CHEMISTRY PROJECT

SHRI RAM SHIKSHA MANDIR

JINDPUR DELHI – 110036

SUBMITTED BY: VINEET RANA

CLASS: XII-SCIENCE
ADMN NO: 530 .

AIM: TO STUDY THE

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
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 NAME : VINEET RANA
CLASS: XII-SCIENCE
ADMN NO: 530
BOARD ROLL NO:

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL

EXAMINER

CERTIFICATE
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This to certify that this” chemistry
Investigatory project” on the topic “ To study
the colligative properties of solutions “ has
been completed by VINEET RANA of class
XII-SCIENCE under the guidance of MR.
ASHOK WADHWAN in particular
fulfillment of the curriculum of CBSE for the
annual examination of the year 2021-2022.

Acknowledgement

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I would like to take this opportunity to thank
my chemistry teacher – MR ASHOK
WADHHAWAN for encouraging and guiding
me in my project and for providing valuable
suggestions .

I would also like to thank my parents for their

generous support throughout my schooling.

I believe that this small project will make a

significant impact by inspiring someone else
to continue my reseach .

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 INDEX
1. WHAT ARE COLLIGATIVE
PROPERTIES
2. TYPES OF COLLIGATIVE
PROPERTIES
3. LOWERING OF VAPOUR
PRESSURE
4. ELEVATION IN BOILING POINT
5. DEPRESSION IN FREEZING
POINT
6. OSMOTIC PRESSURE

WHAT ARE COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES ?

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A colligative property is a property of a solution that is
dependent on the ratio between the total number of solute
particles (in the solution) to the total number of solvent
particles . colligative properties are not dependent on the
chemical nature of the solutions components . thus ,
colligative properties can be linked to several quantities that
express the concentration of asolution , such as molarity ,
normality , and molality . the four colligative properties that
can be exhibited by a solution are:
Boiling point elevation
Freezing point depression
Relative lowering of vapour pressure
Osmotic pressure

The word “colligative “ has been adapted or taken from the

latin word “coligatus” which translates to”bound together” .
In the context of defining a solution, colligative properties
help us understand how the properties of the solution are
linked to the concentration of solute in the solution.

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LOWERING OF VAPOUR
PRESSURE

In a pure solvent, the entire surface is occupied by

the molecules of the solvent . If a non-volatile
solute is added to the solvent ,the surface now has
both solute and solvent molecules; thereby fraction
of surface covered by solvent molecules gets
reduced . since the vapour pressure of the solution
is solely due to solvent alone , at the same
temperature the vapour pressure of the solution is
found to be lower than that of the pure solvent .
Po is the vapour pressure of pure solvent and Ps is
the vapour pressure of the solution . The
difference p0-ps is termed as lowering in vapour
pressure . the ratio PO-PS/PO is known as the
relative lowering pressure of the solution .
Raoult, in 1886 , established a relation between
relative lowering in vapour pressure and mole
fraction . The relationship is known as Raoult’s
law.
If n moles of solute is dissolved in N moles of the
solvent , then according to Raoult’s law
PO-PS/PO=n/N+n

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ELEVATION IN BOILING POINT

The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at

which the vapour pressure is equal to atmospheric
pressure. We know that on the addition of a non-
volatile liquid to a pure solvent, the vapour
pressure of a solution decrease . Therefore to
make vapour pressure equal to atmospheric
pressure we have to increase the temperature of
the solution . the difference in the boiling point of
the pure solvent is termed as elevation in boiling
point .
If T0b is the boiling point of the pure solvent and
Tb is the boiling point of the solution then
elevation in boiling point is given as

Tb
Experimental results show that there is a
relationship between elevation in boiling point and
molality “m” of the solute present in solution

Where,
Kb=motal elevation constant substituting the value
of ‘m’ in the above relation we get
Where,

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m = mass of solvent in g
M = mass of solvent in kg
M2= molar mass of solute

DEPRESSION IN
FREEZING
POINT
The freezing point of a substance is
defined as the temperature at which the
vapour pressure of its liquid is equal to
the vapour of the correseponding solid .
According to Raoult law when a non-
volatile solid is added to the solvent its
vapour pressure decreases and now it
would become equal to that of solid
solvent at a lower temperature.The
difference between the freezing point of
the pure solvent and its solution is
called depression in freezing point.

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If T is the boiling point of the pure
solvent and T is the boiling point of the
solution then depression in freezing
point is given as

Just like elevation in boiling

point,depression in freezing point is also
directly related to molatility ‘m’

Where,
k = molal depression constant
m2=mass of solvent in g

M= mass of solvent in kg

M= molar mass of solute

OSMOTIC
PRESSURE
When a semipermeable membrane is placed between a solution and solvent, it is observed that solvent molecules enter the solution through

the semipermeable membrane and volume of solution increases. The semipermeable membrane allows only solvent molecule to pass through

it but prevents the passage of bigger molecules like solute. This phenomenon of spontaneous flow of solvent

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molecules through semipermeable membrane from pure solution to a solution or
from a dilute to a concentrated solution is called osmosis.

The flow of solvent molecules through semipermeable membrane can be stopped

if some extra pressure is applied from solution side. This pressure that just stops
flow of solvent is called osmotic pressure of solution.

Osmotic pressure is colligative property as it depends on number of solute

present and not on nature of solute.Experimentally it was proved that osmotic
pressure is directly proportional to molaricity(C) and temperature (T).

Mathematically, = CRT where R is the gas constant .

C=()

Here , V is the volume of solution in litres and n2 is mole of solute

If m2 is weight of solute and M2 molar mass of solute, then n2=

C=W2 RT / M2V

Thus by knowing values of C,w2 , T and V we can calculate molar mass of solute.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://en.wikipedia.org

class 12 NCERT textbook

class 12 Modern’s ABC