ISO DIMENSIONAL

TOLERANCES & ISO FITS

Part II

(17.11.2016) by Haluk Bayraktar

1
ISO Fittings

2
Fittings
• Fittings (Geçmeler, Alıştırmalar)

A ‘ Fit ’ defines the two relevant dimensions of two

different parts, which are working or fitting in
compliance along those dimensions.

• ISO Fitting Tolerancing and Single Dimension

ISO Tolerancing are NOT the same !

• Fitting consists of TWO Iso Tolerances !

3
Shafts & Holes at Fittings
• A Hole stands for the outer component of any fitting.

• A Shaft stands for the inner component of any fitting.

a Shaft
a Hole

Most commonly, a Shaft is a shaft, and a Hole is a hole

(sometimes, a hole is called a Bore) 4
a basic Shaft – Hole Fitting Example
• Maximum, Minimum and Average Allowances for a Clearance Fit

Tol. Range Ø 60 H7
for Hole

(Nominal Dimension)
Dimension)
(Nominal

Ø 60 f7

A Basic Fitting
Sketch
Representation

5
a basic Shaft – Hole Fitting Example
• Deviations and IT Grades on an assembly

(mdf)

6
Shaft – Hole Fitting Terminology

An assembly of fitting at a basic dimension of 40 mm is

represented as below :

Ø 40 H6/r7
Here, H6 gives the tolerance range for the outer part

And, r7 gives the tolerance range for the inner part.

8
Shaft – Hole Fitting Conditions

Clearance Fits Transition Fits Interference Fits

Shaft
Base

Clearance Fits Transition Fits Interference Fits

Hole
Base

9
Variation of ( Hole Basis )

Deviations
for Shafts &
Holes

( Shaft Basis )

10
Hole Basis Fitting
• In hole basis system, all outer dimensions are
considered to be at H deviation.
(Flange) (Bearing) (Helical Gear) (Bearing)

(Hole Basis)
(Clearance Fit) (Transition Fit) (Interference Fit)

(Birim Delik Sisteminde Geçmeler)

11
Shaft Basis Fitting
• In shaft basis system, all inner dimensions are
considered to be at h deviation.
(Bearing) (Spur Gear) (Bearing) (Flange)

(Clearance Fit) (Transition Fit) (Interference Fit) (Shaft Basis)

(Birim Mil Sisteminde Geçmeler) 12

Some Terminology

• Clearance Fit : Boşluklu (Ara) Geçme

• Transition Fit : Belirsiz Geçme
• Interference (Force,Tight) Fit : Sıkı Geçme

• Shaft Basis : Birim Mil Sistemi

• Hole Basis : Birim Delik Sistemi

13
a Bearing Fitting Comparison

14
a Bearing Fitting Comparison

Zero ZL
Line

Close Running Fit Sliding Fit

15
On the Web

• A Web Page with a Fitting Calculator

– http://www.amesweb.info/FitTolerance/FitTolera
nce.aspx

• An ISO Fits App for Mobile Phones

– http://www.tss.trelleborg.com/global/en/service/
mobile_tools_and_apps/iso_fits_app/iso-fits-
app.html

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Nomenclature

• Positive Allowance / Clearance (Boşluk)

• Negative Allowance / Tightness (Sıkılık)

• Maximum Material Size (MMS) [Gu : shafts, Ga : holes]

• Least Material Size (LMS) [Ga : shafts, Gu: holes]

• Regardless of Material Size (RMS)

17
Clearance vs. Tightness xt
e
N ge
pa
a) Clearance Fit b)
b)Transition
TransitionFit
Fit c)
c)Interference
InterferenceFit
Fit
(Boşluklu Geçme)
(Bosluklu (Ara Geçme)
(Ara Geçme) (Sıkı Geçme)
(Siki Geçme)

Ug

Uk
Sg Sk Sg Ug

Hole Shaft Hole Shaft Hole Shaft

SkSk: Minimum
: Minimum Clearance
Clearance Sg : Maximum Clearance Uk
Uk :: Minimum
Minimum Tightness
Tightness
(MinimumBosluk)
(Minimum Boşluk) (Maximum
(Maximum Boşluk)
Bosluk) (Minimum
(Minimum Sıkılık)
Sikilik)
SgSg: Maximum
: Maximum Clearance
Clearance Ug : Maximum Tightness Ug
Ug :: Maximum
Maximum Tightness
Tightness
(Maximum Boşluk)
(Maximum Bosluk) (Maximum
(Maximum Sıkılık)
Sikilik) (Maximum Sıkılık)
(Maximum Sikilik)

• Clearance : Positive Allowance

• Tightness : Negative Allowance
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Clearance / Tightness
Higher Possibility b) Transition Fit Higher Possibility
of Clearance Fit (Ara Geçme) of Tight Fit

Ug Sg

Sg Ug

Hole Shaft Hole Shaft

Sg : Maximum Clearance
Maximum Clearance
(Maximum
(Maximum Boşluk)
Bosluk)
Ug : Maximum
Maximum Tightness
Tightness
(Maximum
(Maximum Sıkılık)
Sikilik)

• There are two possible cases for a Transition fit !

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Clearance / Tightness

a)a)Clearance Fit
Clearance Fit b) Transition Fit
b) Transition Fit c)c)Interference
Interference FitFit
(Boşluklu Geçme)
(Bosluklu Geçme) (Ara
(AraGeçme)
Geçme) (Sıkı Geçme)
(Siki Geçme)

Ug Sg

Uk
Sg Sk Sg Ug
Ug

Hole Shaft Hole Shaft Hole Shaft Hole Shaft

Sk :SkMinimum
: MinimumClearance
Clearance
(Minimum Bosluk)
(Minimum Boşluk)
Sg : Maximum Clearance
Sg : Maximum
(MaximumClearance
Bosluk)
(Maximum Boşluk)
Sg Sg : Maximum Clearance
: Maximum Clearance UkUk: :Minimum
Minimum Tightness
Tightness
(Maximum Bosluk) (Minimum Sikilik)
(Maximum Boşluk)
Ug : Maximum Tightness (Minimum Sıkılık)
Ug : Maximum Tightness
Ug : Maximum Tightness
(Maximum Sikilik) Ug : Maximum Tightness
(Maximum Sikilik)
(Maximum Sıkılık) (Maximum Sıkılık)

all conditions at once..

(same as previous, just a bit smaller)
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Statistical Interference for Dimensions

• In-line process measurements allow

probabilistic monitoring over production
failure rates for mating parts.

21
Statistical Interference for Loads

• Same statistical method can be used to

monitor failure probabilities in load-
strength balance of a mechanical system.

22
ISO Fitting Tolerance Ranges

• In Practice, only a limited range of tolerance

zones are used.
• These general use Fitting Tolerance Ranges are
pre-calculated, rounded and covered in tables.
• Tolerance zones not included in these tables
are considered special zones and their use is
recommended only in technically well-
grounded cases.

23
Routine Tolerance Zones for Holes up to 3150mm

• Note:
Tolerance
zones with
thin print
are
specified
only for
basic
sizes up to
500 mm

24
Routine Tolerance Zones for Shafts up to 3150mm

• Note:
Tolerance
zones with
thin print
are
specified
only for
basic
sizes up to
500 mm

25
ISO Tolerance Tables for Shaft Bases

This detail is on
next Page

26
 ISO

Shaft
Bases
Tables for
Tolerance

Tolerance Range
for h9 (shaft)
Tolerance Range
for ZC9 (hole)

27
ISO Tolerance Tables for Hole Bases

This detail is on
next Page

28
 Tables for
Hole Bases
ISO Tolerance

Tolerance Range
for H6 (hole)
Tolerance Range
for u5 (shaft)

29
ISO Fitting Tolerance Tables for Hole Bases
(Allowance Tables)

This detail is on
next Page

30
ISO Fitting
Tolerance

Fitting Range
Tables for

for H6 / u5
Hole Bases
• This (allowance)
table is showing
a fitting
tolerance, not a
single
dimensional
tolerance !!

31
Fitting Conditions
Fitting Conditions
(Geçme Durumları)
Hole Basis Shaft Basis
TSE ANSI
(Birim Delik Sistemi) (Birim Mil Sistemi)

H7 - e9 Geniş Hareketli Loose Running Fit E9 – h6

Clearance
H7 – e8 Kolay Hareketli Free Running Fit E7 – h6
// – f7 Hareketli (Döner) Close Running Fit F7 – //
Sliding Fit (free moving but not
H7 – g6 Zor Hareketli free running)
G7 – h6
Sliding Fit (free
Locational
H7 – h6 Kaygan Geçme moving but not
Clearance Fit
H7 – h6
free running)
H7 – j6 Sürme Geçme Locational Clearance Fit J7 – h6

Transition
Locational Transition Fit (for
H7 – k6 Tutuk Geçme accuracy)
K7 – h6

H7 – m6 Çakma Geçme Locational Transition Fit (for M7 – h6

H7 – n6 Sıkı Geçme more accuracy) N7 – h6
H7 – p6 Pres Geçme Locational Interference Fit P7 – h6
H7 – s6 Sıkı Pres Geçme Medium Drive Fit S7 – h6
H7 – u6 Çok Sıkı Pres Geçme Interference Force Fit U7 – h6 32
Fitting
Conditions

Notes :
• Running means that two
bodies are working together
and moving against each
other.
• Journal : shaft bearing, hub
• Shrink Fit : Fitting through
size change created by
varying the temperature of
either parts (sıcak geçme)

33
Fitting Conditions – Shrink Fitting

• Outer Part is Heated to expand

• Inner Part is Cooled to contract
(Either or Both are applied)
34
Fitting
Conditions

35
Tolerance of Machining
• Laplama & Honlama ...
• Silindirik Taşlama ...
• Yüzey Taşlama ...
• Elmas Tornalama ...
• Broşlama ...
• Toz Metal ...
• Raybalama ...
• Tornalama ...
• Sinterleme ...
• Borlama ... (İç çap genişletme, rektifiye)

• Frezeleme ...
• Planya ve Vargel ...
(Tool Moves) (Part Moves)
• Matkap ...
• Zımba ...
• Kalıp Döküm ...

36
Some Basic Manufacturing Techniques
Turning
(Torna)
Boring
(Delik
İşleme)

Milling
(Freze)
Casting
(Döküm)

Reaming
(Rayba)
37
Some Basic Manufacturing Techniques
Lapping Honing
(Lepleme)
(Honlama)

Grinding
Broaching
(Taşlama) (Broşlama)

38
Fitting Question Examples

• Q1) You are designing a rotor-bearing assembly

on a 6mm shaft, that will run at a medium rpm
(revolutions per minute). As a result of your
calculations, the minimum and maximum
differences between your shaft diameter and the
bearings inner diameter are found 9μm and 32μm.
How would you tolerance your fitting to make this
part work correctly? (Assume that you are able to
obtain the 6mm dia shaft ‘easily’ from the market
at any given tolerance)
41
Fitting Question Examples
• Q1) Ans: H7/f6
Since the min and max allowances are 9μm and 32μm, you cannot
increase or decrease beyond those limits. Any allowance value
set between these two limits would be valid selections. Such as;
14μm-30μm, 18μm-31μm, etc.
Since these limit values are for fittings and they show the
differences between parts, ALLOWANCE tables should be used.
And since it’s cheaper to manufacture SHAFTS in various
tolerances than the HOLES, HOLE BASIS ALLOWANCE tables
should rather be used. For a 6mm dia shaft, and for H hole
tolerance, we have to select among appropriate allowance gaps
given in the table, that fit the above criteria. We find the largest
suitable gap 10-30μm on the f6 tolerance for H7 Hole Basis.
Largest gap means cheaper manufacturing, a cheaper shaft.
42
Fitting Question Examples

• Q2) As a result of calculations, the minimum

dimensional difference for your interference
fitting shows out to be at least 250μm. How would
you tolerance your Ø60 fitting, so that it is
possibly the cheapest solution?

43
Fitting Question Examples
• Q2) Ans: H10/zc10
Since the cheapest solution is asked, we shall only manufacture one
of the parts to further deviations, and let the other be at zero
deviation. And preferably, (also since we only have the table for
hole basis) we select the HOLE at ZERO DEVIATION (cheaper).
Since it is an interference fit, the deviation of the shaft has to be
between h and zc.
Setting those conditions, we may now check the HOLE BASIS table
at the row including Ø60mm ! We are supposed to find a
minimum interference abs. value that is larger than the 250μm
limit. We may find that in multiple results, as in H10/zc10,
H9/zc9, H8/zb8. In coarse practice, we may say that larger the
ISO Grade is, the cheaper the production. Therefore, it would be
correct to select H10/zc10 to get the cheapest solution.
(It’s a coincidence to meet the same IT numbers in both shaft and hole tol’s) 44
Fitting Question Examples

• Q3) You are designing an rotor-bearing assembly, that

will run at a very low rpms (rotations per minute). As a
result of your calculations, you find out that your 420mm
dia shaft, while under load, may have a possible maximum
deflection of 700μm across your bearing. And since you
need to keep lubrication pressure (yağlama basıncı) high
enough, you prefer a certain gap for your tolerance range.
Therefore, as an assumption, let the maximum gap be at
most 600μm. How would you tolerance your fitting to
make this part work correctly? (Assume that you are able
to process holes larger than Ø350mm precisely)

45
Fitting Question Examples

hole

600 μm gap for oil film

700 μm deflection of shaft

shaft
Ø 420 dia of shaft

46
Fitting Question Examples
• Q3) Ans: H9/b10
Since we have a 420mm hole, that is the row we are interested in
on tables. And it should be a positive deviation for moving parts.
Since the maximum deflection is 700μm, than our fundamental
deviation should exceed this value, so that there is still some
space for lubrication.
Also we need a tolarance range smaller then 600μm, so that the oil
pressure does not vary too much.
Which leads us to an allowance gap of +700μm to below +1300μm.
Deviations : [Da>700μm , Du<(Da+600μm)]
We search for min. positive allowance>+700μm and max. positive
allowance difference<600μm.
The answer is H9/b10 (+1165μm to +760μm)
A more expensive solution is H8/b9 (+1012μm to +760μm) 47