PN.

SUHANA BINTI RAMLI

LECTURER
MATHEMATICS, SCIENCE & COMPUTER DEPARTMENT
 OVERVIEW
1. Understand physical quantities
 Describe base quantities, derived quantities and
the International System of units.
 Define scalar and vector quantities.
 Solve problems of unit conversion.

2. Interpret data of measurement

 Describe inaccuracy and errors in measurement:
 Apply techniques for measurement to ensure
accurate data by using measurement
equipments:
a. Ruler
b. Vernier Callipers
c. Micrometer Screw Gauge
 1. PHYSICAL QUANTITIES

PHYSICAL QUANTITES
(Quantities that can be measured)

BASE QUANTITY
(Quantity that CANNOT
BE DERIVED from other
physical quantity)
DERIVED QUANTITY
(Quantities that ARE
DERIVED from the
combination of several base
quantities by multiplication
and division.
 BASE QUANTITIES
 Name the ‘base quantity’ by referring to picture below:
BASE
QUANTITY
(Quantity that
CANNOT BE
DERIVED from
other physical
quantity)

LENGTH
 BASE QUANTITIES
 Name the ‘base quantity’ by referring to picture below:
BASE
QUANTITY
(Quantity that
CANNOT BE
DERIVED from
other physical
quantity)

LENGTH
TEMPERATURE
 BASE QUANTITIES
 Name the ‘base quantity’ by referring to picture below:
BASE
QUANTITY
(Quantity that
CANNOT BE
DERIVED from
other physical
quantity)

LENGTH
TEMPERATURE

MASS
 BASE QUANTITIES

BASE
QUANTITY
(Quantity that
CANNOT BE
DERIVED from
other physical
quantity)

LENGTH
TEMPERATURE

MASS
TIME
 BASE QUANTITIES

BASE
QUANTITY
(Quantity that
CANNOT BE
DERIVED from
other physical
quantity)

LENGTH
TEMPERATURE

MASS
TIME
CURRENT
 BASE QUANTITIES

Base Quantity SI Unit Symbol

Quantity Symbol
BASE Length l Meter m
QUANTITY
(Quantity that Mass m Kilogram kg
CANNOT BE
DERIVED from Time t Second s
other physical
quantity)
Electric I Ampere A
Current
Temperature T Kelvin K
 DERIVED QUANTITIES

Give examples of Derived Quantity.

DERIVED
QUANTITY
(Quantities that 4m
ARE DERIVED
from the
combination of
several base
8m
quantities by
multiplication AREA = length x width
and division.
=4m x8m
AREA = 32 cm2

m x m = m2 AREA
cm2
base base derived m2
quantity quantity quantity
 DERIVED QUANTITIES

Give examples of Derived Quantity.

DERIVED
QUANTITY
(Quantities that
ARE DERIVED
from the
combination of
several base
quantities by
multiplication VOLUME = length x width x height
and division.
= 4 cm x 3 cm x 2 cm
AREA = 24 cm3
VOLUME VOLUME
cm x cm x cm = cm3 cm3
m3
base base base derived
quantity quantity quantity quantity
 DERIVED QUANTITIES

Give examples of Derived Quantity.

DERIVED
m
QUANTITY s
(Quantities that
ARE DERIVED
from the
combination of
several base
quantities by
multiplication VELOCITY = total displacement
and division. total time
=8 m
AREA 15 s
VOLUME = 0.53 m/s
base derived
VELOCITY quantity m = m/s quantity
base
quantity
s
 DERIVED QUANTITIES

Derived Definition SI Unit in terms of Alternative name for

Quantity base units SI unit
Area, A length x length m2
Volume, V length x length x length m3
Density, mass / volume kg m-3
Velocity, v length / time m s-1
Acceleration, a velocity / time m s-2
Force, F momentum / time kg m s-2 newton, N
Pressure, P force / area kg m-1 s-2 pascal, Pa @ N m-2
Work, W force x distance kg m2 s-2 joule, J
Power, P work / time kg m2 s-3 watt, W
 S CALAR & VECTOR
QUANTITIES
 Scalar quantities are physical quantities with
magnitude only.
 Vector quantities are physical quantities with
direction and magnitude.
 Some examples of scalar and vector quantities:
Scalar Quantity Vector Quantity
Speed Displacement
Distance Velocity
Volume Acceleration
Temperature Force
Time Momentum
 PREFIXES

Prefixes are the preceding factor used to represent very

small and very large physical quantities in SI units.
 PREFIXES - EXAMPLE
Example :
Use the suitable prefixes to represent the numbers below:
i) 2 500 000 watt
ii) 0.001 500 gram

Solutions:
U SE SUITABLE PREFIXES
TO REPRESENT THESE
NUMBERS .
W RITE THE EXACTLY
NUMBER FOR THIS
GIVEN PREFIXES .
 CONVERSION OF UNITS

List of some basic unit conversion

Change the following quantities to
the units shown.

 a) 10 km = ____________m

 b) 20 kg = _____________ g

 c) 30 cm = ____________ m

 d) 1.2 hours = _________ seconds

 e) 45 cm2 = ____________ m2
H OW TO CONVERT
CM 2 TO M 2

?
 Step 1:
Write basic conversion that relate to
the question
 Step 2:
Multiply the given unit with the basic
conversion unit. The basic conversion unit
must be place opposite from the given unit so
that easier to cancel the unwanted unit
 Step 3:
Before cancel the unwanted unit, check
whether the power is same or not. If the
power is different, add power to the basic
conversion unit so that the power will be
equal to each other

Is it
same?
 Step 3:
Before cancel the unwanted unit, check
whether the power is same or not. If the
power is different, add power to the basic
conversion unit so that the power will be
equal to each other

NO
 Step 3:
Before cancel the unwanted unit, check
whether the power is same or not. If the
power is different, add power to the basic
conversion unit so that the power will be
equal to each other
So, how
to make
it same?
 Step 3:
Before cancel the unwanted unit, check
whether the power is same or not. If the
power is different, add power to the basic
conversion unit so that the power will be
equal to each other

?
 Step 3:
Before cancel the unwanted unit, check
whether the power is same or not. If the
power is different, add power to the basic
conversion unit so that the power will be
equal to each other
By
adding
power
 Step 3:
Before cancel the unwanted unit, check
whether the power is same or not. If the
power is different, add power to the basic
conversion unit so that the power will be
equal to each other
By
adding
power
 Step 4:
Cancel the unwanted unit

Now, it
can be
cancel
Step 5:
Solve it!!
Understand
?
 Step 1:
Write basic conversion that relate to the question
Step 2:
Multiply the given unit with the basic conversion unit
Step 3:
Before cancel the unwanted unit, check whether
the power is same or not
Step 4:
Cancel the unwanted unit
Step 5:
Solve it!!
H OW TO CONVERT
KM / H TO M / S

?
 Step 1:
Write basic conversion that relate to
the question
 Step 2:
Multiply the given unit with the basic
conversion unit. The basic conversion unit
must be place opposite from the given unit so
that easier to cancel the unwanted unit
 Step 3:
Before cancel the unwanted unit, check
whether the power is same or not.
Is it
same?
 Step 3:
Before cancel the unwanted unit, check
whether the power is same or not.
YES
 Step 3:
Before cancel the unwanted unit, check
whether the power is same or not.
So,
cancel it
 Step 4:
Cancel the unwanted unit
Step 5:
Solve it!!
Understand
?
 Step 1:
Write basic conversion that relate to the question
Step 2:
Multiply the given unit with the basic conversion unit
Step 3:
Before cancel the unwanted unit, check whether
the power is same or not
Step 4:
Cancel the unwanted unit
Step 5:
Solve it!!
 CONVERSION OF UNITS

List of some basic unit conversion Example: Complete the following unit conversion
a) 12 kmh-1 = __________ ms-1

b) 25 cm2 = __________m2

c) 31.8 g/cm3 = __________kg/m3

 MEASUREMENTS AND
ACCURACY & INACCURACY

Measurement is a process or the result

of determining the magnitude of a
Measurement physical quantity, such as length or mass,
relative to a unit of measurement, such
as a meter or a kilogram

Accuracy is the closeness of a

Accuracy
measurement from the actual value.

Inaccuracy is the errors in the

Inaccuracy measurement that make reading not
correct or far from actual value
 ERROR & TYPES OF ERROR

Error
Error is the difference between the actual value of
a quantity and the value obtained in measurement

2 main types of error:

1. Systematic Error
2. Random Error
 SYSTEMATIC ERRORS

 Systematic errors are errors that produce a result that differs from the true
value by a fixed amount and the measurement is always greater or less than
the actual value.
Sources of Systematic errors:
 Instruments
• errors in scale (zero error)
• errors in apparatus (damaged and is not in good condition)
 Physical conditions of the surroundings
• Temperature and atmospheric pressure
 Physical limitations of the observer
• reaction time varies from one person to another

Systematic error can be reduced by :

 Conducting the experiment with care.
 Repeating the experiment by using different instruments.
 RANDOM ERRORS
 Random errors are errors of measurements in which the measured quantities
differ from the mean value with different magnitudes and directions. However
this readings are closed to the real value.
Random error can cause by:
 personal errors such as human limitations of sight and touch.
 lack of sensitivity of the instrument: the instrument fail to respond to the small change.
 natural errors such as changes in temperature or wind, while the experiment is in
progress.
 wrong technique of measurement (parallax error).

Ways to reduce random errors

 Taking repeated measurements to obtain an average
value.
 Maintaining good experimental technique
(e.g. reading from a correct position)
 EXAMPLE OF
MEASUREMENT TOOLS
STOP WATCH

MICROMETER
SCREW GAUGE

MEASURING
CYLINDER
RULER

VERNIER CALLIPER

BEAM BALANCE
 MEASUREMENT AND
MEASURING DEVICES

We are going to read and use the following instruments in

measuring certain quantities:
 Ruler
 Vernier Callipers measure length
 Micrometer Screw Gauge
 RULER
Ruler: A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A
meter rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (1 mm).
Precautions to be taken when using a ruler
(a) Ensure that the object is in contact
with the ruler to avoid inaccurate
readings.
(b) Avoid parallax errors.
(c) Avoid zero and end errors.
The ends of a ruler, which may be worn out,
are a source of errors in measurement.
Thus it is advisable to use the division
mark `1' of the scale as the zero point
when taking a measurement.
Length of the block, l =3.2cm-1.0cm = 2.2 cm
 RULER – TECHNIQUE

Diagram below shows the correct technique to use

the meter ruler:
 VERNIER CALLIPERS
 Vernier caliper is more accurate than a ruler, since it has the smaller scale of 0.1 mm.
 Measure lengths of less than 10 cm.
 Can be used to measure outer dimensions of objects (using the main jaws), inside
dimensions (using the smaller jaws at the inside dimensions, and depths (using the stem).
 The accuracy is up to 0.1 mm (0.01 cm).

Parts of Vernier Callipers

How to Use a Vernier Callipers?
1) To measure outer/inner dimensions
of an object, the object is placed
between the jaws, which are then
moved together until they secure the
object.
2) The screw clamp may then be
tightened to ensure that the reading
does not change while the scale is
being read.
3) Take the reading.
 VERNIER CALLIPERS -
TECHNIQUE
Correct technique to use the vernier calipers:
 MICROMETER SCREW
GAUGE
 A micrometer screw gauge is more accurate than a ruler and vernier calliper because it
has the smallest scale of 0.01 mm.
The range of a micrometer is 0-25 mm.
The accuracy of a micrometer is up to 0.01 mm.

Parts of Micrometer Screw Gauge

How to Use a Micrometer?
1) Turn the thimble until the
object is gripped gently
between the anvil and
spindle.
2) Turn the ratchet knob until a
"click" sound is heard. This is
to prevent exerting too much
pressure on the object
measured.
3)Take the reading.
MICROMETER SCREW GAUGE -
TECHNIQUE
ZERO ERROR
 MICROMETER SCREW GAUGE -
EXERCISE

Determine the reading of the micrometer screw gauge below:

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