Mechatronics

Chapter 2
System and Machines

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 System
• SMART (INTELLIGENT) SYSTEM
• System(s)
• Environment and Situations
• Capability to communicate
• Controller
• Action/Output

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 System contd…
• A system can be thought of as a box which
has input and output. In mechatronics we are
not concerned about what is going on inside
the box but only with relationship between
input and output.
Example: A motor may be thought of as a
system which has as its input electrical power
and output as rotation of a shaft .

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 Contd…
• A system components (parts) interact
interdependently in such a way to output(s),
corresponding to the input(s).
• Depending on the components’ interactions,
a system may give either same output or
different outputs for the same input or
different inputs in the same environment or in
different environments .

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 Types of System
• There are four types of system in this universe as arranged in
highest to lowest order type
• Ecological: (not a purposeful system): Its parts have choice
however, as whole system has no choice. Such systems contain
mechanistic, animate, and social systems as its parts.
• Social: (purposeful system): Both its parts as well as whole system
have choice.
• Animate: (purposeful system): Its parts have no choice however
whole system has choice. The main purpose of such systems is
survival. A person's heart has no purpose of its own; however, it
functions to enable to send blood to all parts of the body so as to
survive.
• *Mechanistic:

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 Mechanistic System
• It is not a purposeful system. Its parts as well as whole
system have no choice.
• The system and their parts have no purposes of their
own however their essential parts make possible the
functioning of the whole system under certain law.
• Example: Machine System. The meaning of system in
this book is as Mechanistic system.
• All mechanisms are mechanistic system.
• Clock is a common example of such system; it operates
with a regularity function by their internal components
and the causal laws of nature.
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Mechanistic System Classification
• All mechatronic systems are mechanistic
systems and are either open or closed.
• A system is classified based on the type of
input energy, types of control applied,
mathematical model used, the level of
intelligence and function involved.

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 Contd…
(i)Input Energy-based Classification: A system is
generally classified based on the type of energy input
to the system, such as electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic,
mechanical, chemical, nuclear systems .
(ii)Mathematical Model-based Classification :
The behaviour of a system is described with the help of
mathematical model(s). Development of a
mathematical system, whether mechanical, electrical,
or hydraulic, requires variable(s) to write equation(s)
to establish the input–output relationship.

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 Contd…
(iii)Function-based Classification :A system can be
classified based on the functions that it performs.
A system can be made up of the following
components—a measurement system and/or a
control system.

A mechatronic system, being a combination of

measurement and control systems, results in a
closed loop with intelligence. A block diagram of a
generalized mechatronic system.
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 Mechatronics System
• Sensors & Transducers
• Signal conditioning components & devices
• Controller
• Actuator(s)

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 Contd…
(i)Measurement Systems :It is used for measuring physical quantities,
and its output value can be displayed or processed for further
action. A typical measurement system comprises the following five
basic elements:
1. Primary sensors with or without conversion component
2. Signal conditionner (signal manipulation)
3. Data transmitter
4. Data processor
5. Data presentation (display system)

(ii)Control Systems :In this universe, every function/activity performed

is associated with a control system, which is used to control some
phenomenon or action. Generally, a control system may be of two
types—an open-loop or a closed-loop system

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 Contd…
• An example : Domestic Air conditioning
control system
• This system has its input temperature through
(remote/manual) required/desired in the house
as its output; the house at that temperature, i.e.
you set the required temperature in the input
memory of the controller via receiver.
• The temperature sensor and its measurement
system perform the measurement of actual
temperature of the house.
• The cooling adjusts itself to the flow of cooled
air through making compressor ON/OFF based
on comparison of the set and measured
temperature values under control of the
controller and so as to minimize the
temperature gap in the house.
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 Machine System
• Machine is a manufactured object to interact
mechanically with its environment for handling
material and information using electrical or
chemical or other forms of energy.
• Input energy is generally , electrical energy;
however, other forms of energy are also used as
inputs.
• Most of this input energy is responsible for
providing mechanical energy for interaction and
surplus energy is disposed in terms of heat,
sound, mechanical vibration or chemical
substances etc.
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 Machines

• Manufactured object system designed and

developed to interact mechanically with its
environment for handling humans, materials,
and information using electrical, chemical, or
other forms of energy.
• Input energy is generally , electrical energy;
however, other forms of energy are also used
as inputs.

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 Parts of machines
Parts of machine =
supporting physical structure +
coupling means +
energy conversion source.

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 Concept of machines
The concept of a machine is developed on the
basis of following:
(i)Function
(ii)Behaviour
(iii)Performance

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 Industrial process
• It combines the functions of various systems,
such as mechanical, electrical, and chemical
systems.
• These processes are used in the production of
various machines, components, and products
according to their functions.

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 Types of industrial process
*General industrial processes,
*Heating processes
*Chemical processes,
*Disinfection (killing of bacteria/ viruses)
* Electrolytic processes,
*Physical processes (cutting, die, etc.)
*Moulding,
*Separation,
*Distillation

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 Mechatronic system intelligence
Intelligent systems are capable to do following :
*Perceive reasons
* Learn from environment
*Act intelligently using artificial intelligence (AI).

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 Mechatronic Applications
• Consumer product design,
• Manufacturing,
• Instrumentation,
• Motion control,
• Industrial processes,
• Robotics,
• Aircraft,
• Traction,
• Defence,
• Automated diagnostic systems,
• Medicines,
• Biotechnology
• Agriculture

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 Thanks
• Thanks

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