Advanced Engineering

Mathematics

Engr. Rimson E. Junio

Instructor

1
 Trigonometry
EEMA211

Matrices

 Solution to System of Linear Equations

 Inverse Method
 Cramer’s Rule
 Gauss Elimination
 Gauss-Jordan Elimination

 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

FEU Institute of Technology 2

Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE)
 Trigonometry
EEMA211

Linear equations

FEU Institute of Technology 3

Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE)
 Trigonometry
EEMA211

Linear Equations

where all a’s and b’s are constants and n is the number of
equations.

FEU Institute of Technology 4

Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE)
 Trigonometry
EEMA211

Linear Equations in Matrix Form

[A] is the matrix of coefficients

{b} is the column vector of constants
{x} is the column vector of unknowns

FEU Institute of Technology 5

Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE)
 Trigonometry
EEMA211

Solutions of Linear Equations

Consider solving the system of equations below.

−2𝑥 + 7𝑦 − 𝑧 = 31
8𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 8𝑧 = −94
𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −26

FEU Institute of Technology 6

Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE)
 Trigonometry
EEMA211

Inverse Method

Suppose we are asked to solve the matrix equation:

𝐴 𝑥 = {𝑏}

If the inverse of A, i.e. [𝐴]−1 is known. Then we can find the {𝑥}
column vector by the following equation:
𝑥 = [𝐴]−1 {𝑏}

FEU Institute of Technology 7

Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE)
 Trigonometry
EEMA211

P3.1

Solve the system of linear equations below using inverse

method.

−2𝑥 + 7𝑦 − 𝑧 = 31
8𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 8𝑧 = −94
𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −26

FEU Institute of Technology 8

Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE)
 Trigonometry
EEMA211

Cramer’s Rule

A system of n linear equations represented by the matrix

form

[A]{x}={b}

can be solved by the formula

det⁡(𝐴𝑖 )
𝑥𝑖 = ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑛
det⁡(𝐴)

Where 𝐴𝑖 is the matrix formed by replacing the ith column

of A with the column vector b.

FEU Institute of Technology 9

Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE)
 Trigonometry
EEMA211

P3.2

Solve the system of linear equations below using Cramer’s

Rule.

−2𝑥 + 7𝑦 − 𝑧 = 31
8𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 8𝑧 = −94
𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −26

FEU Institute of Technology 10

Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE)
 Trigonometry
EEMA211

Gauss Elimination

Reduce the coefficient matrix to an upper

triangular matrix equated to a column vector. This is
done by eliminating the first unknown, 𝑥1 , from the
second down to the nth equation by performing
elementary row operations. Then the second
unknown, 𝑥2 , is eliminated from the third down to the
last equation. The process is continued up to the (n-
1)th unknown turning the coefficient matrix into an
upper triangular matrix. The resulting matrix equation
can be easily solved using backward substitution.

FEU Institute of Technology 11

Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE)
 Trigonometry
EEMA211

P3.3

Solve the system of linear equations below using Gauss

Elimination.

−2𝑥 + 7𝑦 − 𝑧 = 31
8𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 8𝑧 = −94
𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −26

FEU Institute of Technology 12

Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE)
 Trigonometry
EEMA211

Gauss-Jordan Elimination

The resulting upper triangular matrix in Gauss Elimination is

further reduced to an identity matrix. The values of the
unknown variables are readily available.

FEU Institute of Technology 13

Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE)
 Trigonometry
EEMA211

P3.4

Solve the system of linear equations below using Gauss-Jordan

Elimination.

−2𝑥 + 7𝑦 − 𝑧 = 31
8𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 8𝑧 = −94
𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −26

FEU Institute of Technology 14

Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE)
 Trigonometry
EEMA211

Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

Suppose there exists a square transformation matrix 𝑨 that

operates on a column vector 𝒙 . The problem is to find the
vectors that point in a direction that is invariant (the vector
only stretches, compresses, or flips) upon applying the
transformation.

𝐴 𝑥 = 𝜆{𝑥}

FEU Institute of Technology 15

Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE)
 Trigonometry
EEMA211

Visualization

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvalues_and_eigenvectors

FEU Institute of Technology 16

Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE)
 Trigonometry
EEMA211

Visualization

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvalues_and_eigenvectors
Animation: Kieff

FEU Institute of Technology 17

Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE)
 Trigonometry
EEMA211

Finding the Eigenvalues 𝝀

𝐴 𝑥 = 𝜆{𝑥}
𝐴 𝑥 −𝜆 𝑥 =0
𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼 𝑥 = 0
|𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼| = 0

FEU Institute of Technology 18

Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE)
 Trigonometry
EEMA211

P3.5

Determine the eigenvalues and the eigenvectors of

𝐴𝑥 = 𝜆𝑥
where
3 10
𝐴=
2 4

FEU Institute of Technology 19

Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE)
 Trigonometry
EEMA211

Homework

1. Solve the given equation below using the four methods

discussed.
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑥2 −3𝑥3 = −5
5𝑥1 − 2𝑥2 + 4𝑥3 = 9
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡3𝑥1 + 𝑥2 − 7𝑥3 = −14

2. Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of 𝐴𝑥 = 𝜆𝑥 where

1 0 4
𝐴= 0 2 0
3 1 −3

FEU Institute of Technology 20

Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE)