 s
1
g
e rs a re a dm t d e serv i n g O b t a i n e d c ommi ssi on s a s t rib un e s ; ot h e rs w ere ra i se d t o t h e
i

u
n o rs o t th di g n i t y O f c oun t s a n d t h us t h e a rmi es a n d t h e p a l a c e sw a rmed w i t h a
e

c l a ss o f O ffi ce rs w i t h out a n y n a t ura l c on n e xi on w i t h t h e st a t e t h e y serv e d

“ a t“

"
o r reg a rd for i t s i n st i t ut i on s or w e l fa re
4
.

T Phe i Wh e n Aug ust us h a d d e t ermi n e d t o re st h is ill c emen t ed p ower upon

e t or a n
ra
-

g ua rd

A mm M a rcell lib x v c 1 2 p 1 1 5 T hese

. . . . . . . . va n n s t h e praefect of G a ul, w h ich e n d ed i n his
p erson s sa ys A mmia n w ere fa milia rly c a lle d
, , ac q uit t a l, b ut n ot b efore he h a d co mmit t ed h im
M urc i . self i n t he reb ellio n i n t o w hic h i t w as t he obj ec t

C od Th eod os lib vii t it x iii D e T yron i o f t h e co ns ira t ors t o d rive h i m A mm M a rcell

23
. . . . . .
p . . .

b us 1 5 a n d 1 0
. .
T he fi ft h la w p un ishes t he
. lib x v c 5 p 8 7
. . See a lso a n t e, c ha p v ii
. . . . . .

c ut t i n g o ff o f fi n g e rs b y b urn i n g a live T he sec t 2 C o mpa re a lso a n t e c ha p vi i

. .
p 2 59 . . . . .

t e n t h it is t rue, est ab lish e s a muc h lig h t er pe

, sec t 2 p. . w here J ulia n in wri t in g t o t he
. ,

n a lt
y fo r t he sa me offen c e ; b ut t h is la t t er la w A t hen ia n s, b o asts o f h a v i ng sen t t o C on st a n t ius
a f e c t ed t he prov in c e o f llyric u m on ly G ot/ro I . fo ur pi c k ed b a t t a lion s o f b a rb a ric i n fa n t ry ,

f ri d C omme n t a d loc v ol i i p 3 83
. . . . . . . t h re e sq ua d ro n s of c ava lry , a nd t wo sc h olar: of
I t w as t he F ra n k s o f t he b od y g ua rd O f
"
-

body g ua rd s
-
.

C o nst a n t ius w ho in t he year 3 55 c o mpelled a n

. ,
9‘
G i bbon , vol i c 2 a nd vol 1 1 c 1 7 Lu . . . . . . . .

i n q uiry in to t he t re ac hery p rac t ised a g a in st S yl d en , v ol ii p 87 . . . .

C ha p . viii PR/ET O R A I N G UA RD .
30 1

m
t h e sup p ort O f t h e ar y , t h e g a rri son of R ome b e c a me by t h e very fa c t
t h e most i mp ort a n t a n d p ow erful b ody i n t h e st a t e A c orp s of fi ft een .

t h ousa n d g ua rd s wa s qua rt ere d i n t h e a dj a c e n t t ow n s a n d di st ri c t s At .

fi rst a sma ll d et a c h men t of t h re e c oh ort s on ly w a s a d mi t t e d w i t hi n t h e

wa ll s a s a mere p a l a c e g uard Th e se re g i me n t s b e i n g reput e d i n p er
-
.
,

p e t ua l a t t e n d a n c e up on t h e p erson of t h e e mp eror a s c omma n d e r in

-

c hi e f O b t a i n e d t h e n a me of p raet ori a n c oh ort s T O se c ure t h e i r a t t a c h

5 2
.
,

men t Aug ust us d oubl e d t h e i r; p a y a n d g ra n t e d t h e m ma n y p e rson a l

,

p ri vil eg e s Tib eri us w h ose j ea l ous di sp osi t i on kep t h i m i n c on st a n t

.
,

fe ar O f t h e se n a t e i n t ro duc e d t h e w h ol e b ody of t h e p raetori a n g ua rd s f i t dy d

,
i re n ro ce

i n t o t h e c i t y a n d est a bli sh e d t h em i n l a rg e p erma n en t b arra c k s p l a c e d fiihi iy ii ihgf

h c

, e

i n a c omma n di n g si t ua t i on a n d st ron gly fort i fi e d

”
“ ;
6
A soldi e ry t h us .
2 a

os t ed ri v il e e d a n d c ourt e d c ould n ot b e l on i di s o v e ri n g t h e i r
p p , g ,g n c

own p ower a n d t h e w ea k n ess O f t h e c i v il

, g ove rn men t A c on sp i ra c y t h y d p C . e e ose a

ori g i n a ti n g i n t h e p rm t ori a n c a mp d e p ri ve d C a li gul a t h e w ort hl ess suc E fl fif ififi;

‘ ‘
,

c essor of Tib erius of h i s li fe a n d C l a udi us w a s ra i se d t o t h e t h r o n e by ? m e “

, ,

t h e a c c l a ma t i on s O f t h e soldi ery a ffi rme d a ft er a feebl e resi st a n c e by

”
, , ,

t h e t i mid se n a t e 28
F or t hi s se rvi c e t h e n e w emp eror rew a rd e d h i s
3 3 3211 ?

”
1 11 8
.

g ua rd s w i t h a n e n ormous d on a t ive a moun t i n g t o on e h un dre d a n d t we n t y W th

18

, i an en or

p oun d s st erli n g t o e a c h ma n ; h e w a s t h e fi rst O f t h e C ae sa rs sa y s ,

S ue t on i us w h o c on c ili a t e d t h e fa vour O f t h e soldi ery by b rib es

, And .

t hi s p rec e d en t b ac k e d by suc h ow er a s w a s n ow p l a c e d i n t h e i r h a n d s
,
p ,

a l most i mme di a t ely a c q ui re d t h e st re n t h O f a ri h t ful c l a i m A t e a c h Th um

g g y . e a ss e

suc c essi v e a c c e ssi on t h e ra t ifi c a t i on O f t h e rm t ori a n g ua rd w a s l oo k e d

p
up o a s t h e b est sec uri t y for t h e ti t l e of t h e p ri n c e w hil e
n o n t h e o t h e r
m m m i
,
"3 no
ti t th na on o e

h a n d t h e d on a t ive b e i n g on c e a d mi t t e d in p ra c t i c e t h e rig ht of ra t ifi
,
t p u pl
,
va can r e,

c a t i on re ma i n e d t h e on ly sec uri t y t o t h e t roo s for i t s

p p a yme n t B u t i n 33355 53512 .

ost ure of a ff a i rs t h e c on fi rma t ory b e c a me i n e ffe c t t h e e l ec t i ve

2525332
1
suc h a
p 6

p ow er : t h e sen a t e sh run k i n t o i n si n ifi c a n c e
g t h e
p ra e t or i a n s
p roc l a i m e d th er

e m e ror a ft er e m eror —re c e i ve d d on a t i v e u on d on a t i ve t ill t h e e m i re

p p , p p
w a s a t l e n g t h reduc e d t o b ec ome t h e subj ec t of O p en b a rg a i n a n d sa l e —i t
,

w as p ut up t o a uc ti on a n d a dj ud g e d t o D id i us J uli a n us a s t h e hi g h est
,

bidd er .

But t hi s c li ma x O f vena li t y on t h e p a rt O f t h e i mp eri a l gua rd w a s t oo

severe a sh oc k t o t h e i n t ere st s a n d t h e v a n ity O f t h e re st of t h e a rmy

25
A praet oria n c oh ort w as a tta ch ed t o t he n ot i n con sist en t wit h t he orig in al co mp osit ion
person of every prae t or or g ov ern or O f a p rov in ce O f t he praet oriu m See q m v ol iii a d verb
. . . . .

w hen he wen t t o t a k e p ossession of his a p poi n t 9“

T a c i t A n n lib iv c 2
. . Sueton in Tib
. . . . . .

men t ; it con st it ut ed not only h is b ody guard , -

lib i ii c 3 7
. . . .

b ut his en t ire civil a n d milit ary est ablish men t, 97

Sust ou i n C a lig c 58 p 46 9
. . . . . .

a n d w as n ever se ara t ed from h is

p p erson It .
2"
I d em in C laud c 1 0 p 489
. . . . . .

a pp ea rs t h erefore t h a t civi l a
ppoin t men t s w ere
V OL . I
.
 FA L L O F T HE PRZEI O RIA N G U A RD [Book I
’ ‘

30 2 . .

il en t ly e n d ured ; a n d t h e p rae t ori a n s w e re red uc ed t o t h e i r p ri or

to be s

ri g h t O f di s osi n g O f t h e u r l e w i t h out t h e O b n oxi ou s forma li t y O f a

p p p
p u bli c sa l e Thi s i s n ot t h e
p l ace to
.
p u rsue t h e hi st ory O f t hi s fl a i t ious
g
S pt imiu s
e mili t a ry t y ra n n y I t is sufl i c ie n t t o a d d t h a t S ep t imius S everus furt h er
s e .

u
iiii yi iifihi fii i n c re a sed t h e p a y a n d a ll owa n c es Of t h e p raet ori a n s ; h e a dd e d t o t h e i r
l e s
e

a l rea dy ex orbi t a n t p ri vil eg e s a n d ra i se d t h e i r n umb er t o fi ft y t h ousa n d ,

men I n t hi s st a t e t h ey c on t i n ue d t h e st a n di n g sc ourge a n d c urse O f

.

t h e i r c oun t ry t ill t h e me a sure of t h e i r offe n c e s w a s full Sep a ra t e d a t .

l a st from a ll c on n ex i on w i t h t h e a rmi es O f t h e st a t e t h ey st ood for a ,

w hil e w h olly up on t h e i r own st ren g t h ; b ut w h en tha t w a s un d e rmi n e d

by sl ot h l ux ury a n d vi c e t h ei r fa ll w a s sudd e n a n d i rretri eva bl e Wh en
m
.
, ,

Ma x en t ius t h e l a st O f t h e i r fa vouri t e s w a s ov ert h rown by C o st a n t i n e

fiz fi m t h ,
n ,

e d by e G rea t t h e c on q ueror d i d n ot d el a y a mome n t i n d i sb a n d i n g t h em

,
m ‘h G m “ a n d a b oli shi n t h e i r n a m
e
e for ever
e
g .

S t ill t h e p raet ori a n s ma y b e sa id t o h a ve surv i ve d un d er a n ot h er d esi g n a

A p l ti a a t i on ; a p ri vil eg e d c orp s st ill e xi st e d un d er t h e n a me O f P a la t in es or p a l a c e
ne

53 33 s ? g ua rd s by w hi c h n a me t h e y were di st i n gui sh e d from t h e b ord er l eg i on s

‘
,

O f t h e R oma n se rv i c e a n d from w h a t w e sh ould n ow c a ll t h e re i men t s O f

, g
t h e li n e T h e a n c i en t g ua rd h a d b e e n di sc a rd e d w h en i t h a d serve d t h e
.

p pu r ose of a n n ihil a t i n
g e v er y i n st i t ut i on a n d sc a ri n
g a w a y e very fee li n
g
fa voura bl e t o fre e d om W h e n t h a t obj ec t w a s a c c omp li sh ed t h e i r e x i st
.
,

e n c e b e c a me fra u h t w i t h d a n ers t o t h e e st a bli sh e d d es ot i sm un c om

g g p
p e n sa t e d by a n y c orresp on di n g a d va n t a ges But a govern me n t so a b so .

l ut e a s t h a t of Rome un d er t h e suc c e ssors O f C on st a n t i n e c ould n ot

di sp en se w i t h t h e ordi n a ry a pp a ra t us of t yra n n y a n d t h e P a l a t i n e ,

wh i h t h ugh
c , gua rd l ess t urb ul en t b ut n e i t h er l e ss v e n a l n or more w a rlik e t h a n t h e i r
o , , ,
1 t b ul
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t , 30
,

est a bli sh me n t
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l k th
.

i e, t an i s

p d re e ce ssors T o c ompl et e our h a s t y sk e t c h O f t h e d ec li n e O f t h e mili t a ry p ower O f '

Th R m
m t R ome i t mus t b e n o t i c e d t h a t a s t h e e mp i re a pp roa c h e d i t s d i ssol ut i on
e o an

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g f m t h e a rm e s n um
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n s
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T h e a n c i en t l eg i on w i t h i t s h on ours a n d i t s st ren g t h h a d
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t ies. d w i n dl e d i n t o a n i n si g n ifi c a n t reg i men t ; t h e a ux ili a ri es c on si st i n g n ow ,

e n t i re ly of hi re d b a rb a ri a n s h a d b ec ome t h e
p ri n c i p a l st re n gt h O f every
,

a rmy w hi c h t ook t h e fi eld But eve n t hi s forc e mi g h t p erh a p s h a ve

.

b ee n so ma n a g ed a s t o save t h e st a te h a d i t b ee n di re c t e d by up ri g h t , ,

9“
D io cle t ia n ha d prev iously d imin ish ed t he rh et orica l d e scrip t ion o f t h e d eg ra d a t io n o f t he
nu mber of t he p rze t orian s, b ut he had supplied milit a ry c ha ra c te r in t he "re ig n o f C on sta n t in e .

t he p la c e o f t h e d isb a n d ed T he sold ier o f t h a t a g e h e sa ys, w a s valia n t

port ion b y t wo le
“
,

g io n s o f I llyria n s w ho m he ha d a pp oi n t ed t o en ou h a g a in st hi s fello w c i t iz en , b ut a c o wa rd
g
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t he se rvic e o f t he i m eria l house hold

p G i bbon , a n d a d a st ard i n t he presen c e of a fore i n e n e m
.
g y .

Vol i c 1 3
. . . . But t he d e sc rip t ion see ms from t he co n t ex t t o
A mmia n (li b x x n c 4 p 3 2 5) g ives it
. . . . . a ply t o t he P a la t in es o nly
p .
C ha p . viii .
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3 03

or ev en by a bl e h e a d s T h e sc i en c e O f ma i n t a i n i n g a n emp i re by t h e
.

a id O f hi re d forei g n ers i s n ot un k n own t o mod e rn p oli c y Abl e p ri n c es .

,

w i t h t h e a ssi st a n c e of st ron g t h oug h d eS p ot ic i n st i t ut i on s mi g ht h a v e ,

ma d e a b e t t er st a n d But i n Rome a ll p ubli c sp i rit w a s e x t i n c t ; e v ery

.

i n st i t ut i on h a d d ec a y ed ; a n d t h e sove re i g n sun k i n sl ot h buri e d i n t h e

, ,

rec e sse s o f h i s alace surroun d e d by e un uc h s a n d sy c o h a n t s h a d h e

p
p , ,

c ome t h e me re i n st rume n t O f t h e v i c e s of ot h ers .

II I E v en a ft er t h e i n n ov a t i on s O f A ug ust us t h e sen a t e mi g h t by a n up i
hp pi 85h
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r i g h t a n d fa i t h ful e mp l oy me n t of t h e p ow ers l eft i n i t s p ossessi on h a ve c on
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r
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t rive d t o ret a i n for a t i me a c on sid e ra bl e d e g ree of re al a n d u seful i n fl uen c e g ig .
;

But w h en i t on c e b ec a me ma n i fest t h a t t h e movi n g forc e O f t h e g overn £ 2423 ,

me n t h a d b ee n t ra n sferre d t o t h e a rmy n e i t h er t h e p urest i n t egri t y n or

,

t h e most un li mi t e d c on fid en c e of t h e p eop l e c ould p rev e n t t h e sen a t e

m
fro b e i n g d e g ra d e d i n t o t h e p a ssi v e org a n O f a rbi t ra ry p ow er Th a t i t .

w a s a ll ow e d t o sub si st a t a ll i s e x p li c a bl e on ly on t h e sc ore of i t s ut ili t y ,

n ot a s a ow er b ut a s a mere i n st r um en t O f g overn men t a n d o f t h e resp ec t

p , ,

i t c omma n d e d a s l on g a s a n y re c oll ec t i on of t h e Ol d rep ubli c a n forms

”
w a s p reserve d a mon g t h e p e op l e F or t h e fi rst t h ree c e n t uri e s t h e e m
.

p erors st ill c on d e sc e n d e d t o ve il t h e i r de sp ot i sm un d er t h e p op ul a r
d esi g n a t i on O f t h e servan t s of t h e sen a t e a n d p eop l e of Rome M a n y of .

t h e w i ser a n d more v irt uous p r i n c e s c a rri e d t h e i r d efere n c e for t h e Ol d

c on st i t ut i on a l forms t o suc h l e n t h s a s t o re v i v e for a momen t a b e li e f i n
g
t h e exi st en c e O f lib ert y But a s t h ese g l ea ms O f b e t t er t hi n gs w ere t h e
.

mere refl ec t i on O f t h e p erson a l c h a ra c t er Of t h e re i gn in g p ri n c e t h e a c ,

c essi on of a t yra n n i c a l or rofl i a t e suc c essor or t h e fa c t i on s i n t er

p g ,

feren c e O f t h e p raet ori a n s sp e e dily di ssolv e d t h e v i si on

, T h e se n a t e n ow
.

i n tri gue d a n d p l ot t e d a n d c on sp i re d t o rec over t h e i n fl ue n c e O f w hi c h i t

h a d b ee n d e p ri ve d a n d fre quen t ly b e c a me t h e v i c t i m O f i t s own me a n
,

a n d i m ot e n t st ru l e s Th u s S e t i mi us S e ve rus di sd a i n i n t f I th ig
p g g .
p , g o
p ro e ss n e re n

h i msel f t h e serva n t of a b ody w h omh e d e sp i se d a n d d et e st e d a n d by w h om ,

h e k n ew hi mse l f t o b e h a t e d w i t h e qua l ra n c our a ssume d t h e st yl e a n d ;fijt zlfij m:

,
l ‘ e a

b ea ri n g Of a c on queror a n d t ook up on hi mse l f w i t h out di sgui se t h e {11125 f

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y .

e n t i re l e g i sl a t i ve a n d e x e c ut i v e p ow er of t h e st a t e I n h is re i g n t h e
.

sen a t e l ost a l most a ll se mbl a n c e of a ut h ori t y h e fill e d i t w i t h c rea t ure s

O f hi s ow n se l e c t e d from a mon
,
”
g h is ori en t a l fl a t t erers a n d sy c op h a n t s
a n d t h e mi n i st e rs a n d org a n s of t h e la w b eg a n t o h old l a n gua g e more i n

a c c ord a n c e w i t h t h e a c t ua t i n
g p ri n c i p l e s O f t h e g ov ern men t a n d t he
sen t i men t s O f t h e sov ere i n t h a n w i t h t h e t h eore t i c a l sy st em h a n d e d
g ,

d own from t h e d a ys of t h e rep ubli c Th e y i n c ul c a t e d p a ssive Ob e di en c e ; T h R m

“

.
e o an

t h e y eve n en l a rg e d u on t h e evil s of lib ert y ; t h e y d e d uc e d t h e ower

p p
2 Q 2
304 D ECA Y O F T H E P AT R C AT E I I .
[Book I .

o be d w nnc e. and mp eror from t h e resig n a t ion of the sen a t e a n d t h e a b sol ut e ren un
of t h e e
3x

m
,

e l a t i on a n d d e l e g a t i on ma d e by t h e w h ol e R oma n p e op l e i n h l S fa v our ;
d d 8 "cc e

p i l
er ap w o er

ri n c e i n w h om a ll t h e se p ow e rs c e n t re d must t h e y c on t en d e d
f m h b t e a
ro

lu te u ire n
t h
nc
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p be , ,

t
a i on of th su eri or t o t h e la w
e
a n d mi g h t c oe rc e h i s subj ec t s a n d eve n d i s ose of
ut ax p o ,
p ,

pl i it f d u t h e e mp i re as h i s un d oub t e d p a t ri mon y
se a e an 90

e n s av r . .

S t ill t h e a pp oi n t men t of t h e c on sul s re ma i n e d d own t o t h e re i g n of

”
Th eyi e r Di oc l e t i a n n omi n a lly i n t h e h a n d s of t h e sen a t e A ft erwa rd s t h e offi c e
ce o .

{31331b w a s a b oli sh e d in sub st a n c e t h oug h t h e n a me re ma i n ed merely t o swell

3 ,
m
n umb e r of e m t y h on ou
t i
rs a t t h e di sp osa l of t h e
h p ri n c e T h e p a t ri
na e i s re a n

e d mpt y
an e
t e
p .

ml f h mu c z a n order h a d b een so t hi n n e d by t h e ex t i n c t i on of fa mili es by c i vil wa rs

e o o
'

an d rosc ri t i on s t h a t b ot h J u li us Cm sa r a n d A u ust us h a d foun d i t

”
p p , g
n e c essa ry t o re l e n i sh i t by n e w a dmi ssi on s But b e fore t h e re i g n of
p .

C l a udi us t h e se rec e n t c rea t i on s h a d b egun t o fa il a n d t h a t p ri n c e re ,

c rui t e d t h e i r n umb ers by a d mi t t i n g some a n c i en t sen a t ori a l a n d a fe w

o f t h e more re ut a bl e l b e i a n or e quest ri a n fa mili e s t o t h e

p p e
p a t ri c i a t e .

But t h ese w ere a g a i n sw e p t a w a y by revol ut i on a n d p rosc ri p t i on a n d

n a t ura l d ec a y t ill n ot a sc i on of t h e old er ra c es re ma i n e d a n d t h e di s
, ,

Th d f t i n c t i o n i t sel f sun k i n t o di se st eem from t h e t ot a l l oss of i t s a n c i en t

e or ers o
e di
p
fitfiifi gi; gree B efore t h e a g e of C on st a n t i n e t h e n a me of p a t ri c i a n h a d b e c ome
‘
.

ob sol e t e t ill rev i ve d by t h a t sove re i n a s a merely

fig , g p erson a l h on our for
t h e n a t ura l li fe of t h e b ea rer .

A n d i n fa c t t h e forms of t h e a n c i e n t rep ubli c a n i n st i t ut i on s h a d b een

, ,

for ma n y suc c essi v e a g es b e c omi n g more d i m a n d sh a d ow y d ow n t o t h a t

of C on st a n t i n e t h e G rea t I n t h a t re i g n a fe w n a me s w i t h out sub s t a n c e
.
,

o r mea n i n g i s a ll t h a t rema i n s t o remi n d us o f t h a t S l e n did u l

, p o
p p ar
3‘
T he e mperors
D io C assius ( lib liii
. sa s
y . . P a ulus, an d U
lp ia n : t he P np a r d A un t/ mix he
s e a kin a llu
18 p . .
p g of t he legal d oc t rin e d es t o a re i n a ll prob ab i li t y t he le g al d ict a
a n d pra c t ice o f his ow n t ime are ab solved o f h is illust rious con t e mp ora r lp ia n ( D ig est U
l) —
y
—
, .

from t he la w s, as i t is held i n t he L a t in (lega l) lib i t it i v t h e d emocra t ic n a mes dr o

—
. . . .

d ic t a ( Pnp a r fz A a r w t x d ) ; t ha t i s , t hey are seem t o me t o d en o t e t he

p fi r a dryp ox pa r w a
free fro m all le g a l coerc ion w ha t soeve r, an d are p op ula r o fl i c es e n g rossed b y Aug ust us p art icu ,

b oun d b y n o w rit t en st a t ut e s A n d t hus b y rea.

, larly t he t rib un it ia pot est as T he fi d e lit y of G ib .

son of t hose d emoc ra t ic a p p o in t men t s ( O y o b on must n o t b e t rust ed i mpli c it ly O f Re ima r

’
.
,

p dra E np ox pa r t x a ) t h ey are i n d e ed c lot h ed

, t he c omme n t a t or o f D io C a ssius ( se e his e di t ion ,
w it h t h e whole
p ow ers o f t h e c ommon w eal t h , p 7 1 3 , n ot e h e say s, t ha t he ( R e ima r)

””
.

even suc h as b elon g p roperly t o k in s ,

g ye t w i t h j oin s t he un iversa l cen sure w hic h fre edo m a n d
o ut t he i n co nven ien c e s a t t a c h ed t o t h e n a me crit ic ism h a ve p ron ou n ced a ai nst t h a t s la v ish
.
g
I n t his represen t a t ion o f D io t h ere is n eit her t he h ist oria n But t his is n ot so : Reima r c on veys
.

”
a rt n or t h e i o n ora n ce imput ed t o h im b y “ t he n o ce n sure a g a in st D io b ut on t he c on t ra r ,
y . ,

fl ipp a n cy of G ibb on s l ib era lit y

'
t o use a p hra se g ives i t s d ue w e ig ht t o t he d efe nc e se t up for
n o t un li k e t h ose i n w h ic h h e con v e s h is c e n sure s
y h im b y t h e lea rne d Everh a rd O t t o i n his Pre
o f o t he rs D io C a ssius w as n o t a la wy er, a n d ca n
. fac e t o t o m i v T hes T ut p 8. . . . . .

n ot t h ere fo re b e c har ed w it h s co h a n c
g y p y or ig
1
T a o A n n lib x i c 2 5
. . D io Cassi us, lib
. . . .
.

n ora n c e in a d o t in
p g t h e vie w s o f prerog a t ive ln c 42 p 69 3
. . . . .

a lread
y p ro mulga t ed b y suc h men as P a pin ia n ,
C ha p . vi ii ] N EW MA G I ST RAC I ES ‘
.
3 05

t y ra n n y whi c h a c k n owl e d g e d f ree d om b ut i n R ome no ri g h t s n o

no , ,

o li t i c a l exi st en c e w i t hi n t h e re a c h of i t s re morsel ess p ow er All i ts

p
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,

a n c i e n t ma g i st ra c i es h a d b ec ome a b sorb e d i n t h e i mp eri a l di g n i t y ; t h e

l a st rec oll ec t i on s of t h e p opul a r i n st i t ut i on s h a d sun k b e n e a t h an over

w h el mi n g se n se of p resen t maj e st y ; a n d i n st e a d of t h em t h ere a rose a
n ew d e sc ri t i on of offi c e rs w i t h suc h p ow ers a s a j e a l ous d esp ot i sm ma y A n ew de
p
—
,
scri t i on of
p
t ol era t e , o w ers ill d e fi n e d a n d p rec a ri ous a n d e q u a lly d a n g erous t o p ub lic offi cers
p
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th ose wh o wi eld a n d t h ose w h o a re subj ec t t o t h em T h e c hi e f of th ese $ 5,2 13,511a

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fu c o
n t i n a r i e s w a s n o d o u b t t h e
p r ae t or i a n
p ef
r ec t T h e e x erc i
. se o f c i v il fun ct ion a i eS r

o w ers w a s usua l a mon g t h e offi c ers of t h e s t a ff or p rae t ori um of t h e

p ,

rov i nc i a l g overn ors u n d e r t h e re ubli c , a n d t h e p re fe c t or c hi e f of T h e praet ori an

33
p p f t
t h e1r p ra t ori a n c oh ort h a d b ee n a t a ll t 1 mes i n vest e d w i t h a g en era l £353 11?
be
w er t o su e ri n t en d t h e ex ec ut i o n of t h e l a w s I t i s t h e refore t h e l ess
'

o
p p .
comes t h e

surp ri smg t o fi n d t h e g en era l of t h e i mp eri a l g n a rd a p erb on i nfl ue n t l a l g rea t la w

r

‘
offi c er or chi et

i n t h e ma ki n g a n d un ma ki n g of p ri n c es, i n t rust e d w ith a si mil a r p o wer j usticia ry of

t h e emp‘re
a t h ome I n a ddi t i on t o t h e c omma n d of t h e p raet ori a n b ody g ua rd s thi s
'
-

rea t offi c er b e c a me t h e c i vil h e a d of t h e a rmy ; t h e n ,—st e p by st e p , t h e

. ,

g
c on t roll er o f t h e fi n a n c es, t h e p resid e n t of t h e t rib u n a l s, t h e
g e n eral
of t h e oli c e t h e su eri n t en d e n t of a ll t h e c ourt s of la w a n d of t h e
p , p
c on d uc t of a ll i n feri or ma g i st ra t e s ; a n d l a stly , h e a n d h i s c oun c il c on
,

st i t ut e d t h e g rea t a pp ell a t e j uri sdi c t i on i n t h e l a st resort a s t h e i mme

di a t e rep re se n ta t i ve of t h e e mp eror 34
. But C on st a n t i n e wh en h e re ,

mod e ll e d t h e g overn me n t , fi n a lly severe d t h e c iv il a n d mili t a ry b ra n c h es

of t h e u bli c se rvi c e from a ll c on n ex i on w i t h e a c h oth er a n d t h e n c e for
p ,

w a rd t h e p raet ori a n prefec t w a s re st ri c t e d t o t h e dut i e s of a c iv il j udg e “ N e w “ .

creat es fou r

I n st ea d of on e suc h offi c er for t h e w h ol e e mp i re , h e i n c rea se d t h e n umb er age “ re

pect s ?or t ge
t o four a n d i n t ruste d t h em w i t h t h e a dmi n i st ra t i on of j ust i c e i n t h e four four great divi
‘

.
, .

g re a t div i si on s i n t o w hi c h h e p a rc e ll e d out t h e R oma n world

8 1 ° “8 0 f t h e

emp ire
.

Th oug h by t h us severi n g t h e c omma n d of t h e a rmi es from t h e c i vil bDrieassen

.

si on s

k out be
o v e rn men t of t h e ro v i n c es h e ma h a v e a c c om li sh e d h i s ma i n obj e c t tween t h e civil
g p , y p '

d ' li t
p rovi d i n g a g a l n st t h e d a n g ers of c on sp l ra c y , a n d p e rh a p s h a ve c on t rl ;gveifiogz
‘
of
.

b ut e d i n n o t ri fl i n g d e gree t o t h e b et t e r ma n a g emen t of publl c a fi a l rs t o fi e great t h e f’ rovin ces

‘

, ,

a n d t h e more p erfec t a d mi n i st ra t i on of j ust i c e

.

y e t t hi s me a sure w a s d etri me t “
,
n

t h e p ublic i
a t t en d e d w i t h se ri ous mi sc hi e fs i n a n oth er di re c t i on
h

T h e p ern i c i ous terest s . .

mi sun dersta n di n g s w hi c h sp e edily ma n i fe st e d t h e mse l ves b et w e en t h e

c i v il a n d mili t a ry c hi e fs, ma t eri a lly i m e d e d t h e move men t s a n d i m
p

39
See n ot e 2 5 of t h is sect ion , p 3 0 1 T he n ame
. . ma n s ’
learn ed dissert a t ion on t he Roman P rae
e t orium w a s a U
p ra pplied , in t he fi rst in st a n c e , t o t or , L ex n iv vol iii
.
p 8 80
. . . . .

t he t en t or t ab ern aculum of t he pra t or, a n o ffi cer s bon , v ol i i pp 3 1 3 3 Ed 4t o com

’

3‘ -
. . . . . .

w ho i n t h e a g e of t he rep ublic fulfi lled t he d ut ies pare also H o f L ex ic a d voc Praef U

—
n iv . . . .

o f a civi l a s w ell as milit ar h f H l Praetor

y c ie S ee qfl .
 P RACT C E O F T HE L AW
I [Book I
3 06 . .

i d t h
a re e e ffi c i e n c y of t h e a rmi es a n d ma n y a c h a n c e of a d va n t a e w a s
g
p
l ost ma n y a di sa st er i n c urred for wa n t of t h a t c ordi a li t y a mon g t h e
,
,

u bli c serva n t s of t h e e mp i re w hi c h c a n on ly sub si st w h ere t h e sev eri t y

p
of re sp on sibili t y i s t emp e re d by c on fid e n c e i n t h e j u st i c e of t h e
g overn
men t a n d t h e effort s of a ll a re di rec t ed by a si n c ere a t t a c h me n t t o t h e
,

c oun try t h ey serv e But i n R ome t h e t rue st a s w ell a s t h e l e a st t rust

.

w ort hy p ubli c offi c e r mi g h t b e summon e d from h is p os t t o a n swer i mp u

t a t ion s p erh a p s w h olly fi c t i t i ous b e fore a t rib un a l c omp ose d o f t h e v ery
, ,

a ut h ors a n d c on t ri vers of t h e c h a rg es N 0 ma n c ould fa i t h fully serve a .

o v ern me n t w h ere i n t ri g ue w a s t h e on ly pe a c e a bl e roa d t o p romot i on ;

g
n o on e c ould l ov e a c oun t ry w h ere re d re ss c ould b e ob t a i n e d on ly by

mea n s e q ua lly foul w i t h t h ose resort e d t o by t h e wron g d oer hi msel f or -

by t h e p eril s a n d mi seri e s of op en reb elli on "5

.

lv w e c
on I V Th oug h t h e p rae t ori a n p refec t s h a d b een d ep ri ve d of t h ei r mili t a ry
RU T
. . .

AN D
I N E FF I C I E N T c omma n d s by t h e n ew c on st i t ut i on s of t h e e mp i re a n d t h e supp re ssi on
P

1 1
3i) ; of t h e old ua rd t h ey st ill re t a i n e d a ll t h e i r fun c t i on s a s p ri me mi n i st ers
g , ,

c hi e f j usti c i a ri e s a n d c h a n c ell ors of t h e e mp eror for t h e i r re s e c t i v e

, p
di vi si on s T h e sy st e m of Roma n la w w hi c h forms so sp l en did a n
. ,

e x c e p t i on t o t h e g e n era l me n t a l a n d li t era ry d e g e n era c y of t h e a g e s

i n w hi c h t h ey w ere c omp il ed g rew a n d p rosp ere d un d er t h e a usp i c e s of ,

t h e p raet ori a n p refec t s

36
But t h oug h t h e t h e ory of la w h a d a t t a i n e d t o a
.

w on d erful d eg re e of p erfec t i on t h e p ra c t i c e seems t o h a v e fa ll e n i n t o ,

ut t er di srep ut e T h e p rofessi on i n c rea se d p rodi g i ously i n n umb ers b ut

.
,

Th p e ti
rac d e c li n e d ra p idly i n resp ec t a bili t y ; t h e most vex a t i ous c hi c a n ery b e c a me
ce

rev a le n t a mon g t h e p ra c t i t i on ers t h e most b a re fa c e d b rib ery erva d e d

p p
Wi t h l m
e c ourt s of j u t h e p ra c t i c e of t h e b a r fe ll i n t o t h e h a n d s of fre e d
37
h st i c e ;
fi s“
t
an d h d h p ar s i

to th ut m men a n d l eb e i an s w h o i n t h e w o rd s o f G i bb on re duc e d i t t o a g a me
p
e s t o
, , ,

i n w hi c h c un n i n g a n d v e n a li t y p rev a il e d over la w a n d j ust i c e D is .

u t es w ere e n c oura ge d fa mily feud s fomen t e d fri e n d s se t a t v a ri a n c e by

p , ,

t h e se p ern i c i ous me ddl e rs ; t h e w ea k a n d t h e un p rot ec t e d w e re p lun

”
d ere d w i t h out merc y ; a c t i on s were mul t i p li e d a n d t h e h op el e ss c li en t ,

i n vol ve d in eve ry i n t ri c a c y w hi c h p ervert e d a n d i n t erest e d i n g en ui t y

c ould d ev i se ; n or w a s h e sa y s A mmi a n a ll ow e d t o e me rg e from
, ,

We
h ave a lread y referred t o t he fa t e o f S yl c alla . He w a sput ed t h e g rea test o a
re f ll t he
v a n us, t he pre fec t o f G a ul, w ho w as d riven i n t o Roma n lawy ers C ara calla p ut hi m t o d ea t h for
.

refusi n g t o c omp ose a n ora t ion i n j ust i fi ca t ion of

y o n e of t he most w ic k ed c on spira cies
reb ellion b

on record — See a n t e, c v ii sec t i i p . an d . . . . t he murder o f G e t a .

—
Sp a rt i a n in C a ra cal vol i . . .

n o t e 2 3 of t his sec t ion , p 3 00 C o mpare a lso . . 0 4 p 7 12

. . . .

A mm M a rcell lib x v c 5 p 83 ; h b x i x c 1 2
. . . . . . . . . . .
37
T he c od e s ab oun d i n ord in a n c es an d re gu
p p 2 48 , 2 49 ; a n d G i bbon , vol i i 0
. 1 9 , p 1 43 , . . . . la t io n s for t he preven t ion o f t hese ab uses S ee .

4 t o Ed o n st a n t i n e s e d ic t s i n t h e Co d
'

. .
p a r t ic ul arly C .

9"
P a p i n ia n , t he frien d o f Sep t im Seve rus, . Th eod os lib i t it vii l l
. . . . . . .

w as p raet orian pre fe c t un der h is s ucc esso r, C a ra

 ”
C ha p . viii. ] L AW or T REA S O N .
307

t hi s l a byri n t h of t ri c k ery for ma n y a l ust rum n or i n d e ed a t a ll un til t h e , ,

l a wy e rs h a d suc k ed t h e very ma rrow from h is b on e s 38

.

T h e a d mi n i st ra t i on of t h e c ri mi n a l la w esp ec i a lly i n t h e p rovi n c es T h p f , ,

e erson s o
R m
p a rt ook of t h e d esp ot i c a n d opp re ssiv e sp i ri t of t h e g overn men t a n d t h e
o an

, z en s are n o

mpt
erson s of t h e R oma n c i t iz en s on c e so f m m
l g on et ex e
c orru t ra c t i c e of t h e a g e T h e
p p p .

pph
, ro ea

j ea l ously p rot ec t e d by la w from st ri p es a n d b o d n s a n d eve y i g o

r n m i n i ous t t u “i t hi
t “a “
or re n cr
e

u n i sh me n t w e re n o l on g e r ex emp t e d from t h e se 1 n fl 1 c t i on s t h e use of mi l i qu

p ,
m
na n i

t h e t ort ure i n c ri mi n a l i n qui ri e s w a s n o l on g er c on fi n e d t o p rov i n c i a l sub

s'

a n d sl a ve s T h e very n umerous e x e mp ti on s i n fa vour of p a rt i c ul a r

j ec t s .

e rson s a n d c l asse s i n t h e l eg a l c od e of t h e R oma n s p rov e t h a t i n t hi s

p ,

res e c t t h e rev ol ut i on i n t h e p ra c t i c e h a d b e en foll ow e d by a c h a n e i n

p g
t h e la w But w h a t ever i n dul ge n c e s ma y h av e b een a d mi t te d in fa v our of
.

freemen in t h e c a se of ordi n a ry c ri me s y e t i n t h a t of t re a son a ll c l a sse s ,

w ere p l ac e d on t h e sa me l ev el i n t h e ey e of t h e la w T h e c rimen Zws w .

maj est a t is of d e spot i c Rome w as a w ide a n d sub t l e n et w h ere i n by t h e , ,

ri v il e e d i n forme rs
39
a e n c y of t h e i n n oc en t w ere h a rdly l e ss lik ely
g p g ,

t o b ec ome e n t a n g l e d t h a n t h e g uilty T h e fa i n t est susp i c i on of di sa ffec .

ti on wa s suffic i en t t o ex pose p ri va t e a n d p ubli c men t o t h e degra di n g a p

p li c a t i on of t ort ure a p ra c t i c e w hi c h fl ow e d di rec t ly from t h e d e sp ot i c

c on sid era t i on of j ust i c e a n d h uma n i t y

0
,

ma xi m t h a t t h e sa fe ty of t h e soverei gn w a s t o b e p referre d t o every

,

V But t h e evi l s sp ri n g i n g d i re c t ly from t h e c a p rl c es of t yra n n y gi gg

.
” 4

q
. r

we l gh e d up on t h e l ea st n umerous c l a sse s of soc i et y T h e 1 n 1 qu1 t 1 es RYE EENMUEo .

S ST
V
r

3°
A mm Ma rcell lib . . . x x x . 0 .4, pp 6 41 . an d A mmia n , t houg h g lowin g w it h i n d ig n a t ion a t
6 48 . — t h e c on duc t o f t he i mp eria l a g en t , t ouc hes very

ytT ame
/
A class of person s known b l eh of
g en t ly up on t h e law of t rea son a s a pplicable t o
A gen t es in reb us . t he sovereig n himself: N e c en im a b n ui mus
C omp a re Codex Th eod os lib ix t it v i N e sal ut em le it imi rin c i i s, p ropug n a t ori s b on o
g p p
n maj est a t i s & c lex l , 2 , 3 — b i d
. . . . .

p raet er c ri me I rum e t d efen sori s, un d e sa lus q um ri t ur al ii s,

”
. . . .

t it x x x v d e Q ute stion ib us, p a rt ic ula rly lex 1 , c on socia t o st ud io mun iri d eb ere cun ct orum:

”
. .

w i t h G ot hofrid s commen t a ry, i n w h ich t h e p er j us red imen da c ause val idius, ub i maj esta s
’

cu
son s a n d classes ex emp t ed from t ort ure are e n u u lsa ta d efen d i tu a qucesl i on ibu s vel cruen t i s

”
p r,

mera t ed : ex cept a ta mea maj esta ti s c a usd i n h u lla m C ornelia leg es e x emere fort un am T he
—
.

u a sola omn ib u s aa ua c on di t io e st Se e al so C ornelia le x h ere allud ed t o w as a ft e rw ard s

q q .

t he D ig ests lib x lvi ii t it iv ; Ad leg em Juli am a men d e d b

y Julius C aesar a n d is co mmen t ed
maj est at is —A mm M a rcell ( lib x i x c 1 2
.
, . . ,

. . . . . . . upon in t h e D ig est s ( lib x lvi i t it iv ) un d er t he

. . . .

p p 247 t o 2 52 ) d raws a fri g h t ful p icture of t he

. n a me o f t he L ex J ulia Maj estat is I t may b e .

a t rocit ies p rac t ised a t t he com ma n d of C onst an n ot ed h ere t ha t t he w ord M aj est a s, i n t h e ea rly

t i us b y h i s mi scre a n t e missa ry P a ulus , un d er law s o f h ig h t reason , d esign a t ed t h e st a t e or d ig

p ret en ce o f d et ect in g a n d p un ishi n g t reasona ble n it y of t h e Roman p eople —
M aj est as p opuli Ro
—
~

p ra ct i ces . His p roceedi n g s b ea r n o t rifl i ng re man i, in w hic h sen se i t is used b y C icero i n V err .

semb lan ce t o a n i n q u i sit ion o f wi t chcraft i n t he lib iv c 41

. . . lib v c 20 ; a n d i n severa l o t her
. . .

six t een t h or seve n t een th cen t u ries I n o n e ca se .

p a ssa g es ; b ut when t he w hole st at e cen t red i n
t he g roun d s of t he c ha rg e w ere c on su l t in g t h e t he emperor, a ll t h e law s of t re a son a t o n ce h e
ora cles o f t h e E y t ian d ivin it
g p y Besa an d ot h er ca me referab le t o h is erson a n d p ow er a s repre
, p
mag ic pract ices, w it h rela t ion t o a ffai rs of st a t e . sen t in g t he st a t e .
308 P U BL I C REV ENU E .
[Book I .

A ND
T IO N
T AX A
.
of p u bli c m e n w ere fe l t by t h e ma ss ra t h e r i n t h e i r
p erma n en t c ouse
q ue n c e s a s a ffec t i n g t h e w h ol e b ody of a soc i e t y so a bj e c t a n d c orrup t ,

a n d so a c c ust ome d t o w i t n ess t h e d a ily mi sc on d uc t ra a c i t y a n d c ruel t y

p , ,

o f t h e i r g ov ern ors a s t o b e b ut li t t l e sc a n d a liz e d by i n di v id ua l e x c e sse s a n d

,

e n ormi t i e s h ow e ve r fre q uen t a n d fl a g ra n t t h ey mi g h t b e

,
Un d er t h ose .

n ors h ow ev er a sy st e m o f t a x a t i on h a d b e en ra d ua lly g rowi n

g o v er , , g g up ,

un e q ua ll e d p rob a bly i n a moun t a n d Op p ressi ven ess by t h e fi n a n c i a l

, ,

e x a c t i on s o f a n y sub se q uen t a g e I n t h e re i g n of C on st a n t i n e t h e .

si n g l e p rovi n c e of G a ul p a id a sum of a b out seven milli on s st erli n g i n t o

t h e i mp eri a l t reasury U n d er t h e fi rst C aesa r t h e est a t es of t h e I t a li a n s

“l
.

w ere e x e mp t from a ll t rib ut e or l a n d t a x ; a n d i n fa c t t h e more -

, ,

O p p ressi ve p a rt of t h e fi sc a l sy st em sp run g i n t o e xi st en c e a ft e r t h e re i g n

of S e p t i mius S ev erus ; i n t h a t o f C on st a n t i n e i t w as b roug h t t o ma t uri t y ,

a n d i n t h e a g e of Th e od osi us a n d h i s so n s H on ori us a n d A rc a di us i t b ore

i t s n a t ura l frui t s—rui n p ove rt y a n d d e sol a t i on ,I t i s suffi c i e n t i n t hi s

, .

p l a c e t o ob serve t h a t t h e t rib ut e c on si st e d o f a n a n n ua l
p a y m e n t c h a r ed
g
up on a ll t h e l a n d s of t h e e mp i re a c c ordi n g t o a v a l ua t i on ma d e e very ,

fi ft e e n y e a rs by offi c e rs of t h e p raet ori a n p re fec t c a ll e d c e n sors : t h e ,

i n t erva l s of t i me b e t w een e a c h c en sus or v a l ua t i on w en t by t h e n a me of

i ni tiat ion s “
. Thi s c e n sus or ret urn of t h e v a l ue of t h e l a n d s wh en ma d e t o
, ,

t h e g ove rn me n t d et ermi n e d t h e a n n ua l a moun t t o b e p a id i n t o t h e

,

t re a sury for e a c h p ort i on of l a n d i n c l ud e d i n on e a ssessmen t T he lan d .

t a x w a s c ombi n e d w i t h t h e ordi n a ry c a p i t a t i on t a x a n d b ot h w e re l a id -

up on t h e l a n d i n suc h a ma n n er t h a t l a rg e est a t es p a id for sev era l h ea d s ,

a n d sev era l sma ll on e s w e re un i t e d t o form on e h e a d T h e mod e i n .

w hi c h t hi s un i on w a s e ffe c t e d i s n ot v ery c l ea rly i n di c a t e d ; b ut i n i t s

O era t i on i t a p e a rs t o h a ve b e e n so un c ert a i n a n d i n t ri c a t e a s t o O en
p p p

See G i bbon s C omp ut a t ion , vol 1 1 p 7 0

”
’
. . . . t ra ced h ig her, t hey sa y t han t he reig n of C on
.

T he a moun t w as in dee d red uced t o t wo million s st a ut in e , n or red uc ed b elow t ha t of C onst a n t ius

b y J ulia n b ut t h e provin ce w as a t t ha t j un ct ure t h a t is t h e t erm c alled

. a n i n dic t io n wa s
so e x h a ust ed b y b arb a ri c i n vas ion s as t o b e n o a d op t e d ab out t he t ime w hen t h e last ha n d w a s

lon g er a ble t o d isc ha rg e its p rio r a ssessmen t .

p ut t o t h e R o ma n scheme of la n d t a x ; a n d w a s
-

A mm Ma rc ell lib x vi c 5 p 1 28
. . . . . . . . n o d ou b t reg a rde d a s a con ven ien t t e rm for t h e
‘9
I t is si ng ula r t ha t t h is i nco n ven ie n t a nd a r revi sa l of t h e
p re ce d in g va lua t ion T heir suc .

b it ra ry c ycle s hould h a ve ma in t a in ed it s g roun d cessful a t t e mp t t o c lea r up t h e rs t o f t h e se fi

so ma n y cen t urie s a ft er t he oc c a sion for w h ic h i t fi
d if cult ies see ms t o supply a very p rob a ble
W a s c re a t e d h a d ceased t o e x ist See t he c lea r — solut ion o f t he secon d T he word
. in d ic t ion
a n d a b le d isserta t io n o n t h e n d ic t ions i n t h e I h a d n o d oub t b een p reviously used , b ut t he
A rt d e Ver les D a tes, vol i
. 4 p x iv . . . . . I p eri od w as n o t x ed t ill it bec a me n ec essa ry t o
fi
—
c a n n ot o we ver un d erst a n d w hy t he lea rn ed a u fi x i t fo r t he purpose o f reg ula t in g t he c ollec t io n
t hors sh ould a ffi rm t ha t w e a re i g n ora n t o f t he o f t h e reven u e See t he o pin io n s o f t he le a rn e d
t i me wh e n , a n d of t h e r ea son why , t he i n d ic t io n colle c t e d i n t he En cy c lop M at ron , A rt . ln .

w a s in st it ute d T he y t hemse lves sup ply a suffi

. d i c t i on
.

c ie n t a n swe r t o t he fi rst q u est io n ; it c a n n ot b e

C ha p . vi ii ] V ECT IGAL IA .

h w id t fi ld f lity d x t t i t h h n d , a n d on t h e
t e e s e or ve n a a n e or on on e o n e a

ot h er t o a fford c on sid era bl e fa c ili t y for eva si on s by w hi c h t h e st a t e mi g h t

b e d efra ud e d A c c ordi n g ly t h e severest p un i sh men t s were en a c t e d for

.

c on c ea li n g t h e v a l ue a n d t h e rod uc t i on s of t h e l a n d s from t h e v i e w O f
p
t h e c e n sors
43
Suc h w ere t h e b a l eful e ffec t s of t hi s mod e of ra i si n g a
.

reven ue t h a t b e fore t h e c l ose o f t h e re i g n of Th e o d osi us some O f t h e P

, p i
ro r et ors

a llow t h ei r
fi n est most fert il e di st ri c t s of I t a ly w ere d e sert e d by t h e i r i n h a r d
an d -
an s to m

b i t a n t s a n d a ll ow e d t o run t o w a st e M
We c a n n ot d oub t b ut t h a t t h e ff .
‘ “
,

l ess O pul e n t p rov i n c es w ere st ill grea t er sufferers A t t h e sa me t i me fgizhgg t h e e

”
.

i n dust ry w a s burt h e n e d w i t h h e a vy dut i e s up on a rt i c l es of c on sump t i on D ut i f ,

es o ex

kn ow n by t h e n a me of ve c t ig a li a ; e very c l a ss of i n d ust ry every t ra d e l f m i up t c se on a r i

, c es o co
m
ev e n t h e w re t c h e d fre que n t ers of t h e p ubli c st e w s
h
a n d oc c u a t i on
“
p
p
,
,
du ,
cen ce t i es

w ere p re sse d t o t h e e a rt h by t h e i n t ol era bl e w e i g h t of t a x e s an d t h e p t d ,

U on ra es

d p f an ro e s

e x t ort i on s of t h e v en a l t rib e O f c e n sors i n sp e c t ors a n d ot h er O ffi c i a l s ( ti g a , sron s vec

d
e mp l oy e d i n t h e i r c oll e c t i on
h ) a a re ra i se
T h e p eop l e l ook e d w i t h h op e l e ss i n differ t b .
o a n ex or l

en c e u on t h e rui n w hi c h t h re a t e n e d t h e m n or d o t h e y s ee m t o h a v e fel t
“ m t M t t “ “
p t h ut t ui e er r n

i t a s a n y a ggrav a t i on of t h ei r snfi erin g s th a t t h e rev e n ue t h us n e f t d

md u fy
e ra e an

Q ,

fa mously a n d ex p en si v e ly sc ra p e d t og e t h er w a s i mmed l a t ely sq ua n

O O 0 s r I

d ere d by a di sh on e st g overn men t up on a di ssol ut e c ourt a li c e n t i ous ,

a n d i n effi c i e n t a rmy a n d a sw a rm of ra a c i ous a n d c orru t

p ,
p p ubli c
45
serva n t s .

VI W e . mi t n ot i c i n g t h e d ec a y of t h e mun i c i p a l t ow n s of t h e 32] ,n 133;

c a n n ot o

e m i re a s a subj e c t i n t i ma t e ly c o n n ec t e d wi t h t h e n a t ure of t h e rev e n ue E éféfifilofi

‘
‘

p , ,

a n d mo d e of c oll ec t i on T h e a ut h ori t i e s or c orp ora t i on s of t h e mun i .

c i i a or
p p ri v il eg e d t own s c on si st e d O f a b ody of ma g i st ra t e s c a ll e d
d ec uri on s ori g i n a lly el ec t e d by t h e p e op l e a n d p resid e d over by O ffi c ers
,

kn own by t h e n a mes of D uumv i ri Q ua t uor viri or Q ui n quen n a l es; a c , ,

c ordi n
g t o t h e i r n umb er or t h e t erm O f t h e i r se rvi c e N ot hi n g c a n a fford a .

48
Cod Th eod os lib x iii t i t x i d e C ensit ori
. . . . . . t he t ow ns, d ow n t o t he very low est
a n d ot h ers
b us, P ermq ua t orib us et I n sp ec t orib us . t ra desmen , n ot even e x e mp t in g t h e misera ble
Cod Th eod os lib i x t i t x x vi ii d e I nd ul p rost i t ut es from t h is g ri evan ce H en c e i t ha p
“4
. . . . . . .

g en t iis d ebit orum lex 2 p en ed t h a t as Oft en a s t h e fo urt h year ca me

”
.

osi mu
,

Z s ( lib ii p 1 1 5) t h us c h a ra c t eriz es
. . . roun d , a n d t h e vec t i al w as ab out t o b ecome
g
t he c on d uc t o f t h e g overn men t in t h e reig n O f pay able ( or, perhap s, ra t h er w hen t he licenses
C on st a n t ine T ha t emp eror, h e sa ys,
. d id w ere a b out t o b ecome ren ew able) , n o t h in wa s
g
n ot Cease t o e x h a ust t h e vec t i ali a
g ( cust oms a n d t o be h e a rd t h roug h o ut t h e cit y b ut sob s a n d
ex cise) b y larg esses c on ferred , n ot upo n t h e d e t ears ; a n d w he n t h e t ime w as come n ot h in
g

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ervi n g , b ut u on t he mean a n d t h e w ort hle ss w as seen b ut t h e a pplica tion O f t h e most fl a g ran t

s p .

H e w as v ery severe up on t hose w ho pa id t rib ut e t ort ures t o t h e p erson s of t h ose w h o fro m mere
wh ile he he a ped ric h es upon such as w ere of n o povert y could n ot b ear such a loss T h e se q uel
.

use in t he st a t e ; i n t his, mist a in g p rod ig alit y k of t his d escript ion merely p rove s t he de t h of
p
for mun ifi cen ce He l i ew ise i mp osed la rg e
. k b asen ess in t o w h ich O pp ressio n O ft en plun g e s
p a y men t s in g old an d silver ( for l icen se s) upon t h e subj e c t mot hers sold t heir ch ild ren , fa t hers
person s c arryin g on merc han d i z e i n all p art s
‘

p rost it ut ed t hei r ow n d a ug h t ers t o ra ise t he

“

of t h e em ire ; li ewise u on ma r e t k k su ms n ecessary for t he renew al of t heir licen ces

p p p eople i n .

VOL . I . 2 R
3 10 D EC U RI O N S .
[Book 1 .

more vi vid c on c ep t i on of t h e mi sera bl e c on diti on of t h e p eopl e un d er t h e

C h ri st i a n e mp erors t h a n t h e p erusa l of t h e n umerous ordi n a n c es resp ec t
1
t ity mc
h
;
k
i n g t h e O ffi c e O f d ec uri on i n t h e Th eod osi a n c od e
a
“
W e fi n d t he
p erson s .
6

g t t
l eg a lly e l i g i bl e for t h i s ma g i st ra c y a n x i ously sh ri n k i n g from Ob se rva t i on
rs ra es s n n
f m th b u
ro e r ,

w hil e t h ose up on w h ose sh ould ers t h e b urt h e n some h on our h a s fa ll en

upo e a erly e mb ra c e a n su t erfug e by w hi c h t h e y ma y sh a k e it O ff a ga i n
3: n b
1 n
?
8
g y .

M a n y suc h p e rson s en l i st e d i n t h e a rmi es : some e ve n sold t h e msel ves

a s sl a ves t o a v oid i t s rui n ous d ut i es ; y e t were t h ey d ra gg e d from t hi s

w ret c h e d a syl um a n d forc ibly rei n st a t ed i n offi c e

,
C ri mi n a l s w ere .

some t i mes us h e d i n t o t h ese l a c es by t h e rel uc t a n t c i t iz en s ; a n d a n

p p
ex p re ss e di c t O f t h e sov ere i g n w a s n ec essa ry t o p ut a st o p t o t hi s

Th w
e to b d esp era t e a b use T h e di ffi c ul t y of ob t a i n i n g p erson s t o ex ec ut e t h e
ns e .

b ft “
f:p t bl d ut i es of d ec uri on s b ec a me a t l en g t h so g rea t t h a t i t w a s n ec e ssa ry
“ ere
a r ec a e ,

m gm y
s

a 'ac
t o e n l a rg e t h e c l a ss O f eli g ibl e p e rson s by e x t e n di n g i t t o J e ws a n d h ere
t i c s a d esc ri p t i on O f men t o w h om a l most a ll o t h er p oli t i c a l ri g h t s w ere
,

d en i ed J ust i n i a n i t see ms i mp ose d up on t h e m t h e rui n ous d ut i es

, ,

w i t h out b est ow i n g t h e h on ours of t h e O ffi c e ; men w ere i n d uc e d by c i vil

p riv il eg e s t o e n rol t h e i r n a mes i n t h e c uri ae a n d eve n b a st a rd s w e re h eld ,

t o b e l eg iti ma t iz e d by b e i n g c l ot h e d w i t h t h e di g n i t y of d ec uri on .

Th d u i e ec
T h e h a rd shi p s a t t a c hi n g t o t hi s O ffi c e w hi c h ren d ere d i t a n obj e c t of
r on s

are m d th a e e
,

co ll t r
ec ors o suc h d ee
p d re a d were p ri n c i p a lly t h e foll ow i n g : t h e d e curi on s were
,

3333232; t he O ffi c i a l c oll ec t ors O f t h e i mp eri a l t a x es w i t hi n t h e i r mun i c i p i a

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8

8 0 ,

blm g mm
a n d e a c h O f t h em b ec a me by v i rt ue O f h i s offi c e a c c o un t a bl e t o t h e
’ '

m t f th
en or e
a mut o n
g o
as v ern m e n t for a ll h 1 s c oll e a ues t o t h e a moun t of t h e e n t rre a ssess
g
522 23 2221 men t ma d e up on h is t ow n ship ; n e i t h er did t hi s re sp on sibili t y c ea se
a t t h e ex i ra t i on of h i s O ffi c e si n c e h e w a s h e ld li a bl e fo r t h e d e fa l
p ,

c a t i on s of h is suc c essor : h e w a s more over fre quen t ly c omp ell e d , ,

by t h e l oc a l govern ors t o t a k e c a p i t a t i on l a n d s w hi c h h a d b een ,

d esert e d by t h e ow n ers from i n a bili t y t o p a y i n t o h i s o wn h a n d s a n d t o , ,

di sc h a rge t h e a moun t a ssesse d up on t h em out of h is own fun d s i f t h e

c ommun ity w a s un a bl e t o re li ev e h im But t h e gri eva n c e la y n ot .

so muc h i n t h e st a t e of t h e l a w s by w hi c h t h e b urt h e n s w e re i mp osed ,

a s i n t h e a rbi t ra ry a n d t y ra n n i c a l ma n n er i n w hi c h t h e y w e re a d mi n i s

t ere d by t h e p rov i n c i a l g overn ors w h o fro m t h e d a y s o f t h e re p ubli c

,

w ere a c c ust ome d t o t rea t t h e d ec uri on s O f t h e mun i c i p a l t ow n s a t on c e a s

t h e i n st rume n t s a n d t h e v i c t i ms of t h e i r e x t ort i on s ; a n d t h us i t oc c urre d
t h a t t h e p raet ors O f t h e p rov i n c es O ft en c omp ell e d t h e m w i t h out a n y ,

d eli n quen c y on t h e i r p a rt t o ma k e g ood a n y d efi c i e n c y i n t h e a moun t

,

a sse sse d u on t h e c ommu n i t y un d e r t h e i r c on t rol out o f t h e i r p ri v a t e

”
p
fort un es Thi s i nj ust i c e w a s i n d ee d freque n t ly p rohibi t ed by la w b ut
. ,

See Cod Th eod os lib

. . . x u t it
. . x ix . D e d ecurion ib us , l 1 0 , 1 1 , 1 3 , 22, 66 1 0 8 ,& c
. .
C h ap . viii .
] D ECA Y O F T HE C T I I ES AN D T O W S N .
3 11

to li t t l e p urp ose ; t h e c i t i es i n c l udi n g t h e c a p i t a l i t sel f b ereft of a Tfht h p i il g

, ,
e r v e es
it i
z ea l ous a n d reput a bl e ma g i st ra c y sh orn of t h e i r j uri sdi c t i on s by t h e
o e c es

,
ihil t are a n n a

e n c roa c h me t s O f t h e i mp eri a l c ourt s h a ra sse d by t e i gggjgz gy e

n h n t e r
p si i
o t on
,
of e

v ex a t i ous a pp e a l s a n d e x h a ust e d by i mp ost s g ra d ua lly fell i n t o t ot a l

iiiii ifiriiii
i p r
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a

d ec a y ; t h e p op ul a t i on d esert ed t h em a n d t h e st a t e t h us d ep rive d i t se lf “iii g ty over

— a my
,

e l a st rema i n i n g sourc es from w hi c h t h e

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of t h ose n urseri e s of i n dust r
'

y t h ,

h ea l t h a n d st ren g t h of t h e t ot t eri n g e mp i re mi g h t h a ve b een re c rui t e d

_
.

I n suc h a st a t e of t hi n g s sc a rc e ly a n y c h a n g e c ould b e for t h e w orse a n d ,

h en c e w e ma y a c c oun t for t h e p a ssive sub mi ssi on of t h e G a lli c a n d

I t ali a n c i t i es t o th ei r b arb a ri c c on querors .

I f t h e h on est y of t h e hi st ori a n Z osi mus ma y b e trust e d w h ere t h e T tim y f

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es on o
Z imu t th ,

con duc t of a C h ri st i a n g ove rn me n t i s i n que sti on n o ori e n t a l d es ot i sm f

os s o e
48
p u , n e a ri o s con

e ver ou t stri p p e d t h e c old h e a rt e d p oli c y of C on st a n t i n e t h e G rea t £ 55

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313: .

Wh en h e h a d a mi n d sa ys t h a t vi rul en t writ er t o p a re d own t h e 3222

,
523
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1
8 3

fort un es of t h e more O p ul e n t c i t iz e n s h e use d t o se l ec t on e or more ,

O f t h e m for t h e di g n i t y of t h e raet ura a n d t o ex t ort l a r e sums O f

p g ,

mon e y un d er c ol our of con ferrin g a n h on our Ac c ordi n g ly w h en h e .

a pp roa c h e d t h e t ow n s on e mi g h t b e h old t h ose wh o w ere li a bl e t o suc h

,

offic e s flyi n g i n a ll di re c t i on s ea c h on e d re a di n
g t h a t h
, e m i h
g t be
c om e ll e d t o
p p u rc h a se di n i t
g y a t t h e g rea t c ost of h i s p a t ri mon y .

H e lik e wi se k e p t a wri tt e n li st O f t h e more opul e n t up on w h om b e ,

i mp ose d c on t ri but i on s ; a n d t h ese h e c a ll e d h is p urse But by suc h .

e x t ort i on s a s t h e se h e e xh a ust e d t h e c i t i e s F or w h en l on g a ft er C on .
,

st a n t i n e t h e sa me e x a c t i on s c on t i n ue d t o b e ma d e t h e ri c h es of t h e
, ,

t own s b e c omi n g g ra d ua lly wa st e d t h e

g rea t er n umb er of t h em w ere
,

d esert e d by t h e i n h a bi t a n t s Up on t hi s sta t emen t w e a re a t lib ert y t o

.

O b serve th a t t h e
'

efi eet s w e re p rec i se ly a s st a t e d by t h e hi st ori a n a n d ,

w h e t h er t h e c h a rg e sh a ll a t t a c h t o t h e i n dividua l c on duc t of t h e fi rst

C h ri st i a n e mp eror or t o t h e g e n era l p oli c y of h i s d e sp ot i c suc c e ssors i s
, ,

of l ess i m ort a n c e i n a n hi st ori c a l sk e t c h lik e t h e re sen t t h a n i t w ould b e

p p
i f w e we re c a ll e d up on t o p a ss a n i m a rt i a l j udg men t up on t h e c h a ra c t er
p
Of t h at
p a rt i c ul a r rul er T h e Sp ec ifi c c h a rg e a g a i n st C on st a n t i n e ma y b e
.

a n un foun d e d c a l umn y
; b ut g re a t must h a ve b ee n t h e mi sc on d uc t of a
g ov ern m e n t w hi c h c o u ld e m b old e n on e of i t s ow n O ffi c e rs — on e t oo w h o

h a d b een hi mse l f emp l oy e d i n t h e ve ry d e p a rt men t w h ere t h e g rea t est

M v Sa vigny G eschich te d es ROm Recht s

0

his authorit ies, an d see n o re ason t o quest ion

‘7
of
—
. .
, .

i m Mit t elalt er ( H ist of t he Rom L a w i n t he

. . t he soun d n ess of his vi ews See a lso Mii lter s
’

M iddle A g es) vol i pp 22 t o 49 T his e x cel

, . . . . G esc h d er Sc hweit z & c vol i p 88, not e
.
, . . . .

len t writ er has collect ed a n d comp ared all t he Gibbon ( vol ii 0 1 7 p 7 1 ) a d mi t s t ha t

4“
. . . . .

p assag es i n t h e va rious Roman cod es rela t ive t o it is i mpossib le t o ust ify t he t est imon y of osi
j Z
t he sta t e o f t h e R oman mun i ci i a i n t h e lat er mus from t he c ha rg e of p assion an d prej u
p
a es o f t h e e m ire
g I
have g on e t hroug h ma n y d ice
p .
.

2 R 2
3 12 PA L AT IN E O FF I C ERS .
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b uses a re a ll eg e d t o h a ve e x i st ed—t o rely up on t h e n ot ori et y Of t h a t

a

mi sc on d uc t t o g i ve c urre n c y t o suc h a n i mp ut a t i on a s t hi s .

v rrGE NERAL V I I T h e mod e st st a t e of t h e fi rst C aesa rs soon yi eld e d t o a ll t h e p omp

M R
.

O A L AND
a n d p rid e O f a b sol ut e mon a rc hy T h e n umb er of offi c i a l p erson s a b out t h e
—
.

c ourt a u me n t e d i n o t t o t h b u f t h m to
g ro
p p r i o n e i n c rea sr n
g srn e ss o e e
p i re ,

t h e sup i n e n ess of t h e mon a rc h t h e ma n ifi c e n c e of h is ubli c e x hibi t i on s

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T h e d omest i c s b ody g uard s

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a n d a g e n t s o f t h e c ou rt w e re or a n iz e d i n sc h ol ae or di sc i li n e d c or s
g p p ,

un d er t h e i r resp e c t i ve c hi e fs or c oun t s T h e c on d uc t of t h ese mi n i st ers .

t ow a rd s t h e i r sub ordi n a t es w a s a s li t t l e re ul a t e d by la w a n d j ust i c e a s t h a t

g
of t h e sov e re i g n t o w a rd s t h e me mb e rs of h i s o w n c a bi n e t C orrup t i on .
,

t y ra n n y a n d c rue l t y w a s ro a a t e d from t h e i n t e ri or O f t h e l
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p ace a s ,

from t h e w el l— h e a d t o t h e fa rt h e st e x t remi t i e s of t h e e mp i re I t must .

V l
e na dp b e a d mi t t e d
an ro sa y s A mmi a n , t h a t v ery fe w me n O f p robi t y a n d regu ,
49

la ri ty of c on d uc t w e re t o b e foun d a mon g t h e P a l a t i n e O ffi c e rs Th e y w e re .

'h P lm
for t h e most p a rt b re d i n t h e p a l a c e t h a t n urse ry of e v e ry S p e c i es O f v i c e
e a ‘

by w hi c h t h e st a t e wa s i n fe c t e d w i t h d e p ra ve d h a bi t s ; a n d i n d ee d t h e
mi sc hi e f t h ey did c on si st e d more i n t h e ex a mpl e s t h ey set t o o t h ers t h a n
i n t h e a c t ua l offen c e s t h e y w ere g ui l t y of t h e mse l v es S ome a mon g .

t h e m h a d ri sen a t on e l ea f rom t h e l o w est d e p t h s o f p ov e rt y t o t h e

p
g rea t e st a ffi ue n c e by fee di n g up on t h e Sp oil s of t h e t e mp l es a n d
, ,

a c ut e ly sc e n t i n y t u i t y f or a i n Th e se p erson s se t n e i t h er
g e v er o
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mea sure n or b oun d s t o t h e i r a va ri c e a n d p rodi g a li t y —t o t h ei r ex p en se ,

a n d ra a c i t y
p T h e c orrup t i on of t h e c ourt i e rs b ec a me t h e c a use of
.

l oose c on d uc t i n ot h ers ; a p refere n c e for di sh on est g a i n s g a ve ri s e t o

p erj uri e s di sreg a rd for c h a ra c t e r ex t ra v a g a n t sel f i n d ul g e n c e a n d v a n i t y
-

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of t h e fe st i v e b oa rd t ook t h e l a c e o f t h ose of t h e fi eld

p .

Ch t f
ara c er o T h e a g en t es i n r ebus or c oll eg e of i mp eri a l c ommi ssi on e rs a n d messe n
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sord er i n e v e ry d e a rt me n t of t h e
3 332322; g ers w a s a ,
p er v a di n g so u rce o f di p
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fi c i e n t ly v a g ue a n d e x t e n sive t o c rea t e di st rust a n d a l a rm i p t h e mi n d s

of a ll c on n e c t e d w i t h t h e o v e rn men t Th ese a g e n t es w ere a sp ec i e s of
g .

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v e ed t o t he o vin ci a l o v e rn ors ; t h e y w e re t h e mse l v es oft e n p e rson

y p r g
a lly e m o w ere d t o su eri n t e n d a n d e n forc e t h e e x ec ut i on of t h e i r i n
p p
st ruc t i on s ; t h e i r c ommi ssi on s ex t e n d e d t o a ll c i vil a n d mili t a ry a ffa i rs ,

L ib . x x n . c . 4 p 3 25,
. . S pea k in g o f t he reig n to seven t een
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( A mm M a rc ell lib ii
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of C o n st a n t i us . c 7 p
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I n t he Ca rl T h€ 0 d 0 8 l lb vi u De succ e ssors t h e w ee d soo n sprun g up fro m t his
5°
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a e n t rb u
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p slen d e r fi
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C ha p . viii . AG E T ES N IN R EB S U .
3 13

a n d on ma n y oc c a si on s t h ey a pp ea r t o h a v e sup erse d e d a ll t h e ordi n a ry

aut h ori t i es O f t h e st a t e Th e ir ri g h t of i n t erfere n c e w a s b oun d e d on ly by
. .

t h e e x t en t of p ow er w i t h w hi c h t h e g ov ern men t t h oug h t fi t t o i n t ru st

t h em ; t h e y w ere reg a rd e d a s t h e ey es a n d e a rs of t h e c ourt a n d st ood T h y b m

1 5
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o o s es

g en era l i n st ruc t i on s i mp ort e d t h a t t h e i r fi rst d ut y w a s t o Ob serv e w i t h ,

t h e ut most dili g e n c e a n d fa i t h fully a n d se c re t ly t o r ep ort t o t h e e mp eror

,

all ma t t ers O f mome n t w hi c h mi g h t c ome t o t h e i r k n ow l e d g e i n t h e

c ourse O f t h e i r a g en c i es .

N o b et t er mod e c ould b e d ev i se d of c on v ert i n g a n a ll i mp ort a n t c l a ss -

Of u bli c serva n t s i n t o a h a t e ful g a n g of S p i es e a ve sd ro

pp ers a n d
p ,

i n forme rs Th e y w ere n ot Sl o w in di sc overi n g t h a t t h e surest roa d

.

t o a dv a n c e men t la y i n mi n i st eri n g t o t h e t y ra n n ous j e a l ousy of t h e so ve T h y p e ex as e

re i n ; t h e y t ook c a re t o e n h a n c e t h e i r ow n i m ort a n c e by i m ressi n fiifiififff d

g ffi
'

g p p ee

h is mi n d w i t h a p rofoun d di st rust of ev ery ot h er c l a ss of subj ec t s a n d ,

omi t t e d n o o t un i t y O f serv i n t h e ir ri v a t e e n d s a n d ra t i fyi t h i ig

pp or g p g n
g e r sovere n s

Ow n ev il p a ssi on s by c a l umn y a n d fa l se h ood Th ey w a t c h e d t h e un 52

.

g ua rd e d mome n t s of c on v iv i a l e nj oy men t t h e y p oure d t h e c a re l ess ,

ex p re ssi on s of mut ua l c on fid e n c e a n d fri e n d shi i n t o t h e o en e a r Of

p p
j e al ous d e sp ot i sm t ill a ll se c uri t y for t h e p rop ert y t h e c h a ra c t er a n d
53

”
, , ,

eve n t h e li fe O f t h e subj ec t w a s a n n ihil a t e d 5 4

”
.

W e c a n n ot b e t t er c on c lud e t hi s p ort i on O f our subj ec t t h a n i n t h e Th d t i

'

e con i on

e l oquen t w ord s of t h e hi st ori a n M iil le r E ve n p ri or t o t h e over 2122 2231

9

sa y s t h a t emi n e n t w r i t er
t h row of t h e re ubli c ia “
p a rt y S p i ri t oft en
f?
P
p , ,

i n duc e d p erson s of t h e best c h a ra c t er t o c a st a v e il over t h e p rid e a n d '

“
a v a ri c e O f t h e hi h e r a n d w e a l t hi er c l a sse s of
g publi c se rv a n t s M uc h .

grea t e r t h e n w a s t h e d ifl i c ult y of O b t a i n i n g a h ea ri n g a t t h e c ourt of

t h e rul ers of t h e w orld t o t h e oor O p p resse d h usb a n d ma n w h o c ould
'

p ,

n ot b ri n
g forwa rd a n y more c og e n t t est i mon i es a g a i n st hi s ri c h a n d
5‘
Gothof ri d P ara t i tlon a d C od Th eod os P a n n on i a Se c un d a , a n d of t he C onvi ve of Sir
D e a g en t ib , & c —See also
. . .

hb v i t rt x x vii mium a t t h e d ela t ion of t h e a g en t G a ud en t ius

”
. . . . . . .

P a ra t it a d t i t x x ix D e curiosis Amm M a rcell lib x v c 3 p 7 7 z

"
T he curi osz
’

. . . . . . . . . .

w ere t he p ost ma st ers o f t h e em ire a n d li e t h e k 5‘ S

ee t h e lively n arra tive O f L iba n i u s ( In
p ,

a g en t es,
"
st ood i n direct mmun ica t ion W it h N ecem J ul ian i, p 29 4) a g ain st t he a en t es
—
co .
g
t he court T hey w ere sub se quen t ly a c t ual ly
. i n reb us Also in O ra t a d v Floren t ium, p
. . . .

se le ct ed from a mon 42 5 A d v I carum, p 47 2

g t he a g en t es, an d en t rust ed . . . .

w it h like fun c t ions T he compla in t s of t heir .

55
He in st an ces t he con duct of Scipio a s
ex t ort i on s an d d e red a t ion s i n d uced Hon ori u rep ort ed b y L ivy ( lib x x i x c al lud in g p ro
p s . . .

t o remove t hem from t he rovin c es of Afi i c a a n d '

b a b ly t o t he t yran n y of P lemin ius t ow ard s t he
p
D almat ia .
L oc rian s But . I
d o n ot fi n d t hat L i vy c harg es
Q
See t h e ch a ra c t ers of t he ot ary P a ulus a n d
.
N S c ipio wi t h pro t ect in g t h a t g rea t p ublic O ffen d er .

t h e Re c eiv er of t h e
privy ch a mber Mercurius, P lemi n ius, t ho g f Sc p io s army ,
’
u h an O f
fi cer O i
b ot h ma st ers in t h e a rt s of dela t i on a n d sla nd er w a s in fa c t ca rri ed t o Rome i n c ha in s, an d d ied
—A mm Ma rcell lib x v c 3 7 5
.

p . . . . . . . in p rison b efore t he c harg es a g ain st him c ou ld

53
See t he t re a t men t of Afric a n us, G overn or of b e heard .
3 14 CO N D I T I ON OF T H E P EO P L E .
[Book 1 .

p ow erful ty ra n t t h a n h is si g h s a n d h is t ea rs Wh en a mid i n crea si n g c or

.

ru t i on a ll ri h t fe eli n
p g g h a d b e c om e a b sorb e d i n selfi sh n ess ; w h en t h e i r

former w ea l t h h a d b e en wrun g from t h e e n sl a ve d n a ti on s, a n d w h en a ll

p rosp ec t quest s w a s a t a n en d t h e p ubli c O ffi c er reg a rd e d
O f n ew c on ,

e x t ort i on a s t h e on ly roa d t o fort un e st ill l e ft O en t o h im ; c ruel t y h e

p
l ook e d up on a s a useful i n st rumen t a n d t h a t h uma n i t y whi c h mi g h t
,

c h e c k h is o r t o w e a l t h —a s mere i mb ec ili t y M o re over t h e h on est

p g
r e ss .

se rva n t s of t h e st a t e w e re rui n e d w i t h out a c ri me ; d e servi n

g g en era l s
w ere c on si g n e d t o d ea t h up on b a re susp i c i on ; a n d t h us w h en t h e ,

n a t ura l su eri ors a n d ro t ec t ors of t h e p oor h a d a ll fa ll e n t h e c i t iz e n s of

p p ,

t h e mi n or t own s a n d t h e mi sera bl e h usb a n d men w h om t h e b ar b a ri a n s

”
,

th e msel ves h a d sp a red w ere sure t o fi n d e a c h h i s ow n e sp ec i a l t yra n t

,

a mon g t h e v a st sw a rm O f su b ordi n a t es w h o fed up on t h e p l un d er o f t h e

p ubli c
56
.

Conclusion . I n t h e p re c e di n g sk et c h of t h e i n t ern a l c ause s t o w hi c h t h e fa ll of t h e

R oma n emp i re o f t h e w est h a s b een most usua lly a sc rib ed w e h ave ,

c l asse d t og e t h er fa c t s a n d e ve n t s oc curri n g a t di ffe re n t p eri od s of

t i me , a n d b e l on g i n g t o di ffe ren t a g es of t h e c o mmon wea l t h , b ut a ll of
t h e m h e a rin g more or l ess t h e rel a t i on of c a use a n d effe c t t o e a c h o t h er .

M uc h h a s b ee n O f n e c essi t y omi t t e d w hi c h mi g h t h ave t h row n a more

e f t li h t u t h t q u t i w h e a t t em t e d t o e l uc id a t e
p r ec
g p on e g rea e s on e a v p .

But ev e n if our p l a n h a d p ermi t t e d us t o b ri n g t og e t h er a ll t h a t i s

kn own up on t h e subj e c t w e fe e l t h a t w e S h ould h a ve b ee n a bl e t o O ffer
,

b ut a p a rt i a l a n d i n fi rm sol ut i on of t h e g rea t p robl e m T o w h a t c a uses -

a re w e t o a sc rib e t h e sudd en fa ll of a v a st c i v iliz e d emp i re , c omp re h e n d

i n g a ll t h e most b e a ut i ful a n d fert il e p ort i on s of E urop e t h e b e st p a rt .

O f Afri c a a n d a l a r e S h a re of t h e A si a t i c c on t i n en t , b e fore t h e a ssa ul ts

, g
o f me re b a rb a ri a n s l ess n ume rous, w orse di sc i pli n e d , a n d i n fi n i t ely
,

more i gn ora n t t h a n t h e v a n qui sh e d p opul a t ion ? W e h ave n ot a n ot h er

i n st a n c e i n hi st ory of on e en t i re soc i a l st ruc t ure emb ra c i n g t h e w h ol e,

c i v iliz e d w orld c rumbli n g a t on c e a n d sudd en ly i n t o d ust

,
C uri osi t y is .

w oun d up even t o a n xi e t y t o l ea rn w h a t w ere t h e sp ell s w hi c h so

ut t e rly p a ra lyz e d t h e a rm O f c iviliz a t ion t h a t mi g h t y p ower w hi c h i n a ll
,

sub se q ue n t a g es h a s rov e d n ot merely t h e surest g u a ra n t e e of n a t i on a l

p
st a bili t y b ut t h e un fa ili n sourc e of w e a l t h a n d st ren g t h a n d t h e c ert a i n
, g ,

5°
Mu
ll er G esc hich te d er S c hw eit z & c
,
vol . i . G ub e rn a t ion e D ei lib , . v .
) us d e
I n ho c scel

pp 88, 89
. . q
T he a ut hor uotes t he followi n g volu t a est , u t n isi q uis malus esset , sa lvus esse
fo rc ible p assag e from S a lvia n O f Ma rs eilles ( De n on
p ossit .
 ”
C h ap . viii .
] C O N CLUS I O N . 3 15

i n strumen t Of c on domi n i on ! We feel h ow i mp ort an t i t i s t o

que st an d

t h e fut ure w e l fa re Of our o w n soc i a l syst em t o l ea rn w h ere t h e rot t en n e ss ,

la y i n t h e w h ol e a n d i n all i t s p a rt s t h a t w e ma y b e a bl e t o p oi n t out t o
,

th e st a t esmen O f t h e p re sen t a n d O f fut ure g en era t i on s t h e se a t a n d

n at u re of t h ose di se a ses i n t h e b ody p oli t i c w hi c h most c on d uc e t o i t s

di ssolut i on a n d by a c a reful a n d p ra c t i c a l a n a lysi s p rep a re hi m t o d is

, ,

c ern t h e mi sc hi ef b efore i t b ec ome s i n c ura bl e t o t ea c h h im h ow t o sub

s t i t ut e soun d ma t eri a l s for t h ose w hi c h h a v e b ec ome d ec a y e d by a g e a n d

a b use ; t o w a t c h t h e g row i n g a n d fl uc t ua t i n g w a n t s of soc i et y a n d ,

a d u a lly t o a d a t t h e i n t e ri or di vi s i on a n d a rra n e men t of h i s st ruc t u

g r p g re

t o t h e ever v aryi n g c on di t i on of t h e grea t h uma n fa mily

-
B e a ri n g .

i n mi n d t h a t t h e i n g e n ui t y O f n o si n g l e i n di vid ua l n or O f a n y si n g l e a g e , ,

ever y e t st ruc k out a g oo d g o vern men t for i t se l f ; a n d t h a t t h e ut most

‘

e ffort O f t h e w i se st a n d b est O f st a t esme n i s stri c t ly c on fi n e d t o a d a p t a

57
t i on a n d con serva t i on ; t h ose w h o d esi re t o p reserve a n d se c ure t h e
i n st i t ut i on s of t h e i r c oun try w ill fi n d t h emse l ves i n st ruc t e d a n d rewa rd e d
,

i n p rop ort i on t o t he d egree of c a re t h e y ma y b est ow up on t h e ex a mi n a t i on

of t hi s p ort i on O f t h e hi st ory of t h e h uma n ra c e
8 5
.

At t h e p eri od a t w hi c h our n a rra t i ve h a s a rrived t h e va ri ous di se a ses ,

un d er t h e i n fluen c e of w hi c h t h e Roma n emp i re w as l a n gui shi n g t o

d ea t h ma y b e t h us sh ort ly summe d up : all p ow er h a d b ec ome c en
,

t ere d i n a si n g l e i rresp on sibl e i n d i v id ual : ev ery tra ce of t h e a n c i e n t

i n st i t ut i on s a n d p ri n c i p l es Of govern me n t w a s obli t era t e d p ubli c sp i ri t
w a s e x t i n c t : t h e a rmy of t h e st a t e e n feebl e d a n d b rok e n i n t o i n c oh e
,

re n e y by t h e j ea l ousy O f d es ot i sm w a s n ow a l most w h olly re crui t e d by

p ,

fore ig n merc e n a ri e s w h o en t ere d t h e serv i c e ra t h er w i t h a v i ew t o

,
.

p l u n d er t h a n t o
p ro t e c t t h e i r emp l o y ers : a c ra m i n
p g a n d b en umbi n
g
sy st em O f t a x a t i on h a d b a n i sh e d i n dust ry from t h e t own s : e x t ort i on ,

p ec ul a t i on c a b a l c a l umn y d el a t i on un b oun d e d di ssol ut en e ss O f ma n

, , , ,

n ers
p rev a il e d i n t h e p a l a c es O f t h e sovere i g n a n d t h e ma n si on s of t h e
,

O p ul e n t : t h e ma g i st ra c y w a s c h ose n by v en a l soli c i t a t i on a n d c ourt

fa vour w i t h out re g a rd e i t h er t o servi c e s or meri t : t h e mi n i st ers O f

,

t h e sovere i g n w ere sel ec t e d from a mon g his c o mp a n i on s i n v i c e h is ,

fl a t t erers h is p a n d ers a n d even h is sl a ves : e x p e n si ve p omp a n d a bj ec t

,

57
I ven t ure t o a fl i rm t h a t t he new A merican of t he principles of t he Brit ish g overn
an cien t

c onst it ut ion of 1 7 87 can n ot b e re a rd ed i n an

g y men t t o t h e very sin g ular con dit ion of t he p eople
vi ew of i t as an ex cep t ion t o t h is rule T he . for whom i t w as d esig n ed .

cen t ral g overn men t i s a ll t h a t i s n ew i n t h e c on 5°

T hose w h o wish t o r emod el w ill p rob ably
st it uti on of A meri c a n socie t , a n d t h a t sa ve t hemselves t he t rou b le of recurrin g t o h i s
y part i s
far fromb ei n g i t s most i mp ort an t fea t ure Every . t ory for in struct ion T h e symme try o f t heory i s
.

t hin g else w as left st an d i n ; a n d even t he con

g sa dl
y di st urb ed by t he despot ic in terferen ce of
st it ut ion of t he ni on i t self is a mere a da ta t ion
U e x perience
p .
 CO N C L U SI O N .
[Book I .

c ere mon i a l a t t ra c t e d d mi ra t i on a n d fe d t h e v a n i t y O f t h e
o
p p u arl a ,

p ri n c e a n d h is c ourt : t h e a rmy w a s k e p t i n g ood h umour a n d t h e ,

p eopl e w ere c aj ol e d by l a rg e sses a n d sh ows ; a n d t h e c ost of g ov ern

me n t i n c re a se d a s t h e mea n s O f sup p ly di mi n i sh ed .

‘V hile t h e l e a ve n O f d ec a y w a s t h us sp rea di n g from t h e h e a rt t o t h e

e x t re mit i e s o f t h e oli t i c a l b ody a l most e very rov i n c e of t h e e m i re
p p
, p
w a s i n i t s t urn i n v a d ed ra v a g e d a n d d e p op ul a t e d by b a rb a ri a n e n emi e s
, , .

Wh e n t h e fo e re t i red t h e sw a rm O f i mp e ri a l ex t ort i on ers re t urn e d

,

t o c a rry O ff by sy st e ma t i c sp oli a t i on t e n fold more t h a n t h e most ra p a

c i on s i n v a d e r c ou ld h a v e a ma ssed W i t h out b ri n g i n g i n t o a c c oun t t h e
.

re t t y fre q ue n t oc c urre n c e of e st il e n c e a n d fa mi n e t h e sum o f p ubli c

p p ,

mi sery w a s i n crea se d by c i v il di sse n si on s a n d st rug gl es for t h e i mp eri a l

di a d e m A s usua l on suc h oc c a si on s t h e p eopl e p a id t h e p e n a l t y O f t h e
.
,

i n di v idua l a mbi t i on a n d folly O f t h e i r rul ers T h e p e ri od s of p ubli c .

t ra n quilli t y w e re ra re ; a n d w h en t h e y o c c urre d t h e y ma y b e t ra c e d more

c ommon ly t o ex h a u s t i on t h a n t o t h e v i rt ue o r v i g our of t h e g ov e rn men t ,

a n d se rve d b ut t o i mp rove a n d s t re n g t h e n t h a t d eg ra d i n g sy st e m O f

d omest i c t y ra n n y un d er w hi c h p ubli c c on fid en c e w ea l t h mora l s a n d , , ,

o u l a t i on w ere g ra d ua lly s i n ki n g i n t o ut t er d ec a y a n d rui n

p p .

S EC T ION I . A D 37 0
. .
—3 9 5 .

S ta t ef o t he G othi c N a t ion s —Fi rst

p p a
ea ra nce o
f t h e H um H e r m a n a r i ch — —
S t mgg le Vi ct ory —
o
f t he H a n s—I n t rod uc t i on of t h e Goths i n t o t h e Em ire— Th e
p y p ass t he D a n ube They a re —
opp ressed a n d i nsu lt ed by th e Roma ns —
Th ey r evol t—D efea t of t he Roma ns Th e G oths —
ove rrun Th ra ce —
F ri d eg er n — —
Ba t t le of fil a rcia n op olzs Gra t ia n —Wa r wi th th e L en t ien sia n
A lema n n i —Ra sh ness of Va lens—Ba ttle of H a d ria n op le—D efisa t a n d D ea th o Val en s f
D a n g er of t he Emp i re—Eleva t i on of T h eod osi us—P a c
ifi ca t i on —A t h —Th Vi
a n a ri c h e
g oths
si

en t er i n t o t he serv i ce of Rome —D f
ea t h o G ra tia n Va len t i n i a n II — M ar imu —A b g
s r o astes

Usurp a t i on o
f Eug en i us— Ba r ba ri c A ux i li a ri es —D f e ea t a n d Dea th o
f Eug en i us a nd A rbo
g astes
—D ea th of Th eodosi us th e G rea t .

R EV ER T I N G t o t h e hi st ory O f t h e G ot hi c c on fe d e ra c i es a sh ort revi ew O f ,

t h e i r a c t ua l st a t e w h e n on t h e e v e O f s ust a i n i n g t h e a ssa ul t s O f t h e
,

H un n i c sw a rm w ill i t i s h op e d c on t rib ut e t o t h e c l ea rn ess O f t h e n a rra

, , ,

t i v e a n d e n a bl e us t o p rese n t t hi s i n t erest i n g b ut O b sc ure p ort i on o f

,

t h e i r s t ory w i t h g rea t e r di st i n c t n ess t h a n w ould b e a t t a i n a bl e by me re ly

l
re ferri n t h e rea d er b a c k t o p rec e d i n g d et a il s
g .

S i n c e t h e a b a n d on me n t of D a c i a by t h e Roma n s a t w ofold d i v i si on O f

It ma y however b e ad va n t a g eo s u to te -

peruse sec t . 3 . of c . vi
.
C hap . vi ii . Se c l . .
] ST AT E OF T HE G O T H C C O I N F ED ERAC I ES .
317

t h e G othi c h a d ta k en p l a c e : t h e more n umerous Of t h ese h a d A D 274

ra ces
3
. . .

Sp re a d i t se lf ov e r t h e sout h ern p rov i n c e s O f Russi a a n d P ol a n d , from

t h e V ol g a , t h e D on a n d t h e E uxi n e t o t h e V i st ul a a n d t h e B a l t i c
, ,

t h e y a c kn o wl e dg ed H erma n a ric h t h e h ea d O f t h e a n c i en t a n d p ow erful ,

family Of t h e Ama li , a s t h e i r sup reme c hi ef, a n d b ec a me k n ow n t o

3

Roma n a n d G ree k w ri t ers by t h e n a me of O st ro or E a st ern G ot h s T h e O st rogot h s . .

sec on d di v i si on of t hi s g rea t fa mily O f n a t i on s v ery sh ort ly a ft er t h e i r ,

sep a ra t i on , a d op t ed t h e n a me O f V i si or W est ern G ot h s Th ey b ec a me Visigoth s .

.

by t h e c on quest of D a c i a gra d ua lly est ra n ge d from t h ei r more n ort h ern

ki n sfolk a n d a c k n ow l e dg e d a s t h e i r ki n g or supreme j ud g e, A t h a n aric h ,
, ,

t h e c hi ef of t h e a n c i en t Ba lt h ic ra c e of p ri n c es Th e i r n ew p osi t i o n .

b roug h t t h e m i n t o c on t a c t w i t h t h e more c iviliz e d Roma n s b ot h i n w a r

a nd i n p e a c e A l on g c on t i n ue d p oli t i c a l a n d c ommerc i a l i n t erc ourse
-

“ mm m m
.

h a d i n t rod uc e d C h ri st i a n i t y a mon g t h e a n d some t ast e for t h e refi n e

ed
th a n t he

m en t s O f c v i iliz e d li fe T h e O st ro g ot h s m ea n w hil e. far re m ov e d fro m f

ll
wh
i h
, ,
Of '
st i
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t h ese sourc e s of i mp roveme n t d esp i se d c ommerc e ; t h e y h eedl e ssly bmb u h
,
aro s a
b it f th i
c on sume d t h e l ux uri es Ob t a i n e d by ra p I n e w 1 t h out dre a ml n g of a n y
so e r
t , a n ces ors,

more con st a n t me a n s of supp ly a n d a dh ere d w i t h p ert i n a c i t y t o t h e ,

ru d e w orshi p a n d h a bi t s of t h e i r a n c est ors H en c e by t h e n a t ura l c ourse .

,

O f e ve n t s t h e t w o di vi si on s O f t h e grea t G ot hi c ra c e b e c a me un fi t t ed
,

for a re un i on ; a n d t h en c eforwa rd e a c h pursue d it s sepa ra t e c areer a s

-

ki n dred b ut i n de p en den t n a t i on s
,
“

T h e g overn men t O f b ot h b ra n c h es w a s O f t h a t si mp l e a n d p a t ri arc h a l G nm t f over en o

ki n d b est sui t ed t o t h e c on di t i on a n d t h e c a p a c i t i es of b arb a rous n a t i on s $ 132: .

T h e G ot hi c c o fe d era c i e s lik e t h ose of t h e F ra n k s a n d Al ema n n i w ere fifgfly 5 l ‘

n ,
g ,
e r

c omp ose d of severa l se t s a n d c l a n s ma n y O f t h em a c kn owl e d g i n g a

p ,

c ommon ori g i n a n d s e a ki n t h m l a n ua e b u t n ever mel t i n g i n to

p g e sa e g g ,

t h a t sp ec i es O f n a t i o n a l un i t y w hi c h t h e n a rra t i ves of t h e G reek a n d

R oma n hi st ori a n s seem t o i mp ly T h e a t t en ti on of t h e se w ri t ers w a s .

e n ti re ly a b sorb e d by t h e e ven t s w hi c h i mme di a t ely a ffe c t e d t h e e m i re

p
n or did t h e y c on d e sc e n d t o i n qui re i n t o t h e i n t e rn a l c on di t i on a n d
“

oli ty O f n a t i on s w h om t h e y re a rd e d a s so fa r b en ea t h t h em i n t he
p g
sc a l e of c i v iliz e d li fe H en c e t h e y w ere le d t o a t t a c h t h e n a me a n d
.
“

a t t rib ut es O f p ure mon a rc hy t o t h e fe d era t i ve un i on by w hi c h t h e

G ot hi c ra c es w ere c emen t e d t og e t h er un d er H erma n a ri c h a n d A t h a

n a ri c h ; t h oug h t h e subj ec ti on i m li ed i n t h a t form O f g overn men t
p
h a d n o e xi st e n c e e i t h er i n t h e n a t ure O f t h e un i on or i n t h e c on
t e mpla t ion O f t h e c hi efs t h e msel ves T h e king s o f t h e G ot h s w ere Th i g 6
er overn
. ,

2
See c vi 2 p 223
. . . . .
5
See e v
. . 3 pp 2 0 5 2 0 7
. .
-
.

3
Ib id p 2 2 5
. . .
3
C ompare c vi 2 p 2 24
. . . . .

M ascou, vol i p 3 3 5 . . . . lib v

. c . 2 .

V OL . I .
 T HE H UN S ; [Book I .

men t a mili li t tl e more t h a n t h e l ea d ers of t h e un i on i n w a r wi t h suc h

i n fa c t , ,
f o tw
fifi fififi p ow ers of c ommon on ly a s t h e a t t a c h men t or t h e fea rs of t h e a ssoc 1 a t e d
t e
, a c

t rib es e n a bl ed t h e m t o e x erc i se over t h e i n di v id ua l s or se t s c om osi n

p p g
t h e un i on Th e i r a ut h ori t y wa s c emen t e d by p rep osse ssi on s p ec uli a r t o
.

t h a t ea rly st a g e o f soc i e t y : t h e ki n g s of t h e G ot h s w ere t h e a c k n ow

l ed g ed d esc e n d a n t s of t h e O ld d e ifi e d l ea d ers o f t h e p e opl e ; t h ey w ere
v e n era t e d for t h e n obili t y o f t h e i r bi rt h a n d c h e ri sh e d by t h e n a t i on a s ,

t h e li v i n g re p resen t a t i v es of t h ose h eroi c c hi efs w h o h a d le d t h em out of

”
t h e n ort h ern w ild ern ess i n t o a l a n d of a d ven t ure a n d p l e n t y .

A D 370 . T h e t wo g rea t G ot hi c c on fe d era c i es w e re a t n o p e ri od of t h e i r hi st ory

.

£ 2133 d i n a more p rosp erous st a t e t h a n a t t h i s momen t of I mp en d i n g d i ssol uti on

P t f th
0 .

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Al t w d
a ni

t h O st m
T o
h ar s
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,
st rea c h e d i t s ,

m m d m g re a t e st ex t en si on But t h e re w a s more of g ra n d eur t h a n of solidi ty i n

e ro

; b gg g
c o .
.

M a n y of t h e n a t i on s i t c ompri sed
e
t h e v a st ex p a n se of h is d omi n i on
s o o
t h f d
i c c on e e .

ra c
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H m um h reg ret t e d t h e i r a n c i en t
e
,

a c
i n d e p e n d en c e ; a n d t h e t i es w hi c h a t t a c h e d
h um
,

R t h by t h e a b ori g i n a l t rib es t o t h e i r G ot hi c c on querors w e re sec ure d ra t h er by

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?
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th f e th
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an T h e di sa ffec t e d R ossi or R ox ol a n i ] oc c up i e d
.
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t ll e n ort h ern fron t i er of t h e O st rog ot hi c ki n g d om
t e i nc in a

ti f th
on s o e n a. T o t h e ea st wa rd .

ml
fiifgit i t w a s c ove re d by t h e Al a n i w h ose i n t e rest s a n d t h ose of t h e O st rogot h s
f ’
,

T h Al i e w e re c on n e c t ed i n n o ot h er w a y t h a n t h e c on di t i on s of c omp a n i on shi p i n
an .

p re d a t ory a d ve n t ure or t h e exi g e n c i es of d efen c e ag a i n st a c ommon e n emy

,

mi gh t p oi n t out .

Rum u f
o rs o Tow a rd s t he middl e of t h e fourt h c en t ury i n di st i n c t rumours of a n
8

m m t
ex t ra ordi n a ry mov e me n t a mon e N oma di c ra c e s of c e n t ra l A si a h a d
ove en s

g t
on h N e o, g t h
md m
rea c
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“
a l rea dy rea c h e d t h e n a t i on s b ord eri n
e
es
u
g p o n t h e C as ian
p T h e d e sc ri p .

t i on of t h e se ra c e s h a n d e d d ow n t o us a n swers i n most re sp ec t s t o t h a t o f
‘g
p a h on s d or er
in on
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C p as b ut t h e w a n d e ri n g h ord e s w h o st ill i n h a bi t t h e sa me re g i on s
ian a o T h e p ort ra i t .

13 3332;n O f a H un a s d ra w n by A mmia n mi gh t st a n d for t h a t of t h e mod ern

1 8
1

C a l muc k or Usb ec k T at a r I n st a t ure t h e H un w a s t hi c k se t sq ua t

.
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, ,

m
Th pul a n d b ra w n y ; h is n e c k w a s st ro n a n d mu sc u l a r h is fa c e fl a t a n d roun d
g
e i r re si ve
, ,

E i li a, i h hi c k li p s a n d ex c eedi n gly sma ll eyes He w a s fil t hy i n his p erson

w t t 9
. ,

a n d h is w h ol e as ec t w a s re ul si ve a n d di s ust i n e t h e p a st ora l
o
p p g g L ik .
l

i n h a bi ta n t of c en t ra l A si a i n a ll ag es li e w a s c l ot h e d i n ski n s li ved i n a , ,

t en t e d c a rt a n d s ub si st e d i n di sc ri mi n a t ely u on e ve ry a n i ma l t h a t c a me
, p
K u d I t ; w i t hi n h is rea c h “
o a ie e H is h ome wa s t h e w id e a n d g rassy w ild ern ess H is
. .

small hi h b re d a n d d u i t d w h i t u d h i s rid e ; h e
g en r n
g s ee a s s re a s r e a n
p
-
. ,

mi gh t i n d e ed b e a l most sa id t o h a ve live d up on h orseb a ck W i t h out

, , .

T he a n cest ors of t h e mod ern Russian s . sa

y J or n a n d es c x x vi p 2 0 3
s , . . . .

Bot h t he H uns a n d t he A la n i w e re k no wn T urpes h a b it us, ob sc ce n a q ue visu

t o t he Ro ma n s early i n t he t h ird cen t ur S ee C o rp ora
y . .

Tert ull ( Ad v Ma rc io n lib i c

. . , .T he H un s
. . Cla udia n in Rufi n lib i W 3 2 5 3 26
. . . . . , .

a re a lso me n t ion e d i n t ha t c e n t ur b A mm M a rcell lib x x x i c 2 p 6 69

y y P t ole my . . . . . . . .

Habe n tes mag i s p un c t a q ua m umi na , I

C hap . vi ii . Sec . T HE R HA B T S AN DI I MO D E OF WA RFA RE .
3 19

l oc al a t t a c h men t s a b stemi ous i n h i s food a n d i n ured t o fa t i gue h e w a s

, , ,

si on a t el d evot e d t o a l ife of w a rlik e a n d p re d a t ory a d ven t ure T h e d t di an ex ra or

p a s
y
.

H un s w ere ex p ert a rc h ers a n d t h ey relie d up on th ei r un erri n g a im a n d sguiifl fi

' ’

t h e a c t i vi t y of t h e i r h orses t o b afil e t h e un wi eldy t a c t i c s a n d t o i n t roduc e 32

, 2112 ? , 1

c on fu s on a mo g
i n t h e h ea v y m a sse s o f t h e i r G e rm a n i c O pp o n e n t s I n t h e R t .
en s

a t t a c k t h e G ot hi c w ed g e w a s e ffec t i ve on ly a g a i n st a t a n g ibl e a n d st a

t i on a ry b ody of resi st an c e ; w h en on t h e d efe n si ve i t w a s e a sily out fl an k ed ,

by a n a c t ive en emy on a c c oun t of t h e sma ll sp a c e i t c overe d ; a c h a sm

,
12
i n a n y of t h e fl a n k s led t o c ert a i n c on fusi on a n d d efe a t T h e c a va l ry of .

t h e H un s a dv a n c e d i n a c l oud t o t h e a t t a c k a n d w h en w i t hi n a g i v en ,

di st an c e t h ey ex p a n de d t h emselves lik e ra y s from a c en t re ex hibi t i n g

, ,

t h e a p p ea ra n ce of a n O p en fan a n d t h rea t e n i n g t h e ir en emi es a t on c e i n

,

fron t fl a n k a n d rear
,
T h e un e n g a g e d c orp s w a t c h e d t h e effec t s of t h e
.

d estruc t ive fli g h t s of a rrows w hi c h t h e a dva n c e d t roop s p oured i n up on

t h ei r a dversa ri es an d t a ki n g a dv a n t a g e of t h e g a p s t h us i n e vi t a b ly
,

c rea t e d I n t h e c l ose a rra y of t h e e n e my th e y c h a rg e d h ome a n d c om ,

l e t ed h i s d isc omfi t ure

p .

A g a i n st a foe so n umerous a n d so a c t ive a rme d a s h e w a s w ith a mi ssil e Tb r b mf

i
e e o

j t gu
,
o ec s o s
t o w hi c h t h e G ot h s h a d n ot hi n g t o opp ose b ut t h e w e i g h t y j a ve li n or t h e p ti u ers ti o s

un wi eldy c l ub offen sive or d efe n sive movemen t s p resen t e d on ly a c h oi ce of 3332

‘“ t h e
, s

di ffi cul t i es C oura ge a n d stren gt h w ere t h rown a wa y up on a n a dversary

.

w h o el ud e d t h e ir bl ow s ; a n d i n d ee d t h e fi rst e n c oun t ers of t h ese st ra n g ers

, ,

w i t h E urop ea n s seem t o h a ve i n sp i red t h e l a t t er w i t h a d egree of t error

an d di sg ust w hi c h sl a c k e n e d resi st a n c e an d
p rep a re d t h em t o yi e ld t o ,

so n ov e l a n d i n sc rut a bl e a n i n v a d er A sup erst i t i ous a w e b e ca me min .

l e d w i t h t h ese d e p ressi n g fe e li n g s a n d c on t rib ut e d t o i n c re a se t h e g en era l

g ,

d ej ec t ion A n oti on p reva il e d t h a t t h e H un s w ere t h e offspri n g of c ert a i n wh b li

. o e eve

t h e m t b th
sorc ere sses k n ow n t o t h e G ot h s by t h e n a me of Al run ae w h om F i limer
o e e

f i g f
,
f p , o s r n o

t h e fi ft h ki n g w h o re i g n e d a ft er t h e i r d ep a rt ure from t h e sh ores of t h e

W h d ‘t c es a n

B a l t i c —h a d e x p ell e d for t h ei r mi sc hi evous di sp osi t i on a n d d riven forth g

u l

5
e nc ean

w f th
mg
o e
,

i n to t h e C a sp i a n w ild ern ess Th ese ma li gn a n t b ei n g s i t wa s b eli eve d

.
, ,

h a d c on n ec t e d t h emselves w i t h t h e un c l e a n Sp i ri t s of t h e d e sert a n d t h e ,

H un s w ere t h e p rog en y of t h a t foul i n t erc ourse O n e of t h ese d emon s .

,

th ey sa id un d er t h e form of a d oe h a d g uid e d t h e H un s t h roug h

, ,

t h e sh a ll ow s of t h e P a l us M m ot i s a n d t h us i n t rod uc e d t h e m by a n ,

un kn ow n a n d my st eri ous rout e i n t o t h e ric h t erri t ory of t h e G ot h s on

'

t h e E urop e a n sh ore
13
F a bl e s like t h ese are a t on c e t h e Ofi sp rin g a n d t h e
.

p aren t s of a l a rm i n t h e mi n d s of t h e i g n ora n t of every n a t i on w h en ,

p erp l e x e d a n d terrifie d by sudd en a n d i n ex p li c a bl e c a l a mi t i es .

“1
A g at hia s, lib . v
. a
p . Ma ce book . vi ii . 14 . no e t 3 . A mm . Ma rcell lib . . x x x i . c . 2 p 67 1
. . .

2 S 2
3 20 ADVA N CE O F T HE H UN S .

[Book I .

T h e H un s Th e a pp ea ra n c e of
b a rb ari a n s on t he c on fi n es of Europ e
t h e se t erribl e
k
ma e t h ei r
wa s fi rst n ot i c e d a b out t h e y ea r 3 7 0 of t h e C h ri st i a n era
fi rs t a p pea r N ot hi n g c er .

a n ce on th e
t a i n is k n ow n resp e c t i n g t h e c a use of t h e i r mi gra t i on t h ou h t h e y ma
c on fi n es o f Eu g y ,

ro e a b ou
p b e t ra c e d w i t h c on fid e n ce from t h e i n t eri or of A si a i n t h e di rec t i on of t h e
t the ,

y ear 37 0
C a sp i a n S ea w h ere t h ey fi rst di sti n gui sh e d t h emsel ves a s t h e e n emi es of
.

t h ose t rib es of t h e A la n ic ra c e w hi c h d w el t or roa me d b e t w een t h e

c h a i n of t h e C a uc a sus a n d t h e ri vers D on a n d V ol a " D i i t h i
g r v n
g e r .

h ord es b efore t h em t h e H un s un d e r t h e i r p ri n c e B a l a mi r c rosse d

, ,
,

T h y tt k
e at h e D on a n d a t t a c k e d t h e E urop e a n di vi si on o f t h a t ra c e
ac
T h e st rugg l e .

t h Al
e i an

b ut ft w d w a s of sh ort d ura t i on
a er ar s t h e p rep on d era n c e o f t h e H un s w a s so overwh e l m
u t W th
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ni e

h mi
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i n
i

g
n a
a s t o l e a v e n o middl e c ourse b e t w e en e x a t ri a t i on a n d su
p b m i ss i on .

t ki g t h
ac n
Th e e
a t e r a rt of t h e n a t i on a d o p t e d t h e l a t t er a l t ern a t i ve a n d t h e
O t g t hi
s ro o g re
c p ,

c ombi n e d forc es o f t h e H un s a n d Al a n i w ere

p rec i p it a t ed i n on e i mp e;
k gd m
in o .

t uon s a t t a c k up on t h e O st rog ot hi ki g d om
1 5
c n .

Followin g D e g nig n es ( Hist oire de s Hun s)

s c .2 p. . a lludes on l
y t o t he grea t western or
an d D uh a ld e ( D esc rip d e la C h in e ) , G i b bon
. Europea n d ivision ; h e co n n es t hem st ric t ly fi
b ri n gs t he m fi om t h e grea t w a ll of C h in a , an d
'
W it hin t he limits of Euro e ; a n d assi n s t o t hem
p g
c on d uct s t h em, a ft er a mi ra t ion of t hree cen t h e vast t ra ct i n cl u d ed b e tw een t he ral mou U
g n
t uries, t o t he b an k s of t he T en a is See Gi bbon , t a in s a n d t he D on as t he east ern b oun d a r , an d
.

y
vol ii
.
pp 57 7 58 6
. .
-
All w e k n ow re sp ec t in g
. t he Boryst hen es or D n ie er as t h e ir most west e rn
p
t he Hun s, sa s L u
y den , is, t h a t f rom some ex t en sion A mmia n se e ms t o po in t t o t he d i s
.

unkn own ca use t h ey migra t ed from t he i n terior t inct ion b et ween t he re mot er e aste rn a nd t he
of A sia , & c
( Book v c 3 p
. . . . . European Ala n i I bi pa rt it i p er utra mque
.

‘5
A mm M a rcell lib x x x i c 3 p 67 4 T he