Coordinates: 8°S 159°E

Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands is a sovereign country[8][9] consisting
of six major islands and over 900 smaller islands in Solomon Islands
Oceania, to the east of Papua New Guinea and
northwest of Vanuatu. It has a land area of 28,400
square kilometres (11,000  sq  mi), and a population of
652,858.[10] Its capital, Honiara, is located on the
largest island, Guadalcanal. The country takes its name
from the Solomon Islands archipelago, which is a Flag
collection of Melanesian islands that also includes the Coat of arms
North Solomon Islands (a part of Papua New Guinea),
Motto: "To Lead is to Serve"
but excludes outlying islands, such as the Santa Cruz
Islands and Rennell and Bellona. Anthem: "God Save Our Solomon Islands"[1]

The islands have been settled since at least some time

between 30,000 and 28,800 BC, with later waves of
migrants, notably the Lapita people, mixing and
producing the modern indigenous Solomon Islanders
population. In 1568, the Spanish navigator Álvaro de
Mendaña was the first European to visit them, naming
them the Islas Salomón.[11] Mendaña returned decades
later, in 1595, and another Spanish expedition, led by
Portuguese navigator Pedro Fernandes de Queirós,
visited the Solomons in 1606. Britain defined its area of
interest in the Solomon Islands archipelago in June
1893, when Captain Gibson R.N., of HMS  Curacoa,
declared the southern Solomon Islands a British
protectorate.[12][13] During World War II, the Solomon Capital Honiara

Islands campaign (1942–1945) saw fierce fighting and largest city 9°25′55″S 159°57′20″E
between the United States, Commonwealth forces and
Official languages English
the Empire of Japan, including the Battle of
Guadalcanal. Ethnic groups 95.3% Melanesian
(2009 census) 3.1% Polynesian
The official name of the then-British administration was 1.2% Micronesian
changed from the British Solomon Islands Protectorate 0.4% Others
to The Solomon Islands in 1975, and self-government
was achieved the following year. Independence was Religion (2016)[2] 97.4% Christianity
obtained, and the name changed to just "Solomon —76.6% Protestantism
Islands" (without the definite article), in 1978. At —19.0% Catholicism
independence, Solomon Islands became a constitutional —1.8% Other Christian
monarchy. The Queen of Solomon Islands is Elizabeth 1.2% Folk religions
II, represented by the Governor-General.
1.4% Others / None

Demonym(s) Solomon Islander

Contents Government Unitary parliamentary

constitutional
Name monarchy

History • Monarch Elizabeth II

Prehistory • Governor- David Vunagi
General
Arrival of Europeans (1568–1886)
• Prime Minister Manasseh Sogavare
Colonial period (1886–1978)
Legislature National Parliament
Establishment of colonial rule
World War II Independence
Post-war period and the lead-up to • from the United 7 July 1978
independence Kingdom
Independence era (1978-present) Area
Early post-independence years • Total 28,400 km2
Ethnic violence (1998-2003) (11,000 sq mi) (139th)
• Water (%) 3.2%
Post-conflict era
Population
Politics
• 2018 estimate 652,857[3][4] (167th)
Judiciary
• Density 18.1/km2 (46.9/sq mi)
Foreign relations (200th)
Military
GDP (PPP) 2019 estimate
Administrative divisions
• Total $1.479 billion[5]
Human rights • Per capita $2,307[5]
Geography
GDP (nominal) 2019 estimate
Climate
• Total $1.511 billion[5]
Ecology • Per capita $2,357[5]
Water and sanitation
Gini (2013)  37.1[6]

Earthquakes
medium
Economy
HDI (2019)  0.567[7]

Currency medium · 151st
Exports
Currency Solomon Islands dollar
Agriculture
(SBD)
Mining
Time zone UTC+11
Fisheries
Tourism Driving side left
Energy Calling code +677
Infrastructure ISO 3166 code SB
Flight connections
Internet TLD .sb
Roads
Ferries
Demographics
Ethnic groups
Languages
Religion
Health
Communicable diseases
Noncommunicable diseases
Sustainable development goals
and Solomon Islands
 Education
Culture
Gender inequality and domestic violence
Literature
Media
Music
Sport
See also
References
External links

Name
In 1568, the Spanish navigator Álvaro de Mendaña was the first European to visit the Solomon Islands
archipelago, naming it Islas Salomón ("Solomon Islands") after the wealthy biblical King Solomon.[11] It is
said that they were given this name in the mistaken assumption that they contained great riches,[14] and he
believed them to be the Bible-mentioned city of Ophir.[15] During most of the colonial period, the territory's
official name was "British Solomon Islands Protectorate" until 1975, when it was changed to "Solomon
Islands".[16][17] The definite article, "the", is not part of the country's official name but is sometimes used,
both within and outside the country. Colloquially the islands are referred to simply as "the Solomons".[18]

History

Prehistory

The Solomons were first colonised by people coming from the Bismarck Islands and New Guinea during
the Pleistocene era c. 30,000–28,000 BCE, based on archaeological evidence found at Kilu Cave on Buka
Island in the Autonomous Region of Bougainville, Papua New Guinea.[19][20] At this point sea levels were
lower and Buka and Bougainville were physically joined to the southern Solomons in one landmass
("Greater Bougainville"), though it is unclear precisely how far south these early settlers spread as no other
archaeological sites from this period have been found.[19] As sea levels rose as the Ice Age ended c. 4000–
3500 BCE, the Greater Bougainville landmass split into the numerous islands that exist today.[19][21]
Evidence of later human settlements dating to c. 4500–2500 BCE have been found at Poha Cave and
Vatuluma Posovi Cave on Guadalcanal.[19] The ethnic identity of these early peoples is unclear, though it is
thought that the speakers of the Central Solomon languages (a self-contained language family unrelated to
other languages spoken in the Solomons) likely represent the descendants of these earlier settlers.

From c. 1200–800 BCE Austronesian Lapita people began arriving from the Bismarcks with their
characteristic ceramics.[19][22] Evidence for their presence has been across the Solomon archipelago, as
well at the Santa Cruz Islands in the south-east, with different islands being settled at different times.[19]
Linguistic and genetic evidence suggests that the Lapita people "leap-frogged" the already inhabited main
Solomon Islands and settled first on the Santa Cruz group, with later back-migrations bringing their culture
to the main group.[23][24] These peoples mixed with the native Solomon Islanders and over time their
languages became dominant, with most of the 60–70 languages spoken there belonging to the Oceanic
branch of the Austronesian language family.[25] Then as now communities tended to exist in small villages
practising subsistence agriculture, though extensive inter-island trade networks existed.[19] Numerous
ancient burial sites and other evidence of permanent settlements have been found from the period 1000–
1500 CE throughout the islands, one of the most prominent examples being the Roviana cultural complex
centred on the islands off the southern coast of New Georgia, where a large number of megalithic shrines
and other structures were constructed in the 13th century.[26]

Arrival of Europeans (1568–1886)

The first European to visit the islands was the Spanish navigator Álvaro
de Mendaña de Neira, sailing from Peru in 1568.[27] Landing on Santa
Isabel on 7 February, Mendaña explored several of the other islands
including Makira, Guadalcanal and Malaita.[27][28][29] Relations with the
native Solomon Islanders were initially cordial, although they often
soured as time went by.[27] As a result, Mendaña returned to Peru in
August 1568.[27] He returned to the Solomons with a larger crew on a
second voyage in 1595, aiming to colonise the islands.[27] They landed
on Nendö in the Santa Cruz Islands and established a small settlement at
Gracioso Bay.[27] However the settlement failed due to poor relations
with the native peoples and epidemics of disease amongst the Spanish
which caused numerous deaths, with Mendaña himself dying in
Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira
October.[27][29] The new commander Pedro Fernandes de Queirós thus
(1542–1595), the first
decided to abandon the settlement and they sailed north to the Spanish
European to sight the
Solomons
territory of the Philippines.[27] Queirós later returned to the area in 1606,
where he sighted Tikopia and Taumako, though this voyage was
primarily to Vanuatu in the search of Terra Australis.[29][30]

Save for Abel Tasman's sighting of the remote Ontong Java Atoll in 1648, no European sailed to the
Solomons again until 1767, when the British explorer Philip Carteret sailed by the Santa Cruz Islands,
Malaita and, continuing further north, Bougainville and the Bismarck Islands.[21][29] French explorers also
reached the Solomons, with Louis Antoine de Bougainville naming Choiseul in 1768 and Jean-François de
Surville exploring the islands in 1769.[21] In 1788 John Shortland, captaining a supply ship for Britain's
new Australian colony at Botany Bay, sighted the Treasury and Shortland Islands.[21][29] That same year
the French explorer Jean-François de La Pérouse was wrecked on Vanikoro; a rescue expedition led by
Bruni d'Entrecasteaux sailed to Vanikoro but found no trace of La Pérouse.[21][31][32] The fate of La
Pérouse was not confirmed until 1826, when the English merchant Peter Dillon visited Tikopia and
discovered items belonging to La Pérouse in the possession of the local people, confirmed by the
subsequent voyage of Jules Dumont d'Urville in 1828.[29][33]

Some of the earliest regular foreign visitors to the islands were whaling vessels from Britain, the United
States and Australia.[29][34] They came for food, wood and water from late in the 18th century, establishing
a trading relationship with the Solomon Islanders and later taking aboard islanders to serve as crewmen on
their ships.[35] Relations between the islanders and visiting seamen was not always good and sometimes
there was bloodshed.[29][36] A knock-on effect of the greater European contact was the spread of diseases
to which local peoples had no immunity, as well a shift in the balance of power between coastal groups,
who had access to European weapons and technology, and inland groups who did not.[29] In the second
half of the 1800s more traders arrived seeking turtleshells, sea cucumbers, copra and sandalwood,
occasionally establishing semi-permanent trading stations.[29] However initial attempts at more long-term
settlement, such as Benjamin Boyd's colony on Guadalcanal in 1851, were unsuccessful.[29][37]
Beginning in the 1840s, and accelerating in the 1860s, islanders
began to be recruited (or often kidnapped) as labourers for the
colonies in Australia, Fiji and Samoa in a process known as
"blackbirding".[29][38] Conditions for workers were often poor and
exploitative, and local islanders often violently attacked any
Europeans who appeared on their island.[29] The blackbird trade
was chronicled by prominent Western writers, such as Joe Melvin
and Jack London.[39][40] Christian missionaries also began visiting
the Solomons from the 1840s, beginning with an attempt by French Solomon Island warriors, armed with
Catholics under Jean-Baptiste Epalle to establish a mission on spears, on board an ornamented war
Santa Isabel, which was abandoned after Epalle was killed by canoe (1895)
islanders in 1845.[21][38] Anglican missionaries began arriving
from the 1850s, followed by other denominations, over time
gaining a large number of converts.[41]

Colonial period (1886–1978)

Establishment of colonial rule

In 1884 Germany annexed north-east New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago, and in 1886 they
extended their rule over the North Solomon Islands, covering Bougainville, Buka, Choiseul, Santa Isabel,
the Shortlands and Ontong Java atoll.[42] In 1886 Germany and Britain confirmed this arrangement, with
Britain gaining a "sphere of influence" over the southern Solomons.[43] Germany paid little attention to the
islands, with German authorities based in New Guinea not even visiting the area until 1888.[43] The
German presence, along with pressure from the missionaries to rein in the excesses of the blackbirding
system, prompted the British to declare a protectorate over the southern Solomons in March 1893, initially
encompassing New Georgia, Malaita, Guadalcanal, Makira, Mono Island and the central Nggela
Islands.[12][44] In April 1896 Charles Morris Woodford was appointed as the British Acting Deputy
Commissioner and confirmed in post the following year.[12][44] Woodford set up an administrative
headquarters on the small island of Tulagi, and in 1898 and 1899 the Rennell and Bellona Islands,
Sikaiana, the Santa Cruz Islands and outlying islands such as Anuta, Fataka, Temotu and Tikopia were
added to the protectorate.[44][45] In 1900, under the terms of the Tripartite Convention of 1899, Germany
ceded the Northern Solomon to Britain, minus Buka and Bougainville, the latter becoming part of German
New Guinea despite geographically belonging to the Solomons archipelago.[38]

Woodford's underfunded administration struggled to maintain law and order on the remote colony.[12] In
the 1890s/early 1900s there were numerous cases of European settlers being killed by islanders, with the
British often retaliating via collective punishment of guilty villages, often by indiscriminately shelling
coastal areas from gunboats.[12] The British attempted to encourage plantation settlements, however by
1902 there were only about 80 European settlers in the islands.[46] Attempts at economic development met
with mixed results, though Levers Pacific Plantations Ltd., a subsidiary of Lever Brothers, managed to
establish a profitable copra plantation industry which employed many islanders.[46] Small scale mining and
logging industries were also developed.[47][48] However the colony remained something of backwater,
with education, medical and other social services being the preserve of the missionaries.[38] Violence also
continued, most notably with the murder of colonial administrator William R. Bell by Basiana of the Kwaio
people on Malaita in 1927, as Bell attempted to enforce an unpopular head tax. Several Kwaio were killed
in a retaliatory raid, and Basiana and his accomplices executed.[49]

World War II
From 1942 until the end of 1943, the Solomon Islands were the scene of several major land, sea and air
battles between the Allies and the Japanese Empire's armed forces.[50] Following the Japanese attack on
Pearl Harbor in 1941 war was declared between Japan and the Allied Powers, and the Japanese, seeking to
protect their southern flank, invaded South-East Asia and New Guinea. In May 1942 the Japanese
launched Operation Mo, occupying Tulagi and most of the western Solomon Islands, including
Guadalcanal where they began work on an airstrip.[51] The British administration had already relocated to
Auki, Malaita and most of the European population had been evacuated to Australia.[51] The Allies
counter-invaded Guadalcanal in August 1942, followed by the New Georgia campaign in 1943, both of
which were turning points in the Pacific War, stopping and then countering the Japanese advance.[50] The
conflict resulted in thousands of Allied, Japanese and civilian deaths, as well an immense destruction across
the islands.[50]

Coastwatchers from the Solomon Islands played a major role in providing intelligence and rescuing other
Allied servicemen.[51] U.S. Admiral William Halsey, the commander of Allied forces during the Battle for
Guadalcanal, recognised the coastwatchers' contributions by stating "The coastwatchers saved Guadalcanal
and Guadalcanal saved the South Pacific."[52] In addition around 3,200 men served in the Solomon Islands
Labour Corps and some 6,000 enlisted in the British Solomon Islands Protectorate Defence Force, with
their exposure to the Americans leading to several social and political transformations.[53] For example, the
Americans had extensively developed Honiara, with the capital shifting there from Tulagi in 1952, and the
Pijin language was heavily influenced by the communication between Americans and the Islands
inhabitants.[54] The relatively easy-going, friendly attitude of the Americans also contrasted sharply with
the subservience expected by the British colonial rulers, and profoundly changed Solomons Islanders'
attitude to the colonial regime.[55]


The aircraft carrier American Marines American forces The Cactus Air
USS Enterprise (CV-6)rest during the 1942 landing at Rendova Force at Henderson
under aerial attack Guadalcanal Island. Field, Guadalcanal
during the Battle of Campaign. in October 1942.
the Eastern
Solomons

The coastwatcher Members of the

Jacob C. Vouza on British Solomon
Guadalcanal. Islands Protectorate
Defence Force in
1943.

Post-war period and the lead-up to independence

In 1943–44 the Malaita-based chief Aliki Nono'ohimae had founded the Maasina Rule movement (aka the
Native Council Movement, literally "Brotherhood Rule"), and was later joined by another chief,
Hoasihau.[56] Their aims were to improve the economic well-being of native Solomon Islanders, gain
greater autonomy and to act as a liaison between Islanders and the colonial administration.[38][55] The
movement was especially popular with ex-Labour Corp members and after the war its numbers swelled,
with the movement spreading to other islands.[55] Alarmed at the growth of the movement, the British
launched "Operation De-Louse" in 1947-8 and arrested most of the Maasina leaders.[55][56] Malaitans then
organised a campaign of civil disobedience, prompting mass arrests.[56] In 1950 a new Resident
Commissioner, Henry Gregory-Smith, arrived and released the leaders of the movement, though the
disobedience campaign continued.[56] In 1952 new High Commissioner (later Governor) Robert Stanley
met with leaders of the movement and agreed to the creation of an island council.[56][57] In late 1952
Stanley formally moved the capital of the territory to Honiara.[58] In the early 1950s the possibility of
transferring sovereignty of the islands to Australia was discussed by the British and Australian
governments, however the Australians were reluctant to accept the financial burden of administering the
territory and the idea was shelved.[59][60]
With decolonisation sweeping the colonial world, and Britain no longer willing (or able) to bear the
financial burdens of the Empire, the colonial authorities sought to prepare the Solomons for self-
governance. Appointed Executive and Legislative Councils were established in 1960, with a degree of
elected Solomon Islander representation introduced in 1964 and then extended in 1967.[38][61][62] A new
constitution was drawn up in 1970 which merged the two Councils into one Governing Council, though
the British Governor still retained extensive powers.[38][63] Discontent with this prompted the creation of a
new constitution in 1974 which reduced much of the Governor's remaining powers and created the post of
Chief Minister, first held by Solomon Mamaloni.[38][64] Full self-government for the territory was achieved
in 1976, a year after the independence of neighbouring Papua New Guinea from Australia.[38] Meanwhile,
discontent grew in the Western islands, with many fearing marginalisation in future a Honiara- or Malaita-
dominated state, prompting the formation of the Western Breakaway Movement.[64] A conference held in
London in 1977 agreed that the Solomons would gain full independence the following year.[64] Under the
terms of the Solomon Islands Act 1978 the country was annexed to Her Majesty's dominions and granted
independence on 7 July 1978. The first Prime Minister was Sir Peter Kenilorea of the Solomon Islands
United Party (SIUP), with Queen Elizabeth II becoming Queen of Solomon Islands, represented locally by
a Governor General.

The Solomon The Five Dollar The Five Dollar

Islands Proof Coin Proof Coin of the
Independence Solomon Islands 24
Ceremony on 7 July October 1977
1978

Independence era (1978-present)

Early post-independence years

Peter Kenilorea went on to win the 1980 Solomon Islands general election, serving as PM until 1981, when
he was replaced by Solomon Mamaloni of the People's Alliance Party (PAP) after a no confidence vote.[65]
Mamaloni created the Central Bank and national airline, and pushed for greater autonomy for individual
islands of the country.[66] Kenilorea returned to power after winning the 1984 election, though his second
term lasted only two years before he was replaced by Ezekiel Alebua following allegations of misuse of
French aid money.[67][68] In 1986 the Solomons helped found the Melanesian Spearhead Group, aimed at
fostering cooperation and trade in the region.[69] After winning the 1989 election Mamaloni and the PAP
returned to power, with Mamaloni dominating Solomon Islands politics from the early to mid 1990s (save
for the one year Premiership of Francis Billy Hilly). Mamaloni made efforts to make the Solomons a
republic, however these were unsuccessful.[66] He also had to deal with the effects of the conflict in
neighbouring Bougainville which broke out in 1988, causing many refugees to flee to the Solomons.[70]
Tensions arose with Papua New Guinea as PNG forces frequently entered Solomons territory in the pursuit
of rebels.[70] The situation calmed down and relations improved following the end of the conflict in 1998.
Meanwhile, the country's financial situation continued to deteriorate, with much of the budget coming from
the logging industry, often conducted at an unsustainable rate, not helped by Mamaloni's creation of a
'discretionary fund' for use by politicians, which fostered fraud and corruption.[66] Discontent with his rule
led to a split in the PAP, and Mamaloni lost the 1993 election to Billy Hilly, though Hilly was later sacked
by the Governor-General after a number of defections caused him to lose his majority, allowing Mamloni to
return to power in 1994, where he remained until 1997.[66] Excessive logging, government corruption and
unsustainable levels of public spending continued to grow, and public discontent caused Mamaloni to lose
the 1997 election.[66][71] The new Prime Minister, Bartholomew Ulufa'alu of the Solomon Islands Liberal
Party, attempted to enact economic reforms, however his Premiership soon became engulfed in a serious
ethnic conflict known as 'The Tensions'.[72]

Ethnic violence (1998-2003)

Commonly referred to as the tensions or the ethnic tension, the

initial civil unrest was mainly characterised by fighting between the
Isatabu Freedom Movement (IFM, also known as the Guadalcanal
Revolutionary Army and the Isatabu Freedom Fighters) and the
Malaita Eagle Force (as well as the Marau Eagle Force).[73] For
many years people from the island of Malaita had been migrating to
Honiara and Guadalcanal, attracted primarily by the greater
economic opportunities available there.[74] The large influx caused Australian troops, as part of the
tensions with native Guadalcanal islanders (known as Guales), and RAMSI peacekeeping mission, burn
in late 1998 the IFM was formed and began a campaign of weapons confiscated from or
intimidation and violence towards Malaitan settlers.[73][71] surrendered by militias in 2003
Thousands of Malaitans subsequently fled back to Malaita or to
Honiara, and in mid-1999 the Malaita Eagle Force (MEF) was
established to protect Malaitans on Guadalcanal.[71][73] In late 1999, after several failed attempts at
brokering a peace deal, Prime Minister Bartholomew Ulufa'alu declared a four-month state of emergency,
and also requested assistance from Australia and New Zealand, but his appeal was rejected.[73][71]
Meanwhile, law and order on Guadalcanal collapsed, with an ethnically divided police unable to assert
authority and many of their weapons depots being raided by the militias; by this point the MEF controlled
Honiara with the IFM controlling the rest of Guadalacanal.[74][71]

On 5 June 2000 Ulufa'alu was kidnapped by the MEF who felt that, although he was a Malaitan, he was
not doing enough to protect their interests.[71] Ulufa'alu subsequently resigned in exchange for his
release.[73] Manasseh Sogavare, who had earlier been Finance Minister in Ulufa'alu's government but had
subsequently joined the opposition, was elected as Prime Minister by 23–21 over the Rev. Leslie Boseto.
However, Sogavare's election was immediately shrouded in controversy because six MPs (thought to be
supporters of Boseto) were unable to attend parliament for the crucial vote.[75] On 15 October 2000 the
Townsville Peace Agreement was signed by the MEF, elements of the IFM, and the Solomon Islands
Government.[76][73] This was closely followed by the Marau Peace agreement in February 2001, signed by
the Marau Eagle Force, the IFM, the Guadalcanal Provincial Government, and the Solomon Islands
Government.[73] However, a key Guale militant leader, Harold Keke, refused to sign the agreement,
causing a split with the Guale groups.[74] Subsequently, Guale signatories to the agreement led by Andrew
Te'e joined with the Malaitan-dominated police to form the 'Joint Operations Force'.[74] During the next
two years the conflict moved to the remote Weathercoast region of southern Guadalcanal as the Joint
Operations unsuccessfully attempted to capture Keke and his group.[73]
By early 2001 the economy had collapsed and the government was
bankrupt.[71] New elections in December 2001 brought Allan
Kemakeza into the Prime Minister's chair, with the support of his
People's Alliance Party and the Association of Independent
Members. Law and order deteriorated as the nature of the conflict
shifted: there was continuing violence on the Weathercoast, whilst
militants in Honiara increasingly turned their attention to crime,
extortion and banditry.[74] The Department of Finance would often
be surrounded by armed men when funding was due to arrive. In Solomon Islanders at a peace
December 2002, Finance Minister Laurie Chan resigned after being protest in 2003
forced at gunpoint to sign a cheque made out to some of the
militants. Conflict also broke out in Western Province between
locals and Malaitan settlers. Renegade members of the Bougainville Revolutionary Army (BRA) were
invited in as a protection force but ended up causing as much trouble as they prevented.[74] The prevailing
atmosphere of lawlessness, widespread extortion, and ineffective police prompted a formal request by the
Solomon Islands Government for outside help, a request was unanimously supported in Parliament.[74]

In July 2003, Australian and Pacific Islands police and troops arrived in Solomon Islands under the
auspices of the Australian-led Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI).[73] A sizeable
international security contingent of 2,200 police and troops, led by Australia and New Zealand, and with
representatives from about 15 other Pacific nations, began arriving the next month under Operation Helpem
Fren.[74] The situation improved dramatically, with violence ending and Harold Keke surrendering to the
force.[77] Some 200 people had been killed in the conflict.[74] Since this time some commentators have
considered the country a failed state, with the nation having failed to build an inclusive national identity
capable of overriding local island and ethnic loyalties.[71][78] However, other academics argue that rather
than being a 'failed state', it is an unformed state: a state that never consolidated even after decades of
independence.[79] Furthermore, some scholars, such Kabutaulaka (2001) and Dinnen (2002) argue that the
'ethnic conflict' label is an oversimplification.[80]

Post-conflict era

Kemakeza remained in office until April 2006, when he lost the 2006 Solomon Islands general election and
Snyder Rini became PM. However allegations that Rini had used bribes from Chinese businessmen to buy
the votes of members of Parliament led to mass rioting in the capital Honiara, concentrated on the city's
Chinatown area. A deep underlying resentment against the minority Chinese business community led to
much of Chinatown in the city being destroyed.[81] Tensions were also increased by the belief that large
sums of money were being exported to China. China sent chartered aircraft to evacuate hundreds of
Chinese who fled to avoid the riots. Evacuation of Australian and British citizens was on a much smaller
scale. Additional Australian, New Zealand and Fijian police and troops were dispatched to try to quell the
unrest. Rini eventually resigned before facing a motion of no-confidence in Parliament, and Parliament
elected Manasseh Sogavare as Prime Minister.[82][83]

Sogavare struggled to assert his authority and was also hostile to the Australian presence in the country;
after one failed attempt, he was removed in no confidence vote in 2007 and replaced by Derek Sikua of the
Solomon Islands Liberal Party.[84] In 2008 a Truth and Reconciliation Commission was established to
examine and help heal the wounds of the 'tension' years.[85][86] Sikua lost the 2010 Solomon Islands
general election to Danny Philip, though after a vote of no confidence in him following allegations of
corruption, Philip was ousted and replaced by Gordon Darcy Lilo.[87][88] Sogavare returned to power after
the 2014 election, and oversaw the withdrawal of RAMSI forces from the country in 2017.[74] Sogavare
was ousted in a no confidence vote in 2017, which saw Rick Houenipwela come to power, however
Sogavare returned to the Prime Ministership after winning the 2019 election, sparking rioting in
Honiara.[89][90] In 2019 Sogavare announced that the Solomons would be switching recognition from
Taiwan to China.[91][92]

In November 2021 there was mass rioting and unrest,[93] which led to the deployment of Australian
Federal Police and Defence Forces.[94]

Politics
Solomon Islands is a constitutional monarchy and has a
parliamentary system of government. As Queen of Solomon
Islands, Elizabeth II is head of state; she is represented by the
Governor-General who is chosen by the Parliament for a five-year
term. There is a unicameral parliament of 50 members, elected for
four-year terms. However, Parliament may be dissolved by majority
vote of its members before the completion of its term.

Parliamentary representation is based on single-member Solomon Islands' National Parliament

constituencies. Suffrage is universal for citizens over age 21.[95] building was a gift from the United
The head of government is the Prime Minister, who is elected by States.
Parliament and chooses the cabinet. Each ministry is headed by a
cabinet member, who is assisted by a permanent secretary, a career
public servant who directs the staff of the ministry.

Solomon Islands governments are characterised by weak political

parties (see List of political parties in Solomon Islands) and highly
unstable parliamentary coalitions. They are subject to frequent
votes of no confidence, leading to frequent changes in government Ministry of the Interior
leadership and cabinet appointments.

Land ownership is reserved for Solomon Islanders. The law provides that resident expatriates, such as the
Chinese and Kiribati, may obtain citizenship through naturalisation. Land generally is still held on a family
or village basis and may be handed down from mother or father according to local custom. The islanders
are reluctant to provide land for nontraditional economic undertakings, and this has resulted in continual
disputes over land ownership.

No military forces are maintained by Solomon Islands although a police force of nearly 500 includes a
border protection unit. The police also are responsible for fire service, disaster relief, and maritime
surveillance. The police force is headed by a commissioner, appointed by the governor-general and
responsible to the prime minister. On 27 December 2006, the Solomon Islands government took steps to
prevent the country's Australian police chief from returning to the Pacific nation. On 12 January 2007,
Australia replaced its top diplomat expelled from Solomon Islands for political interference in a conciliatory
move aimed at easing a four-month dispute between the two countries.

On 13 December 2007, Prime Minister Manasseh Sogavare was toppled by a vote of no confidence in
Parliament,[96] following the defection of five ministers to the opposition. It was the first time a prime
minister had lost office in this way in Solomon Islands. On 20 December, the parliament elected the
opposition's candidate (and former Minister for Education) Derek Sikua as Prime Minister, in a vote of 32
to 15.[97][98]

Judiciary
The Governor General appoints the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court on the advice of the Prime Minister
and the Leader of the Opposition. The Governor General appoints the other justices with the advice of a
judicial commission. The current Chief Justice is Sir Albert Palmer.

Since March 2014 Justice Edwin Goldsbrough has served as the President of the Court of Appeal for
Solomon Islands. Justice Goldsbrough has previously served a five-year term as a Judge of the High Court
of Solomon Islands (2006–2011). Justice Edwin Goldsbrough then served as the Chief Justice of the Turks
and Caicos Islands.[99]

Foreign relations

Solomon Islands is a member of the United Nations, Interpol,

British Commonwealth, Pacific Islands Forum, Pacific Community,
International Monetary Fund, and the African, Caribbean, and
Pacific (ACP) countries (ACP) (Lomé Convention).

Until September 2019, it was one of the few countries to recognise

the Republic of China (Taiwan) and maintain formal diplomatic
relations with the latter.[100] Relations with Papua New Guinea,
Solomon Islands Prime Minister
which had become strained because of an influx of refugees from
Manasseh Sogavare meets with the
the Bougainville rebellion and attacks on the northern islands of
President of Taiwan Tsai Ing-wen
Solomon Islands by elements pursuing Bougainvillean rebels, have
July 2016.
been repaired. A 1998 peace accord on Bougainville removed the
armed threat, and the two nations regularised border operations in a
2004 agreement.[101]

In March 2017, at the 34th regular session of the UN Human Rights Council, Vanuatu made a joint
statement on behalf of Solomon Islands and some other Pacific nations raising human rights violations in
the Western New Guinea, which claimed by International Parliamentarians for West Papua (IPWP) that
West Papua has been occupied by Indonesia since 1963,[102] and requested that the UN High
Commissioner for Human Rights produce a report.[103][104] Indonesia rejected Vanuatu's allegations, and
giving answer that Vanuatu not presenting the people of Papua and stop fantasizing about being one
[105][104] More than 100,000 Papuans have died during a 50-year Papua conflict.[106] In September 2017,
at the 72nd Session of the UN General Assembly, the Prime Ministers of the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu and
Vanuatu once again raised human rights abuses in Indonesian-occupied West Papua.[107]

Military

Although the locally recruited British Solomon Islands Protectorate Defence Force was part of Allied
Forces taking part in fighting in the Solomons during the Second World War, the country has not had any
regular military forces since independence. The various paramilitary elements of the Royal Solomon Islands
Police Force (RSIPF) were disbanded and disarmed in 2003 following the intervention of the Regional
Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI). RAMSI had a small military detachment headed by an
Australian commander with responsibilities for assisting the police element of RAMSI in internal and
external security. The RSIPF still operates two Pacific class patrol boats (RSIPV Auki and RSIPV Lata),
which constitute the de facto navy of Solomon Islands.

In the long term, it is anticipated that the RSIPF will resume the defence role of the country. The police
force is headed by a commissioner, appointed by the governor general and responsible to the Minister of
Police, National Security & Correctional Services.
The police budget of Solomon Islands has been strained due to a four-year civil war. Following Cyclone
Zoe's strike on the islands of Tikopia and Anuta in December 2002, Australia had to provide the Solomon
Islands government with 200,000 Solomon dollars ($50,000 Australian) for fuel and supplies for the patrol
boat Lata to sail with relief supplies. (Part of the work of RAMSI includes assisting the Solomon Islands
government to stabilise its budget.)

Administrative divisions

For local government, the country is divided into ten administrative areas, of which nine are provinces
administered by elected provincial assemblies and the tenth is the capital Honiara, administered by the
Honiara Town Council.

Population Population Population

Area

Rank Province/Territory Capital Premier census per km2 census

(km2)
1999 (2009) 2009

Stanley
1 Central Province Tulagi 615 21,577 42.4 26,051
Manetiva
Taro Benjamin
2 Choiseul Province 3,837 20,008 6.9 26,371
Island Harrison
Guadalcanal
3 Honiara Francis Sade 5,336 60,275 17.5 93,613
Province[1]
4 Isabel Province Buala James Habu 4,136 20,421 6.3 26,158

Makira-Ulawa Julian
5 Kirakira 3,188 31,006 12.7 40,419
Province Maka’a

Daniel
6 Malaita Province Auki 4,225 122,620 32.6 137,596
Suidani
Rennell and Willie
7 Tigoa 671 2,377 4.5 3,041
Bellona Province Tuhagega

8 Temotu Province Lata Clay Forau 895 18,912 23.9 21,362

Christian
9 Western Province Gizo 5,475 62,739 14.0 76,649
Mesepitu
Eddie Siapu
10 Capital Territory Honiara 22 49,107 2,936.8 64,609
(Mayor)
  Solomon Islands Honiara – 28,400 409,042 14.7 515,870

[1] excluding the Capital Territory of Honiara

Human rights

There are human rights concerns and issues in regards to education, water, sanitation, gender equality, and
domestic violence.

Homosexuality is illegal in Solomon Islands.[108]

Geography
Solomon Islands is an island nation that lies east of Papua New
Guinea and consists of six major islands and over 900 smaller
islands. The major part of the nation of Solomon Islands covers
many of the mountainous high islands of the Solomon Islands
archipelago, which includes Choiseul, the Shortland Islands, the
New Georgia Islands, Santa Isabel, the Russell Islands, the Florida
Islands, Tulagi, Malaita, Maramasike, Ulawa, Owaraha (Santa
Ana), Makira (San Cristobal), and the main island of Guadalcanal.
Solomon Islands also includes smaller, isolated low atolls and high Aerial view of Solomon Islands.
islands such as Sikaiana, Rennell Island, Bellona Island, the Santa
Cruz Islands and tiny outliers such as Tikopia, Anuta, and Fatutaka.
Although Bougainville is the largest island in the Solomon Islands
archipelago it is politically an autonomous region of Papua New
Guinea and does not form part of the nation of Solomon Islands.

The country's islands lie between latitudes 5° and 13°S, and

longitudes 155° and 169°E. The distance between the westernmost
and easternmost islands is about 1,500 kilometres (930  mi). The
Santa Cruz Islands (of which Tikopia is part) are situated north of
Vanuatu and are especially isolated at more than 200 kilometres
(120 mi) from the other islands. Malaita island

Climate

The islands' ocean-equatorial climate is extremely humid throughout the year, with a mean temperature of
26.5 °C (79.7 °F) and few extremes of temperature or weather. June through August is the cooler period.
Though seasons are not pronounced, the northwesterly winds of November through April bring more
frequent rainfall and occasional squalls or cyclones. The annual rainfall is about 3,050 millimetres (120 in).
According to the WorldRiskReport 2021, the island state ranks second among the countries with the
highest disaster risk worldwide.[109]

Ecology

The Solomon Islands archipelago is part of two distinct terrestrial ecoregions. Most of the islands are part of
the Solomon Islands rain forests ecoregion, which also includes the islands of Bougainville and Buka; these
forests have come under pressure from forestry activities. The Santa Cruz Islands are part of the Vanuatu
rain forests ecoregion, together with the neighbouring archipelago of Vanuatu.[110] The country had a 2019
Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 7.19/10, ranking it 48th globally out of 172 countries.[111]
Soil quality ranges from extremely rich volcanic (there are volcanoes with varying degrees of activity on
some of the larger islands) to relatively infertile limestone. More than 230 varieties of orchids and other
tropical flowers brighten the landscape. Mammals are scarce on the islands, with the only terrestrial
mammals being bats and small rodents. Birds and reptiles, however, are abundant.

The islands contain several active and dormant volcanoes. The Tinakula and Kavachi volcanoes are the
most active.

On the southern side of Vangunu Island, the forests around the tiny community of Zaira are unique,
providing habitat for at least three vulnerable species of animals. The 200 human inhabitants of the area
have been trying to get the forests declared a protected area, so that logging and mining cannot disturb and
pollute the pristine forests and coastline.[112]
The baseline survey of marine biodiversity in the Solomon Islands that was carried out in 2004,[113] found
474 species of corals in the Solomons as well as nine species which could be new to science. This is the
second highest diversity of corals in the World, second only to the Raja Ampat Islands in eastern
Indonesia.[114]

Water and sanitation

Scarcity of fresh water sources and lack of sanitation has been a constant challenge facing Solomon Islands.
Reducing the number of those living without access to fresh water and sanitation by half was one of the
2015 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) implemented by the United Nations through Goal 7, to
ensure environmental sustainability.[115] Though the islands generally have access to fresh water sources, it
is typically only available in the state's capital of Honiara,[115] and it is not guaranteed all year long.
According to a UNICEF report, even the capital's poorest communities do not have access to adequate
places to relieve their waste, and an estimated 70% Solomon Island schools have no access to safe and
clean water for drinking, washing and relieving of waste.[115] Lack of safe drinking water in school-age
children results in high risks of contracting fatal diseases such as cholera and typhoid.[116] The number of
Solomon Islanders living with piped drinking water has been decreasing since 2011, while those living with
non-piped water increased between 2000 and 2010. Nevertheless, one improvement is that those living
with non-piped water has been decreasing consistently since 2011.[117]

In addition, the Solomon Islands Second Rural Development Program, enacted in 2014 and active until
2020, has been working to deliver competent infrastructure and other vital services to rural areas and
villages of the Solomon Islands,[118] which suffer the most from lack of safe drinking water and proper
sanitation. Through improved infrastructure, services and resources, the program has also encouraged
farmers and other agricultural sectors, through community-driven efforts, to connect them to the market,
thus promoting economic growth.[116] Rural villages such as Bolava, found in the Western Province of
Solomon Islands, have benefited greatly from the program, with the implementation of water tanks and rain
catchment and water storage systems.[116] Not only has the improved infrastructure increased the quality of
life in Solomon Islands, the services are also operated and developed by the community, thus creating a
sense of communal pride and achievement among those previously living in hazardous conditions. The
program is funded by various international development actors such as the World Bank, European Union,
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), and the Australian and Solomon Islands
governments.[116]

Earthquakes

On 2 April 2007 at 07:39:56 local time (UTC+11) an earthquake with magnitude 8.1 on the Mw scale
occurred at hypocentre S8.453 E156.957, 349 kilometres (217  mi) northwest of the island's capital,
Honiara and south-east of the capital of Western Province, Gizo, at a depth of 10 km (6.2 miles).[119] More
than 44 aftershocks with magnitude 5.0 or greater occurred up until 22:00:00 UTC, Wednesday, 4 April
2007. A tsunami followed killing at least 52 people, destroying more than 900 homes and leaving
thousands of people homeless.[120] Land upthrust extended the shoreline of one island, Ranongga, by up to
70 metres (230 ft) exposing many once pristine coral reefs.[121]

On 6 February 2013, an earthquake with magnitude of 8.0 occurred at epicentre S10.80 E165.11 in the
Santa Cruz Islands followed by a tsunami up to 1.5 metres. At least nine people were killed and many
houses demolished. The main quake was preceded by a sequence of earthquakes with a magnitude of up to
6.0.
Economy
Solomon Islands' per-capita GDP of $600 ranks it as a lesser
developed nation, and more than 75% of its labour force is engaged
in subsistence agriculture and fishing. Most manufactured goods
and petroleum products must be imported. Only 3.9% of the area of
the islands are used for agriculture, and 78.1% are covered by
forests making the Solomon Islands the 103rd ranked country
covered by forests worldwide.[122]

The Solomon Islands Government was insolvent by 2002. Since A proportional representation of
Solomon Islands exports, 2019
the RAMSI intervention in 2003, the government has recast its
budget. It has consolidated and renegotiated its domestic debt and
with Australian backing, is now seeking to renegotiate its foreign
obligations. Principal aid donors are Australia, New Zealand, the
European Union, Japan and Taiwan.

Currency

The Solomon Islands dollar (ISO 4217 code: SBD) was introduced
in 1977, replacing the Australian dollar at par. Its symbol is "SI$",
but the "SI" prefix may be omitted if there is no confusion with
Plantation of oil palms near Tetere on
other currencies also using the dollar sign "$". It is subdivided into
Guadalcanal
100 cents. Local shell money is still important for traditional and
ceremonial purposes in certain provinces and, in some remote parts
of the country, for trade. Shell money was a widely used traditional
currency in the Pacific Islands, in Solomon Islands, it is mostly
manufactured in Malaita and Guadalcanal but can be bought
elsewhere, such as the Honiara Central Market.[123] The barter
system often replaces money of any kind in remote areas.

Exports
Subsistence agriculture near Honiara
Until 1998, when world prices for tropical timber fell steeply,
timber was Solomon Islands' main export product, and, in recent
years, Solomon Islands forests were dangerously overexploited. In
the wake of the ethnic violence in June 2000, exports of palm oil
and gold ceased while exports of timber fell.

Recently, Solomon Islands courts have re-approved the export of

live dolphins for profit, most recently to Dubai, United Arab
Emirates. This practice was originally stopped by the government
in 2004 after international uproar over a shipment of 28 live One of the most important roads on
dolphins to Mexico. The move resulted in criticism from both the North coast of Guadalcanal in
Australia and New Zealand as well as several conservation Tamboko
organisations. As of 2019, rough wood still makes up two-thirds of
export.

Agriculture
In 2017 317,682 tons of coconuts were harvested making the country the 18th ranked producer of coconuts
worldwide, and 24% of the exports corresponded to copra.[124] Cocoa beans are mainly grown on the
islands Guadalcanal, Makira and Malaita. In 2017 4,940 tons of cocoa beans were harvested making the
Solomon Islands the 27th ranked producer of cocoa worldwide.[125] Growth of production and export of
copra and cacao, however, is hampered by old age of most coconut and cacao trees. In 2017 285,721 tons
of palm oil were produced, making Solomon Islands the 24th ranked producer of palm oil worldwide.[126]

Other important cash crops and exports include copra, cacao and palm oil.

For the local market but not for export many families grow taro (2017: 45,901 tons),[127] rice (2017: 2,789
tons),[128] yams (2017: 44,940 tons)[129] and bananas (2017: 313 tons).[130] Tobacco (2017: 118 tons)[131]
and spices (2017: 217 tons).[132] are grown for the local market as well.

The agriculture on the Solomon Islands is hampered by a very severe lack of agricultural machines.

Mining

In 1998 gold mining began at Gold Ridge on Guadalcanal. Minerals exploration in other areas continued.
The islands are rich in undeveloped mineral resources such as lead, zinc, nickel, and gold. Negotiations are
underway that may lead to the eventual reopening of the Gold Ridge mine which was closed after the riots
in 2006.

Fisheries

Solomon Islands' fisheries also offer prospects for export and domestic economic expansion. A Japanese
joint venture, Solomon Taiyo Ltd., which operated the only fish cannery in the country, closed in mid-2000
as a result of the ethnic disturbances. Though the plant has reopened under local management, the export of
tuna has not resumed.

Tourism

Tourism, particularly diving, could become an important service industry for Solomon Islands. Tourism
growth, however, is hampered by lack of infrastructure and transportation limitations. In 2017 the Solomon
Islands were visited by 26,000 tourists making the country one of the least frequently-visited countries of
the world.[133] The country's government hopes to increase the number of tourists up to 30,000 by the end
of 2019 and up to 60,000 tourists per year by the end of 2025.[134]

Energy

A team of renewable energy developers working for the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission
(SOPAC) and funded by the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP), have
developed a scheme that allows local communities to access renewable energy, such as solar, water and
wind power, without the need to raise substantial sums of cash. Under the scheme, islanders who are
unable to pay for solar lanterns in cash may pay instead in kind with crops.[135]

Infrastructure
Flight connections

Solomon Airlines connects Honiara to Nadi in Fiji, Port Vila in Vanuatu and Brisbane in Australia as well
as to more than 20 domestic airports in each province of the country. To promote tourism Solomon Airlines
introduced a weekly direct flight connection between Brisbane and Munda in 2019.[136] Virgin Australia
connects Honiara to Brisbane twice a week. Most of the domestic airports are accessible to small planes
only as they have short, grass runways.

Roads

The road system in Solomon Islands is insufficient and there are no railways. The most important roads
connect Honiara to Lambi (58 km; 36 miles) in the western part of Guadalcanal and to Aola (75 km; 47
miles) in the eastern part.[137] There are few buses and these do not circulate according to a fixed timetable.
In Honiara there is no bus terminus. The most important bus stop is in front of the Central Market.

Ferries

Most of the islands can be reached by ferry from Honiara. There is a daily connection from Honiara to
Auki via Tulagi by a high speed catamaran.

Demographics
As of 2018, there were 652,857 people in Solomon Islands.[3][4] Population[3][4]
Year Million
Ethnic groups 1950 0.09
2000 0.4
The majority of Solomon Islanders are ethnically Melanesian (95.3%). Polynesian
(3.1%) and Micronesian (1.2%) are the two other significant groups.[138] There are a 2018 0.7
few thousand ethnic Chinese.[81]
Ethnic Groups in The Solomon Islands
Ethnic Groups percent
Languages Melanesian   95.3%
Polynesian   3.1%
While English is the official language, only 1–2% of Micronesian   1.2%
the population are able to communicate fluently in Chinese   0.1%
English. However, an English creole, Solomons Pijin, European   0.1%
is a de facto lingua franca of the country spoken by the Other   0.1%
majority of the population, along with local indigenous
languages. Pijin is closely related to Tok Pisin spoken
in Papua New Guinea.

The number of local languages listed for Solomon Islands is 74, of which 70 are living languages and 4 are
extinct, according to Ethnologue, Languages of the World.[139] Western Oceanic languages (predominantly
of the Southeast Solomonic group) are spoken on the central islands. Polynesian languages are spoken on
Rennell and Bellona to the south, Tikopia, Anuta and Fatutaka to the far east, Sikaiana to the north east,
and Luaniua to the north (Ontong Java Atoll, also known as Lord Howe Atoll). The immigrant population
from Kiribati (the i-Kiribati) speak Gilbertese.
Religion

The religion of Solomon Islands is mainly Christian (comprising

about 92% of the population). The main Christian denominations
are: the Anglican Church of Melanesia (35%), Catholic Church
(19%), South Seas Evangelical Church (17%), United Church in
Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands (11%) and Seventh-
day Adventist (10%). Other Christian denominations are Jehovah's
Witnesses, New Apostolic Church (80 churches) and The Church Solomon Islander boys from Honiara.
of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). People with brown or blond hair are
quite common among Solomon
Another 5% adhere to aboriginal beliefs. The remaining adhere to Islanders without any European
Islam or the Baháʼí Faith. According to the most recent reports, admixture, especially among
Islam in Solomon Islands is made up of approximately 350 children.
Muslims,[140] including members of the Ahmadiyya Muslim
Community.[141]

Health

Female life expectancy at birth was at 66.7 years and male life
expectancy at birth at 64.9 in 2007.[142] 1990–1995 fertility rate
was at 5.5 births per woman.[142] Government expenditure on
health per capita was at US$99 (PPP).[142] Healthy life expectancy
at birth is at 60 years.[142] Catholic Church in Tanagai on
Guadalcanal
Blond hair occurs in 10% of the population in the islands.[143]
After years of questions, studies have resulted in the better
understanding of the blond gene. The findings show that the blond hair trait is due to an amino acid change
of protein TYRP1.[144] This accounts for the highest occurrence of blond hair outside of European
influence in the world.[145] While 10% of Solomon Islanders display the blond phenotype, about 26% of
the population carry the recessive trait for it as well.[146]

Communicable diseases

About 35% deaths occurred in 2008 due to communicable diseases and maternal, perinatal, and nutritional
conditions.[147] Solomon Islands had 13 cumulative HIV cases from 1994 to 2009 and between 2000 and
2011 confirmed malaria cases decreased steadily.[147] In 2017 lower respiratory infections accounted for
11.18%, neonatal disorders for 3.59%, STI (excluding HIV) for 2.9% of total deaths.[148]

Noncommunicable diseases

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are prime causes of deaths in Pacific islands, and responsible for 60%
deaths in Solomon Islands.[149] Premature mortality from NCDs was 1900 in 2016.[150] Ischemic heart
disease, stroke and diabetes were the main causes of mortality due to NCDs in 2017.[148]

Sustainable development goals and Solomon Islands

Over last two decades Solomon Islands has achieved many goals in health outcomes and moving towards
fulfilling universal health coverage.[151] Identifying and treating NCDs, addressing manpower shortage in
health sector, improving the availability of treatment facilities in all health care centers are the new priorities
of Solomon Islands.[151]

Education

Education in Solomon Islands is not compulsory, and only 60

percent of school-age children have access to primary
education.[152][153] There are kindergartens in various places,
including the capital, but they are not free.

From 1990 to 1994, the gross primary school enrolment rose from
84.5 percent to 96.6 percent.[152] Primary school attendance rates
were unavailable for Solomon Islands as of 2001.[152] While
enrolment rates indicate a level of commitment to education, they Children at the school in Tuo village,
do not always reflect children's participation in school.[152] The Fenualoa
Department of Education and Human Resource Development
efforts and plans to expand educational facilities and increase
enrolment. However, these actions have been hindered by a lack of
government funding, misguided teacher training programs, poor co-
ordination of programs, and a failure of the government to pay
teachers.[152] The percentage of the government's budget allocated
to education was 9.7 percent in 1998, down from 13.2 percent in
1990.[152] Male educational attainment tends to be higher than
female educational attainment.[153] The University of the South
Pacific, which has campuses in 12 Pacific island nations, has a
campus at Guadalcanal.[154]
The literacy rate of the adult
population amounted to 84.1% in 2015 (men 88.9%, women Kindergarten in Honiara
79.23%).[155]

Culture
The culture of Solomon Islands reflects the extent of the
differentiation and diversity among the groups living within the
Solomon Islands archipelago, which lies within Melanesia in the
Pacific Ocean, with the peoples distinguished by island, language,
topography, and geography. The cultural area includes the nation School in Tanagai on Guadalcanal
state of Solomon Islands and the Bougainville Island, which is a
part of Papua New Guinea.[156]
Solomon Islands includes some
culturally Polynesian societies which lie outside the main region of Polynesian influence, known as the
Polynesian Triangle. There are seven Polynesian outliers within the Solomon Islands: Anuta, Bellona,
Ontong Java, Rennell, Sikaiana, Tikopia, and Vaeakau-Taumako.
Solomon Islands arts and crafts cover a
wide range of woven objects, carved wood, stone and shell artefacts in styles specific to different
provinces. :


Laundry basket Carved fish Campus of the University of the

South Pacific in Honiara

Bukhaware trays Carved dish inlaid Traditional painting and wood carving
with mother-of-pearl in the National Museum in Honiara

Carved longboat Gnusu gnusu heads

Salad bowl and Wooden religious

serving spoon and objects in front of All
fork Saints' Church,
Honiara
Malaitan shell-money, manufactured in the Langa Langa Lagoon, is the traditional currency used in Malaita
and throughout the Solomon Islands. The money consists of small polished shell disks which are drilled
and placed on strings.[157] In the Solomons Tectus niloticus is harvested, which was traditionally made into
items such as pearl buttons and jewellery.[158][159]

Gender inequality and domestic violence

Solomon Islands has one of the highest rates of family and sexual violence (FSV) in the world, with 64%
of women aged 15–49 having reported physical and/or sexual abuse by a partner.[160] As per a World
Health Organization (WHO) report issued in 2011, "the causes of Gender Based Violence (GBV) are
multiple, but it primarily stems from gender inequality and its manifestations."[161] The report stated:

"In Solomon Islands, GBV has been largely normalized: 73% of men and 73% of women
believe violence against women is justifiable, especially for infidelity and 'disobedience,'
as when women do 'not live up to the gender roles that society imposes.' For example,
women who believed they could occasionally refuse sex were four times more likely to
experience GBV from an intimate partner. Men cited acceptability of violence and gender
inequality as two main reasons for GBV, and almost all of them reported hitting their
female partners as a 'form of discipline,' suggesting that women could improve the
situation by '[learning] to obey [them].'"

Another manifestation and driver of gender inequality in Solomon Islands is the traditional practice of bride
price. Although specific customs vary between communities, paying a bride price is considered similar to a
property title, giving men ownership over women. Gender norms of masculinity tend to encourage men to
"control" their wives, often through violence, while women felt that bride prices prevented them from
leaving men. Another report issued by the WHO in 2013 painted a similarly grim picture.[162]

In 2014, Solomon Islands officially launched the Family Protection Act 2014, which was aimed at curbing
domestic violence in the country.[163] While numerous other interventions are being developed and
implemented in the healthcare system as well as the criminal justice system, these interventions are still in
their infancy and have largely stemmed from Western protocols. Therefore, for these models to be effective,
time and commitment is needed to change the cultural perception of domestic violence in Solomon
Islands.[160]

Literature

Writers from Solomon Islands include the novelists Rexford Orotaloa and John Saunana and the poet Jully
Makini.

Media

Newspapers

There is one daily newspaper, the Solomon Star, one daily online news website, Solomon Times Online
(www.solomontimes.com), two weekly papers, Solomons Voice and Solomon Times, and two monthly
papers, Agrikalsa Nius and the Citizen's Press.

Radio
Radio is the most influential type of media in Solomon Islands due to language differences, illiteracy,[164]
and the difficulty of receiving television signals in some parts of the country. The Solomon Islands
Broadcasting Corporation (SIBC) operates public radio services, including the national stations Radio
Happy Isles 1037 on the dial and Wantok FM 96.3, and the provincial stations Radio Happy Lagoon and,
formerly, Radio Temotu. There are two commercial FM stations, Z FM at 99.5 in Honiara but receivable
over a large majority of island out from Honiara, and, PAOA FM at 97.7 in Honiara (also broadcasting on
107.5 in Auki), and, one community FM radio station, Gold Ridge FM on 88.7.

Television

There are no TV services that cover the entire Solomon Islands but are available in six main centres in four
of the nine Provinces. Satellite TV stations can be received. In Honiara, there is a free-to-air HD digital,
analogue TV and online service called Telekom Television Limited, operated by Solomon Telekom Co.
Ltd.. and rebroadcast a number of regional and international TV services including ABC Australia and
BBC World News. Residents can also subscribe to SATSOL, a digital pay TV service, re-transmitting
satellite television.

Music

Traditional Melanesian music in Solomon Islands includes both

group and solo vocals, slit-drum and panpipe ensembles. Bamboo
music gained a following in the 1920s. In the 1950s Edwin Nanau
Sitori composed the song "Walkabout long Chinatown", which has
been referred to by the government as the unofficial "national
song" of the Solomon Islands.[165] Modern Solomon Islander
popular music includes various kinds of rock and reggae as well as
island music.
A pan flute, nineteenth century,
Sport MHNT

Rugby union: The Solomon Islands national rugby union team has
played internationals since 1969. It took part in the Oceania qualifying tournament for the 2003 and 2007
Rugby World Cups, but did not qualify on either occasion.

Association football: The Solomon Islands national football team has proved among the most successful in
Oceania and is part of the OFC confederation in FIFA. They are currently ranked 141st out of 210 teams in
the FIFA World Rankings. The team became the first team to beat New Zealand in qualifying for a play-off
spot against Australia for qualification to the World Cup 2006. They were defeated 7–0 in Australia and 2–
1 at home.

Futsal: Closely related to Association Football. On 14 June 2008, the Solomon Islands national futsal team,
the Kurukuru, won the Oceania Futsal Championship in Fiji to qualify them for the 2008 FIFA Futsal
World Cup, which was held in Brazil from 30 September to 19 October 2008. Solomon Islands is the futsal
defending champions in the Oceania region. In 2008 and 2009 the Kurukuru won the Oceania Futsal
Championship in Fiji. In 2009 they defeated the host nation Fiji 8–0 to claim the title. The Kurukuru
currently hold the world record for the fastest ever goal scored in an official futsal match. It was set by
Kurukuru captain Elliot Ragomo, who scored against New Caledonia three seconds into the game in July
2009.[166] They also, however, hold the less enviable record for the worst defeat in the history of the Futsal
World Cup, when in 2008 they were beaten by Russia with two goals to thirty-one.[167]
Beach soccer: The Solomon Islands national beach soccer team, the Bilikiki Boys, are statistically the most
successful team in Oceania. They have won all three regional championships to date, thereby qualifying on
each occasion for the FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup. The Bilikiki Boys are ranked fourteenth in the world
as of 2010, higher than any other team from Oceania.[168]

See also
Outline of Solomon Islands

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External links
Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet (http://www.pmc.gov.sb/)
Solomon Islands (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/solomon-islands/). The
World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
Moore, Clive. "Solomon Islands Historical Encyclopaedia 1893–1978" (http://www.solomone
ncyclopaedia.net/).
Latest Earthquakes (https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/map/#%7B%22feed%22:%22
1482262495656%22,%22sort%22:%22newest%22,%22mapposition%22:%5B%5B-85,0%5
D,%5B85,360%5D%5D,%22viewModes%22:%7B%22help%22:false,%22list%22:true,%22
map%22:true,%22settings%22:false%7D,%22autoUpdate%22:false,%22search%22:%7B%
22id%22:%221482262495656%22,%22name%22:%22Search%20Results%22,%22isSearc
h%22:true,%22params%22:%7B%22starttime%22:%221716-12-13%2000:00:00%22,%22e
ndtime%22:%223226-12-20%2023:59:59%22,%22latitude%22:-9.28,%22longitude%22:15
9.49,%22maxradiuskm%22:725,%22minmagnitude%22:6,%22orderby%22:%22time%22%7
D%7D%7D) – United States Geological Survey
Solomon Islands Act 1978 (25 May 1978): "to make provision for, and in connection with, the
attainment by Solomon Islands of independence within the Commonwealth." (http://www.legi
slation.gov.uk/ukpga/1978/15/introduction/enacted)

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