1

Chapter 5
Finite Control
Volume Analysis
MS2220 Basic Fluid Mechanics
Week – 7
Sub Chapters 5.3 – 5.4
Class Session Introduction

• Sub-Topic:
• 5.3 First Law of Thermodynamics – The Energy Equation
• 5.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics – Irreversible Flow (not covered)

• After completing Chapter 5, you should be able to:

1. select an appropriate finite control volume to solve a fluid mechanics
problem.
2. apply conservation of mass and energy and Newton’s second law of
motion to the contents of a finite control volume to get important
answers.
3. know how velocity changes and energy transfers in fluid flows are
related to forces and torques.
4. understand why designing for minimum loss of energy in fluid flows is
important.
2
5.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics-
The Energy Equation
Derivation of Energy Equation
Application of Energy Equation
Comparison of Energy Equation with Bernoulli Equation
Application of Energy Equation to Non-uniform Flows
Combination of the Energy Equation and the Moment of Momentum

3
5.3.1 Derivation of Energy Equation
• The first law of thermodynamics (conservation of energy) for a system states that,
Time rate of increase Net time of energy addition Net time rate of energy
of the total stored = by heat transfer into the + addition by work
energy of the system system transfer into the system

𝐷
or 𝑒 𝜌𝑑𝑉̶ = 𝑄̇ − 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ − 𝑊̇
𝐷𝑡 𝑊̇net in
+ into the system
𝐷 𝑄̇net in - out from the system
or 𝑒 𝜌𝑑𝑉̶ = 𝑄̇net in + 𝑊̇net in
𝐷𝑡
Where the total stored energy per unit mass in the system, e,
𝑉
𝑒=𝑢+ + 𝑔𝑧
2
Total stored Internal Kinetic Potential Chemical and nuclear
energies stored are not
energy per = energy per + energy per + energy per
unit mass of unit mass unit mass unit mass considered in this
the system course.
4
Derivation of Energy Equation

• For the control volume that is coincident with the system at an instant of
time:

• For the system and the contents of the coincident control volume that is
fixed and non-deforming -- Reynolds Transport Theorem (with b = e) leads
to: 𝐷 𝜕
𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝑒𝜌𝑑𝑉
̶= 𝐶𝑉 𝑒𝜌𝑑𝑉
̶+ 𝐶𝑆 𝑒𝜌𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛𝑑𝐴
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡
Net time rate of increase of The net rate of flow of the
Time rate of increase of total stored energy out of the
the total stored energy of
the total stored energy = + control volume through the
the contents of the control
of the system control surface
volume
• Combining all of the previous equations, the control volume formula for
the first law of thermodynamics then:

𝑐𝑣
5
Derivation of Energy Equation

• Power or the rate of work transferred into through the CS by the shaft work (positive for
work input, negative for work transferred out):
𝑊̇ =𝑇 𝜔
• If more than one shaft is involved:
𝑊̇Shaft net in = 𝑊̇Shaft in − 𝑊̇Shaft out
• Power done by fluid local normal stress, 𝝈 (= -p) at the CS:
𝛿Ẇnormal = 𝛿𝐹⃗ ⋅ 𝑉 = 𝜎𝑛𝛿𝐴 ⋅ 𝑉 = −𝑝𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛𝛿𝐴
(Flow Work, only at entrance (+) and exit (-),
𝑊̇ = σ𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛𝑑𝐴 = −𝑝𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛𝑑𝐴 0 at the pipe wall)
• Power done by shear stresses at the CS:
(tangential shear force is perpendicular to V at entrance and
δ𝑊̇tangential stress = δ𝐹⃗tangential stress ⋅ 𝑉 exit, and V = 0 at the pipe wall. Therefore, this work = 0)
• With other types of power equal to zero:
𝜕
𝑒𝜌𝑑𝑉̶ + 𝑒𝜌𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛𝑑𝐴 = 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ − 𝑝𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛𝑑𝐴 Note: 𝑒 = 𝑢 + + 𝑔𝑧
𝜕𝑡

Energy 𝜕 𝑝 𝑉
𝑒𝜌𝑑𝑉̶ + (𝑢 + + + 𝑔𝑧)𝜌𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛𝑑𝐴 = 𝑄̇ / + 𝑊̇ /
Equation: 𝜕𝑡 𝜌 2
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5.3.2 Application of Energy Equation
𝜕 𝑝 𝑉
𝑒𝜌𝑑𝑉̶ + (𝑢 + + + 𝑔𝑧)𝜌𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛𝑑𝐴 = 𝑄̇ / + 𝑊̇ /
𝜕𝑡 𝜌 2

𝜕
• First term: When steady, or cyclical: 𝐶𝑉𝑒𝜌𝑑𝑉
̶=0
𝜕𝑡
• Second term:
𝑝 𝑉
𝐶𝑆 𝑢+ + + 𝑔𝑧 𝜌𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛𝑑𝐴 Nonzero only when fluid crosses the CS.
𝜌 2

When flow is uniformly distributed across c.s.a.:

𝑝 𝑉 𝑝 𝑉 𝑝 𝑉
𝐶𝑆 𝑢+ + + 𝑔𝑧 𝜌𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛𝑑𝐴 = 𝑢+ + + 𝑔𝑧 𝑚̇ − 𝑢+ + + 𝑔𝑧 𝑚̇
𝜌 2 𝜌 2 𝜌 2

If only one stream entering and leaving, remove the 𝛴:

𝑝 𝑉 𝑝 𝑉 𝑝 𝑉
𝐶𝑆 𝑢+ + + 𝑔𝑧 𝜌𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛𝑑𝐴 = 𝑢 + + + 𝑔𝑧 𝑚̇ − 𝑢+ + + 𝑔𝑧 𝑚̇
𝜌 2 𝜌 2 𝜌 2
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Application of Energy Equation

• If shaft work is included, for one-dimensional, cyclical (steady), and involves only one
stream of fluid entering and leaving the control volume (𝑚̇ = 𝑚̇ = 𝑚̇), then:
𝑝 𝑝 𝑉
−𝑉
𝑚̇ 𝑢 −𝑢 + − + +𝑔 𝑧 −𝑧 = 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇
𝜌 𝜌 2
𝑝
• As enthalpy is defined as: ℎ = 𝑢 +
𝜌
• The energy equation can then be written in terms of enthalpy:

𝑉 −𝑉
𝑚̇ ℎ −ℎ + +𝑔 𝑧 −𝑧 = 𝑄̇net in + 𝑊̇shaft net in
2

• If the flow is truly steady throughout (so that no work is done since fluid machines
involve locally unsteady flow), one-dimensional, and only one fluid stream is involved,
then the shaft work is zero and the energy balance becomes:
𝑉 −𝑉
𝑚̇ ℎ −ℎ + +𝑔 𝑧 −𝑧 = 𝑄̇net in
2

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Example 5.20 Energy-Pump Power
A pump delivers water at a steady rate
of 300 gal/min as shown in Figure
E5.20. Just upstream of the pump
[section(1)] where the pipe diameter is
3.5 in., the pressure is 18 psi. Just
downstream of the pump [section (2)]
where the pipe diameter is 1 in., the
pressure is 60 psi. The change in water
elevation across the pump is zero. The
rise in internal energy of water, u2-u1,
associated with a temperature rise Assumptions:
across the pump is 93 ft·lb/lbm. 1. Steady flow
2. Adiabatic CV
If the pumping process is considered to 3. No elevation change
be adiabatic, determine the power (hp) 4. Flow uniformly distributed
required by the pump.

9
Solution 5.20 Energy-Pump Power

• One-dimensional energy equation for steady-in-the-mean flow,

= 0 (Adiabatic flow)
𝑝 𝑝 𝑉 −𝑉
𝑚̇ 𝑢 −𝑢 + − + +𝑔 𝑧 −𝑧 = 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇
𝜌 𝜌 2

(1.94𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔/𝑓𝑡 )(300𝑔𝑎𝑙/ min) (32.174𝑙𝑏𝑚/𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔

𝑚̇ = 𝜌𝑄 = = 41.8 𝑙𝑏𝑚/𝑠
(7.48𝑔𝑎𝑙/𝑓𝑡 )(60𝑠/ min)
𝑄 𝑄 𝑄 𝑄
𝑉= = 𝑉 = = 10.0𝑓𝑡/𝑠 𝑉 = = 123𝑓𝑡/𝑠
𝐴 𝜋𝐷 /4 𝐴 𝐴

• Input all known data, we finally obtain

Due to internal energy(temperature) change : 7.09 hp
𝑊̇ = 32.2 ℎ𝑝
Due to pressure change: 7.37 hp
(Ans.) Due to increase of KE: 17.8 hp.

Analysis is similar to those done in Thermodynamics

10
Example 5.21 Energy-Turbine Power per Unit Mass of Flow
• A steam turbine generator unit used
to produce electricity is shown in Fig.
E5.21a. Assume the steam enters a
turbine with a velocity of 30 m/s and
enthalpy, h1, of 3348 kJ/kg. The steam
leaves the turbine as a mixture of
vapor and liquid having a velocity of
60 m/s and an enthalpy of 2550
kJ/kg. The flow through the turbine is
adiabatic, and changes in elevation
are negligible.
• Determine the work output involved
per unit mass of steam through-flow.

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Solution 5.21 Energy-Turbine Power per Unit Mass of Flow

Assumptions:
1. Steady flow
2. Incompressible flow.
3. Adiabatic CV
4. No elevation change
Analysis: = 0 (Adiabatic flow)
𝑝 𝑝 𝑉 −𝑉
𝑚̇ 𝑢 −𝑢 + − + +𝑔 𝑧 −𝑧 = 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇
𝜌 𝜌 2

𝑊̇ 𝑉 −𝑉
𝑤̇ = =ℎ −ℎ +
𝑚̇ 2
𝑤̇ = −𝑤̇
𝑉 −𝑉
𝑤̇ =ℎ −ℎ + = 797 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
2
(Ans.)

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Example 5.22 Energy-Temperature Change
• The 420-ft waterfall shown in Fig. Assumptions:
1. Steady flow
E5.22a involves steady flow from 2. Adiabatic system
one large body of water to another. 3. Incompressible flow

• Determine the temperature

change associated with this flow .

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Solution 5.22 Energy-Temperature Change

• The temperature change is related to the change of internal energy of the water,
𝑢 −𝑢
𝑇 −𝑇 =
𝑐̆
where 𝑐̆ = 1 Btu/(lbm ⋅ °R) is the specific heat of water

• One-dimensional energy equation for steady-in-the-mean flow without shaft work,

V1 = 0, V2 = 0 0 (Adiabatic flow)
𝑝 𝑝 𝑉 −𝑉
𝑚̇ 𝑢 − 𝑢 + − + +𝑔 𝑧 −𝑧 = 𝑄̇
𝜌 𝜌 2

• Thus,
𝑔(𝑧 − 𝑧 ) (32.2𝑓𝑡/𝑠 )(420𝑓𝑡)
𝑇 −𝑇 = = = 0.540°𝑅
𝑐̆ [778𝑓𝑡 ⋅ 𝑙𝑏/(𝑙𝑏𝑚 ⋅ °𝑅)][32.2(𝑙𝑏𝑚 ⋅ 𝑓𝑡)/(𝑙𝑏 ⋅ 𝑠 )]
(Ans.)

(It takes a considerable potential energy to produce even a small increase of temperature)

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5.3.3 The Mechanical Energy Equation and the Bernoulli Equation
• As it has been discussed before, for truly steady (no W), incompressible flow
(constant ), one-dimensional flow, the Energy Equation becomes:

• Divide this equation by , and rearranging:

• In the mean-time, the Bernoulli Equation derived from Newton’s law is:

• Therefore, the Energy Equation becomes the Bernoulli Equation when it is

frictionless, or when:
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Comparison of the Energy Equation with the Bernoulli Equation

• For steady, incompressible, frictional flow,

• Therefore, in the energy equation below:

We can consider as equal to useful or available energy,

and: as loss of useful or available energy.

Thus, we can rewrite the energy equation as:

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Example 5.23 Energy – Effect of Loss of Available Energy
As shown in Fig. E5.23a, air flows from a room through two
different vent configurations: a cylindrical hole in the wall having
a diameter of 120 mm and the same diameter cylindrical hole in
the wall but with a well-rounded entrance. The room pressure is
held constant at 1.0 kPa above atmospheric pressure. Both vents
exhaust into the atmosphere. As discussed in Section 8.4.2, the
loss in available energy associated with flow through the
cylindrical vent from the room to the vent exit is 0.5V22/2 where
V2 is the uniformly distributed exit velocity of air. The loss in
available energy associated with flow through the rounded
entrance vent from the room to the vent exit is 0.05V22/2, where
V2 is the uniformly distributed exit velocity of air.
Compare the volume flowrates associated with the two
different vent configurations.

Assumptions:
1. Steady flow
2. Incompressible flow

17
Solution 5.23 Energy – Effect of Loss of Available Energy

• For steady, incompressible flow with friction, the energy equation

No elevation change V1 = 0 No elevation change

𝑝 𝑉 𝑝 𝑉
+ + 𝑔𝑧 = + + 𝑔𝑧 − 𝑙 𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝜌 2 𝜌 2

𝑝 −𝑝 𝑉
𝑉 = 2 − 𝑙 𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑙 𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝐾
𝜌 2
KL is the loss coefficient (KL =
𝑝 −𝑝 𝑉
𝑉 = 2 −𝐾 0.5 and 0.05 for the two vent
𝜌 2 configurations involved
𝑝 −𝑝
𝑉 =
𝜌 1 + 𝐾 /2

𝜋𝐷 𝑝 −𝑝 𝑄 = 0.372𝑚 /𝑠 Cylindrical, KL = 0.5 Rounded entrance passes

𝑄=𝐴 𝑉 = more air. Sharp/cylindrical
4 𝜌 1 + 𝐾 /2 𝑄 = 0.445𝑚 /𝑠 Rounded, KL = 0.05 entrance create higher
losses.
(Ans.) 18
Example 5.24 Energy-Fan Work and Efficiency
• An axial-flow ventilating fan driven by a
motor that delivers 0.4 kW of power to
the fan blades produces a 0.6-m
diameter axial stream of air having a
speed of 12 m/s. The flow upstream of
the fan involves negligible speed.
Determine how much of the work to the
air actually produces useful effects, that
is, fluid motion and a rise in available
energy.
• Estimate the fluid mechanical efficiency
of this fan.
Assumptions:
1. Steady flow
2. Neglect effects on elevation
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Solution 5.24 Energy-Fan Work and Efficiency

• For steady, incompressible flow with friction and shaft work,

𝑝 𝑉 𝑝 𝑉
𝑤 − 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = + + 𝑔𝑧 − + + 𝑔𝑧
𝜌 2 𝜌 2

• p1 = p2 = 0 = atmospheric pressure; V1 = 0; z1 = z2 = no elevation change

𝑉
𝑤 − 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = = 72.0𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚/𝑘𝑔
2

• Efficiency
𝑤 − 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 0.4 kW
𝜂=
𝑤

𝑊̇ 𝑊̇
𝑤 = = = 95.8𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚/𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇ 𝜌𝐴𝑉

• Thus, 𝜂 = 0.752
(Ans.) Note: about 75% power was delivered to the air, 25% lost to air friction
20
For 1-D, Incompressible, Steady-in-the-mean flow with Friction and Shaft Work
such as in Pumps, Blowers, Fans and Turbines
• For steady, incompressible flow with friction and shaft work:
𝑝 𝑝 𝑉 −𝑉
𝑚̇ 𝑢 −𝑢 + − + +𝑔 𝑧 −𝑧 = 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇
𝜌 𝜌 2
• Divide this equation by 𝑚̇:
𝑝 𝑉 𝑝 𝑉
+ + 𝑔𝑧 = + + 𝑔𝑧 + 𝑤 − (𝑢 −𝑢 −𝑞 )
𝜌 2 𝜌 2
This is called the mechanical energy equation
or 𝑝 𝑉 𝑝 𝑉 or the extended Bernoulli equation.
+ + 𝑔𝑧 = + + 𝑔𝑧 + 𝑤 − 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 Unit: energy per unit mass
𝜌 2 𝜌 2
[ft.lb/slug = ft2/s2 or N.m = m2/s2]
• If multiplied by density:
𝜌𝑉 𝜌𝑉 Energy per unit volume
𝑝 + + 𝛾𝑧 =𝑝 + + 𝛾𝑧 + 𝜌𝑤 − 𝜌 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 [lb/ft2, or N/m2]
2 2

• If divided by acceleration of gravity:

𝑝 𝑉 𝑝 𝑉 Energy per unit weight
+ +𝑧 = + +𝑧 +ℎ −ℎ [ft or m]
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
Total 𝑤shaft net in 𝑊̇shaft net in 𝑊̇shaft net in 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
Shaft work head ℎ = ≡ =
Head loss ℎ =
Head, H 𝑔 𝑚̇𝑔 𝛾𝑄 𝑔 21
Comparison of the Energy Equation with the Bernoulli Equation
𝑝 𝑉 𝑝 𝑉
Define a total head 𝐻 = + + 𝑧, then: + +𝑧 = + +𝑧 +ℎ −ℎ
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔

becomes: Hout = Hin + hs - hL

Where:

𝑤shaft net in 𝑊̇shaft net in 𝑊̇shaft net in

Shaft head ℎ =
𝑔
≡
𝑚̇𝑔
=
𝛾𝑄

(-) for turbine, (+) for pump

𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
Head loss ℎ = always reduces Hout
𝑔

When hL = 0, then: hs = Hout – Hin = ideal head change

22
Example 5.25 Energy-Head Loss and Power Loss
The pump shown in Fig. E5.25a adds 10 horsepower to the water as it pumps
water from the lower lake to the upper lake. The elevation difference between
the lake surfaces is 30 ft and the head loss is 15 ft.
Determine the flowrate and the power loss associated with this flow.

Assumptions:
1. Steady flow.
2. Incompressible fluid.

23
Solution 5.25 Energy-Head Loss and Power Loss

• The energy equation,

𝑝 𝑉 𝑝 𝑉
+ +𝑧 = + +𝑧 +ℎ −ℎ
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
𝑝 =𝑝 =0 𝑉 =𝑉 =0

• The pump head,

𝑊̇ /
ℎ =ℎ +𝑧 −𝑧 = = 88.1/𝑄 = 15 ft + 30 ft = 45 ft
𝛾𝑄
• The flow rate,
𝑄 = 1.96𝑓𝑡 /𝑠

• Power loss,
𝑊̇ = 𝛾𝑄ℎ = 3.33ℎ𝑝 (Ans.)

24
5.3.4 Application of the Energy Equation to Non-uniform Flows
• If the velocity profile at any section where flow crosses the control surface is not uniform,
𝑉
𝐶𝑆
2
𝜌𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛𝑑𝐴 require special attention.
• For one stream of fluid entering and leaving the control volume,
𝑉 𝛼 𝑉 𝛼 𝑉
𝐶𝑆 𝜌𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛𝑑𝐴 = 𝑚̇ −
2 2 2
Where  is the kinetic energy coefficient and 𝑽 is the average velocity.
 ≥ 1 for any velocity profile,  = 1 for uniform flow.
where: or:

• For non-uniform velocity profile,

𝑝 𝛼 𝑉𝑝 𝛼 𝑉
+ + 𝑔𝑧
+ =
+ 𝑔𝑧 + 𝑤 − 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 energy per unit mass basis
𝜌 2 𝜌 2
𝜌𝛼 𝑉 𝜌𝛼 𝑉
𝑝 + + 𝛾𝑧 =𝑝 + + 𝛾𝑧 + 𝜌𝑤 − 𝜌(𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠) energy per unit volume basis
2 2
𝑝 𝛼 𝑉 𝑝 𝛼 𝑉 𝑤
+ +𝑧 = + +𝑧 + −ℎ energy per unit weight basis
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝑔

25
Example 5.26 Energy-Effect of Non-uniform Velocity Profile
The small fan shown in Figure E5.26 moves air at a
mass flowrate of 0.1 kg/min. Upstream of the fan, the
pipe diameter is 60 mm, the flow is laminar, the
velocity distribution is parabolic, and the kinetic
energy coefficient, α1, is equal to 2.0. Downstream of
the fan, the pipe diameter is 30 mm, the flow is
turbulent, the velocity profile is quite uniform, and
the kinetic energy coefficient, α2 , is equal to 1.08.
If the rise in static pressure across the fan is 0.1 kPa
and the fan motor draws 0.14 W, compare the value
of loss calculated: (a) assuming uniform velocity
distributions, (b) considering actual velocity
distribution.

Assumptions:
1. Steady flow
2. Laminar flow in Section (1) and turbulent flow in Section (2)
3. Uniform velocity (problem a)
26
Solution 5.26 Energy-Effect of Non-uniform Velocity Profile

• The energy equation for non-uniform velocity profile,

𝑝 𝛼 𝑉 𝑝 𝛼 𝑉
+ + 𝑔𝑧 = + + 𝑔𝑧 + 𝑤 / − 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝜌 2 𝜌 2

𝑝 −𝑝 𝛼 𝑉 𝛼 𝑉
𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑤 − + −
𝜌 2 2

𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑎𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝑤 / =
𝑚̇
(0.14𝑊)[(1𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚/𝑠)/𝑊]
= (60𝑠/ min) = 84.0𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚/𝑘𝑔
0.1𝑘𝑔/ min
𝑚̇ 𝑚̇
𝑉 = = 0.479𝑚/𝑠 𝑉 = = 1.92𝑚/𝑠
𝜌𝐴 𝜌𝐴

27
Solution 5.26 Energy-Effect of Non-uniform Velocity Profile

• For uniform velocity profile,

𝑝 −𝑝 𝛼 𝑉 𝛼 𝑉
𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑤 / − + −
𝜌 2 2
𝑚
= 0.975 𝑁 ⋅ for 𝛼 = 𝛼 = 1
𝑘𝑔
(Ans.)

• For non-uniform velocity profile,

𝑝 −𝑝 𝛼 𝑉 𝛼 𝑉
𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑤 / − + −
𝜌 2 2
𝑚
= 0.940 𝑁 ⋅ for 𝛼 = 2, 𝛼 = 1.08
𝑘𝑔
(Ans.)

The difference of loss is not significant compared to the value of wshaft net in (80 N.m/kg).
28
 Read it yourself

Example 5.27 Energy-Effect of Non-uniform Velocity Profile

• Apply Eq. 5.87 to develop an expression
for the fluid pressure drop that occurs
between sections (1) and (2). By
comparing the equation for pressure
drop obtained presently with the result of
Example 5.14, obtain an expression for
loss between sections (1) and (2).
Assumption:
1. Steady flow

29
Solution 5.27 Energy-Effect of Non-uniform Velocity Profile Read it yourself

• The equation used,

𝑝 𝛼 𝑉 𝑝 𝛼 𝑉
+ + 𝑔𝑧 = + + 𝑔𝑧 + 𝑤 / − 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝜌 2 𝜌 2

• Solving for pressure drop,

𝛼 𝑤̄ 𝛼 𝑤̄
𝑝 −𝑝 =𝜌 − +𝑔 𝑧 −𝑧 + 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
2 2
∫ 𝐴 𝜌𝑤 𝑑𝐴
𝛼 =
𝛼 =1 𝑚̇𝑤̄

• Substituting velocity profile to the equation,

𝜌 ∫ 2𝑤 1 − 𝑟 ⁄𝑅 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟
𝛼 = From conservation of mass, A1 = A2, thus, 𝑤 = 𝑤̄
𝜌𝐴 𝑤̄ 𝑤̄

• Thus, 𝛼 =
16
1 − 3 𝑟 ⁄𝑅 + 3 𝑟 ⁄𝑅 − 𝑟 ⁄𝑅 𝑟𝑑𝑟 = 2
𝑅

30
Solution 5.27 Energy-Effect of Non-uniform Velocity Profile Read it yourself

2𝑤̄ 1𝑤̄
𝑝 −𝑝 =𝜌 − +𝑔 𝑧 −𝑧 + 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
2 2

• Based on conservation of mass, 𝑤̄ = 𝑤̄ = 𝑤̄

𝜌𝑤̄
𝑝 −𝑝 = + 𝜌𝑔 𝑧 − 𝑧 + 𝜌 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
2

𝑊
𝜌𝑔 𝑧 − 𝑧 =
𝐴
𝜌𝑤̄ 𝑊
• Thus: 𝑝 −𝑝 =
2
+ + 𝜌 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝐴

• From Example 5.14:

• Therefore: (Ans.)
31
5.3.5 Combination of the Energy Equation and the Moment-of-
Momentum Equation
The combination involves Eqs. 5.54 and 5.82:
Eqn. 5:82: 𝑝 𝑉 𝑝 𝑉
+ + 𝑔𝑧 = + + 𝑔𝑧 + 𝑤 − 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝜌 2 𝜌 2
W shaft
Eqn. 5:54: w
shaft    U in Vθin    U outVθout 
m

Example 5.28 Energy-Fan Performance:

For the fan of Example 5.19, show that only some of the
shaft power into the air is converted into a useful effect.
Develop a meaningful efficiency equation and a
practical means for estimating lost shaft energy.

32
Solution 5.28 Energy-Fan Performance
Eqn. 5:54:
Eqn. 5:82:
𝑝 𝑉 𝑝 𝑉 W shaft
𝜌
+
2
+ 𝑔𝑧 = +
𝜌 2
+ 𝑔𝑧 + 𝑤 − 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 w shaft    U in Vθin    U outVθout 
m

useful effect = 𝑤shaft net in − 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠

𝑝 𝑉 𝑝 𝑉 {[(𝑝 /𝜌) + (𝑉 /2) + 𝑔𝑧 ] − [(𝑝 /𝜌) + (𝑉 /2) + 𝑔𝑧 ]}
𝜂=
= + + 𝑔𝑧 − + + 𝑔𝑧 𝑈 𝑉
𝜌 2 𝜌 2
Provides us with a practical means to
evaluate the efficiency of the fan
Efficiency 𝑤 − 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝜂=
𝑤
𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑈 𝑉 − [(𝑝 /𝜌 + 𝑉 /2 + 𝑔𝑧 ) − (𝑝 /𝜌 + 𝑉 /2 + 𝑔𝑧 )]

Provides us with a useful method of

From momentum equation (Eq. 5.54),
evaluating the loss due to fluid friction
𝑤 = +𝑈 𝑉 in the fan

(Ans.)
33
Semi-infinitesimal Control Volume Statement of the Energy Equation
Semi-infinitesimal Control Volume Statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Combination of the Equations of the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics

Note: 5.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics: will not be covered in this course. 34
5.4.1 Semi-infinitesimal Control Volume Statement of the Energy
Equation
• Applying 1-D, steady flow energy equation of the CV:

• The first T-ds Equation for all pure substances:

• Combining both equations:

• Or, dividing by 𝒎̇ and letting: , then:

35
 5.4.2 Semi-infinitesimal Control Volume Statement of the Second
Law of Thermodynamics

• A general statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics:

• The right-hand side:

• The left-hand side, using the Reynolds Transport Theorem:

• Combining:

36
• At any instant for steady flow:

• If only one stream through the CV and if the properties are uniformly distributed (1-D),
then the last two equations become:

• For infinitesimally thin CV:

• If all of the fluid in the infinitesimally thin and CV is at uniform temperature, T:

or

= for any steady and reversible (frictionless) flow.

> for any steady and irreversible (friction) flow.

37
5.4.3 Combination of the Equations of the First and Second Laws of
Thermodynamics
• Combining equations: and
• Then:
= for any steady and reversible (frictionless) flow.
> for any steady and irreversible (friction) flow.

• This equation can also be written as:

Loss = 0 for any steady and reversible flow.

Loss > 0 for any steady and irreversible flow.

• Therefore, for steady frictionless flow, Newton’s second law of motion, and the first and
second laws of thermodynamics lead to the same differential equation:

38
• If shaft work is involved, then for the infinitesimally thin CV, it can derived:

• Combining: and:

• For incompressible flow: , then:

Integrating for a finite CV, we obtain:

• For compressible flow, , then:

Indicating that is not equal to loss.

39
Comprehension Questions

40
Some Important Equations of the
Chapter

41
The original slides were taken from the slides given by Munson’s book: Munson, B. R., Young, D. F., Okiishi, T. H. and Huebsch, W. W., Fundamentals of Fluid
Mechanics, 6th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2009. It was rewritten by the Assistant Academic: Evan Philander. Then enhanced and finalized by: T. A. Fauzi
Soelaiman for the sole purpose of lecturing of Fluid Mechanics course at the Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace
Engineering at the Institut Teknologi Bandung starting Semester 2. copyright of the material has not been obtained from John Wiley & Sons and other
sources, these slides may not be distributed beyond the cla2018-2019Sincessroom. The use of the slides other then in the classroom is strictly prohibited
and the lecturers and the institution should not be responsible if such case occurs.

42