Combat Vehicle Identification

Terminal Learning Objective

ACTION: Analyze the Recognition Features of Friendly and Threat Vehicles and
Aircraft

CONDITIONS: In a classroom environment, given views of various nation's

military vehicles and aircraft, using visible light and/or thermal images

STANDARDS:
- Identify the vehicle / aircraft by nomenclature

- Verify the country of origin of the equipment

- Elaborate on the equipment's primary and secondary weapon systems

(Type, Caliber, and Effective Range) with at least 70% accuracy.
IDENTIFY
 IDENTIFY

Identification

Identification is the process of attaining an

accurate characteristic and discriminatory aspect
of detected objects on the battlefield. It begins
with range determination, classifies the target
appropriately, positively identifies the potential
target, and ends with the discrimination between
friend, foe, and noncombatant.
 IDENTIFY
Classification

Soldiers must rapidly go through the classification

process to identify the vehicle or aircraft
classification.
• Separates vehicles from aircraft, followed by the
type of vehicle or aircraft.
• Separates by the level of armor protection for
vehicles, or the purpose of the aircraft.
• These basic selections identify the general
classifications of the detected threat.
 Classification Process

Vehicle Aircraft

Fixed Wing
Tracked Wheeled Fighter
Armored Light Armored Bomber
Tank Personnel Carrier Cargo
Artillery Infantry Fighting Vehicle
Missile Antiaircraft Rotary Wing
Light Armored
Antitank Attack
Unarmored
Personnel Carrier Truck Cargo
Infantry Fighting Vehicle Sedan Utility
Missile Motorcycle
Antiaircraft
 Threat Recognition

• With practice, range determination by recognition is

quick and accurate; however, this method does not
work with passive or thermal sights.

• The principle of the recognition method is simple; when

the leader sees a target, range is determined
according to what is recognized.

• For example, if a target is recognized as a tank with

the unaided eye, it is within 500 meters; if a target is
recognized as a tank through magnifying thermal
optics, it is within 1500 meters.
 Threat Recognition

Recognition
Level of Recognition Classification Unaided Day Night Night Night
Detail Process Eye Magnified I2 Thermal Thermal
Optic Optic WFOV NFOV

Dismount, Vehicle, or Ground or Air 2000m 4000m 600m 3000m 4000m

aircraft
Tracked, wheeled, Suspension or 1500m 3000m 400m 2000m 3000m
rotary wing, or fixed wings
wing

Armored, light Role 1000m 2000m 300m 1500m 2000m

armored, unarmored,
attack, or utility

Tank, artillery, PC, Type 500m 1500m 200m 750m 1500m

IFV, truck, or
motorcycle
Legend: I2- Image Intensifier, WFOV-Wide Field of View, NFOV-Narrow Field of View
 Identification

Ground Vehicle
• Once the Classification process is complete, the
Soldier must be able to positively identify the potential
threat

• Positive identification is the accurate determination of

target by model, nomenclature, or series

• Once the target has been classified, the Soldiers

observe
key recognition features to complete this task
 Identification

Ground Vehicle
• Why is classification down to the proper nomenclature/
vehicle type important?

• What are the enemy’s protection capabilities?

• What are the enemy’s lethality capabilities?

• At what range can the enemy effectively engage me?

• Is the vehicle potentially equipped with APS?

HATS
 Ground
Vehicle
Hull
The hull is the main body of the vehicle that house's the
vehicle frame.

• Hull overall
– General shape, boat like, rounded body, angular.
– Cluttered or clean design
– Location or shape of cupolas
– Engine features: intakes, exhausts, and vent
locations
– Fuel tanks, ammunition/storage boxes, additional
equipment
 Ground
Vehicle
• Hull front
– Glacis plate: relative slope and shape
– Lights, mud flaps, splash guard, trim vane, spade
– Driver/crew positions and hatches

• Hull sides
– Sloped shape
– Skirting shape and composition

• Hull rear
– Sloped shape
– Door or hatch locations and shapes
 Ground
Vehicle
Boat Shaped Hull
 Ground
Vehicle
Box Shaped Hull
Ground
Vehicle
Trim Vane
Ground
Vehicle
Hydro-jets
 Ground
Vehicle
Sponson Boxes/Troop hatch
 Ground
Vehicle

Armament
The armament of a vehicle provides the
inherent lethality capabilities
• Main Gun
– Approximate size (large or small)
– Number of guns (two or more of the same
size indicates antiaircraft artillery)
– Bore evacuator: size, shape, and location
– Muzzle break
Ground
Vehicle
Gun Mantle
T-80
 Ground
Vehicle

Bore Evacuator
 Ground
Vehicle
Muzzle Break
M2A3 Bradley
 Ground
Vehicle

Armament
The armament of a vehicle provides the inherent
lethality capabilities
• Missiles/Rockets
– Approximate size (large or small)
– Canistered (boxed, tubed, grouped) or
uncanistered
– Launcher capacity(less then eight usually
indicates missiles)
– Number present
 Ground
Vehicle
Missiles
9K35 Strela-10
Ground
Vehicle
Rockets
9K58 Smerch
 Ground
Vehicle

Armament
The armament of a vehicle provides the
inherent lethality capabilities
• Radar
– Number, shape and texture/compositions or
radar dishes/domes/arrays
– Location of target acquisition radar and target
track radar, or both
Ground
Vehicle
Radar
ZSU-23
 Ground
Vehicle
Turret
Provides mobility and placement for weapons while serving as an
observation platform for the crew.
• Turret overall

– General shape: rounded, boxy, angular

– Composition: cast, welded, composite/laminate
– Cluttered or clean design
– Sights (doghouse/contact image sensor), searchlights,
antennas, weather instruments
– Smoke dispensers, Active Protection Systems
– Ammunition/storage boxes or baskets
– Turret size relative to vehicle
– Turret position (forward, aft, left/right)
 Ground
Vehicle

Suspension
The suspension is the system that supports the vehicle and gives
mobility. It can be tracked or wheeled.
• Unsupported
– No return rollers
– Poor maneuverability and stability
• Supported
– Torsion system
– Track under constant tension
• Wheeled System
– Number, size, shape, and spacing of the wheels/axles
Ground
Vehicle
Unsupported
Track
 Ground
Vehicle
Supported Track
 Ground
Vehicle
Wheeled Armor Vehicle
 Ground
Vehicle

Key Recognitions Features

 Aircraft

Aircraft Vehicle Identification

Identification of classified aircraft focuses on the

key features of wings, engine, fuselage, and tail
assembly. Used for both rotary and fixed winged
aircraft.

• Wings
• Engine
• Fuselage
• Tail
 Aircraft

Wings
Produces aerodynamic force for flight through the atmosphere.
• Type
– Fixed
– Variable
– Rotary
• Position/slant/shape
• Taper/tip shape
• Variable geometry
• Rotary mounting
– Single
– Double
– Coaxial
 Aircraft

Fixed Wing
Variable Geometry Wings
SU-24
 Aircraft

Single Rotor
Note: “Fixed Wings” for equipment mounting
EC-665 Tiger
 Aircraft
Dual Rotors
CH-47 Chinook
 Aircraft
Coaxial Rotor
Ka-52 Alligator
 Aircraft
Variable Tilt Rotor
V-22 Osprey
 Aircraft

Engine
Provides propulsion for the aircraft, and in
conjunction with the wings, enables flight.

• Propeller or jet
– Single
– Twin
– Four engine
• Location of engine, exhausts, and air intakes
 Aircraft
Engine Mounting
Externally Mounted
Twin
A-10
 Aircraft
Engine Mounting
Internal to Fuselage
SU-27
 Aircraft
Single Air Intake
Single Engine
F-16
 Aircraft
Dual Air Intake
Dual Engine
SU-57
 Aircraft

Fuselage
Main structure of the airframe and holds crew and cargo.
• General Shape
– Thick/wide
– Rectangular/boxed
– Tubular/round
– Slender/tapered
• Nose Section
– Pointed
– Blunt
– Rounded
 Aircraft

Fuselage continued
Main structure of the airframe and holds crew and cargo.

• Midsection
– Bulging
– Tubular
• Rear
– Upswept
– Blunt
– Tapered
• Canopy
– Stepped
– Flush
– Bubble
 Aircraft

Tail
Gives stability to the aircraft while in flight

• General
– Location of tail flats
– Positive or negative tail slant
– Shape/taper
– Number of fins
– Fin shape
• Helicopters
– Open or closed rear rotor mountings
 Aircraft

Open Tail Rotor

 Aircraft

Closed Tail Rotor

 Aircraft

Key Identification Features

 Discrimination

Discrimination
Discrimination is the determination whether a target is friend,
foe, or noncombatant.

• Friend - any force, US or allied, that is jointly engaged in

combat operations with an enemy in a theater of operation

• Foe (enemy combatant) - Any individual who has

engaged in antagonistic activities against a friendly force
an oppose the views and goals of friendly or allied forces

• Noncombatants - Personnel, organizations, or agencies

that are not directly engaged in combat operations
 JCIMS

Joint Combat Identification Marking Systems

A system used by U.S. and allied forces for quick

discrimination of personnel and vehicles

• Combat Identification Panels (CIP)

• Thermal Identification Panels (TIP)
• Phoenix Beacons
 JCIMS

Combat Identification Panels

• CIPs- Are primarily for ground-to-ground identification.

CIPs (battle boards) allow a soldier looking through a
thermal sight to identify a friendly vehicle up to 4,000
meters away. CIPs are bolted onto combat vehicles and
provide a square or rectangle “cold” image on a “hot”
background
 JCIMS

Thermal Identification Panels

• TIPs- Are primarily for air-to-ground identification. These

are foldable thermal panels that can be tied to the upper
surfaces of ground vehicles to aid in recognition from the
air.
 JCIMS

Phoenix Beacons

• A flashing near infrared beacon that is clearly visible

through night vision optics. The user encodes the beacon
with unique Morse Code like flashes. The encoded
flashes provide positive combat identification of the user

• Can be seen out to a range of

4,000 meters

• Not visible using thermal sights

 Markings

Markings

Units may also have other means of discriminating

friendly vehicles from enemy.

• Unit Markings
– Battlefield Reference Marking System
(BRMS)
– VS-17 Panels
– Chemical lights
– Unit Symbols
• Situational Awareness (SA)
 Markings

Battlefield Reference Marking System (BRMS)

• The BRMS marking system panels come in many

different patterns. Based off the unit SOP, vehicles can
place the panels on their vehicle to differentiate
companies within a battalion.
• Can also be used for vehicle boresighting or making
TRPs
 Markings

VS-17 Panels

• Provide a bright recognition feature that allows crews

to identify friendly vehicles through the daysight.
 Markings

Chemical Lights

• Provide a means of marking vehicles at night. However, chemical lights

are not visible through a thermal sight. An Infrared (IR) variant is
available for use with night vision devices
 Markings

Unit Symbols

• May also be used to mark friendly vehicles. An

inverted V, for example, painted on the flanks, rear,
and fronts of a vehicle, aid in identifying a target as
friendly.
 Summary

• Identification

• Classification

• Discrimination

• Why is all this important?

 Check On Learning

1. When identifying ground vehicles what method should be

used and what does it stand for?
H.A.T.S. ( Hull / Armament / Turret / Suspension )
2. When identifying aircraft what method should be used and
what does it stand for?
W.E.F.T. ( Wings / Engine / Fuselage / Tail )
3. Name two JCIMS?
Combat Identification Panels (CIP) / Thermal Identification Panels
(TIP) / Phoenix Beacons
4. What are two additional markings?
Battlefield Reference Marking System (BRMS) / VS-17 Panels
/
Chemical lights / Unit Symbols
IDENTIFY

QUESTIONS?
Russia
 T-72
125mm MER: 3000m
AT-11 Sniper MER:
4000m

Gunner’s
Brick shaped night optics
ERA
Grenade
launchers on
the R/S

Engine
exhaust on
the L/S
7.62mm Coax
Gunner’s day
optics
Single Driver
periscope

22 round carousel auto-loader

underneath crew compartment of
turret

SLI 3
 T-72

Vehicle commander on the Bore evacuator 1/3 away

IR search light R/S with 12.7mm MG from the end of muzzle
No grenade
launchers on right
side

Extended range fuel

tanks

Single driver
periscope
Skirts has 4 rows
of Brick shaped
ERA

Rear sprocket
drive and Brick shaped
supported track ERA

6 evenly spaced
road wheels

SLI 67
 T-80
Vehicle commander on the
R/S with 12.7mm MG

Gunner’s night
optics behind
day optics

4 smoke grenade Gunner’s day

launchers on both optics
sides

125mm MER: 3000m

Add on armor & AT-8 Songster MER:
anti-armor RPG 4000m
plates to protect
turret ring 7.62mm Coax
3 driver
periscopes

Add-on armor
plates front hull

28 round carousel auto-loader

underneath crew compartment of
turret

SLI 5
 T-80

Gunner’s night Anti-armor RPG

optics plates to protect
125mm gun can fire a turret ring
radio guided missiles.
Bore evacuator 1/3
from the end of the Gunner’s day
muzzle. optics
Extended range
fuel tank racks

Add-on armor
plates on front
skirts
Turbine
engine
exhaust
Supported track center rear
1 & 2 paired road 3 & 4 paired road rear sprocket drive
wheels wheels

SLI 69
 T-90

Vehicle commander on the

R/S with 12.7mm MG Gunner’s night
optics
Laser warning
receivers
SHTORA optical
Gunner’s day
jammer counter-
optics
measure vs.
ATGMs

7.62mm Coax

125mm MER: 3000m

AT-11b Sniper MER:
5000m

Bulldozer blade
22 round carousel auto-loader
V-shaped cut add on underneath crew compartment of
armor around driver turret
periscope

SLI 70
 T-90

SHTORA optical
jammer counter-
measure vs.
ATGMs
125mm gun can fire a KONTAKT 5 ERA
laser guided missile on front turret
that can shoot down shape of a wedge
helicopters Meteorological
data collector

Engine
exhaust on
the L/S

V-shaped cut add on

armor around driver
periscope

Rear sprocket
3 segmented add- 6 evenly spaced drive and
on armor plates on road wheels supported track
front skirts
SLI 71
 T-14

Commander’s sight
and remote Unmanned Meteorological
weapon system turret data collector
No bore evacuator
(12.7mm) (125mm
smoothbore
cannon)

APS
radar
Large APS
launchers designed
to shoot down
ATGM’s and HEAT
rounds Driver’s hatch
on the left side

Diesel engine 7 road Commanders

exhaust on both left wheels hatch on the right
and right sides Driver’s FLIR
side
SLI 72
 T-14
Commander’s sight
and remote
No bore evacuator weapon system
(125mm (12.7mm)
smoothbore EO/IR APS
cannon Gunner’s sight
receivers

Large APS
launchers designed 7 road
Driver’s FLIR wheels
to shoot down Diesel engine
ATGM’s and HEAT exhaust on both left
rounds and right sides

SLI 73
 BMP-1

One man small

turret shape of a fry
pan 73mm MER: 800m
AT-3 Sagger MER:
3000m

Engine exhaust
Driver on the
left side
Bullet
deflectors

Infantry gun
ports

Hull straight
front edge with
trim vane
folded on top

6 road wheels that Front sprocket

look like a trash drive supported
can lid track SLI 74
BMP-1

SLI 75
 BMP-2

AT-5 Spandrel
30mm MER: 1500m MER: 4000m
Two man larger turret
shape of a fry pan
Muzzle break
on the end

Troop
periscopes
for the gun
Speed boat ports
Bullet
shaped hull with deflectors
trim vane

Gap between #4, 5,

& 6 road wheel
Front sprocket Top of the track is
drive supported high in relationship
track to the hull
SLI 76
 BMP-3
Vehicle Gunner
Two man flat wide turret commander
shape of a fry pan 30mm MER: 2000m
100mm HE & AT-10
Square rear Stabber MER: 4000m
end

Bow gunner
Engine exhaust hatch &
7.62mm MG

Bow gunner
hatch &
7.62mm MG

Driver center of Trim vane

hull folds down
6 road wheels that
have western style
appearance SLI 77
 BMP-3

Gunner’s optics

Can carry 6 troops

Square rear
end
6 road wheels that
have western style
appearance
Rear sprocket drive
supported track Hydro propulsion
system
SLI 78
BMP-3
 MT-LB
Vehicle
commander
and driver

7.62mm MER:
900
(R2D2) turret

Twin eyelet
windshields

Distinct frog face

6 road wheels that front slope
look like trash can
lids

Front sprocket
drive un-supported SLI 80
track
 MT-LB
Long rectangular box
shaped hull. Low
silhouette

7.62mm MG
(R2D2) turret

Engine exhaust

Twin eyelet
windshields

SLI 81
 BMD-1
73mm MER: 800m
One man small AT-3 Sagger MER:
turret shape of a fry 3000m
pan

73mm gun with

missile rail & coax

Bullet
Sloped rear end
deflectors

Hull arrow
shaped front edge
with trim vane
folded on top
Rear sprocket
drive supported
track Bow gunner
4 track support MG port
rollers
5 road wheels that
are evenly spaced SLI 82
 BMD-1

One man small

turret shape of a fry
pan

Distinct truck
73mm gun with bed appearance
missile rail in the rear

Sloped rear end

Engine
4 track support Hydro propulsion exhausts
5 road wheels that
rollers system
evenly spaced SLI 83
 BMD-2

One man small

turret for
VC/Gunner
30mm MER: 1200m
AT-5 Spandrel MER:
4000m

30mm long skinny gun

and tube launch ATGM

Bullet
deflectors in
front of Sloped rear end
driver

Bow gunner
MG port

Rear sprocket
drive supported
5 road wheels that 4 track support track
are evenly spaced rollers SLI 84
 BMD-2
One man small
turret for
30mm long skinny gun VC/Gunner
and tube launch ATGM

Distinct truck
bed appearance
in the rear
Muzzle break
on the end Sloped rear end

Engine
exhausts
5 road wheels that
are evenly spaced 4 track support
rollers
Rear sprocket Hydro propulsion
drive supported system
track SLI 85
 BMD-3

One man turret with

a lower profile

Distinct truck
30mm MER: 1200m
bed appearance 30mm long skinny gun
AT-5 Spandrel MER:
in the rear
4000m

Squared rear
end

Distinct duck bill

front slope

Engine
exhausts

Rear sprocket 5 road wheels that

drive supported 4 track support look like trash can
track rollers lids SLI 86
 BMD-3

30mm Autocannon:
1200m

One man turret with

a lower profile AT-5 Spandrel 4000m

Gunner’s Sight Squared rear

end
Driver center of
hull

Distinct duck bill

front slope and it’s
straight edge Rear sprocket
drive supported
track

Trim vane 5 road wheels that 4 track support

look like trash can rollers
lids
SLI 87
 BMD-4

2-Man BMP-3 30mm MER: 2000m

Gunner’s Sight
Turret 100mm HE & AT-10
Stabber MER: 4000m
Commander’s
Squared rear Sight
end
Driver Center of
Hull
Engine
exhaust

Rear
sprocket
drive 5 road wheels that
supported have western style Trim vane
track appearance
 BMD-4

Distinct truck Gunner’s Sight Commander’s

bed appearance Sight
in the rear

Hydro propulsion
system
 Kurganets-25

Unmanned
low-profile
Kornet ATGM turret 30mm MER:
MER: 8000m 5500m

Side IR

7 road wheels

SLI 90
 Kurganets-25

30mm MER:
Kornet ATGM 4000m
MER: 8000m Commander
Commanders
sight

Unmanned
low-profile
turret
Driver Centered

Side IR

Driver’s
7 road wheels
FLIR

SLI 91
 T-15
Meteorological 30mm MER:
data collector 4000m
Commander’s
Kornet ATGM sight
MER: 8000m

Unmanned
low-profile
Gunner’s sight turret

APS launchers
Arrowhead
shaped armor

Driver
Commander

SLI 33
 T-15

Kornet ATGM 30mm MER:

MER: 8000m 4000m
Unmanned
low-profile
turret

APS launchers

7 road Arrowhead
wheels shaped armor

SLI 93
 BTR-70

One man turret with

no over head hatch
Distinct duck bill
front slope and it’s
straight edge. 14.5mm Distinct sloped
Trim vane folds on MER: 2000m rear-end and
top exhaust

Troop step up in Troop step up in

Troop exit
between #1 & 2
door between #3 & 4 SLI 94
wheels wheels
 BTR-70
14.5mm MG
One man turret with
no over head hatch

Distinct duck bill

front slope and it’s
Distinct sloped straight edge.
Twin eyelet
rear-end and Trim vane folds on
windshields
exhaust top

Troop step up in
between #3 & 4
Troop exit Troop step up in
wheels
door between #1 & 2
wheels

SLI 95
 BTR-80

One man turret with

14.5mm no over head hatch Exhaust rear-end is
MER: 2000m horizontally straight
Distinct duck bill
front slope and it’s
straight edge.
Trim vane folds on
top

Troop step up in
Improved troop between #3 & 4
exit doors wheels
Troop step up in
between #1 & 2
wheels SLI 96
 BTR-80

14.5mm MG:
2000m
One man turret with
no over head hatch

Exhaust rear-end is
horizontally straight

Distinct duck bill

Twin eyelet front slope and it’s
windshields straight edge.
Trim vane folds on
top

Troop step up in
between #3 & 4
Improved troop
wheels
exit doors
Troop step up in
between #1 & 2
wheels
SLI 97
 BTR-90

30mm Auto
Gunner’s sight
Exhaust rear-end is BMP-2 Turret Cannon: 2500m
horizontally straight

Similar hull design

Continuous front
and shape to BTR-80
slope instead of
duck bill. Trim
Same troop exit
vane folds on top
doors as BTR-80

Troop step up in
between #3 & 4
wheels

Driver and
Improved CDR
suspension hatches
causes BTR- and
90 to ride periscopes
significantly
higher than
BTR-80 Troop step up in
between #1 & 2
wheels
 BTR-90

BMP-2 Turret
Exhaust rear-end is Same troop exit
30mm Auto
horizontally straight doors as BTR-80
Cannon: 2500m

Continuous front
slope instead of
duck bill. Trim
Propeller on both vane folds on top
rear sides

Troop step up in
between #3 & 4
wheels

Improved suspension
causes BTR-90 to Troop step up in
ride significantly between #1 & 2
higher than BTR-80 wheels
 Bumerang

30mm MER:
4000m
Gunner’s sight
Commander’s
Kornet ATGM sight
MER: 8000m Driver’s
ballistic Hatch
Unmanned
low-profile
turret

Hydro propulsion
system T-shaped front
armor

SLI 100
 Bumerang

Unmanned
low-profile
2 troop turret
hatches 30mm MER:
4000m

Kornet ATGM
MER: 8000m

Single hatch
door
Hydro propulsion
system
SLI 101
 BRDM-2

14.5mm MG: Rear

2000m Mounted
Engine
Twin eyelet
windshields 1-Man Turret

Exhaust on
top rear of
both sides

Trim Vane

Auxiliary
Wheels
 BRDM-2

Exhaust on
top rear of
both sides

Auxiliary
Wheels
 BRDM-2 ATGM

Rear 5X AT-5 Spandrel Missile

Mounted Launcher: 5000m
Engine Twin eyelet
windshields

Gunner’s sight

Trim Vane

Exhaust on
top rear of
both sides
China

SLI 105
 Type-96

125mm gun with a

Both sides of bore evacuator 1/3
the turret has 6 from the end of the
smoke muzzle
grenade
ERA front
launchers
glacis
ERA side turret

Type 96 only has 2

engine exhausts on the
R/S

125mm MER: 3000m

Rear sprocket
drive supported 6 road wheels with
track gap between #1, 2 &
3
SLI 106
 Type-96

Vehicle Meteorological
commander’s Gunner optics data collector
housing Both sides of
hatch
the turret has 6
smoke
125mm gun with a grenade
bore evacuator 1/3 ERA front launchers
glacis
from the end of the
muzzle

ERA side turret

Utilizes a T-72
design NO engine
carousel auto- exhaust on L/S
loader

ERA front 6 road wheels with

slope Driver sits on gap between #1, 2 &
the L/S of hull 3
SLI 107
 Type-99
Gunner optics
housing
VC independent smaller
Active high powered
optics
laser counter-
measure vs. missiles

125mm gun with a Both sides of

bore evacuator 1/3 Distinct design the turret has 5
from the end of the of ERA on L/S smoke
muzzle of front glacis. grenade
Designed this launchers
way for driver
exit clearance

ERA side turret

125mm MER: 3000m

AT-11b Sniper MER: Both sides
5000m has 1
engine
Utilizes a T-72 exhausts
design
carousel auto-
loader

ERA front Driver sits

slope center of the 6 road wheels with
hull with 1 #1 & 2 closely
paired
SLI 108
periscope
 Type-99
VC independent Gunner optics
optics housing
Both sides of 125mm gun with a
the turret has 5 smaller
bore evacuator 1/3
smoke from the end of the
grenade muzzle
launchers
Both sides
has 1
engine
exhausts

7.62mm Coax
MG

Driver sits
center of the
Utilizes a T-72 hull with 1
6 road wheels with design periscope
#1 & 2 closely ERA front carousel auto- SLI 109
paired slope loader
 Type-63A (Light Tank)

85mm MER: 1200m

12.7mm AA
with a bore
MG
evacuator 2/3 from
the end of the
muzzle

Boat shaped hull, Gunner optics

converted from
MTLB hull

Boat shaped hull,

converted from
6 road wheels 7.62mm Coax MTLB hull
Rear sprocket
evenly spaced and MG
drive un-
looks like trash can
supported track
lids SLI 110
 Type-63A (Light Tank)

85mm gun with a

bore evacuator 2/3 12.7mm AA
from the end of the MG
muzzle
Gunner optics

Muzzle break

Driver sits L/S

Rear sprocket
drive un-
Boat shaped hull, supported track
converted from
MTLB hull

6 road wheels
4 man crew evenly spaced and
looks like trash can
lids

SLI 111
 Type-97

Vehicle
commander
Gunner optics
Two man flat wide turret
shape of a fry pan 30mm MER: 2000m
100mm HE & AT-10
Stabber MER: 4000m

Driver center L/S

of hull

Engine exhaust

Trim vane
folds down

6 road wheels that

Front sprocket
has a gap between
#4, 5, and 6
drive supported SLI 112
track
 Type-97

Front sprocket
Troop exit door drive supported
track

Engine exhaust
Trim vane
Up

6 road wheels that

has a gap between
Hydro propulsion #4, 5, and 6
system

SLI 113
 ZBL-09

30mm MER:
Side view
2000m Red Arrow-8
mirrors
MER: 4000m
Speed boat type
front hull

Trim vane
folds on top

Distinct hull gap

Headlights
separating the #2 &
Each wheel has an 3 wheels
individual wheel
well
SLI 114
 ZBL-09

30mm auto-
cannon
Side view
mirrors
Driver L/S of hull

Troop exit door

Engine exhaust

Red Arrow-8
ATGM

Propellers for
amphibious SLI 115
operations
North Korea

SLI 116
 M-2002

IR sensor and
RPG and laser range
14.5mm heavy finder 115mm gun MER:
AA MG 2500m with a bore
IR searchlight evacuator 1/3 from the
end of the muzzle

Gunner optics
Turret add on
armor

Driver sits L/S

Skirt add on
of the hull with
armor

Utilizes a
manual loader
6 road wheels 7.62mm Coax
evenly spaced MG SLI 117
 14.5mm heavy

M-2002 AA MG

IR searchlight Gunner optics

Driver sits L/S

of the hull with
Turret add on
armor

115mm gun with a

bore evacuator 1/3
from the end of the
muzzle

Engine exhaust
7.62mm Coax
MG

IR sensor and
laser range
finder
Skirt add on
6 road SLI 118
wheels
armor
evenly spaced
Iran

SLI 119
 Zulfiquar (ZUL-FEE-KAR)

3 man crew
utilizes a T-72
auto-loader
Angular slab turret
shaped like an
12.7mm
Abrams
125mm MER: machine gun
3000m with a bore mount
evacuator 1/3 from
the end of the Rear sprocket
muzzle drive supported
track

Driver sits
center of the
hull

7 road wheels
Copied side
evenly spaced
skirts of Abrams

SLI 120
 Zulfiquar (ZUL-FEE-KAR)
Angular slab turret
shaped like an
3 man crew
Abrams
utilizes a T-72
auto-loader

Driver sits Gunner optics

center of the
hull

Headlights sits 2 x 12.7mm

parallel to tracks machine guns

125mm gun with a 7.62mm MG

bore evacuator 1/3 Diesel engine
from the end of the exhausts
muzzle

Copied side
skirts of Abrams

Rear sprocket
7 road wheels drive supported
SLI 121 evenly spaced track
 Karrar

Remotely operated Meteorological

12.7mm data collector Clam shaped
hatches open 125mm MER:
forward 3000m with a bore
evacuator 1/3 from
Remotely operated the end of the
turret muzzle

6 road wheels Driver is

evenly spaced centered single
periscope

SLI 122
 Karrar

Meteorological
data collector 125mm MER:
Remotely operated
Clam shaped 3000m with a bore
12.7mm
hatches open evacuator 1/3 from
forward the end of the
Remotely operated muzzle
turret Gunner’s sight

6 road wheels
evenly spaced

SLI 123
 Zafir 74
T-55 with upgraded
firepower, protection and
mobility

Vehicle commander on the

R/S with 12.7mm MG

IR search light

Mated with an M60 105mm

rifled gun to a T-55 turret
105mm MER: Gunner’s optics
3000m

Engine exhaust L/S

Brick shaped
ERA

4 rows of Brick shaped

ERA on the skirts

Rear sprocket
drive un-
Gap between #1 & 2
supported track
road wheel like the T-55

SLI 124
 Zafir 74
T-55 with upgraded
firepower, protection and
mobility

Mated with an M60 105mm

rifled gun to a T-55 turret
Gunner’s optics

Driver sits L/S

7.62mm Coax
MG

4 rows of Brick shaped

ERA on the skirts

Brick shaped
ERA
SLI 125
Turkey

SLI 126
 Tulpar

VC independent
Meteorological optronic camera
data collector Gunner’s
sight
Remote operated turret
with 30mm cannon Driver L/S of hull

7.62mm MER: 900m Headlight

protective Cage

Engine exhaust
R/S

7 evenly spaced
road wheels

SLI 127
 Tulpar

VC independent
Meteorological optronic camera
data collector

Remote operated turret

with 30mm cannon Driver L/S of hull
MER:
Engine exhaust
R/S

Headlight
protective Cage

7 evenly spaced
road wheels

SLI 128
Britain

SLI 129
 Challenger II

VC
Sharp angle front independent
armor turret viewer
Gunner thermal
Stowage boxes wrap 120mm MER: 4000m
optics on gun
around back of turret. with bore evacuator 1/3 from
mantle
Vertical side armor the end of the muzzle

Engine exhaust on
both sides of hull

Rear sprocket Gap between #5 & 6 Driver sits center of the

drive supported road with 6 sets of road hull
track wheels on both sides

SLI 130
Challenger II

SLI 131
 Warrior
Thermal sleeve
goes half way up VC & Gunner
30mm MER: the barrel optics Driver L/S of hull
1500m

Crew escape hatch

Sharp sloped front

end

Front sprocket
drive supported Gap between #3 &
track 4 road wheels SLI 132
 FV-432 BULLDOG MK3
VC R/S of hull
Driver R/S of hull
12.7mm MER: 1800m Engine exhaust
40mm MER: 2300m
Enhanced Armor
Appliqué Kit
Add on front (EAAK)
armor with bar
armor

Add on armor side

skirts
Front sprocket
drive un- 5 sets evenly
supported track spaced road
wheels
SLI 133
 FV-432 BULLDOG MK3

12.7mm MER: 1800m

40mm MER: 2300m
Enhanced Armor
VC with 7.62mm Appliqué Kit Engine exhaust
Driver R/S of hull MG (EAAK)

Add on front
armor with bar
armor

Add on armor side

skirts

5 sets evenly
Front sprocket spaced road
drive un- wheels
SLI 134
supported track
 FV-432 BULLDOG MK3

Engine exhaust

5 sets evenly
spaced road Engine exhaust
wheels

5 sets evenly
Front sprocket
spaced road
drive un-
wheels
SLI 135
supported track
Germany

SLI 136
 Leopard II

Leo 2A5 wedge

shaped front armor
Gunner’s optics
120mm MER: 4000m housing
with bore evacuator 2/3 from
the end of the muzzle

Driver’s
hatch R/S of
hull

7 sets of road wheels Rear sprocket

evenly spaced drive supported
track

SLI 137
Leopard II
 Puma

VC independent
Gunner optics
optronic camera Driver L/S of hull
Remote operated turret
with 30mm MER: 3000m Engine exhaust
R/S

Sharp sloped front

end
Non-amphibious
IFV

Front sprocket
Gap between #3, 4
drive supported
& 5 sets road
track
wheels
SLI 139
 Puma

VC independent
optronic camera

Remote operated turret

with 30mm cannon

Gunner optics Drop down troop

ramp
Driver L/S of hull

Sharp sloped front

end

Non-amphibious
IFV
Front sprocket
drive supported Gap between #3, 4 SLI 140
track & 5 sets of road
wheels
 GTK Boxer
Remote operated, can
be equipped with .50
cal or Grenade
12.7mm MER: 1800m
Modular crew launcher
40mm MER: 2212m
compartment VC hatch
design. It can be
removed from the Sharp sloped front
wheel base. end

8x8 wheeled APC

distinct hull gap
separating the #2 SLI 141
&3 wheels
 GTK Boxer
.50 cal MG manually
operated Modular crew
Driver hatch has 12.7mm MER: 1800m compartment
ballistic windshield 40mm MER: 2212m design. It can be
when driving open Engine exhaust
removed from the
hatch L/S
wheel base.

Sharp sloped front

end

8x8 wheeled APC

distinct hull gap
separating the #2 SLI 142
&3 wheels
France

SLI 143
 LeClerc
VC L/S of turret with
an independent
thermal camera
Gunner R/S of turret MRS collimator
with his optics
120mm MER: 3000m
no bore evacuator
segmented thermal shrouds
Utilizes an auto-
loader

Driver L/S of hull

Rear sprocket
drive supported Modular armor, designed
track 6 sets of road to be unbolted and
wheels evenly replaced if damaged in
spaced combat
SLI 144
 LeClerc
120mm gun no bore
evacuator segmented
thermal shrouds
Gunner R/S of turret
VC L/S of turret with
with his optics
an independent
Utilizes an auto- thermal camera Engine exhaust
loader L/R

Driver L/S of hull

Rear sprocket
6 sets of road drive supported
Modular armor, designed wheels evenly track
to be unbolted and spaced
replaced if damaged in
combat

SLI 145
 VBCI
DRAGAR one man turret
Non-amphibious
that can be placed in
IFV
automatic air defense
mode using
25mm MER: 3000m chain Modular armor
Driver hatch gun designed to be
positioned on the unbolted and Rear smoke
down slope of the VC hatch L/S of replaced if grenade launchers
hull L/S hull damaged in
combat

8x8 wheeled APC

with individual
wheel wells for
each wheel
SLI 146
 VBCI
DRAGAR one man turret
that can be placed in Non-amphibious
automatic air defense IFV
Modular armor mode using 25mm chain
designed to be gun & 7.62mm coax
unbolted and
replaced if
damaged in VC hatch L/S of Driver hatch
combat hull positioned on the
down slope of the
Rear smoke
hull L/S
grenade launchers

Bottom front end is

Engine
shaped like a
exhaust
hammerhead shark

SLI 147
 VBL Panhard
Variants can have
a turret or no 12.7mm MER: 1800m
turret 40mm MER: 2300m

Front engine rear

or 4-wheel drive, 3
passenger, 2 door
light armored truck
Fully amphibious

Engine
exhaust R/S
only

SLI 148
 VBL Panhard

Front engine rear 12.7mm MER: 1800m Variants can have

or 4-wheel drive, 3 40mm MER: 2300m a turret or no
passenger, 2 door turret
light armored truck

Fully amphibious

Propeller bottom
rear center of hull

SLI 149
South Korea

SLI 150
 K1A2 Black Panther

Vehicle commander on the 120mm MER: 4000m

R/S with an independent with bore evacuator 2/3 from
Turret lower silhouette in viewer the end of the muzzle
comparison to an
Abrams

Driver’s L/S
of the hull

Rear sprocket
drive supported
track
6 sets of road wheels
on both sides Smoke grenade
launchers
mounted in front
of turret armor

SLI 151
 K1A2 Black Panther

Vehicle commander on the

R/S of the turret with CITV
Rear sprocket 120mm gun with bore
drive supported evacuator 2/3 from the end of
track the muzzle

K1A1

Driver’s L/S
of the hull

SLI 152
 K21 Fully amphibious

40mm MER:
Gunner optics VC independent viewer
3000m
2 ATGM launchers

Sharp sloped front Driver L/S of

end hull

6 sets of road
Trim vane folds Front sprocket wheels evenly
down from the drive supported spaced
bottom track SLI 153
 K21

Fully amphibious VC independent viewer Gunner optics

40mm auto-cannon with
cone muzzle break
Drop down troop
ramp door

Driver L/S of
hull

Front sprocket
drive supported
track

6 sets of road
wheels evenly
spaced

SLI 154
Israel

SLI 155
 Merkava 3/4
4 man crew

120mm MER: 2500m

Vehicle commander on the LAHAT MER: 8000m
R/S of the turret
Gunner’s optics
KASAG modular armor that can housing
Driver’s L/S
be replaced when damaged in of the hull
combat Flying saucer
shape turret

120mm gun with bore

evacuator 2/3 from the end of
the muzzle

Engine exhaust
Anti-RPG
R/S of hull with
chains 6 sets of road wheels Front sprocket
angled exhaust
with gap in between #4 drive supported
track SLI 156
grills indicating it
&5 as a Merkava 4
 Merkava 3/4

120mm MER: 2500m

Gunner’s optics cut VC independent viewer
LAHAT MER: 8000m
into the turret
indicating it as a Flying saucer
Merkava 3 shape turret
KASAG modular armor that can Smoke grenade launchers mounted
be replaced when damaged in in front of turret indicating it as
combat Merkava 3

6 sets of road wheels Engine exhaust

with gap in between #4 R/S of hull with
&5 vertical exhaust
grills indicating it
as a Merkava 3 SLI 157
 Namer

Vehicle commander on the 7.62mm machine

R/S with .50 CAL MG gun

Drivers hatch
Headlights
APS
sensors

6 road wheels

SLI 158
 Namer

Vehicle commander on the

R/S with .50 CAL MG
Trophy system

Protected
Troop rails troop door

6 road wheels
APS
sensors

SLI 159
 Eitan

Vehicle commander in the

center with remote operated
.50 CAL MG on L/S

Distinct angular front

slope Drivers hatch

Trophy system
Headlights

4 wheels with distinct wheel

wells
SLI 160
 Eitan

Vehicle commander in the

center with remote operated
.50 CAL MG on L/S Protected
Trophy system troop door
Drivers hatch

Headlights

4 wheels with distinct wheel

wells

SLI 161
Poland
 BRDM-2M-97

7.62mm MG: 14.5mm MG:

900m 2000m

Twin eyelet
windshields 1-Man Turret
Rear
Mounted
Engine

Troop Door
Trim Vane on both
sides

NO Auxiliary
Wheels
 BRDM-2M-97
7.62mm MG:
14.5mm MG:
Rear 900m
2000m
Mounted
Engine Twin eyelet
windshields

Troop Door
on both
sides
United States of America

SLI 165
 M1A2 ABRAMS
120mm MER: 4000m
Vehicle commander on the with bore evacuator 2/3 from
R/S with .50 CAL MG the end of the muzzle

Cylinder smoke Gunner’s optics

grenade housing
launchers
indicate this is a
Marine Abrams Angular large slab
armored turret

Driver’s
hatch center
of hull

Rear sprocket
drive supported
track

Gap between #1 & 2

road with 7 sets of road SLI 166
wheels on both sides
 M2A3 BRADLEY
VC
independent VC hatch Gunner’s optics
viewer housing

Tow launchers in
7.62mm Coax stowed position on L/S
MG of turret

Ballistic driver’s
25mm chain gun
hatch

Engine exhaust

25mm MER: 2000m

TOW MER: 3750m

Final drive
housings SLI 167
 LAV-25 COYOTE

Gunner’s optics
housing

25mm MER:
Turret overhang 2000m
Muffler on R/S of hull
only

Driver L/S of
hull

Boat shape hull

Trim vane

Propellers on
both rear ends
of the hull
Long continuous wheel SLI 168
well, no hull partitions
 M1126STRYKER ICV

.50cal MER: 1800m

MK19 MER: 2212m

Remote Weapon
Station (RWS)
VC hatch

Squad leader hatch

Winch
Driver L/S of
hull
Slat/Bar armor
standard feature
in Iraq &
Afghanistan

No propellers,
Inner ring in the wheel
non-amphibious
are troop step rings
Storage for tire vehicle
SLI 169
changing equipment
 M1134 STRYKER ATGM

TOW Missile: 3750m

2X TOW Missile
Launcher

Driver L/S of
hull
Engine exhaust

Gap between #2 & 3

wheel
M1128 STRYKER MGS

105mm Main Gun: 3000m

7.62mm MG: 900m
Bore Evacuator

Driver L/S of
hull

Gap between #2 & 3

wheel
 XM1296 Dragoon

Remote operated turret

with 30mm MER: 3000m
Grenade
launchers
Driver L/S of
hull

Inner ring in the wheel

are troop step rings

SLI 172
 XM1296 Dragoon

Remote operated turret

with 30mm MER: 3000m
Grenade
launchers

Troop door
4 wheels, wheel well in
center
SLI 173
 AAV

Off-center from
the hull is a one
man turret with
a dual trunnion .50cal MER: 1800m Driver L/S of
axis .50 cal and MK19 MER: 2300m hull
MK 19

Trim vane
Enhanced Armor
Appliqué Kit (EAAK) SLI 174
 M-ATV

Variants shown
Front engine, will have a turret
rear or 4-wheel or CROW
drive, 4 passenger,
.50cal MER: 1800m
4 door truck MK19 MER: 2300m

Unique 5 sided ballistic

windows on driver and
commander doors

Unique 5 sided ballistic

windshield on driver and
commander sides

SLI 175
 M-ATV

Variants shown
will have a turret .50cal MER: 1800m
or CROW MK19 MER: 2300m Front engine,
rear or 4-wheel
drive, 4 passenger,
4 door truck

SLI 176
WEFT

SLI 177
Russia

SLI
 MI-24 HIND-D & MI-24P HIND-F
Comparison

5 main rotor
blades

MI-24P HIND-
F
Tail rotor is on
the L/S

30mm MER: 4000m

AT-6 Spiral 5000m

Stabilizer wings Bubble shaped

tandem pilot
Re-tractable canopies
landing gear

Engine exhausts
Twin air inlets
on both sides

Mid-air refueling

MI-24 HIND-D
stake

12.7mm MER: 1500m

AT-2 Swatter 2500m Swept back wing
weapon load SLI 179
mount points
 MI-24 HIND-D & MI-24P HIND-F
Comparison

HIND-
F
HIND-F has twin
30mm auto-
cannons

HIND-
HIND-D has a
chin mounted
12.7mm Gatling SLI 180
MG
 MI-28 HAVOC

5 main rotor Stabilizer wing

blades

Engine exhausts on
both sides of
fuselage

Armored angular
shaped tandem
pilot canopies

Mouse nose
radar Fixed wheeled
landing gears

30mm MER: 3000m

AT-6 Spiral MER:
Under mount 5000m
30mm chain gun SLI 181
 MI-28 HAVOC
30mm MER: 3000m
High accuracy radar AT-6 Spiral MER:
navigation system 5000m

Armored angular
shaped tandem
pilot canopies

Tail rotor is on
the R/S Stabilizer fin Mouse nose
radar

Target sight
system

Short sloped
wing weapon Dual air inlets
load mount
points Under mount
Fixed wheeled
30mm chain gun
landing gears

SLI 182
 KA-52 ALLIGATOR (HOKUM-B)

Coaxial contra-rotating 30mm MER: 3000m

rotor blades AT-9 Vikhr MER:
10,000m

No tail rotor
Vertical rotor Engine vector
exhausts
2 pilots sits next
to each other in
the canopy

Weapon load
mount wings are
straight

Large airplane
Dual air inlets type nose to
house the radar
30mm chain gun system
mounted on the Re-tractable
R/S fuselage landing gears
SLI 183
 KA-52 ALLIGATOR (HOKUM-B)

30mm MER: 3000m

AT-9 Vikhr MER:
Coaxial contra-rotating 10,000m
rotor blades

No tail rotor
Vertical rotor
Engine exhausts on
both sides of
fuselage
Stabilizer fins
2 pilots sits next
to each other in
the canopy

Large airplane
type nose to
house the radar
system

Air inlet Weapon load

mount wings are
straight
Re-tractable mid- Re-tractable
air refueling landing gears
stake SLI 184
China

SLI 185
 Z-10

Angular shaped 5 main rotor blades

tandem pilot Tail rotor R/S
canopies Engine exhausts on
both sides of
fuselage

Target sight
system

Stabilizer wings

Fixed wheeled
30mm MER: 3000m landing gears
Chin mount 30mm HJ-10 MER: 8000m
chain gun
Short
aerodynamic wing
weapon load
mount points

SLI 186
 Z-10

5 main rotor blades

Tail rotor R/S

Angular shaped
tandem pilot
canopies

Engine exhausts on
both sides of
fuselage
30mm MER: 3000m
HJ-10 MER: 8000m

Stabilizer wings
Target sight
system

Short
aerodynamic wing Chin mount 30mm
weapon load Fixed wheeled
chain gun SLI 187
mount points landing gears
Iran

SLI 188
 Toufan II

2 main rotor blades

Short stubby
Dual engine wing weapon
exhausts load mount
points

Landing skids

20mm MER:
2000m

SLI 189
 Toufan II

Tail rotor R/S

Dual engine 2 main rotor blades
exhausts

Stabilizer wings Short stubby

wing weapon
load mount 20mm MER:
points Landing skids 2000m

SLI 190
NATO

SLI 191
 EC-665 TIGER

Mast mounted sight

4 main rotor blades

Tail rotor is on
the R/S Dual engine
Angular shaped
exhausts
step tandem pilot
canopies

30mm MER: 4000m

HOT MER: 4000m

Short sloped
Stabilizer wings
wing weapon
Fixed wheeled load mount
landing gears points

SLI 192
 EC-665 TIGER

30mm MER: 4000m

HOT MER: 4000m

4 main rotor blades

Air inlets

Tail rotor is on
Target sight the R/S
system Dual engine
exhausts
Angular shaped
step tandem pilot
canopies

Chin mounted Short sloped Stabilizer wings

30mm chain gun wing weapon
Fixed wheeled load mount
landing gears points

SLI 193
 A-129 Mangusta

4 main rotor blades

20mm MER:
2000m

Tail rotor is on Fixed wheeled

the R/S landing gears

Dual engine
exhausts
Angular shaped
step tandem pilot
canopies

Stabilizer wings

SLI 194
 A-129 Mangusta

4 main rotor blades

Angular shaped
Dual engine
step tandem pilot
exhausts
canopies

Tail rotor is on
the R/S

Stabilizer wings
20mm MER:
Fixed wheeled 2000m
landing gears

SLI 195
United States of America

SLI 196
 AH-64 APACHE
30mm MER: 4000m
Hellfire MER: 8000m
Engine
4 Main rotor exhausts
blades

Tail rotor L/S

Air inlets

Tandem pilot
cockpit

Target sight
system

Synchronized
Both sides of elevator wing
fuselage have
30mm chain straight wing
gun weapon load
mount points
Fixed wheeled
landing gears

SLI 197
 AH-1 COBRA

20mm MER: 2000m

2 or 4 main rotor Hellfire MER: 8000m
blades depending
on variant

Air inlets Tail rotor L/S

Tandem
cockpit
Engine
exhausts

Chin mounted
20mm Gatling
Synchronized
gun
Slim fuselage making Fixed landing elevator wing
it faster and harder to skids
hit

SLI 198
 Terminal Learning Objective

ACTION: Analyze the Recognition Features of Friendly and Threat Vehicles and
Aircraft

CONDITIONS: In a classroom environment, given views of various nation's

military vehicles and aircraft, using visible light and/or thermal images

STANDARDS:
- Identify the vehicle / aircraft by nomenclature

- Verify the country of origin of the equipment

- Elaborate on the equipment's primary and secondary weapon systems

(Type, Caliber, and Effective Range) with at least 70% accuracy.