Data Communication & Networks:

Line Coding Schemes

BITS Pilani RAHUL SINGHAL
Pilani Campus
Multitransition coding scheme

• MLT-3:Multiline transmission, three level (MLT-3)

scheme.
• NRZ-I and differential Manchester are classified as
differential encoding but use two transition rules to
encode binary data (no inversion, inversion).
• If we have a signal with more than two levels, we can
design a differential encoding scheme with more
than two transition rules. MLT-3 is one of them.
Multitransition coding scheme

• The multiline transmission, three level (MLT-3)

scheme uses three levels (+V, 0, and - V) and three
transition rules to move between the levels.
1. If the next bit is 0, there is no transition.
2. If the next bit is 1 and the current level is not 0, the
next level is 0.
3. If the next bit is 1 and the current level is 0, the next
level is the opposite of the last nonzero level.
MLT-3 signal
4.2 Block Coding

Steps in Transformation

Some Common Block Codes

Block coding
 Substitution in block coding

Every 4 bits of data is encoded into a 5-bit

code. The 5-bit codes are normally line coded
using NRZ-I
4B/5B encoding

Data Code Data Code

0000 11110 1000 10010 The selection of the 5-bit
code is such that each code
0001 01001 1001 10011 contains no more than
one leading 0 and no more
0010 10100 1010 10110 than two trailing 0s.
0011 10101 1011 10111 Therefore, when these 5-bit
0100 01010 1100 11010 codes are sent in sequence,
no more than three
0101 01011 1101 11011 consecutive 0s are
0110 01110 1110 11100 encountered.

0111 01111 1111 11101

4B/5B encoding (Continued)

Data Code

Q (Quiet) 00000
I (Idle) 11111
H (Halt) 00100 4B/5B coding is used in the
optical fiber transmission
J (start 11000 system (FDDI)
delimiter)
K (start 10001
delimiter)
T (end delimiter) 01101
S (Set) 11001
R (Reset) 00111
4.3 Sampling

Pulse Amplitude Modulation

Pulse Code Modulation
Sampling Rate: Nyquist Theorem
How Many Bits per Sample?
Bit Rate
PAM

Pulse amplitude modulation has some

applications, but it is not used by itself in data
communication. However, it is the first step in
another very popular conversion method called
pulse code modulation.
 Quantized PAM signal

Quantizing by using sign and magnitude

PCM
From analog signal to PCM digital code
 According to the Nyquist theorem, the
sampling rate must be at least 2 times the
highest frequency.

Note that we can always change a band-pass signal to a

low-pass signal before sampling. In this case, the
sampling rate is twice the bandwidth.
Example 4
What sampling rate is needed for a signal with a
bandwidth of 10,000 Hz (1000 to 11,000 Hz)?
Solution
The sampling rate must be twice the highest frequency
in the signal:

Sampling rate = 2 x (11,000) = 22,000 samples/s

Example 5
A signal is sampled. Each sample requires at least 12
levels of precision (+0 to +5 and -0 to -5). How many bits
should be sent for each sample?

Solution
We need 4 bits; 1 bit for the sign and 3 bits for the value.
A 3-bit value can represent 23 = 8 levels (000 to 111),
which is more than what we need. A 2-bit value is not
enough since 22 = 4. A 4-bit value is too much because
24 = 16.
Example 6
We want to digitize the human voice. What is the bit rate,
assuming 8 bits per sample?
Solution

The human voice normally contains frequencies from 0

to 4000 Hz.
Sampling rate = 4000 x 2 = 8000 samples/s

Bit rate = sampling rate x number of bits per sample

= 8000 x 8 = 64,000 bps = 64 Kbps
Digital Transmission

In synchronous transmission,
we send bits one after another without start/stop bits or gaps.
It is the responsibility of the receiver to group the bits.

In asynchronous transmission, we send 1 start bit (0) at the beginning

and 1 or more stop bits (1s) at the end of each byte. There may be a
gap between each byte.

Asynchronous here means “asynchronous at the byte level,” but the

bits are still synchronized; their durations are the same.
 Data Element vs. Signal Rate
For Analog Transmission,

S = (N × 1/r) baud

Baud Rate ≤ Bit rate

Baud rate is number of signal elements per second

Bit rate is number of bits per second

Bit rate is the number of bits per second. Baud rate is the number of
signal units per second. Baud rate is less than or equal to the bit rate.
Example 1
An analog signal carries 4 bits in each signal unit. If 1000
signal units are sent per second, find the baud rate and
the bit rate

Solution
S = Baud rate = 1000 bauds per second (baud/s)
Bit rate =N = S × r = 1000 x 4 = 4000 bps
Modulation of Digital Data

Digital-to-Analog Conversion
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
Bit/Baud Comparison
Figure 5.1 Digital-to-analog modulation
Figure 5.2 Types of digital-to-analog modulation
Figure 5.3 ASK

B = (1 + d) × S; 0 < d < 1
Bandwidth ASK
Min. B = S; Max. B = 2S
Figure 5.6 FSK
Figure 5.8 PSK