VELOCITY ACCELERATION

Velocity - includes the direction of motion as well as the Acceleration – can indicate any kind of change in velocity,
distance travelled per unit time. including decreasing speed and change in direction.

 Velocity: Rate of change of position (m/s)
 When a moving object changes direction, its
velocity changes even though its speed may not
have changed.
Example:
1. Jenger is running outside the campus of CEU-
Manila. He runs 1.5 km due north in a time of 25.6
seconds, what is his average velocity? Express your
answer in both m/s and mi/h.
Strategy:
First, we need to identify what are the given in the problem.
It is said that Jenger runs 1.5 km due north in a time of 25.6
seconds, so, based on the unit given, we can assume that
the distance is in km and the time is 25.6 seconds. Let’s
recall the formula in the velocity, vave =
∆𝑥
, we can assume
∆𝑡
that the initial position (km) and initial time (s) of Jenger is 0
because he starts from rest. Then we will have our working
equation like this,
1.5𝑘𝑚
vave = , but we need to express this first in m/s then in
25.6𝑠
mi/h.
Solution:
 Acceleration: Rate of change in velocity (m/s2)
 The acceleration tells you how the velocity is
changing. The direction of the change in velocity is
not necessarily the same as the direction of either
the initial or the final velocity.
Example:
1. One of the fastest superheroes is Superman. If he is
accelerates from rest in a straight line with a
constant acceleration of 3 m/s2, how much time
does it take for Superman to reach a speed of 25
m/s?
Strategy:
Acceleration tells you the change in velocity over a period of
time. In the problem, it is stated that the acceleration is
equal to 3 m/s2, so, it means that the velocity increases 3
m/s every second. If the final velocity is 25 m/s and we need
to know “how much time does it take for Superman to
reach this speed”, so, we need to divide the acceleration on
the given final velocity for us to know how many times did
we add the acceleration to reach the speed of 25 m/s. This
result will give us the missing time. And it looks like this,
∆𝑣 ∆𝑣
acceleration =  ∆t =
∆𝑡 𝑎

Let’s convert first the km to m. We know that 1 km = Solution:

1000m.
After we get the quotient of this, we will have the final
1.5 𝑘𝑚 1000 𝑚 1500 𝑚 answer.
vave = ∗  vave =  vave = 58.59 m/s
25.6𝑠 1 𝑘𝑚 25.6 𝑠
25 𝑚/𝑠 25 𝑚/𝑠
∆t =  ∆t =  ∆t = 8.33 s.
Thus, the average velocity of Jenger is 58.59 m/s. 3 𝑚/𝑠 2 3 𝑚/𝑠 2

Next, we know that 1 km = 0.621371 mi and 3600 s = 1 h. Thus, 8.33 seconds Superman needed to take to reach a
We will convert km to mi at the same time s to h. speed of 25 m/s.

0.621371 𝑚𝑖
1.5𝑘𝑚( ) 0.9320565 𝑚𝑖
vave = 1 𝑘𝑚
1ℎ  Vave = 0.00711 ℎ
 Vave =
25.6 𝑠( )
3600 𝑠
131.09 mi/h

Thus, the average velocity of Jenger is 131.09 mi/h.

 (b) In question b, distance is needed. Let’s use the equation 4 that
KINEMATICS
has the velocity, acceleration and distance. We can use the
Kinematics - the branch of mechanics concerned with objects in motion, other equations that has a time because we have now the value
but not with the forces involved. for time but we need to stick into the given for us to have a
more accurate answer. If we use the other equations, we
 Velocity, distance, acceleration and time. cannot say that our answer there is correct because we just
 It is a one-dimensional movement. only solve the time and if the number you got in solving for the
time is wrong, your answer will also be wrong when using the
Example: other equations.

2 2
1. A 1200 kg airplane starts from rest and moves forward with a Vf = Vi + 2ad
2
constant acceleration of magnitude 5 m/s along a runway that
is 250 m long. (a) How long does it take the plane to reach a Solution:
speed of 46 m/s? (b) How far along the runway has the plane
(b) How far along the runway has the plane moved when it reaches 46
moved when it reaches 46 m/s?
m/s?
Strategy:
Given:
We need to identify the given first; the weight of the airplane in the Vi = 0 m/s, since it started from rest.
problem is just a diversion and we will not be focusing on that. Vf = 46 m/s, it is stated in the given.
d = 250 m, this is the whole distance of the runway.
2
Vi = 0 m/s, since it started from rest. a = 5 m/s , the constant acceleration of the airplane
Vf = 46 m/s, it is stated in the given.
d = 250 m, this is the whole distance of the runway. t = 9.2 s
2
a = 5 m/s , the constant acceleration of the airplane Vf = ?

Now, let’s recall the given questions; (a) how long does it take the plane Substitute all the values in the given,
to reach a speed of 46 m/s? (b) How far along the runway has the plane 2 2 2
(46 m/s) = (0 m/s) + 2(5 m/s ) d
moved when it reaches 46 m/s?
2116 𝑚2 /𝑠 2
d=
When this happens, that there are two questions in one problem, you 10 𝑚/𝑠 2

just need to answer it one by one. Don’t perform the two questions at
the same time.
d = 211.6 m

(a) In question a, time is needed. Let’s use the equation 2 that has Thus, 211.6 m the plane moved along the runway when it reaches 46
the acceleration, velocity and time. We can still use the m/s.
equation 3 but on the given final velocity, its position didn’t
reach the 250 m that’s why it’s more appropriate to use the
equation 2.
General Formulas
Vf = Vi + at (𝑽𝒇 + 𝑽𝒊 )𝒕
(1) 𝒅 =
𝟐
- (a)
Solution:
(2) 𝑽𝒇 = 𝑽𝒊 + 𝒂𝒕 - (d)
(a) How long does it take the plane to reach a speed of 46 m/s?
𝟏
Given: (3) 𝒅 = 𝑽𝒊 𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐 - (v)
𝟐
Vi = 0 m/s, since it started from rest.
Vf = 46 m/s, it is stated in the given. (4) 𝑽𝒇 𝟐 = 𝑽𝟐𝒊 + 𝟐𝒂𝒅 - (t)
d = 250 m, this is the whole distance of the runway. -
2
a = 5 m/s , the constant acceleration of the airplane
t=?

Substitute all the values in the given,

2
46 m/s = (0)(t) + (5 m/s )(t)
46 𝑚/𝑠 5 𝑚/𝑠 2 (𝑡)
=
5 𝑚/𝑠 2 5 𝑚/𝑠 2

t = 9.2 s

Thus, 9.2 s the plane needs to take to reach a speed of 46 m/s.

 In solving for time, let’s use equation 2.
FREE FALL
𝑽𝒇 = 𝑽𝒊 + 𝒂𝒕
An object in free fall has a constant downward acceleration, called the
free-fall acceleration.
Substitute all the values in the given,

Earth’s gravity always pull downward, so the acceleration of an object in

(0 m/s) = (3 m/s) + (-9.81 m/s)(t)
free fall is always downward and constant in magnitude, regardless of
whether the object is moving up, down or is at rest, and independent of 9.81 m/𝑠 2 (t) 3 𝑚/𝑠
=
its speed. 9.81 m/𝑠2 9.81 m/𝑠2

If the object is moving downward, the downward acceleration makes it t = 0.31 s

speed up; if it is moving upward, the downward acceleration makes it
slow down. Thus, the distance and time when the brick is thrown upwards are
0.46 m and 0.31 s.
Example:
Next, now we’re done in finding the distance and time when it is
1. A brick is thrown vertically upward with an initial speed of 3
thrown upwards, we will now solve the distance and time before
m/s from the roof of a building. If the building is 78.4 m tall,
it reaches the ground. We will add the distance we got earlier for
how much time passes before the brick lands on the ground?
us to know what is the total distance from the peak of the brick
up to the ground.
Vf = 0 m/s
Note: In this problem, time is d = 78.4 m + 0.46 m
Vi = 3 m/s t = ? needed but not only on the time d = 78.86 m, this is the total distance of the brick from its peak up
when it is thrown upwards but to the ground.
also the time before the brick
lands on the ground. Also, we Given: (downwards)
need to find the total distance
78.4 m of the brick from the time that Vi = 0 m/s
the brick stops rising up to the V = 0 m/s
2
ground. a = -9.81 m/s
d = -78.86 m, let’s use a negative sign because it is moving downwards.
t=?

Strategy: Let’s use the equation 3 in solving the time.

Calculate first the distance and time when it is thrown upwards before 𝟏
𝒅 = 𝑽𝒊 𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐
finding the total distance and time when the brick lands on the ground. 𝟐

𝑚
(−9.81 2 )(𝑡 2 )
Solution: -78.86 m = (0 m/s)(t) + 𝑠
2

Given: (upwards) 𝑚
(−9.81 2 )(𝑡 2 )
𝑠
-78.86 m = (cross multiply)
Vi = 3 m/s 2

Vf = 0 m/s
2 -157.72 m = -9.81 m/s2 (t2)
a = -9.81 m/s
d =? & t = ? 𝑚
−9.81 2 (𝑡 2 )
−157.72 𝑚 𝑠
𝑚 = 𝑚
−9.81 2 −9.81 2
Let’s just solve first the distance before we solve the time. Let’s use the 𝑠 𝑠

equation 4 for us to solve the distance.

16.07747 s2 = t2
Vf 2 = Vi2 + 2ad 4.01 s = t

Substitute all the values in the given, Lastly, just add the time we got earlier which is 0.31 s. 4.01 s +
0.31 s is equal to 4.32 s.
m 𝑚 m
(0 )2 = (3 )2 + 2(−9.81 2 )d
s 𝑠 𝑠
Thus, 4.32 s passes before the brick reaches the ground.
19.62 m/𝑠 2 (𝑑) 9 𝑚 2 /𝑠 2
=
19.62 𝑚/𝑠 2 19.62𝑚/𝑠 2

d= 0.46 m
 PROJECTILE MOTION Note: Don’t answer the items 4 and 5 on the problem
solving on the test paper.
It is a two-dimensional movement and its acceleration is
due to gravity. Note: Bring the following on your examination day;

The acceleration in this chapter is equal to 9.81 m/s 2.  Calculator

 Filler Notebook
Horizontally launched projectile
Note: Erasures are allowed. Just box your final
𝑔𝑡 2 answers. Don’t forget the units.
h= , r = vxt
2
Filler Notebook Color:
Example:
 Dent 1 – Yellow
1. Ricardo Dalisay stands on the roof of 75 m tall
 Dent 2 – Violet
building and throws a gun horizontally at 25 m/s
 Dent 3 – Red
away from the building. How far away from the foot
 Dent 4 – Green
of the building will the gun land?
 HSC 7 – Orange
Strategy:  HSC 8 – Pink
 OLS 1 – Sky blue
Just list down all the given. Then if the initial velocity or  PS 1 - Blue
range is missing, you need to perform first the equation that
has a height. But, if the height is missing, perform first the PS: SANA MAKATULONG ITO!!! PINUSUAN KO ITO
equation that has a range. HA!! SO, PLEASE, PAKIARAL!!
Given: PS: KUNG MAY KATANUNGAN, HUWAG
h = 75 m MAHIYANG LUMAPIT SA’KIN.
Vx = 25 m/s
PS: KUNG MAY ERROR SA GRAMMAR, SORRY,
a = 9.81 m/s2
INTINDIHIN NIYO NA LANG!! PAGOD NA SI SIR.
t=?&r=?
PS: PAPASA KAYO!!!!!
So, based on the given, the range is missing. Before we
know what the missing range is, we need to know first what
the missing time is.
𝑚 Thank you for making me feel loved and special.
(9.81 2 )(𝑡2 )
𝑠
75 m =
2
cross multiply Thank you sa memories. Sana at sana lang, h’wag
𝑚
kakalimutan ang mga aral. Mami-miss ko kayo
150 𝑚 (9.81 2 )(𝑡2 )
𝑚 = 𝑠
𝑚 hehe. Love u all!! See you when I see you,
(9.81 2 ) (9.81 2 )
𝑠 𝑠
everyone! Congratulations in advance, proud ako
15.29 s2 = t2 sa inyo!

t = 3.91 s - Jenger C. Gomez, LPT

Let’s substitute the calculated time for us to get the missing

range.

r = (25 m/s)(3.91 s)

r = 97.75 m

Thus, 97.75 m will the gun land away from the foot of the
building.