INORGANIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY REPORT

I. DATA AND RESULTS

1.
Describe the appearance of each.
The sodium carbonate crystals are white crystalline solids, while the calcium chloride has
white, sugar-sized granules that flow easily.

What happened?
When sodium carbonate crystals are exposed to air, they become white powder. On the
other hand, the granular calcium chloride dissolved, producing a colorless liquid.

What became of the water in the sodium carbonate crystals?

As the crystals are exposed to air, they lose the water that keeps them crystallized until
they become anhydrous.

Where did the water come from in the case of calcium chloride?
The water that accumulated when the calcium chloride was exposed to air is from the
atmosphere because calcium chloride is a deliquescent substance that absorbs moisture from
the air (PubChem, 2021).

Identify and define the name given to the change by which the sodium carbonate crystal went
through.
The process in which sodium carbonate crystals lose water is called efflorescence
(PubChem, 2021).

Identify and define the name of the change by which the calcium chloride granules went
through.
Calcium chloride has undergone deliquescence, a process by which a chemical substance
absorbs water from the surrounding atmosphere and dissolves in it (Lipasek et al., 2013).

What are the equations for these reactions?

Efflorescence of sodium carbonate: Na₂CO₃ • 10H₂O ➝ Na₂CO₃ • H₂O + 9H₂O
Deliquescence of calcium chloride: CaCl₂ + 2H₂O ➝ CaCl₂ • 2H₂O

2.
Do you see any water in the crystals?
There are traces of water in the crystals. Cupric sulfate contains water of crystallization.

What happens when cupric sulfate crystals are heated?

When Cupric Sulfate crystals are heated, their color turns blue to a white powder, and
water droplets form on top of the test tube.

What is the cause of this change?

Once Cupric sulfate is heated, it becomes dehydrated and loses its water molecules. Due
to its dehydration, it cannot hold it together in a solid shape or form (RSOC, 2016).

What is the term given to the substance obtained after heating?

The substance after heating is called Anhydrous Copper Sulphate.

3.
What happens?
When cupric sulfate crystals are heated, they turn into a dirty-white color, and when
water is added to the cooled test tube, the crystals get hydrated and become blue.

What causes the color observed?

The color change is due to the hydration of anhydrous copper sulfate.

Write equations for

a. the heating of the cupric sulfate crystals
CuSO₄ • 5H₂O ➝CuSO₄ + 5 H₂O

b. the addition of water to the heated cupric sulfate crystals.

CuSO₄ + 5 H₂O ➝ CuSO₄ • 5H₂O

4.
Approximate amount of
Is the substance a hydrate?
Name of Salt water formed
(Yes/No)
(None, Trace, Much)

Sodium carbonate Trace Yes

Sodium sulfate None No

Potassium chlorate None No

Potassium dichromate None No

Barium chloride Trace Yes

Alum Trace Yes

II. REFERENCES
Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2020, October 28). copper. Encyclopedia Britannica.
Retrieved October 25, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/science/copper
Lipasek, R., Li, N., Schmidt, S., Taylor, L., & Mauer, L. (2013). Effect of Temperature on the
Deliquescence Properties of Food Ingredients and Blends. Retrieved October 26, 2021,
from https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf402585t
Royal Society of Chemistry. (2016, August). A reversible reaction of hydrated copper(II) sulfate.
Retrieved October 26, 2021, from:
https://edu.rsc.org/experiments/a-reversible-reaction-of-hydrated-copperii-sulfate/437.
article
PubChem. (2021). Sodium carbonate. Retrieved October 26, 2021, from @pubchem website:
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Sodium-carbonate
PubChem. (2021). Calcium dichloride. Retrieved October 26, 2021, from @pubchem website:
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Calcium-dichloride

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