INORGANIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY REPORT

DATASHEET

B. The Bunsen Burner

2. a. What is the color of the flame?

When the air holes of the bunsen burner are closed, it emits a yellow flame; this usually
happens because there is less oxygen available in the bunsen burner since its air holes are
blocked. Hence results in incomplete combustion and less energy transferred.

b. What is deposited in the tube?

Based on the observations, there were black substance deposits in the test tube as we
waited for the water to boil. Upon further examination of the black substance, the students
found out that these were soot. Soot is pure carbon produced and builds up at the test tube
because of incomplete combustion made in the bunsen burner with a yellow flame.

c. To what is the color of the flame due?

The color of the flame is due to the incomplete combustion of the bunsen burner.
Incomplete combustion happens when the supply of oxygen is low. Since the air holes of the
bunsen burner are close, the oxygen can not enter; thus, there is only a limited oxygen
supply. Furthermore, incomplete combustion releases less energy; therefore, it took time for
the water to boil.

3. a. What is the color of the flame?

On the other hand, as the air holes of the bunsen burner are opened, the flame of the
bunsen burner changes to the color blue. The blue flame can also be called a non-luminous
flame, and this usually happens when complete combustion occurs. Complete combustion
occurs when sufficient oxygen releases higher energy since the gas is being burned efficiently
without wasted and unburned gas compared to incomplete combustion.

b. Does it form a deposit on the test tube?

No deposit or any black substance appeared on the water when heated at a
non-luminous or blue flame. The water came out clean and transparent, and there was no
soot deposit on the 5 mL water.

c. What are the advantages of using this non-luminous flame?

 One of the advantages of using non-luminous flame or blue flame is that it does not
create any hazardous gas such as carbon monoxide and soot. In addition to that, it also
warms or heats substances significantly faster compared to a luminous flame.

4. a. What part becomes red hot first?

The wire gauze became red hot first when exposed to the center of the outer cone
region of the flame.

b. What conclusion can be done from this result?

The outer cone region of the Bunsen flame is hotter than its inner cone because a rich
air supply ensures that near-total combustion of the gas occurs in this region of the flame,
releasing more energy.

b. a. What part burns first?

The matchstick burns first when exposed to the center of the flame, just at the tip of
the inner cone region of the Bunsen flame.

b. What conclusion can be done from this result?

The result shows that the hottest part of the flame is the center of the flame or the
region just at the tip of the inner cone because it burned the matchstick first compared to
when it is exposed to other regions of the flame. This observation also supports the fact
that the outer cone is hotter than the inner cone region of the flame.

c. a. What part burns first?

The middle area of the wet cardboard exposed to the outer cone of the flame started
to burn first compared to its lower end (which was exposed to the flame’s inner cone).

b. What conclusion can be done from this result?

This procedure shows again that the flame’s inner cone is cooler than the outer cone
because the lower end of the cardboard was burned more slowly. The inner cone region of
the flame is cooler than the outer cone because of the absence of chemical reactions in
this region.

5.
6. a. Note the odor emitted
The odor is a chemical smell.

b. What happens?
The color of the flame in the air hole is noted to be color blue due to its complete
combustion.

c. What causes a burner to “strike back”?

A strike back happens when the air holes are opened while lighting the Bunsen burner.
This occurs when too much oxygen enters the air hole, which causes a green flame in the jet
of the Bunsen Burner. It also creates a loud noise when this happens.

d. What must one do when a “strike back” occurs?

When a strike back happens, the first thing to do is immediately turn off the gas tap and
inform the instructor. One should also be mindful not to touch the Bunsen burner barrel
because it is extremely hot. Give it time to cool down before lighting it again.

C. Common Laboratory Procedures and Techniques

A. Glass Working Method

2. Why must a glass tubing be fire-polished before it is used?
Based on the article written by Varshneya (2016), fire polishing is a volatilization
procedure used to remove alkali ions. Furthermore, it will seal all the minor cracks in the glass
end wall by fire polishing a glass tube and reduce any abrasions, fractures, and cuts when it
comes into contact with the glass, making it safe to handle (ITTK, 2019).

3. What is the use of a wing top?

A wing top is a wide fan-shaped laboratory equipment used in glass-heating procedures.
The shape of the wing tip produces more heat, thus aids its function in a glass heating method
which is to facilitate large areas to heat. It also helps in smoothly bending the glass
(Memijie-Cruz, 2017).

4. Why should the glass tubing and stopper be moistened with water?
 According to Michaud (2017), glass tubes and rubber stoppers need to be moisturized to
reduce the friction between the rubber and the glass. The plug rubber stopper promotes a
more reliable sealing tube. Furthermore, the water enters the pores formed between the glass
tube and rubber stopper; the osmotic pressure holds both the rubber and glass.

5. What use can you make out of these tubes?

In an article by Fisher Scientific (2019), laboratory glass tubing can be used in various
laboratories and industrial workplaces to connect other pieces and laboratory equipment and
glassware items. It can also deliver and convey chemicals, liquids, solvents, gases, and other
products since it can be bent, cut, and stretched for various uses.

C. Measurements
1. What are some precautions to be observed regarding the use of a balance?
According to Seely (2017), here are some precautions when using a balance:
a. Only glass, ceramic, metal, or plastic objects and containers should be used in
direct contact with the balance pan.
b. Handling weighing objects with bare hands is not recommended. The weight of
the objects will be affected by moisture, grease, and grime on your fingertips.
c. Chemicals should never be weighed in direct contact with the balance pan. Use
beakers, flasks, and weighing bottles as containers.
d. When utilizing an analytical balance, the usage of weighing paper must be
rigorously avoided.
e. Do not use the balance to weigh hot or cold objects. Due to air buoyancy, hot
items will provide erroneously lower readings, whereas cold objects would give
greater readings due to condensation of water vapor.
f. Inside the analytical balance enclosure, never spill reagents. If chemicals fall on
the top-loading balance, clean it right away. Clean the weighing chamber and the
weighing pan.
g. Do not overload the balance.

2. Why should liquid volumes be read at eye level?

The volume of a liquid should be read at eye level (lower meniscus) to obtain an
accurate reading (Blaettler, 2020). Any angle other than eye level when viewing the meniscus
will result in erroneous results.

D. Decantation
1. a. What do we mean by decantation?
 Decantation separates mixtures by eliminating a transparent liquid layer or solids
deposited from a solution. Decantation relies on gravity to take precipitate out of the
solution; therefore, there is always some product loss, either from the sediment not fully
descending out of the solution or from the liquid remaining after separating the solid
component from the liquid portion (Helmenstine, 2019).

b. What is meant by supernatant liquid?

The clear liquid that remains above the solid residue after decantation is known
as the supernatant liquid. In most cases, the liquid is devoid of precipitate and has a
lower density (Corrosionpedia, 2014).

c. When is this process applicable in separating solids from liquids?

If two liquids with different densities are immiscible, decantation can be used to
separate them (e.g., oil and water). Decantation can also separate insoluble solids from
liquids. This entails letting the particles settle naturally by gravity before pouring out the
clear liquid (Vedantu, 2019).

E. Filtration
3. a. What is the substance left on the filter paper?
The residue of powdered chalk.

b. What do we mean by filtration?

Filtration is a process that is meant to separate solids from liquids or gases using a
filter. This is applied whether the filter is mechanical, biological, or physical (Helmenstine,
2020).

c. What is the purpose of using a stirring rod in the pouring off of liquid through the
funnel?
The stirring rod guides the liquid and provides better control for pouring. Moreover,
it reduces errors of losing filtrate and small amounts of liquid from running down the
outside of the beaker when the transfer process is interrupted.

d. What is the term given to:

a. The clear liquid passing through the filter
The clear liquid that passes through a filter is known as a Filtrate.

b. The substance left on the filter paper

The substances that are left behind on a filter paper are known as Residue.
F. Evaporation
1. a. What do we mean by evaporation?
Evaporation is the process where molecules undergo transitions from the liquid
phase to the gas phase below the temperature at which it boils. For evaporation to
occur, molecules in a liquid must be near the surface, move away from the liquid’s body,
and have enough kinetic energy to escape the interface (Hermenstine, 2019).

b. What term is given to the substance left in the dish?

The substance left in the dish during Evaporation is called Residue.

ASSIGNMENT

General Laboratory Safety Rules

a. Use PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) such as safety goggles, long sleeve-laboratory
gowns, long pants, gloves, and enclosed shoes when inside the laboratory.
b. No eating or drinking is allowed inside the laboratory.
c. Treat all chemicals in the laboratory as though they are hazardous
d. Do not use cracked or chipped glassware
e. No horse playing
f. Report any accidents

Laboratory Equipment/Apparatus and their Uses

Laboratory Equipment/ Use/s
Apparatus

Beaker Beakers can be used to hold liquid or solid samples or as a

reaction container. They're also utilized to catch liquids and
filtrates from titrations and filtering activities (Jonny-Ringo, 2013).

Bunsen Burner Bunsen Burners are heat generators (Jonny-Ringo, 2013).

Buret Burets are used to add a specific amount of liquid (Jonny-Ringo,

2013).

Clay Triangle As a support for a funnel, crucible, or evaporating dish, clay

triangles are set on a ring linked to a ring stand (Jonny-Ringo,
 2013).

Dropper Droppers are used to add liquids one at a time (Jonny-Ringo,

2013).

Erlenmeyer flasks Erlenmeyer Flasks hold liquid samples or contain reactions. They
can also be used to collect filtrates (Jonny-Ringo, 2013).

Funnel Funnels are used to funnel liquids from one container to another
or, if coupled with filter paper, to filter liquids (Jonny-Ringo, 2013).

Graduated Cylinder Graduated cylinders are used to measure the volume of liquid in a
container (Jonny-Ringo, 2013).

Pipet Pipets are used to dispense liquids in tiny amounts.

Ring stand with rings With a ring stand, glassware is held in place using rings
(Jonny-Ringo, 2013).

Test tubes Test tubes are used to hold small samples or to contain liquids
(Jonny-Ringo, 2013).

Test tube holder When test tubes need not be touched, test tube holders are used
to hold them (Jonny-Ringo, 2013).

Tong Tongs are used to grasp objects (Jonny-Ringo, 2013).

Volumetric Flask Volumetric flasks are used to precisely measure liquid volumes or
make accurate dilutions (Jonny-Ringo, 2013).

Wash bottle Small amounts of distilled water are dispensed from wash bottles
(Jonny-Ringo, 2013).

Watch glass Small samples are held in watch glasses, which are also used to
cover beakers and evaporating dishes (Jonny-Ringo, 2013).

Wire gauze Wire Gauze on a ring supports beakers to be heated by Bunsen

burners (Jonny-Ringo, 2013).

Balance The mass of a reagent or object is determined using balances

(Jonny-Ringo, 2013).

Spectrophotometer The absorbance or transmittance of a liquid sample is measured

using spectrophotometers (Jonny-Ringo, 2013).

Fume hood Fume Hoods are used to evacuate gases that are noxious or
dangerous (Jonny-Ringo, 2013).
REFERENCES:

Bauer, P. (2020, May 6). Bunsen burner. Retrieved 2021, August 26 from:
https://www.britannica.com/science/Bunsen-burner

‌Blaettler, K. (2020, December 14). How to Read a Graduated Cylinder. Retrieved 2021, August 28
from https://sciencing.com/measure-density-liquids-5815427.html

Corrosionpedia. (2014, May 12). Supernatant. Retrieved August 28, 2021, from Corrosionpedia
website: https://www.corrosionpedia.com/definition/1051/supernatant

Fisher Scientific. (2019). Glass Tubing | Fisher Scientific. Retrieved August 30, 2021, from
https://www.fishersci.co.uk/gb/en/products/J9YAE2D1/glass-tubing.html

Filtration Techniques. (2019, August 20). Retrieved August 27, 2021, from:
https://chem.libretexts.org/@go/page/175488

Helmenstine, A.M. (2020, January 29). Filtration: How It Is and How It’s Done. Retrieved August
27, 2021, from: https://www.thoughtco.com/filtration-definition-4144961

Helmenstine, A.M. (2019, July 03). What Does Evaporation Mean In Chemistry?. Retrieved
August 27, 2021, from: https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-evaporation-604460

Helmenstine, A.M. (2019, December 09). What Is Decantation and How Does It Work?.
Retrieved 2021, August 28 from
https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-decantation-604990

Helmenstine, A.M. (2021, February 16). How To Work With Glass Tubing in the Lab. Retrieved on
August 30, 2021 from
https://www.thoughtco.com/work-with-glass-tubing-in-lab-606036

IITK. (2019). Retrieved August 30, 2021, from https://www.iitk.ac.in/cgbs/tips.php

Jonny-Ringo. (2013, January 27). A List of Chemistry Laboratory Apparatus and Their Uses.
Retrieved August 28, 2021, from Owlcation website:
https://owlcation.com/stem/A-Chemistry-Guide-List-of-Common-Laboratory-Equipment-
Names-and-Uses

Memijie-Cruz, L. (2017, June 18). Laboratory apparatus. Retrieved August 30, 2021, from
https://www.slideshare.net/memijecruz/laboratory-apparatus-final-copy-ppt

Michaud, D. (2017, March 18). Glass Working. Retrieved August 30, 2021, from
https://www.911metallurgist.com/blog/glass-working
Seeley, O. (2017, January 12). Proper Use of Balances. Retrieved August 28, 2021, from
Chemistry LibreTexts website:
https://chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_Materials/Demos_Techniques_and_Experiments/
General_Lab_Techniques/Proper_Use_of_Balances

Varshneya, A.K. (2016, May 10). "Industrial glass". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved on August
30, 2021 on
https://www.britannica.com/topic/glass-properties-composition-and-industrial-producti
on-234890. Accessed 30 August 2021.

Vedantu. (2019, March 22). Decantation. Retrieved August 28, 2021, from VEDANTU website:
https://www.vedantu.com/chemistry/decantation