UNIVERSITY OF MAKATI

HIGHER SCHOOL NG UMAK

Mathematics, Science & Research Department
General Chemistry 2
Module 1: Kinetic Molecular Theory,
IMF and Properties of Liquids

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. use the kinetic molecular model to explain
properties of liquids and solids;
2. describe and differentiate the types of
intermolecular forces;
3. describe the following properties of liquids, and
explain the effect of intermolecular forces on these
properties: surface tension, viscosity, vapor
pressure, boiling point, and molar heat of
vaporization.

The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Liquids and Solids

The kinetic molecular theory of gases points out that particles of

gas are far apart from each other and are arranged in a random way.
There is a weak force between the gas molecules; hence, a gas can fill
up any container of any shape and size. It is lso the most compressible
of the three states of matter, has a lower density than solids and liquids,
and has a high molecular velocity.

These properties of gases differ from those of liquids and solids. Unlike in gases, the molecules
of solids and liquids are nearer to each other. For liquids, the molecules are not freely moving and,
thus, are bound by an intermolecular force of attraction. This makes liquids only slightly compressible,
have higher density than gases, and have a deginite volume.

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GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2 | UMAK- HSU- MATHEMATICS, SCIENCE & RESEARCH DEPARTMENT
 On the other hand, solids behave differently from liquids and gases because the molecules in
solids are closely packed to one another. The molecules in solids are held together by different
intermolecular forces of attraction and electrostatic attraction. Because the distance between the
molecules is very small, solids cannot be compressed. The particles cannot move freely from place to
place; hence they have a fixed shape and volume.

Intermolecular Forces of Attraction

Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that act between molecules or particles in the solid or liquid
states.

1. Ion-dipole Attraction
This results when an ion and the partial charge found at the
end of a polar molecule attract each other. Polar molecules are
formed when electrons are shared unequally, resulting in one
atom being partially negative (𝛿 −) and the other being partially
positive (𝛿 +).
Example: Salt (NaCl) and water (H2O)

2. Dipole-dipole interaction

This type of attraction exists between two polar molecules.

When a partially positive atom of one polar molecule is attracted
to partially negative atom of the second molecule.
Example: methanol (CH3OH)

3. Hydrogen Bond
Hydrogen bond is a special type of dipole-dipole interaction. It exists between a hydrogen atom
bonded to an electronegative F, O, or N atom and an unshared electron pair of another nearby
electronegative atom. For example, hydrogen bonds occur in water (H2O), ammonia (NH3), and
hydrofluoric acid (HF).

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GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2 | UMAK- HSU- MATHEMATICS, SCIENCE & RESEARCH DEPARTMENT
 Water Hydrofluoric acid
Ammonia

4. London Dispersion Forces

The London dispersion force is the weakest intermolecular force. The London dispersion force
is a temporary attractive force that results when the electrons in two adjacent atoms occupy
positions that make the atoms form temporary dipoles. This force is sometimes called an
induced dipole-induced dipole attraction. London forces are the attractive forces that cause
nonpolar substances to condense to liquids and to freeze into solids when the temperature is
lowered sufficiently. Because of the constant motion of the electrons, an atom or molecule can
develop a temporary (instantaneous) dipole when its electrons are distributed unsymmetrically
about the nucleus.

A second atom or molecule, in turn, can be distorted by the appearance of the dipole in the first
atom or molecule (because electrons repel one another) which leads to an electrostatic attraction
between the two atoms or molecules.

Properties of Liquids

Surface Tension surface tension is the amount of energy

required to stretch or increase the surface of a liquid by a unit
area (for example, by 1 cm2). Liquids that have strong
intermolecular forces also have high surface tensions.

Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow. The greater

the viscosity, the more slowly the liquid flows. Liquids that have
strong intermolecular forces have higher viscosities than those
that have weak intermolecular forces

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GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2 | UMAK- HSU- MATHEMATICS, SCIENCE & RESEARCH DEPARTMENT
 Vapor Pressure is a measure of the pressure (force per unit area)
exerted by a gas above a liquid in a sealed container. Vapor
pressure is a property of a liquid based on the strength of its
intermolecular forces. A liquid with weak intermolecular forces
evaporates more easily and has a high vapor pressure. A liquid with
stronger intermolecular forces does not evaporate easily and thus
has a lower vapor pressure.

Boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to the external
atmospheric pressure. This is directly related to molar heat of vaporization (ΔHvap), which is which
is defined as the amount of energy required to vaporize one mole of a liquid. These two are
associated with vapor pressure in a sense that liquids with high vapor pressures will have low
molecular heat of vaporization and low boiling point. Liquids with strong intermolecular forces have
high molar heats of vaporization and boiling points.

Determine the type/s of intermolecular forces that exist in the following:

______________________1. K+ and H2O
______________________ 2. C6H14 and H2O
______________________ 3. H2S and HBr
______________________ 4. CH3CH2OH
______________________ 5. Na2SO4 and H2O

Explain each of the following phenomena:

1. A free falling drop of water is spherical in shape.

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2. The vapor pressure of water increases with increasing temperature.
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GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2 | UMAK- HSU- MATHEMATICS, SCIENCE & RESEARCH DEPARTMENT
 3. Boiling point varies with location.
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Identify the type/s of intermolecular forces that exist in the following substances. Select the substance
with the higher boiling point in each pair.
a. BaCl2 and PCl3
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b. HF and CH3F
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c. CH3OH and CH3CH2OH
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Baguio, S. S. (2017). Breaking Through General Chemistry 2. Quezon City: C&E Publishing, Inc.
Rodil, M. S., & Cuarto, C. R. (2018). Conceptual Science and Beyond General Chemistry 2. Quezon
City: Brilliant Creations Publishing, Inc.
https://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/disperse.html#:~:text=The%20London%20dispersion%2
0force%20is%20a%20temporary%20attractive%20force%20that,the%20atoms%20form%20temporar
y%20dipoles.&text=Dispersion%20forces%20are%20present%20between,when%20they%20are%20
almost%20touching.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/cheminter/chapter/vapor-
pressure/#:~:text=Vapor%20pressure%20is%20a%20property,has%20a%20lower%20vapor%20pres
sure.

PREPARED BY: GASTARDO, ARIANA LHENZY T.

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GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2 | UMAK- HSU- MATHEMATICS, SCIENCE & RESEARCH DEPARTMENT