1

MS2220 Basic Fluid Mechanics

Week - 5
Introduction
• Content:
• Will study the Kinematics or the fluid motions, such as the velocity and
acceleration of the fluid, and the description and visualization of its motion.
• The Dynamics or the forces that cause the motion will be studied in the
following chapters.
• Sub-Topics:
• The Velocity Field
• The Acceleration Field
• Control Volume and System Representations
• The Reynolds Transport Theorem

• After completing this week chapter, you should be able to:

1. discuss the differences between the Eulerian and Lagrangian descriptions of
fluid motion,
2. identify various flow characteristics based on the velocity field,
3. determine the streamline pattern and acceleration field given a velocity field,
4. discuss the differences between a system and control volume, and
5. apply the Reynolds transport theorem and the material derivative.

2
3
Field Representation of flow
• Fluid can be regarded as a continuum consisting particles of fluids, that includes
molecules of fluid, moving with a velocity and an acceleration.
• Representation of fluid parameters (such as as functions of the spatial
coordinates at a given time is termed a field representation of the flow.
• Fluid parameters should be represented as:
• Function of spatial coordinates (e.g., x, y and z),
• Function of time (t).
• Example: The velocity field can be shown as follows:
𝑉 = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡)𝚤̂ + 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡)𝚥̂ + 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡)𝑘 = 𝑉(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡)
Where: u, v, and w are the Magnitude of velocity
x, y, and z components of
the velocity vector V. (speed):
𝑑𝑟⃗
𝑉 =
𝑑𝑡
/
𝑉 = 𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤
𝑟⃗ = position vector

4
Example 4.1 Velocity Field Representation

A velocity field is given by where V0 and  are

constants.
• At what location in the flow field is the speed equal to V0?
• Make a sketch of the velocity field for x ≧ 0 by drawing arrows
representing the fluid velocity at representative locations.

5
Solution 4.1 Velocity Field Representation

• The velocity field is given by: 𝑉 = 𝑉 /ℓ −𝑥𝚤⃗ + 𝑦𝚥⃗ .

• The x, y, and z components of the velocity are given by
u = -V0x/, v = V0y/ , and w = 0 so that the fluid speed V:

/
𝑉 /
𝑉 = (𝑢 + 𝑣 + 𝑤 ) = (𝑥 + 𝑦 )
ℓ
• The speed is V = V0 at any location on the circle of radius 
centered at the origin [(x2 + y2)1/2= ] as shown in the figure
at the right (a). [Ans. a]
• The direction of the fluid velocity relative to the x axis is
given in terms of θ = arctan(v/u) as shown in the figure at far
right (b). For this flow:

𝑣 𝑉 𝑦/ℓ 𝑦
tan θ = = =
𝑢 −𝑉 𝑥/ℓ −𝑥
[Ans. b]
• The velocity profile is similar to the velocity profile of a wind
blowing to the center of a street sign shown on the bottom
of the far-right figure.

6
4.1.1 Eulerian and Lagrangian: Two general approaches in analysing fluid mechanic problems.
Eulerian Method:
Obtain properties of the flow in terms of what
happens at fixed points in space as the fluid
flows past those points.
Analogy:
Attaches the temperature-measuring device to
a particular point (in this case only x, y) and
record the temperature at that point as a
function of time (t). Thus, T(x, y, z, t)
In Fluid Mechanics, it is
usually easier to use the
Eulerian Method.
Example 4.1 uses Eulerian
Method.
Lagrangian Method:
Follow (or tag) individual fluid particle as it
move and determine how the fluid properties,
associated with the particle, change as a
function of time.
Analogy:
Attaches the temperature-measuring device to
a particular fluid particle. Then measure the
temperature as it moves. TA = TA(t)
Examples of Lagrangian Method:
using dye to see how fluid moves,
following birds migrating, etc.
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4.1.2 One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows
• Flow analysis depends on the number of space coordinates required to
specify the flow field.
• The complexity of analysis increases with the number of dimensions.
• 3D dimensional (Generally actual flow) can be simplified to 2-D or 1-D
(under certain assumptions).
3D 𝑉 = 𝑉(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑢𝚤̂ + 𝑣𝚥̂ + 𝑤𝑘
Can be simplified to

2D 𝑉 = 𝑢𝚤̂ + 𝑣𝚥̂ or,

1D 𝑉 = 𝑢𝚤̂

Note: u, v and w are function of x, y, and z (and possibly t).

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4.1.3 Steady and Unsteady Flows
• In general, a flow can be steady or unsteady.
• Example, for velocity, at a given point:

• Steady flow:

• Unsteady flow:

Types of Unsteady Flow:

Non-periodic flow
Periodic flow
Truly random flow
Unsteady flow created by sudden
closing by a solenoid valve can create a
water hammer (see Section 1.7.3).
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 4.1.4 Streamlines, Streaklines, and Pathlines
• Streamline: a line that is everywhere tangent to the velocity vector.
• Steady: Streamline unchanged. Unsteady: Streamline may change with time.
• For 2-D flow, the slope of the streamline, dy/dx, must be equal to the 𝑑𝑦 𝑣
tangent of the angle that the velocity vector makes with the x axis, or =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢
the ratio of the velocities in the two axes.
• If the velocity field is known, this equation can be integrated to give
the equation of streamlines.

• Streakline: consists of all particles in a flow that have previously passed

through a common point. Streakline is more of a laboratory tool than an
analytical tool. Take photos of a dye or a smoke continuously released from
a point.
• Pathlines: a line traced out by a given particle as it flows from one point to
another, using Lagrangian concept (Path or trajectory of a fluid particle).
• Steady: pathline has the same shape with streamline and streakline.
• Unsteady: pathline has a different shape than streamline and streakline.
The streamline is often used in analytical works, while the streakline and pathline are often used in experimental
10 work
Streamlines, Streaklines, and Pathlines (3.05” video)
https://youtu.be/8MUPQbazkLQ

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Example 4.2 Streamlines for a Given Velocity Field
Determine the streamlines for the two-dimensional steady flow, with: 𝑉 = 𝑉 /ℓ −𝑥𝚤̂ + 𝑦𝚥̂

• Since

• The streamlines are given by solution of the equation:

• Integrating equation above:

constant

Thus, along streamline: xy = C, where C is a constant.

For different values of Cs, plot the streamlines:
Plotted

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 Very important Example
Example 4.3 Comparison of Streamlines, Pathlines, and Streaklines
• Water flowing from the oscillating slit shown in Figure (a) produces a velocity field
given by , where u0, v0, and ω are constants. Thus, the
y component of velocity remains constant (v = v0) and the x component of velocity at
y = 0 coincides with the velocity of the oscillating sprinkler head:
(at the tip of the sprinkler).
.
• (a) Determine the streamline that passes through the origin at t = 0; at t = π/2ω.
• (b) Determine the pathline of the particle that was at the origin at t = 0; at t = π/2.
• (c) Discuss the shape of the streakline that passes through the origin.

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Solution 4.3 Comparison of Streamlines, Pathlines, and Streaklines (Question a)

a) Streamline: line tangent to the velocity vector.

• Since 𝑢 = 𝑢 sin 𝜔 𝑡 − 𝑦⁄𝑣 and 𝑣 = 𝑣 , the streamlines are given by the solution of
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 𝑣
= =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑢 sin 𝜔 𝑡 − 𝑦⁄𝑣

Separating variables and integrating,

𝑦 𝑦
𝑢 sin 𝜔 𝑡 −  𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣 𝑑𝑥, 𝑢 𝑣 ⁄𝜔 cos 𝜔 𝑡 − =𝑣 𝑥+𝐶 Where C = constant
𝑣 𝑣
• For the streamline at t = 0 that passes through the origin (x = y = 0), the above equation
gives the value of C = u0v0/ω. The equation for this streamline is:
𝑢 𝜔𝑦
𝑥= cos −1
𝜔 𝑣
• Similarly, for the streamline at t = π/2ω that passes through the origin, C = 0. The
equation for this streamline:
𝑢 𝜋 𝑦 𝑢 𝜋 𝜔𝑦 𝑢 𝜔𝑦
𝑥= cos 𝜔 − = cos − 𝑥= sin
𝜔 2𝜔 𝑣 𝜔 2 𝑣 𝜔 𝑣
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Solution 4.3 Comparison of Streamlines, Pathlines, and Streaklines (Question a)

Plotted Streamline

𝑢 𝜔𝑦
𝑥= sin
𝜔 𝑣

𝑢 𝜔𝑦
𝑥= cos −1
𝜔 𝑣

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Solution 4.3 Comparison of Streamlines, Pathlines, and Streaklines (Question b)

b) Pathline: line traced out by a particle.

• The pathline of a particle can be obtained from the velocity field and definition of the
velocity. Since u = dx/dt and v = dy/dt:

𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑢 sin 𝜔(𝑡 − ) and =𝑣
𝑑𝑡 𝑣 𝑑𝑡

• Integrate y equation to give the y coordinate of the pathline (vo is constant):

𝑦 = 𝑣 𝑡 + 𝑪𝟏 Where C1 is a constant.
• With this known y = y(t) dependence, the x equation for the pathline becomes:
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑡+𝐶 𝐶𝜔 𝐶𝜔
= 𝑢 sin 𝜔 𝑡 − = −𝑢 sin integrated 𝑥 = − 𝑢 sin 𝑡 + 𝑪𝟐 Where C2 is a
𝑑𝑡 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣
constant.
• For the particle that was at the origin (x = y = 0) at time t = 0, we found that C1 = C2 = 0.
Thus, the pathline is:
𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦=𝑣 𝑡
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Solution 4.3 Comparison of Streamlines, Pathlines, and Streaklines (Question b)

• Similarly, for the particle that was at the origin at t = π/2ω, we found that C1 = -πv0/2ω and
C2 = -πu0/2ω. Thus, the pathline for this particle is:
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥=𝑢 𝑡− 𝑦=𝑣 𝑡−
2𝜔 and 2𝜔

• The pathline can be drawn by plotting the locus of x(t), y(t) value for t ≥ 0 or by eliminating
the parameter t from equation above to give:
𝑣
𝑦= 𝑥
𝑢

𝑣
𝑦= 𝑥
𝑢

Plotted Pathline

𝑥=0 and 𝑦 = 𝑣 𝑡

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Solution 4.3 Comparison of Streamlines, Pathlines, and Streaklines (Question c)

c) Steakline: all particles previously passed a common point.

• The streakline through the x = y =0 at t = 0: Positions of 16 particles
• Locus of particles at t = 0 that previously (t < 0) passed through the origin.
• Each particle that flows through the origin travels in a straight
line (pathlines), pathlines slope lies between ±v0/u0.
• Particles passing through the origin at different times :
• Located on different rays from the origin
• At different distances from the origin.
• If a stream of dye continually injected at the origin, the
streakline would have the shape shown in figure on the right.
• Because of the unsteadiness, the streakline will vary with
time, although it will always have the oscillating, sinuous
character shown.

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19
Acceleration Field

To apply the Newton’s Second Law, , we have to use the

acceleration of the fluid’s particle:

• For Eulerian method, the fluid acceleration is described as:

• For Lagrangian method, the fluid acceleration is described as:

20
4.2.1 Acceleration and the Material Derivative
• Consider the velocity of a fluid particle A in space
at time t:
𝑉 = 𝑉 𝑟 ,𝑡 = 𝑉 𝑥 𝑡 ,𝑦 𝑡 ,𝑧 𝑡 ,𝑡
• The acceleration, by definition, and the use of
chain rule of differentiation:
𝑑𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑉 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑉 𝑑𝑧
𝑎⃗ = = + + +
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑡
• Using the fact that:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
=𝑢 , =𝑣 , =𝑤
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
• Thus,
𝑑𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
𝑎⃗ = = +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

• Since equation above also valid for all particles, the

general form for acceleration is,
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
𝑎⃗ = +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 21
Material Derivative

• The scalar components are:

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑎 = +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑎⃗ = +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 𝑎 = +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
𝑎 = +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

A shorthand notation
This operator is called the
𝐷𝑉 𝐷 ... 𝜕 ... 𝜕 ... 𝜕 ... 𝜕 ... Material Derivative or
𝑎⃗ = = +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 Substantial Derivative, because it
𝐷𝑡 𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
gives the rate of change as we
𝜕 ... follow a particle of the material or
In general, = + 𝑉 ⋅ ∇ ... substance.
𝜕𝑡

𝜕 ... 𝜕 ... 𝜕 ... 𝜕 ... 𝜕 ... 𝜕 ...

∇ ... = 𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ + 𝑘 𝑉 ⋅ ∇ ... = 𝑢 𝚤̂ + 𝑣 𝚥̂ + 𝑤 𝑘
(For Cartesian) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
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(del: the gradient operator) (dot product of velocity vector and gradient operator))
Material Derivative

• Material Derivative concept is useful in

analysis involving various fluid parameters,
not just the acceleration.
• For example, for temperature field of fluid
can be described as (using the chain rule):
𝑑𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑇 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑇 𝑑𝑧
= + + +
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑡
• Which can be written, in general, as:
𝐷𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
= +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 = + 𝑉 ⋅ ∇𝑇
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡

Material Derivative Operator for Temperature

23
Example 4.4 Acceleration along a Streamline
An incompressible, inviscid fluid flows steadily past a sphere of radius R, as
shown in Figure E4.4 (a), below. According to a more advanced analysis of the
flow, the fluid velocity along streamline A-B is given by
𝑅
𝑉 = 𝑢 𝑥 𝚤̂ = 𝑉 1+ 𝚤̂
𝑥

where V0 is the upstream velocity far ahead of the sphere.

Determine the acceleration experienced by fluid particles as they flow along
this streamline.

24
Solution 4.4 Acceleration along a Streamline

• The acceleration along streamline A-B

𝜕V 𝜕u 𝜕u 𝜕u 𝜕u 𝜕u
a = + u = + u i or a =
𝜕t
+ u , a = 0, a = 0
𝜕x
𝜕t 𝜕x 𝜕t 𝜕x

• Since the flow is steady, u/ t = 0. With the given velocity distribution along
the streamline, the acceleration becomes:
𝜕u R 1 + 𝑅/𝑥
a = u = V 1+ V R −3X −4 a = −3 V /𝑅
𝜕x X 𝑥/𝑅

(Ans.)

This is the
deceleration of
the air relative
to the ball.

25
4.2.2 Unsteady Effect
Material Derivative Formula:
𝐷 ... 𝜕 ... 𝜕 ... 𝜕 ... 𝜕 ...
= +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Spatial or Convective Derivatives (next slide)
Time or Local derivative: Represent unsteadiness of flow.
𝜕 ... There is no change of flow parameters at a fixed
For steady flow, =0 point in space, but there may be a change of the
𝜕𝑡
parameter for the fluid particles as it moves.
For unsteady flow, 𝜕 . . . ≠ 0
𝜕𝑡
• Thus, if the parameter involves acceleration,
𝐷𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
= +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Local acceleration

26
4.2.3 Convective Effect
Material Derivative Formula:
𝐷 ... 𝜕 ... 𝜕 ... 𝜕 ... 𝜕 ...
= +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Spatial or Convective derivative: represents the fact that a flow property associated
with a fluid particle may vary because of the motion of the particle from one
point in space to another point in space where its value is different.
• Thus, if the parameters involve acceleration,

𝐷𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
= +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 = + 𝑉⋅∇ 𝑉
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
Convective acceleration

Example:
Steady flow, thus =0
Acceleration at x direction due to nozzle thus,
𝜕𝑢 Fluid accelerates then
𝑎 =𝑢
𝜕𝑥 decelerates 27
Example and Solution 4.5 Acceleration from a Given Velocity Field
Consider the steady, two-dimensional flow field discussed in Example 4.2.
Determine the acceleration field for this flow.
Solution:
• In general, the acceleration is given by,
𝐷𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
𝑎⃗ = = + 𝑉⋅∇ 𝑉 = +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

• Where from Example 4.2, 𝑉 = 𝑉 /ℓ (−𝑥𝚤⃗ + 𝑦𝚥⃗), or: 𝑢 = − 𝑉 /ℓ 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑉 /ℓ 𝑦

• For steady, two-dimensional flow:
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑎⃗ = 𝑢 +𝑣 = 𝑢 +𝑣 𝚤⃗ + 𝑢 +𝑣 𝚥⃗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
𝑎⃗ = − (𝑥) − + (𝑦)(0) 𝚤⃗ + − (𝑥)(0) + (𝑦) 𝚥⃗
ℓ ℓ ℓ ℓ ℓ ℓ

𝑉 𝑥 𝑉 𝑦
or 𝑎 = 𝑎 =
ℓ ℓ
28
Solution 4.5 Acceleration from a Given Velocity Field

• For this flow the magnitude of the acceleration is constant on circles centered at the origin,
/
𝑉 /
𝑎 = (𝑎 +𝑎 +𝑎 ) = (𝑥 + 𝑦 )
ℓ

• The acceleration vector is oriented at an angle  from the x axis, where:

𝑎 𝑦
tan 𝜃 = =
𝑎 𝑥

• Plot:

29
Example 4.6 The Material Derivative Read it yourself

A fluid flows steadily through a two-dimensional nozzle of length as shown

in Fig. E4.6a. The nozzle shape is given by
𝑦⁄𝑙 = ±0.5/ 1 + 𝑥 ⁄𝑙
If viscous and gravitational effects are negligible, the velocity
field is approximately ,
𝑢 = 𝑉 1 + 𝑥 ⁄𝑙 𝑣 = −𝑉 𝑦⁄𝑙

and the pressure field is

𝑝 − 𝑝 = − 𝜌𝑉 ⁄2 𝑥 + 𝑦 ⁄𝑙 + 2 𝑥 ⁄𝑙

where V0 and p0 are the velocity and pressure at the origin, x = y = 0. Note
that the fluid speed increases as it flows through the nozzle. For example,
along the center line (y = 0), V = Vo at x = 0 and V = 2Vo at x = l.
Determine, as a function of x and y, the time rate of change of pressure
felt by a fluid particle as it flows through the nozzle.

30
Solution 4.6 The Material Derivative Read it yourself

• The time rate of change of pressure at any given, fixed point in this steady flow is zero.
However, the time rate of change of pressure felt by a particle flowing through the nozzle is
given by the material derivative of the pressure and is not zero. Thus,
𝐷𝑝 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑝
= + 𝑉 ⋅ ∇𝑝 = +𝑢 +𝑣 =𝑢 +𝑣
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

• x- and y- components of the pressure gradient can be written as,

𝜕𝑝 𝜌𝑉 𝑥 𝜕𝑝 𝜌𝑉 𝑦
=− +1 and =−
𝜕𝑥 𝑙 𝑙 𝜕𝑦 𝑙 𝑙

• Thus, by combining, 𝐷𝑝 𝑥 𝜌𝑉 𝑥 𝑦 𝜌𝑉 𝑦 𝐷𝑝
=−
𝜌𝑉 𝑥
+1 −
𝑦
=𝑉 1+ − + 1 + −𝑉 −
𝜕𝑝
=−
𝜌𝑉 𝑥
+1
𝐷𝑡 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 or 𝐷𝑡 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
𝜕𝑥 𝑙 𝑙

𝜕𝑝 𝜌𝑉 𝑦
=−
𝜕𝑦 𝑙 𝑙

𝑢 = 𝑉 1 + 𝑥 ⁄𝑙

𝑣 = −𝑉 𝑦⁄𝑙

𝐷𝑝 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑝
=𝑢 +𝑣
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 31
4.2.4 Streamline Coordinates
Streamline coordinate is a coordinate system
defined in terms of the streamline of the flows
(see also Section 3.10), and denotes by:

𝑠⃗ and 𝑛

Why using the streamline coordinates?

• The velocity is always tangent to
the s direction:
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑠⃗

This allows simplification in describing the

fluid particle acceleration and in solving
the equations governing the flow.

At any point, s and n directions are always

perpendicular, but the s and n lines are not
always straight.
32
Streamline Coordinates

• If the streamlines are curved, both of the speed of the particle and its
direction of flow are defined by,

• For a given particle, the value of s changes with time, but the value of n
remains fixed because the particle flows along a streamline defined by n =
constant.
• Application of the chain rule for acceleration in 2-D flow gives:
𝐷 𝑉𝑠̂ 𝐷𝑉 𝐷𝑠̂ 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝑉 𝑑𝑛 𝜕𝑠̂ 𝜕𝑠̂ 𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝑠̂ 𝑑𝑛
𝑎⃗ = = 𝑠̂ + 𝑉 = + + 𝑠̂ + 𝑉 + +
𝐷𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑠 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑛 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑠 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑛 𝑑𝑡
̂
• For steady flow, , velocity along the streamline, and
particles remain on the streamline .

Thus,
33
Newton Second Law
The magnitude of is constant and equals to 1. It is a unit vector.
⃑ ⃑
The triangles AOB and A’O’B’ are similar so that: ⃑
or
Similarly, in the limit , the direction of is normal to the streamline.
Therefore:   
s s n
s
 lim

s 0

s R

Hence, the acceleration for steady, 2-D flow, in

terms of s and n: 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑠̂
𝑎⃗ = 𝑉 𝑠̂ + 𝑉 𝑉
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑠

𝜕𝑉 𝑉
𝑎⃗ = 𝑉 𝑠⃗ + 𝑛
𝜕𝑠 𝑅

Streamwise acceleration, as: Normal acceleration, an:

Convective acceleration along the Centripetal acceleration (one of convective
streamline acceleration) normal to the fluid motion 34
35
Control Volume and System Representations
Control Volume:
• Volume in space (a geometry entity, independent of • Collection of matter of fixed identity, which
mass) through which fluid may flow.
• The geometric boundary of the control volume (CV)
is called the “Control Surface (CS).”
• Can be a moving, fixed, or non-deformable.
• Matter within a control volume may change with
time as the fluid flows through it.
• Eulerian (we remain stationary and observe the
fluid behaviour as it moves).
System (Control Mass):
may move, flow, and interact with its
surroundings.
• Specific, identifiable quantity of matter.
• May consist of a relatively large or
infinitesimal amount of fixed mass.
• May continually change in size and shape,
but always contains the same mass.
• Langrangian (we follow the fluid and observe it
as it moves)
36
Control Volume and System Representations

Control Volume: System (Control Mass):

• Volume in space (a geometry entity, • Collection of matter of fixed identity, which

independent of mass) through which fluid may may move, flow, and interact with its
flow. surroundings.

• The geometric boundary of the control volume • Specific, identifiable quantity of matter.
(CV) is called the “Control Surface (CS).” • May consist of a relatively large or
• Can be a moving, fixed, or non-deformable. infinitesimal amount of fixed mass.

• Matter within a control volume may change • May continually change in size and shape,
with time as the fluid flows through it. but always contains the same mass.

• Eulerian (we remain stationary and observe • Lagrangian (we follow the fluid and observe
the fluid behaviour as it moves). it as it moves).

37
38
Extensive and Intensive Properties

• We need a tool to shift from a system (control mass) to a control volume

and vice versa.
• The tool is the Reynolds transport theorem, but first we need to
understand about extensive and intensive properties as follows:

• B represent extensive properties (mass, linear momentum, angular

momentum, energy, and entropy).
• b represent intensive property (extensive property per unit mass), b = B/m.

Mass

Momentum
Kinetic Energy 39
Extensive and Intensive Properties

• For infinitesimal fluid particles of a system of volume and mass

• Time rate of change of an extensive property of a fluid system is then,

Similar form, different

physical interpretation

• For the control volume,

The Reynolds transport
theorem provides the
relationship between the time
rate of change of an extensive
property for a system and that
for a control volume
40
 Read it yourself
Example 4.7 Time Rate of Change for a System and a Control Volume

Find flows from the fire extinguisher tank shown in Figure E4.7.
Discuss the differences between dBsys/dt and dBcv/dt if B represents
mass.

Figure E4.7
41
 Read it yourself
Example 4.7 Time Rate of Change for a System and a Control Volume

• With B = m, the system mass, it follows that b = 1

and

• If mass is to be conserved, then the mass of the fluid in the system is constant, so that,

• On the other hand, some of the fluid has left the control volume through the nozzle on the
tank. Hence,

42
4.4.1 Derivation of Reynolds Transport Theorem – Simplified Condition
Consider a 1-D flow through a fixed control volume of a variable area duct section

At t ：BSYS(t) ≡ BCV(t)
At t + δt ： BSYS (t + δt ) ≡ BCV (t + δt ) - BⅠ (t + δt ) + BⅡ (t + δt )
The change in the amount of B in the system in the time interval δt:

𝛿𝐵 𝐵 𝑡 + 𝛿𝑡 − 𝐵 𝑡 𝐵 (𝑡 + 𝛿𝑡) − 𝐵 𝑡 𝐵 𝑡 + 𝛿𝑡 𝐵 𝑡 + 𝛿𝑡
= = − +
𝛿𝑡 𝛿𝑡 𝛿𝑡 𝛿𝑡 𝛿𝑡

43
Derivation of Reynolds Transport Theorem – Simplified Condition
Since: then: 1 2 3
𝛿𝐵 𝐵 𝑡 + 𝛿𝑡 − 𝐵 𝑡 𝐵 (𝑡 + 𝛿𝑡) − 𝐵 𝑡 𝐵 𝑡 + 𝛿𝑡 𝐵 𝑡 + 𝛿𝑡
= = + −
𝛿𝑡 𝛿𝑡 𝛿𝑡 𝛿𝑡 𝛿𝑡

1 Time rate of change of the amount of B within the control volume:

𝐵 (𝑡 + 𝛿𝑡) − 𝐵 (𝑡) 𝜕𝐵 𝜕 ∫ 𝑏𝜌𝑑𝑉̶
lim = =
→ 𝛿𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡

2 Outflow rate of B from the control volume:

3 Inflow rate of B into the control volume:

44
Derivation of Reynolds Transport Theorem – Simplified Condition

• Combining to the original equation: The relationship between the time rate
of change of B for the system and that for the control volume:

(Eqn. 4.14)

or

This is a simplified version of the Reynolds Transport Theorem

valid under the restrictive assumptions as follows:
1. Fixed control volume with one inlet and one outlet,
2. uniform properties across the inlet and outlet (density,
velocity, and parameter b), and
3. velocity normal to sections (1) and (2).
45
Example 4.8 Use of the Reynolds Transport Theorem Read it yourself

Consider again the flow from the fire extinguisher from Example 4.7.
Let the extensive property of interest be the system mass (B = m, the
system mass, or b = 1) and write the appropriate form of the Reynolds
transport theorem for the flow.

Figure E4.7
46
Solution 4.8 Use of the Reynolds Transport Theorem Read it yourself

• For this case:

No inlet at section (1)
There is an outlet at section (2).
• Thus, the Reynolds transport theorem can be written as,
D𝑚 𝜕 ∫ 𝜌𝑑𝑉
= +𝜌 𝐴 𝑣
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡

The basic law of D𝑚

conservation of mass =0
𝐷𝑡

𝜕 ∫ 𝜌𝑑𝑉
= −𝜌 𝐴 𝑣
𝜕𝑡

47
Derivation of Reynolds Transport Theorem –
General Condition

In general:
1. The flow field may be quite simple (as in the above one-dimensional flow considerations),
or it may involve a quite complex, unsteady, three-dimensional situation.
2. The control volume may contain more, or less than one inlet and one outlet.
48
Derivation of Reynolds Transport Theorem – General Condition

Using Eqn. 4.14: 1 2 3

2 General condition - Outflow rate of B from the control volume.

𝜌𝑏𝛿𝑉̶ (𝜌𝑏𝑉 cos 𝜃 𝛿𝑡)𝛿𝐴
𝛿Ḃ = lim = lim = 𝜌𝑏𝑉 cos 𝜃 𝛿𝐴
→ 𝛿𝑡 → 𝛿𝑡

Ḃ = 𝑑Ḃ = 𝜌𝑏𝑉 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝐴 = 𝜌𝑏𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛𝑑𝐴

For outflow, -90 < θ < 90, thus the value of 𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛 > 0

49
 Derivation of Reynolds Transport Theorem – General Condition

3 General condition - Inflow rate of B into the control volume, similarly:

Ḃ = 𝑑Ḃ =− 𝜌𝑏𝑉 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝐴 = − 𝜌𝑏𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛𝑑𝐴

𝜃 = angle between the velocity vector and the outward pointing

normal to the surface, 𝑛

For inflow, 90o < θ < 270o, thus the value of 𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛 < 0

At the surface, 𝐵̇= 0.

50
Derivation of Reynolds Transport Theorem – General Condition

• The net flux (flowrate) of parameter B across the entire control

surface is
𝐵̇ − 𝐵̇ = 𝜌𝑏𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛𝑑𝐴 − − 𝜌𝑏𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛𝑑𝐴

= 𝜌𝑏𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛𝑑𝐴 (Eqn. 4.18)

• Finally, combining Eq. 4.14 and 4.18 and using: 𝑐𝑣

𝐷 𝐵 𝜕𝐵 The General Form of Reynolds Transport Theorem
= + 𝜌𝑏𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛𝑑𝐴
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡 This is the general relation between the rate of
𝜕 change of any arbitrary extensive property, B, of a
= 𝜌𝑏𝑑𝑉̶ + 𝜌𝑏𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛𝑑𝐴 system and the variations of this property
𝜕𝑡
associated with a control volume.
51
4.4.2 Reynolds Transport Theorem - Physical Interpretation

𝐷 𝐵
is the time rate of change of any arbitrary extensive property B
𝐷𝑡
of the system.
𝜕
𝜌𝑏𝑑𝑉̶ is the rate of change of any arbitrary extensive property B
𝜕𝑡
within the control volume at a given time.

𝜌𝑏𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛𝑑𝐴 is the net flow rate of extensive property B out through the
control surface.
C
A: Inlet 𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛 < 0 A B
B: Outlet 𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛 > 0
C: Remainder of the
52
control surface 𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛 = 0
4.4.3 Reynolds Transport Theorem - Relationship with Material Derivative
Material Derivative:

Reynolds Transport Theorem:

Convective effect:
The effect associated with the
Unsteady effect particle’s motion.

• Both are applicable for scalars (such as T) or vectors (such as V).

• The Material Derivative is essentially the infinitesimal (or derivative) equivalent of the finite
size (or integral) Reynold Transport Theorem.
53
4.4.4 Reynolds Transport Theorem - Steady Effect
• Under steady flow, Steady, but why non-zero?
0

• For steady flows:

1. The amount of the property B within the control volume does not change with time.
2. The amount of the property B associated with the system may or may not change with
time, depending on the particular property considered and the flow situation involved.
Example of statement 2, for a black box below:
 If B is mass, according to mass conservation left-hand side of the equation must be zero.
 If B is momentum, left-hand side of the equation is not necessarily to be zero.

54
4.4.5 Reynolds Transport Theorem - Unsteady Effect
• Unsteady condition involves both change of B in control
volume, and/or a net non-zero flow across control surfaces.
• In special case where, 𝜌𝑏𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛𝑑𝐴 = 0 (inflow = outflow)
𝐷𝐵 𝜕
= 𝜌𝑏𝑑𝑉̶
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡
• For example, in constant area pipe:
If B is momentum,

𝜌𝑏𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛𝑑𝐴 = 𝜌 𝑉 𝚤̂ −𝑉 𝑑𝐴 + 𝜌 𝑉 𝚤̂ 𝑉 𝑑𝐴 = 0

Thus, 𝐷𝐵 𝜕
= 𝜌𝑏𝑑𝑉̶
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡
• Meanwhile, in variable area pipe:
In this case, inlet velocity is not the same as the outlet. Hence, the
out- flux of momentum from the control volume is not equal to
the in-flux of momentum. Thus,
𝐷𝐵 𝜕
= 𝜌𝑏𝑑𝑉̶ + 𝜌𝑏𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛𝑑𝐴
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡 55
4.4.6 Moving Control Volume
In certain cases, control volume may deform,
accelerate or move. Thus, if:

𝑉 is the velocity of control volume.

𝑉 is the absolute velocity measured relative

to inertial coordinate system.

𝑊 is the relative velocity measured relative to

the moving control volume – the fluid
velocity seen by an observer riding along on
the control volume.

Then: 𝑊 = 𝑉 − 𝑉 or 𝑉 =𝑊+𝑉

Example of moving CV: Turbine blades, airplane, etc.

56
Reynolds Transport Theorem for Moving Control Volume

The Reynolds transport equation for a moving, non deforming control volume:
• Relative to the moving CV, the fluid velocity observed is the relative velocity, W.
• Therefore:

We change 𝑉 to 𝑊, where: 𝑊 = 𝑉 − 𝑉

57
4.4.7 Selection of a Control Volume
• There is no wrong CV, but some are much easier to use.
• Tips:
1. Ensure that the points, associated with unknown parameters, are located on the
control surface, not buried within the control volume.
2. If possible, the control surface should be normal to the fluid velocity.
• Example: Consider three choices of CV below:

If the problem is to determine the pressure at point (1)

• (a) is better than that of (b) → Point (1) lies on the control surface.
• (a) is better than that of (c) → Flow is normal to the inlet and exit portions of the CV.
Thus, options (b) and (c)are wrong? No. It is just easier to use (a) as the CV.

58
Comprehension Questions

59
Some important equations of the chapter

60
The original slides were taken from the slides given by Munson’s book: Munson, B. R., Young, D. F., Okiishi, T. H. and Huebsch, W. W., Fundamentals of Fluid
Mechanics, 6th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2009. It was rewritten by the Assistant Academic: Evan Philander. Then enhanced and finalized by: T. A. Fauzi
Soelaiman for the sole purpose of lecturing of Fluid Mechanics course at the Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace
Engineering at the Institut Teknologi Bandung starting Semester 2. copyright of the material has not been obtained from John Wiley & Sons and other
sources, these slides may not be distributed beyond the cla2018-2019Sincessroom. The use of the slides other then in the classroom is strictly prohibited
and the lecturers and the institution should not be responsible if such case occurs.

61