Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila

Intramuros, Manila, Philippines

College of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences
___________________________________________________________________

In partial fulfillment of the requirements in the subject

Multimedia Storytelling (BAC 3102-2)

Written Report

Production

Submitted by:
GROUP 9

ALCAPARAZ, Rocelle D. SAGUM, Carlos

CHING, Hannah Rose G. SANTOS, Stephanie C.
INFANTE, Prince Dannel M. TRINIDAD, Emerson S.

Submitted to:
Prof. Shirley V. Nardo

December 2021
Production
Production in storytelling is the process of combining various resources and
materials to create a story that will entice the audience. It is defined as a single-medium
or multimedia feature film, television show or series, video, commercial, photographic
project, interactive computer or video game, or other program intended for a national
audience and fixed on film, video tape, computer disk, laser disc, or other delivery
medium that can be viewed or reproduced and exhibited in theaters or by individual
television stations or groups of stations, television networks, cable television stations, or
via other means.To produce a story to the multimedia, the scriptwriting, materials,
revising, and editing process must be considered.

I. Scriptwriting

Scriptwriting is the film or play or radio show in written form. It is their foundation. It has
the actions, expressions, and dialogue of the characters that will be acted out to
express the story visually. The script must make clear the character’s internal
motivations through the actions dictated.

There are 2 ways to show this information:

1. Visual – To share the information through the character’s actions, or

2. Dialogue – To share the information through character conversations.

Scriptwriting can be, essentially, broadly described as the entire film or play in written
form and acts as the base of the film. It can be changed and edited and even cut, but a
good one remains as a solid base for a good film.

Though with how much they are used, there often are unique characteristics for scripts
within a given field, such as how the panning of a camera in film does not apply to a
play.

Types of Scriptwriting

1. Screenplays

These are scripts written specifically to appear within a visual medium, like film,
television, or even video games. Usually, they are fictional and designed to tell a story.
These scripts typically contain a variety of information, like the setting, the dialogue, the
camera instructions and maybe even editing instructions.

It should, however, be noted that not all screenplays are produced as written. The
director or the actors could alter the script during production.
2. Playwriting

These are scripts for productions that occur live on a physical stage. This script includes
dialogue, directions, and stage and scene instructions for the crew. It will also provide
character names and descriptions.

3. Audio Drama

Also known as Radio Dramas, these type of scripts share much of the components of
Screenplays and Playwriting. There is a lot more focus on the third person view, or the
narrator, in this type of script. The dialogue too is a lot more detailed, often holding more
descriptive language about the surroundings to establish the setting as they have no
visual component.

Instructions lean towards sounds to accompany a given scene and may also give
directions to the voice actor on how a line should be delivered.

4. News Scripts

These scripts are often bare-bones affairs that provide information content. Most news
anchors are fed words to read with teleprompters. The things the news anchors don’t
read typically means instructions to the production staff about when to run a clip or cut
to a different anchor.

Script Elements

Though just because there are many different types of scripts doesn’t mean there aren’t
any common elements between these types.

--

INT. CLASSROOM – NIGHT < SCENE HEADING

DANIEL quietly pulls out a drawer, rummaging through the items inside it. He pauses
briefly as he hears footsteps coming from outside.

A DOOR SLAM

Daniel recoils and pulls his hand out of the drawer as KANE aims his pistol at him. <
ACTION

KANE < CHARACTERS

(maliciously)

There you are. Looking for something?

Kane holds up a hand-sized box with his unoccupied hand.

 DANIELㅤ ㅤ

(shakily) < PARENTHETICAL

You found it?

KANEㅤ ㅤ

(laughing)

Found it? I never lost it. You were just an idiot and fell for the lie. Say goodnight. <
DIALOGUE

TRANSITION > FADE OUT

GUNSHOT

EXT. RIVERSIDE – NIGHT

HIGH PITCHED BEEPING

A MASKED MAN sighs as he looks at his analogue watch, its arms pointing out the time
for “22:00”.

MASKED MANㅤ ㅤ

(murmuring)

I’m sorry, Daniel.

--

1. Scene Heading

This element is a line of text at the start of each scene that details the location and time
of day the scene is taking place.

An example would be:

INT. CLASSROOM – NIGHT

EXT. RIVERSIDE – DAY

INT, and it’s counterpart EXT tells the reader where exactly they are. INT stands for
interior for scenes that take place within a building, and EXT for those outside one.
The Scene Heading always is at the beginning of a scene unless it’s preceded by a
Fade In transition. It is also written in all caps so that it will stand out. The time is also
important-- some writers even make it more specific, such as EARLY MORNING or
MIDNIGHT.

Lastly, the scene heading must stay consistent.

INT. CLASSROOM – NIGHT must not become INT. DORA’S CLASSROOM – NIGHT or
INT. THAT LAST CLASSROOM – NIGHT so as to not confuse the readers.

2. Action

In essence, the action element is the lines of text that would describe action that would
be seen or heard by the audience.

Sound effects that are important to the story would be typed out in ALL-CAPS.

3. Characters

This element refers to the Character Names to denote who is talking. It has its own line,
and is in all caps. There are also two abbreviations to add for designation just in case of
certain things:

O.S. - if the character is off screen and

V.O. - if the line being said is a voice over

4. Parentheticals

This element provides context or instruction to the actor on how to deliver the dialogue.
Typically, one should aim to not use too many to not make the script unreadable.

5. Dialogue

This element refers to the words that the actors have to read out loud. They are offset
from everything else and are centered on the page. Dialogue said at the same time, or
overlapping dialogue, would be written in side-by-side blocks.

6. Transition

This element is as the name says-- the transition. The name is self-explanatory, but it is
essentially the fade ins and fade outs of the story, or however the script wants to say it.

II. Materials
Print Media Materials
 Print media is one of the oldest and basic forms of mass communication. This
includes newspapers, magazines, and other forms of printed journals that are printed on
paper. To produce these, the following materials are used.

1. Paper
Paper is made by pressing moist cellulose pulp fibers together. When dried, it
produces the thin, flexible sheets that are used to make paper as we know it today.
Wood, rags, and grasses can all be used to make cellulose pulp. The process is thought
to have begun in China during the Han dynasty (2nd century A.D.) by eunuch and
official Cai Lun, possibly as early as 105 A.D. However, the earliest archaeological finds
place this paper-making process in China in the 2nd century BC. The paper industry is
now a global process, with the use of modern techniques such as chemicals to
manufacture it. China now leads in production, closely followed by the United States.

Types of Papers Used in Print Media

Various papers are used to produce the different types of printed media. The type
of paper used determines the quality and durability of printed materials. If you do not
choose the right paper for your printing project, the overall appearance of the finished
product suffers and does not get the desired result.

Newsprint Paper
A newsprint paper is a low-cost, non-durable paper stock made from
groundwood pulp that is used in the printing of newspapers and some magazines. It is
the cheapest bulk paper product produced that can withstand the printing process.
There are several grades of paper stock available, with the higher grades allowing for
the creation of more glossy printed items such as advertising or high-quality color
images. Because of its nature, newsprint paper is not particularly durable and will yellow
and degrade, but these limitations are not problematic given the end product's short
useful life. According to estimates, approximately 80% of newsprint paper is used for
daily newspaper printing, and a large percentage (70%) of that material is recaptured
from the waste stream and recycled.

Uncoated Paper
Uncoated paper has a rougher, more textured feel than coated paper. This
textured appearance adds character to the paper and lends it a sense of prestige and
elegance. In comparison to the modern appearance of coated paper, it appears much
more traditional. It is also available in a variety of textures and finishes, giving it far more
variety and versatility than coated paper.
This paper absorbs ink more readily because it is more porous. When it comes to
colored images, this can have a negative impact on appearance since the edges are
less defined. However, when it comes to printing text, uncoated paper achieves a much
higher level of definition and readability, which is why books, newspapers, and
stationery are typically printed on these. The uncoated paper also takes less time to dry
because it absorbs the ink, so if you are printing in large quantities with a short
turnaround, uncoated paper is a good choice to improve job efficiency.

Coated Paper
This kind of paper has been coated with a mixture of materials including calcium
carbonate, Kaolinite, and Bentonite. It has a smooth, glossy surface that makes it ideal
for high-quality printing needs such as magazines, business cards, and brochures that
require a shiny appearance and excellent color rendering. This paper does not absorb
ink and allows it to remain on the surface. Furthermore, the ink remains concentrated on
the surface and does not spread, giving the printing image a better effect.

Matte Paper
This kind of paper is the opposite of coated paper as it lacks luster due to the
absence of a coating of chemical additives or other mixtures, leaving pores between the
paper fibers. As a result, the paper becomes more porous and absorbs more ink,
resulting in a less concentrated image. Furthermore, unlike coated paper, it lacks a
vibrant color finish. However, fingerprints have no effect on the printed image, and the
photographs are non-glare. It is the best choice for pamphlets or other marketing
materials that do not contain images because the glare is reduced and the text is easier
to read.

2. Printing Press
This is a machine that allows for the mass production of uniform printed matter,
primarily text in the form of books, pamphlets, and newspapers. The printing press was
invented in China and revolutionized society there before being further developed in
Europe in the 15th century by Johannes Gutenberg and his invention of the Gutenberg
press.

Types of Printing Press

Letterpress
Letterpresses, like Gutenberg's press, require an operator to set movable type,
ink it, and press paper against it. The entire procedure is carried out by hand.
Letterpress printing is popular among small, boutique printers because it provides a
beautiful handmade look. However, when compared to other printing presses, it is
inefficient and costly.
Offset press
The offset press revolutionized the printing industry by allowing massive
quantities to be printed cost-effectively and efficiently. In a nutshell, modern offset
printing involves creating a plate on a computer and then placing it on a cylinder. Ink is
applied to the plate cylinder, which rolls against a rubber cylinder, which rolls the ink
onto paper sheets fed through the press. Offset presses are used to print newspapers,
magazines, books, and other printed materials in large quantities.

Digital press
One of the few disadvantages of offset printing is that it is not economical in low
volumes, owing to the high cost of producing plates, which can cost several hundred
dollars. When printing hundreds or thousands of the same item, this is insignificant, but
it can be costly when printing a few dozen or even a single copy. Because they do not
require plates, digital presses make low-volume printing affordable and have similarly
revolutionized the printing industry. Instead, advanced inkjet or laserjet technology is
used to transfer ink to paper.

Video and Image Materials

Videography refers to the capture of moving images using a camera and other
digital devices for the creation of videos for marketing or news broadcasting whereas
photography is the art of taking photographs with a camera, either electronically using
an image sensor or chemically using photographic film.
Materials for both video and image production are often the same and only differ
on how they will be used. The following are the materials that are commonly used in
video and image production.

Camera

Among all the elements of production, often the first to think is the camera, as
this would most likely have an influence over the quality of your video or photo. To
produce high-quality output, you will need a good camera. You can certainly capture it
with your smartphone camera, it will not produce the same quality as a
professional-level full-frame mirrorless camera, however, it is more accessible, and the
video quality is constantly improving.

Today's video production standards are extremely high, especially with the
introduction of 4K technology, which makes your audience expect a high-quality viewing
experience. DSLRs and mirrorless cameras are popular among creators and filmmakers
due to their excellent quality and ability to shoot in 4K resolution, in 6K, and even 8K
resolution. Some recommended cameras are the Canon EOS M50 MKII, the best
beginner-friendly camera, the Sony A7II, the best all-around professional video camera,
and Sony A7SIII, the best mirrorless camera.

In addition, you should also consider the lenses that you will use. With so many
lenses to choose from, think about the shots that will work best for the types of videos or
photos you will be making to help you decide which ones you will need. If you know you
will be shooting interviews, for example, look for a lens that will allow you to get a
medium-close-up shot of someone's expressions. Conveying this emotion will be
important in establishing trust with your viewers so that they can react to what they are
watching.

Memory cards

When shooting videos or capturing photos, high-quality SD cards can make a big
difference. You want a large capacity (64GB or greater) with fast read and write speeds.

The 64GB SanDisk Extreme Pro card, with speeds of 300MB/s, is an excellent
choice. This allows you to shoot long videos or take copious amounts of photos without
worrying about running out of space. However, if you intend to shoot more footage,
128GB or larger is recommended.

Lighting

Once you got the right camera, you will need to think about the lighting. Lighting
refers to the position of the light source, which can be natural or artificial, in relation to
your subject. The position and quality of light in your final work can affect everything
from clarity to tone to emotion and so much more. A good lighting setup makes a
significant difference in the final quality of your work as enhances the mood and
emotional message it wants to evoke.

There are two types of light: natural light and artificial light. Natural light is
defined as anything that occurs naturally, such as the direct light of the sun on a bright
day, the diffused light created by a cloudy or foggy day, or even the light of the moon at
night. On the other hand, artificial light can frequently be moved and adjusted to fit your
needs. It is easier to position artificial light in relation to your subject than it is to move
the subject and camera according to the lighting technique that you want to use with
natural lighting. As long as you know how to use them, both artificial and natural lighting
can be manipulated to create a variety of lighting styles.

It's not easy to get your lighting just right. Different types of light, foreground and
background lighting, shadows, and equipment must all be considered. And that
equipment can be costly. If you're just getting started, a reflector can help you take
advantage of available light. It's simply a matter of getting it set up properly to reflect
light. An entry-level reflector is a low-cost way to improve the lighting in your videos. A
5-in-1 reflector with translucent, white, black, gold, and silver surfaces is available.

If you want to achieve professional lighting in video production and still

photography, a simple 3-point light setup will suffice. With a 3-point light setup, you can
light the major elements of your set: the background (backlight), the subject matter
expert (key light), and the area just behind that person to make them stand out from the
background (fill light). You can do this by setting up portable lights or rechargeable LED
lights to the designated spots for the 3-point light.

The Neewer 3-point lighting kit is a good option if you want a more versatile and
powerful lighting solution. This is an excellent choice for beginners. It's inexpensive, and
this kit includes three dimmable LED lights. It includes softboxes, which are excellent for
softening your lighting and making it more aesthetically pleasing. These are large cloth
boxes that conceal bright bulbs and provide soft fill light. In addition, the kit includes light
stands, a remote control, color inserts, and a carrying case. That's a fantastic deal and a
great place to start.

Tripod

If you want to capture your subject as steady as possible, a tripod is needed. You
need a tripod regardless of how good your camera's stabilization is. Even minor shakes
in a video or photo can be seen, especially if you're using a DSLR with a zoom lens.

A tripod elevates even the most basic camera to the level of the production tool. Any
camera's video quality will be significantly improved by using a tripod. The most basic
tripods, such as the Switchpod, MeFOTO, Gorillapod, and Manfrotto, will suffice for
most beginners.

Editing/Production Software

All the post-production magic of storytelling, color correction, and motion graphic
creation take place in editing software. By editing your videos and photos, the story you
want to convey would be clearer and serve its purpose to the audience.

Photo editing is the process of making adjustments to photographs in a photo

editing program in digital photography. It is digital photography's equivalent of a
darkroom, where photos can be tweaked after they've been shot.

To organize and edit photos, most professional photographers use editing

software such as Adobe Lightroom. Lightroom is a deep and powerful editing tool that,
when combined with Adobe Photoshop, can achieve almost any effect you can think of.
There are numerous image editing techniques that can be used with photo editing
software such as Lightroom during the processing process. Some editing options
involve overall image quality adjustments, whereas others allow you to make targeted
changes and adjust only a portion of the image.

Alternatively, you can edit your photos by using your phone. Photo editing apps
such as PicsArt and VSCO are widely used due to their easy usage and availability.
Using these mobile apps can also produce a high-quality image as if you used what
professional photographers use.

The process of manipulating and rearranging video shots to create new work is
known as video editing. Editing is typically regarded as one component of the
post-production process; other post-production tasks include titling, color correction,
sound mixing, and so on. In video editing, you do not even need to learn advanced
techniques such as color correction or complicated cuts. Simply removing your vocal
pauses and inserting some text is enough to elevate your video from amateur to
professional. It takes time to become proficient with editing and post-production
software. However, you can get started with just a few basic tutorials and immediately
see an improvement in your video quality. Some video editing software you can use are
Filmora, After Effects, and Vegas Pro. For mobile apps, you can use CapCut and
Videoleap.

Sound/Audio

Audio is used in computers in a variety of ways to enhance multimedia

applications. There are numerous applications and programs available today that are
aimed to teach individuals through the use of the internet. When you look at the internet,
you'll notice that they require audio assistance because it makes learning much easier.
People who want to learn something using the internet will prefer to watch an
educational video in which someone explains everything rather than read an article
since the audio component simplifies things.

If we had to characterize audio, the best way to do so is to say that it is a

versatile tool. You don't realize how crucial audio is in multimedia until you don't have it.
However, some people recognize and appreciate the value of audio. These people
usually have some sort of vision problem, so reading or viewing something isn't an
option for them. They only have the audio from certain multimedia items, such as
videos. These folks can learn without being able to see since they can follow audio
instructions and hear about the subject they want to learn about.
 Sound is vital because it engages audiences: it aids in the delivery of information,
adds to the production value, provokes emotional responses, emphasizes what's on
screen, and is utilized to signal mood. Language, sound effects, music, and even
silence, when used correctly, can significantly improve the quality of your film. However,
if your movie or animation has poor sound, it will be ruined. Despite this, audio is
frequently overlooked during post-production, which is absurd because no amount of
editing magic can compensate for poor audio.

Audio quality is, without a doubt, more important than visual. Sound adds
emotion to what people are seeing and helps them connect with it. It underpins each
image and cut, as well as your story's general mood and tone. Audio is a more technical
term, referring to sound coming from a recording, transmission, or electronic device.
Sound on the other hand, is a more generic word and can be caused by any source,
—sound of person, things, environment, and events. audio can convey meaning,
providing an extra channel of information

Music - People's biggest influence or use of audio is when they listen to music because
it is something that everyone does, and they never think about the science behind it.
Well, there are times when you just must appreciate the development of audio because
we wouldn't be able to listen to any music at all if it weren't for it. Without music, our
world would be a very different place; we can't comprehend how important it is or how
much it has benefited our lives. The nicest part about music is that it is universal; there
is music for everyone, and it is all a type of art that is performed by people or
instruments.

Remember that sound is equally as important as, if not more important than, the
quality of your video's picture in terms of generating a memorable, immersive audience
experience.

Interactive media

Interactive media's goal is to engage and connect with users in ways that
non-interactive media cannot. Traditional media such as television and radio did not
require active participation at first. Consumers become more passive as a result of
these types of media, with no meaningful method to move through their experiences
other than changing the channel. That began to alter in the 1990s with the introduction
of the internet. Consumers were provided numerous instruments through which
interactive media was offered as technology progressed. The internet has evolved from
a costly service that could only be accessed via dial-up to a wireless tool that can be
accessed with the touch of a finger.

Examples:
 ● Social Networking includes websites like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram.
Users can post images and information about themselves, communicate, and
play games on these sites, which use visuals and text.
● Another form of interactive media is Video Games. Players respond to visual and
audio cues on the screen supplied by a computer program using controllers.
● VR stands for Virtual Reality. This provides users with a fully immersive
experience, allowing them to immerse themselves in a world that is nearly
identical to reality. The only difference is that we now live in a digital environment.

As technology advances, interactive media will become progressively more

immersive, expanding the scope of what people may do. Smartphones and the internet,
after all, are relatively new inventions.

Social Media platforms

Social media is a computer-based technology that allows people to share their

ideas, opinions, and information through virtual networks and communities. Social
media is an internet-based platform that allows people to share content such as
personal information, documents, films, and images quickly and electronically. Users
interact with social media using web-based software or applications on a computer,
tablet, or smartphone. While social media is widely used in the United States and
Europe, Asian countries such as Indonesia are at the top of the list. It is said that as of
October 2021, around 4.5 billion people utilize social media.

Social media can take the form of a wide range of technologically enhanced
activities. Photo sharing, blogging, social gaming, social networks, video sharing,
business networks, virtual worlds, reviews, and other activities are among them. Even
governments and politicians use social media to communicate with voters and
constituents.

Individuals utilize social media to communicate with their friends and extended
family. Some people will use social media tools to network for job prospects, locate
people with similar interests all around the world, and express their thoughts, feelings,
insights, and emotions. Participants in these activities form a virtual social network.
Despite having similar audiences to Twitter and Instagram, Facebook is the
largest social media site in the world, with a distinct advantage over other social media.
As of January 20, 2021, the following are the most popular social media websites:

1. Facebook (2.74 billion users)

2. YouTube (2.29 billion users)
3. WhatsApp (2 billion users)
 4. Facebook Messenger (1.3 billion users)
5. Instagram (1.22 billion users)
6. Whatsapp (1.21 billion users)
7. TikTok (689 million users)

III. Editing
Multimedia Storytelling Process: Editing

Editing is the process of selecting and preparing text, photos or visual, audio,
and video used by a person or an entity to convey a message or information. The
editing process can involve correction, condensation, organization, and many other
modifications performed with an intention of producing a correct, consistent, accurate
and complete piece of work.

The editing process often begins with the author's idea or whole plan for the work
itself, continuing as a collaboration between the author/ writer and the editor as the work
is created. It involves creative skills, human relations and a precise set of methods.

Who does the Editing and his/her duty?

Editor is a person having managerial and sometimes policy-making
responsibility related to the writing, photography, visuals, audio, filming or cinematic
edits and other mediums. The editor is a skilled person who is assigned in selecting and
revising. The one who chose the materials to be used for viewing, cutting, and the
overall editing in film to make movies, audio recordings, etc. In short, an editor is a
person who manages the revision of content of the selected mediums.

Editing Process of Media

[Text - Video - Photos/visuals - Audio]

Print/Text Editing:

Print or Text Editing involves making revisions and suggestions about the
content of a document. It includes improving the accuracy of language, the flow, the
organization and structure, and the overall readability of the text and also involves
checking for grammatical and spelling errors. In other words, print editing involves a
detailed review of a document while making additions, deletions, or other changes to
conform to a specific, agreed-upon standard in order to prepare the document for a
specific audience. A document should be edited at least once before it is proofread.
Proofreading or Editing
Proofreading will be responsible for looking for misspellings, incorrect/missed
punctuation, inconsistencies or the textual and numerical, and others. While the Editing
corrects issues at the core of writing like sentence construction, language clarity and all
parts of the print medium. A thorough editing will help improve the readability, clarity,
and tone of the text.
Remember: Editing is more comprehensive than proofreading.

Print Media are:

● Newspaper
● Magazine
● Books
● Other text documents

Different Types of Editing

Copy Editing – A light form of editing that applies a professional polish to a written
piece. The editor reviews work by fixing any mechanical errors in spelling, grammar,
and punctuation. It is also the least-expensive version of editing.

Line Editing – A more intense look at each sentence’s meaning. The editor looks at
your book line by line to analyze each sentence, considers word choice and the power,
and meaning of a sentence. Including attention to syntax and whether a sentence needs
to be trimmed or tightened. Line editing helps to make your prose sing.

Mechanical Editing – The application of a particular style, such as The Chicago

Manual of Style or Associated Press (AP) Style. The editor looks at punctuation,
capitalization, spelling, abbreviations, and any other style rules. It is also sometimes
included in copyediting.

Substantive Editing – It is considered the work’s organization and presentation. It

involves tightening and clarifying at a chapter, scene, paragraph, and sentence level.
Substantive editing deals with the actual prose. It is also sometimes referred to as line
editing and can also be confused with developmental editing.

Developmental Editing – It considers all the aspects of a manuscript that make the
book readable and enjoyable because of the extensive nature of this form of editing, it is
more time intensive and costly. Editor looks deeply at the organization and strength of a
written piece, and thinks at the bigger picture. The editor considers everything from
pacing to characters, point of view, tense, plot, subplots, and dialogue. Weak links are
exposed and questioned. The editor scrutinizes order, flow, and consistency.
Editor asks questions such as:
Is this the right number of chapters?
Are the chapters and paragraphs in the right order?
Are there any places in the book where the pacing lags?
Is there a hole in the information or story presented?
Are the characters likable?

Steps in Print Editing

The editing process takes place in several steps and involves reading the same
text several times, each time with a different focus.

Step A: Read the text

Read it all the way through without editing. The goal is to get an idea of what the text is
about, what it involves, where it is going and so on.
Step B: Fine-toothed comb
Fix the typos, the punctuation, usage and grammar mistakes, make sure
everything follows style.
Step C: Big picture
● Make sure the structure of the text makes sense.
● Information should be in the right order.
● Considering the flow from one idea to the next must be easy and smooth.
● Everything should be clearly explained.
● Questions related to this must be answered.

Step D: Revise
“Revise” is a broad term that covers several tasks such as removing
redundancies, trimming wordy text, possibly trimming for length and making sure
that none of the other editing has introduced gaps in the story or errors. The
revision stage might come after the fact-checking stage because once the writer
has answered any open questions and filled in any gaps in the story, some
paragraphs might need updating.

Step E: Fact-checking
Check everything, again and again, through verifying names and titles, check
dates and locations, do the math, and importantly, check the summaries of
reports, data or research against the original information.
 Step F: Display type
Most Editors also write display type — headlines, headers, photo captions and
summaries. It is best to do this once the text is ready for publication, and no more
significant changes are anticipated.

VIDEO EDITING

Video editing is the part of the visual storytelling process that allows you to
change and perfect the color grading, music, lighting and pacing of your film to create
the right mood for the message you are trying to send. It is the process of putting
together, cleaning up and finalizing a video. It mostly describes post-production work,
which is the work done after all of the shots and footage have been taken and all that
still needs to be done, put all together in order to come up with the final output.

Video editor
A person who makes production and/or post-production changes to a film.
The video editor works closely with the director and writer to achieve the best final film
outcome, with the goal of telling the story in the most effective and compelling way.

Video Presentations:
● Multimedia Storytelling
● Film and Movies
● TV programs/ shows
● Commercials
● Vlogs
● and other video presentation

Five Phases of Video Editing

● Planning
Make a plan. Think of a concept or theme, use a storyboard for the sequence,
and decide what story you want to tell and keep it in mind while you edit. Imagine
how your finished video will look and follow your plan to make it happen. Figure
out how to make your text and transitions consistent in order to solve or avoid a
lot of problems with a great plan!
● Previewing
Review your media and make early selections of what you’d like to use, ruling out
what you don’t want saves time importing your materials into your project but
don’t be too quick to dismiss clips you really like just because of a few flaws.
 ● Rough Cut
Start following your plan. Put your video clips in the right sequence and get a feel
for how the individual clips fit with each other. If something doesn’t work as well
as you thought, now is the time to make the change.
● Editing
Start on the details. Trim down your clips to exactly what you want and choose
good, consistent transitions between clips. Most transitions should be straight
cuts, and fades or dissolves to move between scenes or segments. Too many
flashy transitions can distract your audience, so use them sparingly. Add effects,
titles, music, and other details.
Remember: All these things should help your story, to enhance your aims in
trying to make it in the scene or with the whole video. Choose carefully and be
creative!
● Delivery
Rendering or exporting. Once you’ve chosen, in just a few clicks, your software
starts rendering your video. Depending on the power of your computer hardware,
the length and complexity of the video, this could take some time. Afterwards,
you can now deliver the video to your audience through different ways;
streaming, post it on social media, export into a DVD, and other forms and
outlets.

Picture/ Visual Editing

The editing process is where you can fix any problems of your photos that may
have conflict and get them ready for the final “draft”. To start by expressing how
important a good workflow is to the editing process.

Basic Visual Editing flow:

Import and Select Images. Choosing the best one visual that conveys the
message you are trying to share.
Correct Image Problems. It requires using editing software to be able to edit the
portion of the photo or visual that needs enhancement. It is a simplified version of
Photoshop and will be all you need.
Enhance elements or Features. Adding contrast or color to a particular object
to create mood or drama.
 Creative Effects. It helps the photo or visual to produce an alternate version by
including creative effects with using capability to play around and experiment.
Cropping, Resizing, and Sharpening. Crop to cut out clutter or to make the
image more pleasing to viewers.
Watermarking. For a controversial topic. If the images ever get disconnected
from their corresponding owners or creator, you will wish your domain name was
on the images. Without the domain name on the pictures, viewers will just see
the image and not know where to go for the source or even tutorial.
Collage. It is arranging images by putting them together that requires using
programs or Photoshop applications that are available for free.

Audio Editing

Partly about the temporal nature of sound – unable to jump ahead as in text, or
freeze-frame as in film, the listener develops a pact of intimacy with the sound or
speaker as the audio unfolds in real time.

Optimizing your video audio: the step-by-step method

1. Having a proper acoustic environment. Good sound editing starts with a proper
acoustic environment. Choose such a location, you should record your sound in a room
spaced away from walls, and provide equipment against the wind if you want to shoot
outside.

2. Recording your sound with a good microphone. An external microphone (tie,

shotgun, stereo) helps you pick up the sound as close as possible to its source, whether
it is the voice of a person or an action sound.

3. Optimizing your audio quality settings. Optimizing sound parameters for the result
of great sound quality.

Technical editing you can apply:

Balancing the volume level of your video. Some microphones or voices may
have more resonance power, the audio sequences may be more or less reduced
in volume (a standard volume level is between -24 and -6 dB.)
Normalizing the amplitude and pitch of your sound. Some intonations or
sounds can oscillate a lot between low and high pitches, and standardizing their
amplitude gives a more pleasant sound to the ear.
 Eliminating non-essential noise from your video. It is preferred using editing
software such as Audacity, Filmora or Premiere Pro can help you for example to
reduce background noise.

Note: If you think the audio track is too slow or fast, you can also try to speed it up or
slow it down. But be careful, if you’re editing voice, you need to adjust the frequency as
well (a faster voice is also higher pitched). You can use the “Change Tempo” feature on
Audacity to do this without changing the pitch of your voice.

4. Cutting and trimming accurately your audio tracks.

Recommendations for good audio trimming:

Strive to trim your audio sequences correctly, without leaving any apparent gaps.
Whether it’s a scene with or without voice, the viewer should always have sound
in their ears.
Make good transitions, relying on fade effects. For example, when you move
from one scene to another, the sound should also naturally fade out and
reappear a few seconds later.
Create synchronization points between the image stream and the sound. For
example, associate sounds with certain actions on the film.

5. Adding music and voice-over tracks. After cutting and processing the audio, it’s
time to add music tracks and voice-over. Music allows to amplify the emotions conveyed
in the video and to have the most impact, however, it must fit with the tone of the video
and the timing of the words and actions.

Note: For voice-over, it allows you to clarify and add a narrative touch to your filmed
scenes. You can add your voice-over by running your video at the same time, to ensure
perfect synchronization.

6. Adding sound effects. Action scenes do not have the same depth without the
addition of manufactured sounds. You can also use the sound effects in your video
editors such as echo, nature, and voice, street noise, to add a new dimension to your
videos. The important thing is that these effects are always consistent with the image.

7. Listening and checking closely your audio record. Listen to your audio record
several times, and if it is put together with video. Pay particular attention to the
synchronization of your audio sequences with your image or voice, and to transition
errors. It’s easy to leave a gap of a few seconds between these tracks that can cause
your entire video to lag.
Publishing Story

The business or profession of producing, and marketing books, newspapers,

magazines, printed music, and, now also, audiobooks, software, and other methods of
publishing. In storytelling, it is a process of publishing a story in media platforms.

The creation of new forms of media, ranging from the written word to video and
social media have radically changed the way that people tell stories. These new forms
of media and new platforms that can integrate them have incredible implications for
storytelling.

There are many ways to publish and disseminate stories such as through print,
television, radio, and online which are known as the most common and largely used
today in sharing multimedia stories. This allows creators to reach a wider audience,
influence a lot of viewers, and create a space where so called a market of multimedia
pieces.

In publishing stories in any form of media you always need to consider your
content, target audience, and aim before settling with the media where you decided to
publish your story.
IV. Revising
REVISING
Before continuing in a storytelling project, the revision process is all about
making sure that your concepts and supporting information are presented in the
clearest, most logical way for most audience to understand. Once you deal with the big
things (amount and order of information), then you can move to editing—the production,
language, grammar, spelling, and
punctuation. Revising differs from editing and
proofreading as it requires the storyteller to
look at large-scale or global matters in their
essay.

Revision is about seeing your work

again. Revising is an important step in the
creative process, because it enables you to
look at your story more objectively from an
audience’s view. To ensure that you can
assess your work critically, you will have to
create some distance between your draft and
yourself. Keep some of the following
strategies in mind:

• Take a break after finishing the draft. A few hours may be enough; a whole
night or day is preferable
• Ask someone to read and react to your draft.
• Outline your draft. Highlight the main points supporting the thesis, and
convert these sentences to outline form. Then examine the outline you have
made for logical order, gaps, and digressions.
• Listen to your draft. Read the draft out loud to yourself or a friend or
classmate, record and listen to it, or have someone read the draft to you.
• Ease the pressure. Don’t try to re-see everything in your draft at once.
Revision Checklist
Purpose and audience
Does the draft address a question, a problem, or an issue that readers care
about?
Is the draft appropriate for its audience? Does it account for the audience’s
knowledge of and possible attitudes toward the subject?
Focus
Is the thesis clear? Is it prominently placed?
Are any ideas obviously off the point?

Organization and paragraphing

Are there enough organizational cues for readers (such as topic sentences)?
Are ideas presented in a logical order?
Are any paragraphs too long or too short for easy reading?

Content
Is the supporting material relevant and persuasive?
Which ideas need further development?
Are the parts proportioned sensibly? Do major ideas receive enough attention?
Where might material be deleted?

Point of view
Is the dominant point of view – first person (I or we), second person (you), or
third person(he, she, it, one, or they) – appropriate for your purpose and
audience?

Revision process Tips

 • Save your work regularly – get in the habit of saving every time you pause
to think or finish your work.
• Do not delete or overwrite old drafts; they may come in handy if you lose a
newer version or your professor asks for your rough drafts and notes.
• Save each draft you write as a separate document or folder. Date each
draft so you can stay organized.

Once you feel you have a solid draft after multiple revisions, you then move on to the
editing and proofreading stage. Smaller-scale matters like sentence structure, word
choice, grammar, punctuation, spelling and mechanics are examined at the editing and
proofreading stages.
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