INP No 760/J

1NSTYTUX FIZYK» JĄDROWEJ

f W К Р* А КО WIE

INSTITUTE OF fNJUCLEAR PHYSICS

GRACQW

REPORT No 760/J

DIFFERENTIAL INTERPRETATION
OF GAMMA-RAY LOGS
I. CASE OF THE STATIC GAMMA-RAYCURVL

J.A. CZUBEK

KRAKOW
1971
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Drukuje i rozprowadza:
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Nakład S.0 egz..,. Objętość ark. wyd. 2,8 , Ark. druk. 3,5 , Data
złożenia maszynopisu przez autora 26.5.1971 r. , Oddano do druku
4.6.19711. ,fruk ukończono 6.1971*. ,SP-09/250/66, Z am. nr 243/71
DIFFERENTIAL INTBCPRETATION OF GAMMA-RAY LOGS:
! • CASE OF TBS STATIC GAMMArRiX CURVE

ДИФФЕРЕНЦИАЛШАЯ ИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИЯ КРИВЫХ Г К :

I . СЛУЧАЙ СТАТИЧЕСКОЙ КРИВОЙ Г А Ш - К А Р О Т Ш

RÓŻNICZKOWA INTERPRETACJA KRZYWYCH PROFILOWANIA

GAMMA:
I . PRZYPADEK STATYCZNEJ KRZYWEJ GAMMA

by
J a n A n d r z e j CZUBEK
Institute of Nuclear Physics
Dept. of Nuclear Physics Applications
Kraków 23, Poland

Kraków, May 1971

Foreword
The necessity for a new method of interpretation of
the natural gamma-ray logging results was found by the
author during his collaboration with the Geophysical
Prospecting Co. (Przedsiębiorstwo Poszukiwań Geofizycz-
nych) in Warsaw and with the French Atomic Saergy Com-
mission (CM-Saclay), as well as during discussions
with colleagues from the US АБС Office in Grand Junction
(Colo.) and Casper (Wyo.)«

The problem of quantitative interpretation of the

gamma-ray logging curves i s vast and the present report
i s the f i r s t of a whole series to be published on t h i s
subject. I t contains the solution for the so-called
static gamma-ray curve, when the gamma-ray log deflec-
tions are measured point by point along the borehole
axis.

Jan A. Czubek

Kraków, May 22, 1971.

- ii -
Abstract
The problem of digital interpretation of natural
gamma ray logs is presented in this paper. The solution
Of the Sredholm integral equation of the first type
00
I(z) s / q(x).q>(s - x).dx
— 00

i s given to obtain the radioactive ore grade distribu-

tion q(z) along the borehole axis «hen the deflections
I(z) iii gamma-ray logs of the static type are available.
This» solution was found i n the form of rapidly conver-
gent aeries
+p
q(z ) a £ I(2j).bj t p s 1,2,3,...
3
<&;ere the coefficients bj are given, by the analytical •
foxmulaSftaking Into account the borehole radius R, the
length of detector L, the Mclmeas Ah of a hypothetical
layer, and the effective gamma-ray absorption coeffi-
cient u of the rock. All the numecLoaL data netfded for the
calculations ave presented i n the paper. Examples of
gamma-ray log interpretation using this method are given
and results are compared with, methods reported by other
authors.

- iii -
 В равоте представлено вопрос об цифровой интерпре-
тации кривых гамма-каротажа. Предложено решение инте-
грального уравнения типа Фредгольма первого рода

Кг) =
— со

для получения распределения содержания радиоактивного

материала q ( г ) вдоль скважины если знакома интенсивность
К г) статической кривой гамма. Решение получено в виде
быстро сходящего ряда
+р
£ 1(й3),Ъа ł p s 1,2,3,...

где коэффициенты bj даны в аналитической форме учитывая

радиус скважины R, длину детектора L, толщину дь гипоте-
тического пласта и эффективный коэффициент поглощения \х
гамма излучения в породе. Все численные данные нужные
для вычислении включено в работу. Представлено примеры
интерпретации кривых ГК по новому методу и сравнено
с методами интерпретации предложенными другими авторами.

- lv -
Streszczenie
W pracy przedstawiono zagadnienie cyfrowej inter-
pretacji Krzywych profilowania gamma. Z rozwiązania cał-
kowego równania Eredholma pierwszego rodzaju
00
K») = / q(x).<p(z - x).dx

otrzymano rozkład q(z) koncentracji rudy radioaktywnej

wzdłuż oai otworu w przypadku gdy znane są wartości I ( z )
statycznej krzywej profilowania gema. Rozwiązanie to
podane jest w postaci szybko zbieżnego szeregu
•P
q(z e ) • E I(Sj).bj i p « 1,2,3,...
j

gdzie współczynniki bj zostały otrzymane w postaci wzo-

rów analitycznych uwzględniających promień odwiertu R,
długosó detekisora Ł, miąższość Ah hipotetacznej warstwy
oraz efektywny współczynnik absorpcji u promieniowania
gamma w skałach. Podane zostały wszystkie dane liczbowe
potrzebne do obliczeń. Przykłady interpretacji krzywych
profilowania (gamma według proponowanej metody porównano
z wynikami interpretacji podanymi według metod innych
autorów.
Table of contents
page
Foreword . . . . . . . ii
Abstracts . . . ill
Table of contents vi
Index of symbols viii
1. Introduction 1
1.1. Presentation of t h e problem t
1.2. Remarks on the kernel function . . . . . . 4
1.3. Results obtained previously by other authors . 6
2. New method of I n t e r p r e t a t i o n 11
2.1. Development of the function I ( z ) . . . . . . 11
2.2. General solution 1?
2 . 3 . Estimation of t h e kernel function 15
2.4. Special solution 17
2 . 4 . 1 . Derivatives of t h e function 1/ćps(w) . . . . 17
2.4.2. Final solution 18
3. Numerical examples 21
3 . 1 . Case of L =0 . 21
3.2. Case of L*0 23
4. Conclusions 24
5* Acknowledgements .25
Appendix A.: Remarks on the Lagrange interpolation
formula 26
6. References 30

- vi -
Table 1: Numerical values of
coefficients . 32
Table 2 : Numerical values of the а/ц and a.R coeffi-
cients . 34
Table 3: Numerical values of the Bernoulli coeffi-
cients 0 a and B a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Table 4 : Numerical values of the Aj and Bj coeffi-
cients for p » 1,2,5,4-, and Ah я L 36
Table 5» Numerical values of bj coefficients for
SCOTT's example for Ah a 0.5 foot and for p=*4 . 38
Table 6s Numerical values of the bj coefficients
for ROBSHSl'e example for Дд=Ь=28 cm and for
p a 4 38
Pig.1. Tb» principle of the synthetic anomaly I ( z )
composed from the elementary anomalies фд^Сх),
for which a l l a* «re equal end constant . . . . .
f i g . 2 . Radiometrie anomaly given, by the semi-infinite
radioactive layer» Hypothetical radioactive layers
of thickness An$0 and Ah ж О are also given.
f i g . 3 . Values of а/ц obtained by DAVTJDOV (1970) and
from our formula (including a.R values).
f i g . 4 . True and approximate Shapes of the function
Ф 0 (цг), for \xR = 0.4. "
Pig. 5. Comparison of the intorpr etat ion methods after
SCOTT and the present work for the log example g i -
ven by SCOOT (1962).
Jig»6. Comparison of the interpretation methods after
ROBSLER and the present work, for the log example
given by Я0ЮШ1 (196$).

- vii -
 smbols
2 8
_ numerator in the a j - * ^ coefficients

JLj - coefficients i n the solution given by the

present paper

DJ - coefficients i n the solution given by the

present paper

bk,i - element of the matrix in Roesler's solu-

tion

Ъд'~) - coefficient в i n BoeeOLer's solution

1>(a) - coefficient a In the solution given by

Khaykovich

Bn - Bernoulli numbers

Bj - coefficients in the solution given by the

present paper
bj - coefficients in the solution given by the
present paper

e - basis of the natural logarithm

S*(x) - integral exponential function of order n

F(z) - shape of l i e gamma-ray anomaly for the semi-

-infinite layer
G(liz,ŁiR) - special function in Csubek's theory of
gemma-ray logging

-thickness of the elementary hypothetical

layer

- viii -
i - index (integer)
i. ' pure imaginary unit («I2 = -1)
I» I(z) - intensity of radiation at the point z
Xj = I(zj)~ intensity of radiation at the point zj
1^ - radiation intensity in the infinite medium
I(z) - approximate value of the I(z) function
I(u>) - Fourier transform of the I(z) function
j - integer index

к - Integer index
К - calibration constant
K n (x) - modified Bess el functions of pure imaginary
argument of the second kind of the order n
Ł - length of the detector
n - integer index
p - integer index
p
P^ (z) - polynom of order 2p in the Lagrange interpo-
lation formula
q, q(x) -i - radioactive ore grade (by weight) at the
q(z), qk point x, z or against the k-th layer
q(z) - approximate value of the q(z) function

q(o)) - Fourier transform of the q(z) function

r - Integer index

- ix -
R - radius of tiie borehole
8 - index, 8 = 0 or L
t .- dimansionleas variable in Ш© Pj'-^-'Ct) poly-
nom
v> - logging speed

x - integration variable

z - z-ooordinate along the borehole axis

.в - middle point in the Lagrange interpolation

formula
Az - elementary distance between two reading a of
the I values

a - c o e f f i c i e n t of dimension (length)"' 1 which

approximates the shape of the <р(г) г* Tialy

. coefficient, in the P j ^ O O polynom

Pn»Pr - numbers related to the Bernoulli numbers
6, o(x) - the Dirac delta function
\i - effective linear absorption coefficient of
gamma rays in the rook
t

I s w(L/2)- auxiliary variable

P - bulk density of the rook
T - time constant of the rate-meter
Фв(в) - shape" of the gamma-ray anomaly from the infin-
i t e l y ttiin radioactive layer situated at
 £ - Фаре of the unit anomaly from the element-
asy layer of thickness Ah measured with a de-
tector of f i n i t e length Ł

$8(z) - approximate value of the <pa(z) function

Ф8(о>) - Fourier transform of the <рв(г) function

(в - ijitegration variable In the Fourier trans-

form

||fII - norm of the function f

llbkill - matrix with elements b k i

f(a)( x ) . n>th. derivative of the function f(x)

|г| - absolute value of the z value

- xi -
1. INTRODUCTION

The digital differential Interpretation of borehole

gamma-ray logs has recently become an important possibili-
ty as a consequence oft
a. the introduction into f ieldpp&ctice of new tech-
niques of digital recording»
b. the easier availability of the computers required
for performing such interpretation.

At several laboratories a search has bean under way for a

suitable approach to this interpretation problem. In this
paper a solution is given which takes into account the
efforts of other workers in this field.
1.1. Presentation of the problem

The radioactive ore grade q is assumed to be varia-

ble along the z-axls only. The borehole drilled in the
rock has a radius R and is coaxial with the z-exLs. The
intensity of gamma radiation I(z) is to be measured
along the boreholes the objective is to determine the ore
grade distribution q(z).

Further assumptions are that the ore bulk density p

- 1 -
i s constant throughout the ого body, that the radiation
detector has the length Ł and that all count rates I(a)
are normalized to the calibration conditions taking into
account the following:
1. Detector dead-time loss.
2. Variable borehole diameter.
3. Radiation absorption in the borehole casing, borehole
fluid, etc.
Furthermore the probe must be calibrated for the differ -
ent ore grades in an infinite, homogeneous ore body.
This means that the count rate I m measured under these
• 00

conditions i s known as a function of the or* grade q,

according to the relation
I* = K.q . (1)
The count rates I(z) correspond to the static measure-
ment conditions only, which means that there i s no in-
fluence of the logging speed v and the rate-meter time
constant T on the I(z) values, or that the necess-
ary corrections have been introduced.
under the assumptions presented above* the oount rate
I(z) i s related to the variable ore grade q(s) by

- 2 -
the following equations
09
1(я) * К . / 9e(B-ac).q(x).ta (2)

where the kernel of this equation <Pe(&) is the log de-

flection from a unit layer having a thickness Ah -» 0
and an ore grade
q(x) * 6(x) (5)
where 6(x) is the Dirac 6 function.
Xq« 2 , being the Svedholm integral equation of
the first kind, can be obtained as the limit of the infi-
nite sum of the elementary anomalies from the elementary
layers with- thickness
Ah * 0 (4)
far which

The principle of the construction of a synthetic anomaly

from the elementary anomalies is given in Pig. 1 » from
which it is easy to conclude that
К г ) =r I(k.Ah + i) =
+00
Jllowing Ah to approach 0 in Bq. 6, in the limit Bq« 2
Is obtained (for К = 1).
The solutions either of Bq. 2 or 6 were found by
SCOTT (1962), ROBSLER (1965), COULOMB (1966), Ш Х К О -
VICH (1968) and DAVYDOV (1970). Without entering into a
detailed discussion we can say that each solution given
by these authors has different advantages and disadvan-
tages ,both from the point of view of the physios and of
the techniques used here. In this paper a new method of
solution of Eq. 2 is given, taking into account the re-
sults previously obtained by other authors.

1.2. Remarks on the kernel function

The kernel function <p_(z) (s is an index defined
below) in Bq. 2 describes the so-called unit (or elemen-
tary) anomaly and in view of Bqs 2 and 6 we must distin-
guish the following cases: ,
1. She unitary layer is of infinitely small thickness
a m the measurement is performed:
a. with a point detector (L = 0) where the kernel
function will be denoted by
 Ф в (») s ф о (») (7а)
b. with a detector having the length Ł (Ł Ф 0) where
the kernel function will Ъе denoted by
Ф в <«) ш ^ ( s ) (7b)
2, The unitary layer is of finite thickness oh and the
measurement is performed;

a. with a point detector (L = 0) where the kernel

function in view of Eq, 6 will be denoted by

Ф 8 (а) я <P O f A n <*) (7c)

b. with a detector having the length Ł (Ł * 0) where
the kernel function in view of Sq.6 will be deno-
ted by

Ф 8 Ы s ^fAn(s) (7d)
If the radiometrie anomaly produced by the semi-in-
finite radioactive layer is given by the function F(z),
as it is presented in Pig.2, the following relations be-
tween the different kinds of <ps(z) functions occur:
dP(z)
ф w( z ) s (8a)
dz
z+L/2 1
/ « ( ()) (8b)
z-L/2 w
 (80)

z+Ah/2
. J ^(O.ta1 I i=O,L (8d)

+00
J* 9i(z).da •• 1 ł i я 0,L • (8e)

1.3, Results obtained previously by other outhors

We will use here some results obtained in this f i e l d

by ROESLBR (1965), DAVXDOV (1970),and KHAIKOVICH (1968)

which are described below:

ROESLER solved the problem given in the form of Eq»6»

I t i s simply the infinite system of linear equations with

the infinite number of the unknown values зд. This system

i s solved using the matrix calculations, where the e l e -

ments of the matrix ||Ь к ? 1 || are

(9)
The solution i s given as a rapidly convergent series, the

coefficients bj'~'~ of which are obtained theoretically by

the inversion of the infinite matrix given by Bq.9« and

In these calculations the values of the terms of the ma-

trix (Bq.9) are taken according to the theory of CZPBBL

- 6-
(1961) end the influence of the borehole radius R is pre-
sented by a convergent series Instead of the special fun-
ction G(uz,uR) used in the Czubek theory. She disadvant!-
ege of this solution is in the difficulty of calculating
the bj(~' coefficients, which must be performed for each
type of radiation detector, borehole radius, rock densi-
ty, etc*
For the present considerations the most important
result of Roesler1 a work is the theorem proved by him
that the solution of the system given by Bq.6 (or fiq.2)
is only possible in two cases:
1.
L a Ah a Az (11)
and the values of q* are found at the points
г a k.Ah + (Ah/2) i (k a 0,1,2,...,oo) . (11a)
Tor these calculations the experimental values of the
count rates I are taken at the points given in Bq.11a.
This means that one obtains the values a* * q(k.Ah) by
means of the values of I(r.Ah) where r a 0,1,2,..,,» .
2. when
Ł < Ah
one finds the value» q(k.Ah) ualas K?-A*) but only wben

- 7 -
 n.Az • Ah (n я 1,2,.. ) .

This means that only those readings of the detector can

be taken into account for which the whole active detec-

tor length id inside the elementary layer Aiu In all oth-

er cases the solution of the system» given Ъу Bq.6, i s

not convergent,

OTiis theorem i s equivalent to the statement that

for a detector with length L we cannot obtain q(n.Az)

values for distances closer than Az = L, which i s the

maximum possible resolution allowed by t h i s interpreta-

tion, that i s L ss Az в Ah. ..

DAVYDOV (1970) solved Eq.2 using the two-sided La-

place transform for the case of the function <P0(z) defter-

ed by Sq«7a. He introduced the approximate formula:

Ф0(а) "$o(z)
я
(a/2).exp[-a|z|] . (13)
Ав а result he obtained the formula
2
d l(z)
q(z) • q(z) . (1/K).I(z) - . *—
a.X dz*
B » second order derivative of the experimentally ob-
tained function I(z) was calculated using the formula»
1
( ( ) } (15)

- 8-
 where
Ah = \z± - а ± - 1 | a ja i - z i + 1 | (16)
1
For us, however, DAVXDOV в meet important contribu-
tion involved solving Eq.2 by tbeuseof ea approximate for-
mula ф(е) for the kernel function instead of the true
one Ф(В). Не obtained the approximate result q(ss) which
has the following relationship with the true one:
- ojl НФ - ?ll
(17)

where the norm of the function ||f|| is defined in the ue-

ual way. Bq.17 gives the accuracy of approximation,
which DJ.VXDOV calculated to be about 3 % for the func-
tion defined in Bq.1J.
KHA2K0VICH (1968) for solving Bq.2,used the Fourier

transforms:
1 QO
(18a)

-L / q (x).e' t w a c .dx (18b)

Фя(а>) = -~Г / c - W . e ^ . d i (18c)

• Itrom the convolution theorem for the Fourier transform,

he obtained

- 9 -
 T(w) - К . 8

Developing the intensity К 2 ) in a Fourier aeries:

£ {l(p.Aa)>—r- } • (20)
|(PAZ «)
КЕШОТГССН obtained from Bq. 19,after applying the in-

verse Fourier transform,that:

q(z) s (1/K). S (l(p.AB).B(p.AB - в)} (21)

where

_ z) =
„.":. — / :—,d« . (22)

In Eq.22 a very ooinp^^^'-ed formula for Ф8(ш) i s taken

from en earlier work \.v KHiXKOVIGS(1964).

Looking at the solution given by KSAXKDVIGH, which

i s mathematically quit© correct» the most important re-

servation concerns the very a l ^ l y convergent Fourier

series given by Bq.20. Sue to t h i s fact, In the solution

given by Eq.21, the contribution of tu« count rates

I(p.Aa) from the distant layers (p » ^ bo the q(e)

(p s 0) i s quite important. Hhio result- U; :,a contradic-

tion to .the physics of the phenoujc-r..^ •JC-,-:^-- i;h* so-

lution i n the form given by Eq.21 ahctj.4 адггет^© in.

« 10 -••
practice at a distance equal to the depth of the v e r t i -

cal investigation of' the gamma-ray log. This depth should

be about 3 or 4 free path lengths of primary radiation,

i.e. 4
P £ — (23)

where p. is the effective linear absorption coefficient

of the rooks.lt is seen, in the KHJIKOVIGHecase,that the
effeotive value of p is much greater than that givenby
the inequality ofBq. 23-
2. Н И IHTHOD OF

In our new method of interpretation we shall use

the theory of gamma-ray logging given by CZUBIE (1961),

bearing in mind the results of ROESLR and DAVTDOV re-

ported above and using Eq.19 as a departure' point. Thus,

the solution of our problem i s :

9(z)
„J L7 S
2it.X -oo Ф 0 ( ш )
This formula must now be developed into a rapidly con-
vergent series.
2*1. Development of the Function I(z)
We approximate the experimentally obtained count
rates I ( B ) using the Lagrange polynomial Interpolation

- 11 -
formula [of. KGBN et al. (1961)] around the point z 0 ,
and according to DAVTDQVs ceeulta we neglect the
difference between the true I(») and the approximate
values. We use the ease notation for both, thus»

(25)
ja-p
p s 0t1,2t«...
where Pj^^^C») ie the polynom of г of order 2p, which

oan be presented as
p
f {«fci.(»0)) Q
%
k=0 (26)

where
*- (27)
Ah
!Ше general properties of these polyooms and their
coefficients are given in Appendix A of this report.
The numerical values of the о ^ ^ ' ^ . Д Ь 2 1 coefficients
are given in Table 1 fos p = 1,2,3 and 4.

The Fourier transform of the function I(z) given

by Bq.25, according to Bq.18a , i s i
 kaO
I
-oo
(28)
Here we use the notation
Ij s I(« 3 ) . (29)
The integral in tibe last formula can be solved using the
relationship [cf. ERDKLYI et al. (1954), SRBDSON (1951)]

(30)
dor
where
g(w)
«00

ИлвИу we find from Bq.28 that:

(32)
Tola i s the I(w) that should be used in Bq.24.
2.2* General Solution

Taking the solution given by Bq«24 at the point

г • zQt and using the result given by Eq.?2, we obtain

U>sO
(33)
where the following property of the k-th derivative of
the delta function was taken into account:

6(( l KK))(x).f(3,).dac (34)

• OS

- 13 -
 The values of q ( O t being the grade of radioactive

ore, are always real» which means as a consequence of

1
Eq.33 that all odd derivatives of the function — —
Ф8(ю)
at the point ш a 0 must be equal zero;

d'2r+1
sO (r s 0,1,2,...) (35)
do)
s Q)=0
9
TaWLng now the properties of the &2jt coefficients

given in Appendix A, the following general solution for

the qU 0 ) values i s obtained from Eq.J3 t

q(O = (36)
.2r
[2p,0]
3
Ф 8 (о> Ф в ((о)

+ i [а, + i 1 ). 3}
Лк1 ** ** (0зО

This i s the most general solution of Eq.2 when the

gamma-ray log response i s approximated by the interpola-

tion formula of Lagrange. Up to now no assumptLcns have been

made about the kernel function <p s (z) f which means that

the .general solution given by t h i s equation can be used

together with any correct theory of gamma-ray logging,

or even wnen this i s an empirically derived function

2 «5* Bstlaation of the Kernel Function
The general solution of our problem using the La-
grange interpolation formula, given by Eq.36, requires
a knowledge of the kernel function q>8(z). Among many
existing theories of gamma-ray logging, the theory giv-
en by CZUBEK (1961) agreeds quite well with the ex-
act Monte Carlo calculation as presented recen-
tly by Me DONALD and PALMATIER (1969). It is easy to ob
tain from this theory that

<P0(uz) = ^ — (57)
0
2 1 - G(», Ю
where R i s the borehole radius and
m CO вГ
. dt (58)
1
x ir
i s the integral exponential function of order n, and

? K (x).dx]
0
. (59)

The EQ(x) and K^(x) are the modified Bessel functions of

the second kind for a pure imaginary argument.

Using for the function given by Eq*57 the approxi-

mation used by DAVTDOV we obtain

1 -(«/и).|ца|
т , e . (40)
2u
Krom the l a s t approximate equality, using the l e a s t

square method, the parameter а/ц can be estimated as I t

was by DAVTDOV. The other, easier «ay, i s to normalize

the maximum values of the true and approximate func-

tions. Th.ua , for z = О не have

Ц 1 - G(oofłjR)

The values of <x/u obtained from Sq.41 are given in Table

2 and are also plotted in Fig.? along with the values

obtained by DAVYDOV. In addition,the values of ocR ob-

tained from Eq.41 are given in t h i s figure. We must

stress here that DAVYDOV used quite a different theory

of gamma-ray logging for h i s calculations of the а/ц va-

lue a and,as i t i s easy to see from Pig.3, his r e s u l t s

are in good agreement with those from Eq.41. in example

of the comparison between the true and the approximate

valuee of the function <P0(z) given by Bqs 37 and 40 i s

given in Pig.4 for цВ = 0.4 .

Taking n^w, for further considerations, the

approximate foxmula for the <po(z) function given by Eq.

40, we obtain from Bq.8b:

 (1/L).[1 - e^^^.cośhCaz)] for
. -L/2 % z S L/2
s
i (42)
(i/L).e~ a l 2 ».sinh[a(L/2)] for | z | £ L/2 .

According to Eq. 18c the Fourier transforms for Eq.4O

and 42 axe:

and
2
2 a
Фт((й) = 5 5-.sin[u)(L/2)J
L.V2U ш.(а + ш )

2.4. Special Solution

In the special solution of our problem we introduce

the special form of the ф_(а>) (в = 0,L) function given

by Eqs 42a and 42b into the general solution given by

Eq*56. For t h i s purpoee we calculate the derivatives of

1
the function — .

1
2.4.1. Derivatives of the functions
Фв(ш)
For the function q>0(b>) given by Eq.42a the only

non-zero derivatives at the point to = 0 are;

1
=
Ф о (0)
d2
—j (45b)
da) Ф0(ш) (X
WaO
0

- 17 -
 Бог the function <PL(w) given by Eq.42b we have the
following relation
1 4 p
= $,cosee£ .{1 + -ж—* . C> (44)
a .Ii

where
С s u(L/2) • (44а)
Developing the function g.cosecg into a power series
[cf. JOLLBY (1961)] with the Bernoulli numbers B n gives

со C
§.cosecS = 1 + 2 { p n . — - 7 } (45)
where the coefficients1 (2)'
p n = (2* 3 1 - 2).B n (45a)

(45b)

are given in Table 3* I t follows that

d2'
Г
[c.cooec (46)
uw W=0

and therefore
8
. (47)

Here the symbol (g ) has Its usual meaning:

(|r) « (2r)t{2i (2r-2)i}-1 . (47a)
2.4.2. Final solution

Now, introducing Bqs 4?a and 4^b or Bq.47 into the

- is •-
solution given Ъу Bq.36, we obtain the special solution
of Sq.2 in the form:
far the function Ф 0 (ш) s

and for the function

1 P
q(z 0 )
К " °" •
8

1 В
— . { 1 Л . [ 1 + Aft +
К о о м.
Р

where
p 2 f f
' W) t^^(W) 0,1,2,..p
(50а)

- 19 -
 p
В, * Е (-1) .
1
j s 0,1,2,...,р
The last presentation in Sq.49 la valid for the caaa
L =» 0 and for Ł * 0. In t&ese cases the coefficients
bj ares
2 0
bft а (1/K).{1 - « Л * » } . — , } for L» 0 (5Oo)

В
b » (1/K).{1 • l 0 + -y-% } f03? L * 0 (50d)

for L«0 (50e)

5^> far 1*0 (50f)

ОС . I t

All the above coefficients satisfy the following г

P
Ao + 2. E if = 0 (51a)

P
BA ł 2. 2 B j a 0 (51b)
0
d»i
p
b A + 2. E bj = 1/1 (51c)
d»1
The values of the Aj and Вл ooeffiolents calculated
from Bqe. 50a,Ъ for p a 1,2,3,4 and Дд в L are given
in Table 4.
from the solution given Ъу Sq.48 for L a 0 sad p «

-20 -
И «е can see that i t i s identical to the solution ob-

tained by DXVTDOV (cf• Iqs 14 and 15) which can now be

treated as a special case of the theory presented here.

On the other hand, the final form of our solution given

by Iq.49 i s exactly the same as that obtained by ROESLKR

(cf. Bq.1O) and EHAZE07IGH (of. Bq.21). Considering the

physios of the solution obtained here,we anticipate that

ous bj coefficients should be quite close to those used

by

To check the theoretical results obtained by our

gamma-ray log interpretation method we must compare

them with the solutions given by the other methods of in-

terpretation. Por this reason we introduce here the re-

s u l t s reported by BOOTS (for Ł s 0) and by ROSSLffi

(for 1Ф0).

3.1. Case of Ł = 0 [Bq.48]

The case of a point detector described by Sq.48

corresponds to a s c i n t i l l a t i o n detector of rather

small size. Buch i s the case treated byflOOOT(1962).

SCOOT gives the experimental shape of the V(z) function

- 21 -
(of. Eq.8a) measured in a 4.5 - inch borehole diameter
1
(of. Fig.2 in the SCOOT e paper). Srom these data i t i s
easy to obtain graphically that
1
a s 2.918 [foot]" (52)
idditionally we can obtain from this value and from Tig.
3 for R s 2.25 inch and a.R = 0.546 , that ц.И = 0.492.

Thus for 8C0TT1 s experiments

ц a 0.086 em"1 . (55)
This value may be of some importance for the other in-

terpretations*
SOT OUT interpretation l e t p » 4 and take the va-

luea of Шв a 2 [2p,d]
L<PłiU
coefficients from Table 1. In this
ease К s 1 and we obtain for Ah * o..5 foot layers
and L * 0 from Ie.e 50o f e the bj values listed in Ta-
ble 5* Using these values of bj in the interpretation of
the gaama ray log presented by SCOTT (of. Pig.5 in SCOTT'S
paper),we arrive- at the results plotted in Fig.5. In t a i s
figure the values of the produot of the grade and the
M e k u i i a » also given for both methods of interpreta-
tion together with the true one. The agreement between
the two methods of interpretation i s exoellent. To ob-
tain the bj ooeffieients for thinner layers (for ex-

-22-
 ample Ah = 0.25 foot) the value of p, in view of Bq.25L

must be of the order of 6 or 7*

3.2. Севе of Ł * 0 [Bą.49]

In the examples given by RQESLER (1965) for gamma-

-ray logging in potasalum s a l t s the conditions «ere as

follows:
R я 4.5 om
li я 0.089 m"^
Ah я Ł « 28 om
1/X » 0.0078 ^KgO.Ccpm)"1 .
Srom Pig. 2 these data give:
|X.R я 0 . 4
a/ji я 1.22
(a.L)"" 2 я 0.1082 .

faking now Bqs 50d,f for ря4 f we obtain the bj coeffi-

cients which are l i s t e d in Table 6, where ROBSUBIB

bj^~' со efficient a are also given for comparison. Using

the bj coefficients l i s t e d in t h i s table to interpret

the gamma-ray log reported by ROBSLER [of. Table 14 in

&e work of ROBSLBR (1965)], we obtain the result pre-

sented i n fig«6. Here the Interpolated ganma-ray log de-

flections (expressed l a %Ł>0 unite) used In the inter-

pretations are plotted together with ROEHLBR' s results

and with those calculated by the method of this paper.

The product of the ore grade and thickness for t h i s sec-

tion of log i s also given here.

The possible sources of differences between the nu-

merical values of the bj and bj*""' coefficients observed

in Table 6 are probably some differences in the e-

valuation of the influence of the borehole radius R on

the Фт(г) anomaly used In the two methods.

4* (ВДЯДЯТСНВ

The gamma-ray log interpretation method presented

here seems to be the easiest to apply of any of those

published to date, being at the same time sufficiently

accurate* This method can be applied i n either of the

following cases:

1. For any form of the unit anomaly Ф-Са), whether

given theoretically or experimentally. Bq.J6 presents

a general solution.

2. For the defined form of the unit anomaly <Ps(z)

Kqs 48 and 49 are the particular solutions. These so-

lutions can be used wheu the parameter a i s known e i -

ther from the theory ( a s i t was presented here in the

-24-
example taken from ROBSLER) or «hen the experimentally

obtained shape of the unit gamma-ray anomaly i s avail-

s£Le(as i t «as used here for the example taken from

SCOTT). In the l a t t e r case the interpretation of the l i -

near absorption coefficient ц i s also possible.

The other advantage of the proposed method i s i t s

simplicity in application, even a desk calculator being

adequate «hen more sophisticated computing f a c i l i t i e s

are not available.

The author is indebted to the Institute of Nuclear

Techniques in the Academy of Mining and Metallurgy in

Cracow for assistance 1л preparation of the final gra-

phical form of this report.

Dr. W.B.MOM? from US ABC is thanked for his

help in the preparation of the final text of this pa-

per.

-25 -
1РБВЦШЕ А
Reaarka on, the bogrange interpolation £orrola
The definition of the Lagcange interpolation po-
ljnom bfoniCx) for approxiaation of funotion f(x) is
(cf, КОЮГ et el. 1961) t

L r 2 t i l (x) » EP f ( x j ) . P a [ ^ : i < x ) - i . f ( x ) (АИ)

*•*** Js-p

Tor the equally apaoed argument values хл the following

definition of the polynom P 1 '- 2 p -'(x) occurs for

and (A.2)
-p 5 t £ p
«here
x - x. x - xA

- 26 -
 Г 2» л]

The properties of the polynome Pj^2PJ(t) are:

or t в к, к Ф Л
P S L 2 p J ( x ) =P i ( { (А.5 3
1 for X s Xj ОТ t s

P d [ 2 p ] (t) s pj2p3(-t) (A.6)

E P Pj[2p](t) . 1 (A.?)

The recurrence relations for the ak'-^p»3-' end

fos the ał('-^>*v-i coefficients can be easily obtained

from the properties of the Pj"-^(t) polynome presented

above. One has finally the following formulae for the

coefficients mentioned above:

General relation:

Parity:
k
d] [2P»d] (A.9a)

(A. 9b)

- 27 -
IDT j aO
j. t?Ptv] я п (АИО)

=0 (г » 0,1....tP-1) (АИ1)

,,
р р

Г8
... • р" 2 }
авД in general

к = 0, j any integer

s
{
О for 3 * О

О for 3 * О
For к a 1, '3 Ф О

For к a 2, 3*0

(-1)p -£*£-
3Z

- 28 -
for к я 2р

Fór к а 2рг1
. ^ (А.2О).

for к « 2р-2

Far any к end j integer

2 2 2
^ ^ U.22)

Summation of coefficients

k=O 0 ft» 3 * 1

k=o о for d * о

a [2p,0] . .2 # J a UP.*] (A.25)

21
d=1

-29 -
6.

Coulomb R., (1966), TRAimENT AUTOMATIQUE FAR ORDINAIBUR

DBS RAJDIOCAROTTAGES. DP/BRM, Service Geotecnnique,
RC/CR/No 1077, Fontenay aux Roses, 17*08.1966.

Czubek J.A., (1961), SOlffi PROBLEMS OF THE THEORY AND

фА!ГТДО£ШВ ШШЗШШ1АХХШ OP THE GAMMA RAT LOGS.
Acta Qeophys. Pol^yłe» О. No 1/2 v 121-137.

Davydov Xu.B., (1970), ONE DIMENSION INVERSION PROBLEM

OF BOREHOLE GAMMA LOGGING (OdnoiLernaya obratnaya
aadaoha gamma karotazba akvazhin). Izv. Vyaah. U~
ohebn. Zaved.. Gaol* 1 Razvedka. No 2, 105-109
( i n Russian).

Erdelyi A. ( E d i t o r ) , Magnus W., Oberhettinger F., Tri-

oomi F.G., (1954), TABLES OF INTEGRAL TRANSFORMS,
Vol. I , McGraw-Hill Book Co. I n c . , N.7.

J o l l e y L.B.W., (1961), SUUMATION OF SERIES. Dover P u b l i -

c a t i o n s , I n c . , N.Y.

Khaykovich I.M., ( 1 9 6 4 ) , INFLUENCE OF THS BOREHOLE DIA-

HSTBR IN THE QUANTITATIVE INTERPRETATION OF GAMBIA
LOGGING RESULTS (Uchet diametra akvazhiny p r i koli-
ohestvennoy i n t e r p r e t at a i l r e z u l t a t o v gamma-karota-
z h a ) . pp. 20-33 i n "Problems of Ore Geophysics"
(Voproay Rudnoy G e o f i z i k i ) No 4 , Mo scon, Publ.
House lf Nedra H ( i n Russian).

- 30 -
Khajkovich I.M., ( 1 9 6 8 ) , ON THE ШТНШгКГАТЮН OF GAMMA
LOGGING RESULTS USING THE COMPUTERS (ОЪ i n t e r p r ę t a -
t s i i r e z u l t a t o v gamma-karotazha s pomoahchyu t s i f -
rovykh v y c h i s l i t e l n y k h maahin). pp. 44-50 in* "Prob-
l e m s of P r o s p e c t i n g Geophyaice" (Voprosy Razvedoch-
noy GeofizikL) No 8 , Leningrad, Publ. House "Nedra"
(in Russian).

Korn G.A., Korn T.M., ( 1 9 6 1 ) , MATHEMATICAL HANDBOOK FOR

SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS. McGraw-Hill Book Co. I n c . ,
New York.

McDonald W.J., Palma t i e r E.D.» ( 1 9 6 9 ) , PREDICTING NUCLE-

AR LOG RESPONSE. Joucn. of P e t r o l . Technol.. Novem-
b e r , 1421-1426.

R o e a l e r R., ( 1 9 6 5 ) , EIN NEUES AUSWERTEVERPAHREN FUR RA-

DIOMETRISCHE BCHRLOOHMESSUNGEN UNTER BSSONDERER
BERUCK8ICHTIGUNG DER E^O BESTIMMUNG AU6 MESSUNGEN
DER NATURLICHEN GAMMA8TRAHLUNG IN BOHRLOCHERN.
Freiberger Forachungahefte, С 180» Geophyaik, VEB
Deutsch. Verlag FCr Grundstoffindua-crie, Leipzig.

S c o t t J . H . , ( 1 9 6 2 ) , THE GAMLOG COMPUTER PROGRAM. US AEC

Report RME-143, Sept. 1962, Grand J u n c t i o n , Colo.

Sneddon I . N . , ( 1 9 5 1 ) , FOURIER TRANSFORMS. McGraw-Hill

Book Co. I n c . , New York.
Table 1.
Numerical value в of coefficients

-srj sas ssssssss ssssssss ssssssss

JL
ssssssи
sss
2
ssssssss
ssssssss
p • 1 ssssssss
6

3*0 1
ssssssss
-1 •

0 0.5
SS33SS''ssss SSSSSSSS ssssssss
""P s i
ssssss ssssssss

ó=o 1 " 2! 2l 1
2T"2T

ds1 0 4 - 3.
17 0

Pa 3
ssssss s s s ssssssss ssssss'ss SSSSSSSS

1 14 _ 1

1
0 2'. M "srtr
0 10 - 1,
• * *
•Hr
3=3 0 4
ssssss s s s ssssssss ssssssss sss,:ssss
Table 1. (cont'd)

3SSSSSSS
2 r : II 0 I 2
Table 2.
Numerical values of the a/p. end a.R coefficients obtain-
ed from Bq.41

U.R а/ц a.R

0.1 2.1134 0.21134

o.a 1.6292 0.32584
0.3 1.3803 0.4140?
0.4 1.2201 0.48804
0.5 1.1054 0.55270

0.6 1.0179 0.61074

0.7 0.9482 0.66374
0.8 0.8^10 0.71280
0.9 0.8426 0.75834
1.0 O.80I8 0.80180

1.1 0.7685 0.84535

1.2 0.7346 0.88152
1.3 0.7066 0.91858
1.4 0.6816 0.95424
1.5 0.6590 0.98850

sssssssssssssssassssasaaasasa

-34-
Table 5.
Numerical values of the Bernoulli coefficients pBand B n
[after JOLLET (1961)]

о 1 -1 -1.000 000 000 000 000 000

1 1/3 1/6 0.166 666 666 666 666 666

о.озз ззз ззз ззз ззз ззз

з 42 0.023 809 5
4 1
0.053 333 333 335 333 333

-56- 0.075 757 575 757 575 757

6 0.253 113 5
7 4- 1.166 666 666 666 666 666
8 3617
5-10 7.092 156 862 745 509 80*3
9 54.971 177 944 862 215 538
84

10 1 74611 529.124

11 8 5451 6 192.123 188 405 797 101 449

275 36

12 2563 86 580.253 113 5

SSSSSSSSSSSSBSSSSSTSSSSSSiSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSsrSSSSSSSSSSSS
Table 4-.

Numerical values of the Aj and Bj coefficients for p = 1,2,3,4 and Ah = Ł

calculated after equations 50a and 50b•
lj coefficients

и
ssssssssssssssss

u
II
SI
II
.II
p: 1 2 3 4

i ,
i
i
i
i
i

I
•
0 0.083 0.111 458 0И25 409 0.133. 717
1 -0.041 6 -0.060 4?6 7 -0.070 879 8 -0.077 525 9
2 0.004 687 50 0.008 872 77 0.012 195 8
3 -0.000 697 545 -0.001 646 98
4 0.000 118 679
 Table 4. (cont'd)

BA coefficients

!! *•

it
ii
II
2 3 4

i
!

i
i
0 2.000 2.750 000 3.135 416 3.368 996
1 -1.000 -1 .500 000 -1.789 062 -1.795 925

-о 2 0 .125 000 0.240 625 0.334 056

3 -0.019 270 8 -0.045 965 6
4 0.003 336 84
Table 5.
Numerical values of the bj ooeCfleUafce for SCOTT»в example
for Ah = 0.5 foot and f o r p =4

0 2.3375
1 -0,7516
2 0.0939
3 -0.0119

0.0008
asssss:

Table 6.
Numerical values of the bj coefficients for ROESLER's
example for Ah = L = 28 cm and for p = 4.

d - ' bj .. bj

0 0.011 686 0.01272

1 -0.002 272 -0.00293
2 0.000 377 0.00060
3 -0.000 052 -0.00012
4 0.000 004 0.00002
 Ii Ah ДИ Ah uh THICKNESS OF ELEMENTARY LAYER

ORE ORAOE

SYNTHETIC ANOMALY 3

ELEMENTARY ANOMALY f

h*i > • - NUMBER OF LAYER

X AXIS FOR K - T H LAYER A. X

.^. Z
DEPTH AXIS Z

3 ( 2 ) s J (k.Ah +x) = £ q • Ф [Z - Ah.(k*i)] + SYNTHEHC ANOMALY

1ш • " "
!•-•,

Fig.l THE PRINCIPLE OF THE SYNTHETIC ANOMALY 3(Z) COMPOSED

FROM THE ELEMENTARY ANOMALIES f A h ( X ) , FOR WHICH ALL 4 f c ARE
EQUAL AND CONSTANT
 7///////////////?////////,
BARREN SEMI-INFINITE
ZONE RADIOACTIVE LAYER
BOUNDARY OF
У///////////////////."//
^RADIOACTIVE LAYER
HYPOTHETICAL RADIOACTIVE
LAYER OF THICKNESS A h
OF THICKNESS A h r O /

Fig.2. RADЮMETRIC ANOMALY GIVEN BY THE SEMI - INFINITE RADIOACTIVE

LAYER. HYPOTHETICAL RADIOACTIVE LAYERS OF THICKNESS ЬЪ*р
AND A h - О ARE ALSO GIVEN.
 U " 1-Glco.uR)

Fig.3. VALUES OF <*/р OBTAINED BY Yu. DAVYDOV (1970) AND

FROM OUR FORMULA (Or R VALUES INCLUDING).
V»*)

O.O8

0.06
2 1-G(CO,JJR)
0.04

0.02
1 2
TRUE AND APPROXIMATE SHAPES OF THE
FUNCTION f o ( )J2), FOR 0.4
 ••-. PRESENT WORK

SCOTTs INTERPRETATION

-i
i
.J

UJ GAMMA RAY LOG

ш in % U 2 O e units
li.

i 3 .
GRADE x THICKNESS
% и2Ов x FOOT
TRUE: 0.833
Ш AFTER SCOTT:0.825
О - 4 - - . , PRESENT WORK:0.835

Г" TRUE
L. 1 •1
-I

%u 2 o e
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Fig. 5. COMPARISON OF THE INTERPRETATION ME-

THODS AFTER SCOTT AN0 THE PRESENT
WORK FOR THE LOG EXAMPLE GIVEN BY
SCOTT. 1962.
 GAMMA RAY LOG
63 -<Г*-~.^
., [IN V,K,O UNITS]

PRESENT WORK

65 ROESLER's INTERPRETATION -
E

x
»— 66
Q.
Ш GRADE xTHICKNESS
Q [% K2O x m]
AFTER LOG 35.82
RÓSLER: 36.12
67 PRESENT WORK.
35 77

68
i i

0 1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
% K20
Fig.6. COMR^RISON OF THE INTERPRETATION METHODS
AFTER ROESLER. AND THE PRESENT WORK, FOR
THE LOG EXAMPLE GIVEN BY ROESLER, 1965