SS3 DATA PROCESSING

2nd Term Scheme Of Work

WEEK TOPIC

Computer Virus:
1 *Meaning of Computer Virus
*Types of Computer Virus
*Examples of virus
*Sources of virus
*Virus warning signs
*Virus detection/Prevention
2 Maintenance of Computer:
*Hardware maintenance overview
*Software maintenance overview

3 Career Options in Data Processing:

*Professions in Computer
*Qualities of a good Professional

4 Introduction to database security

*Access Control

*Roles of the database administrator in security

*Encryption

5 Indexes:
*Types of Indexes
*Definition of types indexes

6 Crash Recovery:
*Definition of crash recovery
*Types of crash
*Definition of crash recovery terms

7 Parallel and Distributed databases:

*Architecture for parallel databases
*Introduction to distributed databases
*Distributed DBMS Architecture

8 REVISION OF PAST QUESTIONS

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 WEEK 1
COMPUTER VIRUS
CONTENT:
Meaning of Computer Virus.
Types of Computer Virus.
Examples of Virus
Sources of Virus
COMPUTER VIRUS
Computer viruses are small software programs that are designed to spread from one computer to another
and to interfere with computer operation. It is a program written by people called virus perpetrators or
data invaders which often cause damage by attaching itself to another program and files on the
computer system. A virus might corrupt or delete data on your computer, use your e-mail program
to spread itself to other computers, or even erase everything on your hard disk. Computer viruses
are often spread by attachments in e-mail messages or instant messages. That is why it is essential
that you never open e-mail attachments unless you know who it's from and you are expecting it.

DEFINITION

A computer virus is a piece of software that attaches itself to another program to corrupt the program and
files on the computer system.

Types of Computer Virus

Computer Viruses are classified according to their nature of infection and behavior. Different types of
computer virus classification are given below.

1. Resident virus: They usually fix themselves inside the computer memory. They get activated every time
the OS runs and end up infecting other opened files. They hide in RAM. Examples are CMJ, Randex, Mrklunky
etc.
2. Overwrite Virus: These types of viruses delete any information in a file they infect, leaving them
partially or completely useless once they are infected. Once in the computer, they replace all the
file content but the file size doesn’t change.examples trivial.88.D,trj.Reboot etc
3. Boot sector: A Boot Sector Virus infects the first sector of the hard drive, where the Master Boot
Record (MBR) is stored. . If a computer is infected with Boot Sector Virus, when the computer is turned
on, the virus launches immediately and is loaded into memory, enabling it to control the
computer. Examples are poly boot, AntiEXE, stone virus, disk killer, form etc
4. Macro virus: Macro viruses infect files that are created using certain applications e.g. MS office suite,
these macros are usually stored as part of the document or spreadsheet and can travel to other
systems when these files are transferred to another computer. Examples are Relax, Bablas etc.
5. Directory Virus: Also known as cluster virus or file system virus. They infect the computer’s directory
by changing the path indicating file location. They are usually located in the disk but affect the entire
directory. Example is any file with the extension
.EXE or .COM
6. Polymorphic virus: Polymorphic Viruses have the capability to change their appearance and change
their code every time they infect a different system. This helps the Polymorphic Viruses to hide
from anti-virus software. Examples are Elkern, Marburg,etc.
Other computer threats
1. Worms: A worm is a virus program that copies and multiplies itself by using computer networks and
security flaws. A classic example of a worm is the I LOVE YOU virus discovered in 2000. Another latest worm
was discovered in July 2010 called Stuxnet.
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2. Trojan horse: A Trojan horse is a computer program or file on the computer of a user that makes the
computer susceptible to malicious intruder by allowing them to access and read users files. They do not
multiply themselves as in the case of worm. An example of latest Trojan horse is Alureon (discovered in
2010).
2. Virus file infectors
3. System or boot sector infectors
4. E-mail virus
5. Key logger
Examples of computer virus are;
Polyboot, Tuareg, Satan, Bug, Elkern, Asimov, Win 32, stator, Sasser, Welchia, Beagle, Netsky etc.

SOURCE OF VIRUS:
So how does your computer become infected by computer viruses or malware? There are many common
approaches, but the following are some of the most popular methods owing to their efficacy and simplicity:
Downloading infected files as email attachments, from websites or through file sharing activities
Clicking on links to malicious websites in emails, messaging apps or social network posts
Visiting compromised websites, aka drive-by downloads, viruses can be hidden in HTML, thus downloading
when the webpage loads in your browser
Connecting your device to infected external hard drives or network drives
Operating system and application vulnerabilities provide security loopholes, backdoors and other exploits
Social engineering attacks, such as phishing scams, trick victims into providing sensitive information or access
to personal and work systems through customized attacks that often masquerade as legitimate organizations
reporting fake emergencies to push victims to act quickly and without question
Connected peripherals, smart devices and Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices can act as vectors, or access
points, or they can be hijacked and controlled remotely by the hacker

Virus warning sign

The following are some virus warning signs:
i. When the software program takes longer to load than they used to.
ii. When software programs crash for no apparent reasons
iii. When the computer checks the hard drive often
iv. When files disappear for no apparent reason.
v. When there is frequent file corruption
vi. When items that use to work are no longer working
vii. When you received e-mails from an unfamiliar source
viii. When you receive an unknown e-mail with attachments
ix. When you download frequently from common source.
Effects of virus
It causes computer to crash (i.e. to stop functioning normally or to stop responding to other software)
Loss of files and corruption of data stored in file.

Virus Prevention
Do not pass on virus warning signs without first checking with an authoritative source. Make sure you
have a current version of antivirus software to check for virus.
To prevent virus you may do any of the following;
i. Purchase and install anti-virus software, and update it frequently
ii. Scan every file you receive
iii. Do not configure your e-mail program to launch your word processing program automatically when it
receives an attachment.
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iv. Scan every file you download from the web before you install or read them
v. Be very careful about putting flash drives and floppy disk from unknown source into your computer
vi. Backup all your data files on regular basis.
vii. Make sure that you have original disk or CD-ROMs for all your software.
viii. Regularly do quick or full systems scan on your computer.
KEY NOTES
1. Computer Viruses
What is a computer virus? Computer viruses are a type of malware that earned their name because of how
they spread by "infecting" other files on a disk or computer. Viruses then spread to other disk drives and
machines when the infected files are received in downloads from websites, email attachments, shared drives
or when carried in files on physical media, such as USB drives or—in the early days—floppy disks.
According to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the first computer virus, a boot
sector virus called "Brain," was developed in 1986. Tired of customers pirating software from their shop, two
brothers, Basit and Amjad Farooq Alvi, who were only 17 and 24 years old at the time, claimed to have
designed the virus to infect the boot sector of software thieves' floppy disks. The virus spread through
infected copies of the pirated software, jumping from the infected floppy disk to the computer hard drive
when the program was booted, or loaded onto the new machine.
2. Worms
Unlike viruses, worms don't require human help in order to infect, self-replicate or propagate. As soon as
they breach a system, they infect their entry point and spread through the device and across any network to
which the device connects. By exploiting network vulnerabilities—such as missed operating system
(OS) updates or application patches, weak email security or poor internet safety practices—worms can
execute, self-replicate and propagate at an almost exponential rate as each new infection repeats the
process. Originally, most worms simply "ate" system resources and reduced performance. Now, most worms
contain malicious "payloads" designed to steal or delete files upon execution.
3. Adware
One of the most common online nuisances is adware. Adware programs automatically deliver advertisements
to host computers. Familiar examples of adware include pop-up ads on webpages and advertising messages
that are part of the interface of "free" software. While some adware is relatively harmless, other variants use
tracking tools to glean information about your location or browser history. Most of the time, adware collects
information in order to serve better targeted ads. But sometimes Adware is used for more nefarious
purposes including redirecting search results, displaying op-ups that can’t be closed or link to malware,
disabling antivirus software or even  going all the way off the rails into the territory of spyware—see #4.
Technically, adware is installed with people's knowledge and consent. But when was the last time you read all
the way through a several thousand word "Terms of Service" statement? By clicking the "I Agree" button, you
grant consent. Because you have acknowledged and consented to the terms of service, these programs can't
be termed malware. Today’s antivirus software typically identifies these programs as "potentially unwanted
programs" (PUPs).
4. Spyware
Spyware does just what it says. It spies on what you're doing at your computer. It collects data such as
keystrokes, browsing habits, location data and even login information. While adware might include
"repurposing" collected data for sale in the terms of service statement, spyware is more duplicitous. Spyware
is considered malware because users are unaware of it. The only intent of spyware is malicious. Spyware
collects and sells your data to third parties, typically cyber criminals, with no regard for how the data will be
used. Spyware may also modify specific security settings on your computer or interfere with network
connections.
In another example of how the line between adware and spyware can blur, the rise of mobile computing has
seen an explosion of spyware that tracks user behavior across devices and physical locations without their
consent. For example, a free weather app on your smartphone may have gotten your consent to collect and
use your location data, ostensibly to provide more accurate forecasts. You agreed to the app’s terms of
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service which include language enabling to re-use the location as they see fit, so it’s legit. But what happens
when that includes selling your location to data to anyone who can afford it, regardless of whether that an
online store trying to populate banner ads in your browser or a cyber-criminal who cross-references mobile
phone user data with other data sources?
5. Ransomware
Ransomware infects your computer, encrypts your PII and other sensitive data such as personal or work
documents and then demands a ransom for their release. If you refuse to pay, the data is deleted. Some
ransomware variants lock out all access to your computer. Sometimes, they might claim to be the work of
legitimate law enforcement agencies and suggest that you've been caught doing something illegal.
6. Bots
Bots are programs designed to automatically carry out specific operations. Although they serve many
legitimate purposes, they are also a popular type of malware. Once on a computer, bots can cause the
machine to execute specific commands without the user's approval or knowledge. Hackers may also try to
infect multiple computers with the same bot to create a "botnet"—short for robot network. These zombie
botnets give hackers the ability to remotely manage compromised computers, enabling them to steal
sensitive data, to spy on user activities, to distribute spam automatically or to launch devastating Distributed-
Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks on computer networks and websites.
7. Rootkits
Rootkits allow remote access or control of a computer by a third party. These programs are useful for IT
professionals trying to troubleshoot network issues remotely, but they can easily become nefarious. Once
installed on your computer, rootkits allow attackers to take complete control of your machine to steal data or
install additional malware. Rootkits are designed to go unnoticed and actively hide their presence and that of
other malware that they install.
As with most computer viruses and malware, although it’s no guarantee of safety, protecting your devices
from rootkits starts with keeping current on all OS and application updates and patches to eliminate potential
infection routes. Effective detection of rootkits requires real-time monitoring—not just periodic disk drive
scans—for unusual behavior system behavior.
8. Trojan Horses
Commonly called "Trojans," these programs hide in plain sight by masquerading as legitimate files or
software. Once downloaded and installed, Trojans make changes to a computer and carry out malicious
activities, without the knowledge or consent of the victim.
9. Bugs
Bugs—flaws in software code—are not a type of malware, they are errors in software code that popular
vectors for attackers with malicious intent. Bugs can, on and of themselves, have detrimental effects on your
computer, such as freezing, crashing or reducing performance. Security bugs create holes in a computer or
network’s defenses that are especially attractive to would-be attackers. While better security control on the
developer end helps reduce the number of bugs, bugs are another reason why keeping current on software
patches and system updates is crucial.

EVALUATION:
1. State FIVE preventive measures against virus known to you.
2. What do we do to a virus warning sign?
READING ASSIGNMENT
READ the topic ‘Maintenance of a Computer” using your students’ textbook
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. An act of breaking security policies, practices, or procedures.
(a) Security Breach (b) Internet breach (c) normal breach (d) random
2. Examples of computer virus include all, except……………. (a) Polyboot (b) Satan (c) Tuareg (d) 1967 lucky
3. A computer program or file on the computer of a user that makes the computer susceptible to malicious
intruder by allowing them to access and read users files is called……………(a) Trolley horse (b) IBM Trojan (c)
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Trojan horse (d) Murphy
4. ……………. is the most important source of computer virus infection?
(a) Computer (b) Worm(c) hackers (d) Internet.

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 WEEK 2
MAINTENANCE OF COMPUTER
CONTENT:
 Details of Hardware Maintenance
 Details of Software Maintenance

DETAILS OF HARDWARE MAINTENANCE

Hardware Maintenance tips

1. Do not allow heat and moisture on your system

2. Clean the computer case and clear its ventilation ports of any obstruction.
3. Keep a neat key board, turn the keyboard upside down and shake it to clear the crumbs from between the
keys. If that doesn’t suffice blast it briefly with compressed air. If the keys stick or your keyboard really dirty,
pry it off for easier cleaning.
4. Make your monitor sparkle by wiping the monitor case and clear its vents of obstruction, without pushing
into its unit.
5. Check your power protection.
6. Wipe your CD and DVD media gently with a moistened, soft cloth.
7. Use antistatic wipes for inside the system cleaning.
8. Avoid touching any part of the circuit board surface with your hand.
9. Replace CMOS battery when your time indicator losses.
DETAILS OF SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE

Maintenance, repair and operations (MRO) involves fixing any sort of mechanical or electrical device
should it come out of order or broken. It also includes performing routine actions which keep the device in
working order or prevent trouble from arising (Preventive maintenance).
CATEGORIES OF SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE:

i. Corrective Maintenance: This refers to modifications initiated by defects in the software.

ii. Adaptive Maintenance: This includes any work initiated as consequence of moving the software to a
different hardware or software platform-compiler, operating system or new processor.
iii. Perfective Maintenance: This refers to enhancements such as making the product better, faster, smaller,
better documented, cleaner structured.
iv. Preventive Maintenance: The purpose is making program easier to understand and hence facilitate future
maintenance work.
Software Maintenance Tips:

1. First backup all your file on a regular basis

2. Make use of a good antivirus program.
3. Use a registry cleaner regularly for the good health of the PC.
4. Clean temporary internet files from time to time.
5. Give your PC a periodic checkup with a good hardware diagnostic utility
6. Use registry mechanic
7. Defragment your hard drive at regular intervals, this allows data to be crammed on the disk and free the
maximum space available on the computer.
8. Start windows in safe mode when there is a trouble booting.

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 WEEK 3
CAREER OPTIONS IN DATA PROCESSING

CONTENT:
*Professions in Computer
*Qualities of a good computer professional
PROFESSIONS IN COMPUTER

A Computer professional is one who deals with the computer industry to develop something. They may
design, build, sell, lease, or repair hardware, or they may sell, market or write software. The definition now
extends to those involved in the Internet industry.
To prepare for a career in the computer industry, you must first decide on the area in which you are
interested and then obtain education in that field. If you desire a formal education several options are
available, which include attending a college that offers two year degree or a university that offers a four year
degree. These colleges give certificates after the completion of the degree.
The Following are careers in the computer profession
1. General business and IT department
2. Computer equipment field
3. Computer software fields
4. Computer service and repair fields
5. Computer Sales
6. Computer education and training field
7. IT consultation
QUALITIES OF A GOOD COMPUTER PROFESSIONAL

Some of the qualities needed to be a successful computer professional are;

1. Excellent analytical skill: Computer professionals must have excellent analytical skills that can be applied to
solve problems or develop new ideas.
2. An attention to details: Computer professionals must pay close attention to detail to ensure everything
works correctly and efficiently.
3. A commitment to learning: Successful computer professionals should get information about the latest
developments in information technology because it is constantly changing.
4. Good communication skill: Verbal and written communications are important for everyday business.
Understanding a client’s need and the ability to meet those needs depends heavily on a steady stream of
open communication.
5. An aptitude for mathematics: Computer professionals must have strong math’s skills, because maths is
used in many computer applications, such as when dealing with circuits or programming.
6. Ability to learn new programming language: Computer professionals must know many programming
languages and how to use a wide variety of computer software programs. A good memory helps one to work
efficiently.
7. Ability to multitask: People working with computers are often involved in many tasks at once, and must be
able to manage all their responsibilities simultaneously. Time management skills and an ability to prioritize is
an asset.
8. Troubleshooting capabilities: Computer professionals are called upon to solve problems with networks,
software and other programs. They are expected to solve these problems very quickly, and having sharp
troubleshooting skill is a benefit.
9. Versatility: The most successful computer professionals will be the ones who have skills that extend
beyond information technology, such as skills in business and finance.

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Computer Professional Bodies and their Functions
A professional body is a group of people who come together for professional and other mutual benefits and
are governed by a constitution.
Some computer professional bodies and their functions are highlighted below.
1.  Nigeria Computer society (NCS): www.ncs.or.ng
This is a group of people interested in computing technology within Nigerian. They share ideas and
knowledge and formulate policies that relate to ICT.
2.  Institute of Management Information System (IMIS): www.imis.org.uk
 
This is an internal body devoted to supporting and promoting the profession of information systems
management.
3.  Computer Professional Registration Council of Nigeria (CPN): www.cprcn.org
 
This is a body responsible for the science and use of computer machines and techniques in the country.
4.  Information Technology Association of Nigeria (ITAN): www.itan.org.ng
This body provides professional services for IT bodies in Nigeria.
5.  Nigeria Internet Group (NIG):
It is a Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) that promotes and facilitates full internet connectivity in Nigeria.
6.  Nigeria Communication Commission (NCC):
This body controls and regulates all communication operations in Nigeria.
7.  Internet Service Provider Association of Nigeria (ISPAN):
This body regulates and monitors Internet service operators in the country.
8.  IT industry Association of Nigerian (ITIAN):
The body controls the development of locally manufactured computer systems in Nigeria.
9.  Association of Telecom Companies in Nigeria (ATCN): This body monitors and controls all telecom service
operators in Nigeria.
10.       Computer Association of Nigeria (COAN). This is a body that motivates and promotes Nigeria software
developers and their products in the software industry.
EVALUATION:
1. Who are computer professionals?
2. Name some of the fields where computer professionals are required.
3. Name any FOUR kinds of computer professionals.
4. What are the qualities of a good computer professional?
5. Mention any four computer professional bodies and their functions.

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 WEEK 4
INDEXES
CONTENT:
Clustered versus Unclustered Indexes
Dense versus Sparse
Primary and Secondary Indexes
Indexes using composite search keys

Clustered versus Unclustered Indexes

An index can be viewed as a collection of data entries.
One way to organize data entries is to hash data entries on the search key. In this approach, we essentially
treat the collection of data entries as a file records, hashed on the search key.

Clustered versus Unclustered Indexes

When a file is organized so that the ordering of data records is the same as or close to the ordering of data
entries in some index, we say that the index is clustered. An index that uses Alternative (1) is clustered, by
definition. An index that uses Alternative (2) or Alternative (3) can be a clustered index only if the data
records are sorted on the search key field. Otherwise, the order of the data records is random, defined purely
by their physical order, and there is no reasonable way to arrange the data entries in the index in the same
order.

Indexes that maintain data entries in sorted order by search key use a collection of index entries, organized
into a tree structure, to guide searches for data entries, which are stored at the leaf level of the tree in sorted
order.
Clustered and unclustered tree indexes are illustrated below

Index entries
(Direct search for
data entries)

Index file

Data entries

Data
Records Data file

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Clustered Tree Index using Alternative (2)

Index entries
(Direct search for
data entries)

Index file

D Data entries

Data
Records Data file

Thus, clustered indexes are relatively expensive to maintain when the file is updated. Another reason
clustered indexes are expensive to maintain is that data entries may have to be moved across pages, and if
records are identified by a combination of page id and slot, as is often the case, all places in the database that
point to a moved record (typically, entries in other indexes for the same collection of records) must also be
updated to point to the new location; these additional updates can be very time consuming.
Dense Versus Sparse Indexes
An index is said to be dense if it contains (at least) one data entry for every search key value that appears in a
record in the indexed file. A sparse index contains one entry for each page of records in the data file.
Alternative (1) for data entries always leads to a dense index. Alternative (2) can be used to build either
dense or sparse indexes. Alternative (3) is typically only used to build a dense index.

Ashby, 25, 3000

Basu, 33, 4003 22
Bristow, 292007 25
30
Ashby 33
Cass
Cass, 50, 5004
Smith
Daniels, 22, 6003
Jones, 40, 6003 40
44
44
50
Smith, 44, 3000
Sparse Index Tracy, 44, 5004 Dense Index
On name on age

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DATA
Sparse Versus Dense Indexes

A data file of records with three fields (name, age, and sal) is shown with two simple indexes on it, both of
which use Alternative (2) for data entry format. The first index is sparse, clustered index on name. Notice how
the order of data entries in the index corresponds to the order of records in the data file.

We cannot build a sparse index that is not clustered. Thus, we can have at most one sparse index. A sparse
index is typically much smaller than a dense index. On the other hand, some very useful optimization
techniques rely on an index being dense.
A data file is said to be inverted on a field if there is a dense secondary index on this field. A fully inverted file
is one in which there is a dense secondary index on each field that does not appear in the primary key.

Primary and Secondary Indexes

An index on a set of field that includes the primary key is called a primary index. An index that is not a
primary index is called a secondary index. The term primary index and secondary index are sometimes used
with a different meaning: An index that uses Alternative (1) is called a primary index, and one that uses
Alternative (2) or (3) is called a secondary index.
Two data entries are said to be duplicates if they have the same value for the search key field associated with
the index. A primary index is guaranteed not to contain duplicates, but an index on other (collections of) field
can contain duplicates. Thus, in general, a secondary index contains duplicates. If we know that no duplicates
exist, that is, we know that the search key contains some candidate key, we call the index a unique index.
Indexes using composite search keys
The search key for an index can contain several fields; such keys are called composite search keys or
concatenated keys. As an example, considering a collection of employee records, with fields name, age, and
sal, stored in sorted order by name.
If the search key is composite, an equality query is one in which each field in the search key is bound to a
constant. E.g. we can ask to retrieve all data entries with age =20 and sal=10. The hashed file organization
supports only equality queries, since a hash function identifies the bucket containing desired records only if a
value is specified for each field in the search key.
A range query is one in which not all fields in the search key are bound to constants. E.g. we can ask to
retrieve all data entries with age=20; thus query implies that any value is acceptable for the sal field. As
another example of a range query, we can ask to retrieve all data entries with age < 30 and sal > 40.
EVALUATION:
(i) What is the role of a database administrator?
ii. Explain primary index
iii. What are duplicates?
iv Differentiate between dense and sparse index
v. What do you mean by sparse index?

READING ASSIGNMENT:
Study the topic ‘the primary and secondary index
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
OBJECTIVE TEST
1. An index that uses Alternative (2) or Alternative (3) can be a clustered index only. (a) if data records
are unsorted (b) if the data records are sorted on the search key field (c) if data records are sorted on
more than one key field (d) if data records use dense index
2. We can have at most _____ clustered index on a data file. (a) one (b) two (c) three (d) four

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1. DBMS can use ___ to protect information in certain situations where the normal security
mechanisms of the DBMS are not adequate. (a) access control (b) encryption (c) data mining (d)
security guard
2. An index that uses Alternative __ is called a primary index. (a) (1) (b) (2) (c) (3) (d) all of the
above
3. Alternative ___ is typically only used to build a dense index. (a) (1) (b) (2) (c) (d) all of the
above

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 WEEK 5
DATABASE SECURITY
CONTENT:
Introduction to database security
Access Control
Roles of the database administrator in security
Encryption
Introduction to database Security

Database management systems are increasingly being used to store information about all aspects of an
enterprise. The data stored in a DBMS is often vital to the business interests of the organization and is
regarded as a corporate asset.

Data Security
Is the means of ensuring that data is kept from corruption and that access to it is suitable controlled. Thus
data security helps to ensure privacy. It also helps in protecting personal data. Data security is part of the
larger practice of Information security.
Data is the raw form of information stored as columns and rows in our databases, network servers and
personal computers.
Considerations when designing a database
There are three main objectives to consider while designing a secure database application.
1. Secrecy: Information should not be disclosed to unauthorized users. E.g. a student should not be
allowed to examine other students’ grades.
2. Integrity: Only authorized users should be allowed to modify data. E.g. students may be allowed to
see their grades, yet not allowed (obviously!) to modify them.
3. Availability: Authorized users should not be denied access. E.g. an instructor who wishes to change a
grade should be allowed to do so.

To achieve these objectives, a clear and consistent security policy should be developed to described what
security measures must be enforced. In particular, we must determine what part of the data is to be
protected and which users get access to which portions of the data.
Next, the security mechanisms of the underlying DBMS (and OS, as well as external mechanisms such as
securing access to buildings and so on) must be utilized to enforce the policy. We emphasize that security
measures must be taken at several levels. Security leaks in the operating system or network connections can
circumvent database security mechanisms.

ACCESS CONTROL

A database of an enterprise contains a great deal of information and usually has several groups of users.
Most users need to access only a small part of the database to carry out their tasks. Allowing users
unrestricted access to all the data can be undesirable, and a DBMS should provide mechanisms to control
access to data.
A DBMS offers two main approaches to access control
i. Discretionary Access Control: This is based on the concept of access rights, or privileges, and
mechanisms for giving users such privileges. A privileges allows a user access some data object in a certain
manner (e.g. to read or to modify). A user who creates a database object such as a table or a view
automatically gets all applicable privileges on that object. The DBMS subsequently keeps track of how these
privileges are granted to other users, and possibly revoked, and ensures that at all times only users with
necessary privileges can access an object. SQL -92 supports discretionary access control through the GRANT
and REVOKE commands.
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ii. Mandatory Access Control: This is used to address some loopholes in discretionary access control.
The popular model for mandatory access control, called the Bell-LaPadula model, is described in terms of
objects (e.g. tables, views, rows, columns), subjects (e.g. users, program), security classes, and clearances.
Each database object is assigned a security class, and each subject is assigned clearance for a security class;
we will denote the class of an object or subject A as class (A).
The Bell-LaPadula model imposes two restriction on all reads and writes of database objects:

- Simple Security Property: Subject S is allowed to read object O only if class(S) >=class(O).
- *Property: Subject S is allowed to write object O only if class(S)<=class(O).
Roles of the database administrator in security
The database administrator (DBA) plays an important role in enforcing the security-related aspects of a
database design. In conjunction with the owners of the data, DBA will probably also contribute to developing
a security policy. The DBA has a special account, which we will call the system account, and is responsible for
the overall security of the system.
DBA deals with the following:
1. Creating new accounts: Each new user or group of users must be assigned an authorization id and a
password. Note that application programs that access the database have the same authorization id as the
user executing the program.
2. Mandatory control issues: If the DBMS supports mandatory control-some customized systems for
applications with very high security requirements.

The DBA is also responsible for maintaining the audit trail, which is essentially the log of updates with the
authorization ID (of the user who is executing the transaction) added to each log entry. This log is just a minor
extension of the log mechanism used to recover from crashes.
Encryption
A DBMS can use encryption to protect information in certain situations where the normal security
mechanisms of the DBMS are not adequate. E.g. an intruder may steal tapes containing some data or tap a
communication line. By storing and transmitting data in an encrypted form, the DBMS ensures that such
stolen data is not intelligible to the intruder.

The basic idea behind encryption is to apply an encryption algorithm, which may be accessible to the
intruder, to the original data and a user-specified or DBA-specified encryption key which is kept secret.
EVALUATION:
(i) What do you mean by data security?
ii. How is date secured?
iii. Why is mandatory access control better than discretionary access control?
iv. Explain Encryption.
v.What is the role of a database administrator?

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
OBJECTIVE TEST:
1. DBMS can use ___ to protect information in certain situations where the normal security
mechanisms of the DBMS are not adequate. (a) access control (b) encryption (c) data mining (d)
security guard
2. ____access control is based on system wide policies that cannot be changed by individual users. (a)
discretionary (b) secure (c) mandatory (d) insecure

15
3. DBMS can use ___ to protect information in certain situations where the normal security
mechanisms of the DBMS are not adequate. (a) access control (b) encryption (c) data mining (d)
security guard
4. ____access control is based on system wide policies that cannot be changed by individual users. (a)
discretionary (b) secure (c) mandatory (d) insecure

16
 WEEK 6
CRASH RECOVERY
CONTENT:
Introduction to Aries (analysis, redo and undo)
Other recovery related data structure
The write-ahead protocol
Check pointing
Media recovery

Sub-topic 1
Introduction to Aries (analysis, redo and undo)
The recovery manager of a DBMS is responsible for ensuring two important properties of transactions:
atomicity and durability.

ARIES (Algorithm for Recovery and Isolation Exploiting Semantics) is a recovery algorithm that is designed to
work with a steal, no-force approach.

When the recovery manager is invoked after a crash, restart proceeds in three phases:
1. Analysis: Identifies dirty pages in the buffer pool (i.e. changes that have not been written to disk) and
active transactions at the time of the crash.
2. Redo: Repeats all actions, starting from an appropriate point in the log, and restores the database
state to what it was at the time of the crash.
3. Undo: Undoes the actions of transactions that did not commit, so that the database reflects only the
actions of committed transactions.

There three main principles behind the ARIES recovery algorithm:

i. Write-ahead logging: Any change to a database object is first recorded in the log; the record in the
log must be written to stable storage before the change to the database object is written to disk.

ii. Repeating history during Redo: Upon restart following a crash, ARIES retraces all actions of the
DBMS before the crash and brings the system back to the exact state that it was in at the time of the crash.
Then, it undoes the action of transactions that were still active at the time of the crash (effectively aborting
them)

iii. Logging changes during Undo: Database while undoing a transaction are logged in order to ensure
that such an action is not repeated in the event of repeated (failures causing) restarts.

The Log
The log, sometimes called the trail or journal, is a history of actions executed by the DBMS. Physically, the log
is a file of records stored in stable storage, which is assumed to survive crashes; this durability can be
achieved by maintaining two or more copies of the log on different disks (perhaps in different locations), so
that the chance of all copies of the log being simultaneously lost in negligibly small.

Other Recovery related data structures

In addition to the log, the following two tables contain important recovery-related information:

Transaction table: This table contains one entry for each active transaction. The entry contains (among other
things) the transaction ID, the status, and a field called lastLSN, which is the LSN of the most recent log

17
record for this transaction. The status of a transaction can be that it is in progress, is committed, ort is
aborted.

Dirty page table: This table contains one entry for each dirty page in the buffer pool, that is, each page with
changes that are not yet reflected on disk. The entry contains a field reeLSN, which is the LSN of the first log
record that caused the page to become dirty.

pageID recLSN
P500 prevLSN transID type pageID length offset before after
P600 image image
P505
T1000Update P500 3 21 ABC DEF
T2000update P600 3 41 HIJ KLM
DIRTY PAGE TABLE T2000update P500 3 20 GDE QRS
T1000 update P505 3 21 TUV WXY
transID lastLSN

T1000
T2000
LOG
TRANSACTION TABLE

EVALUATION:
(i) What do you mean by the log?.
ii. What is full form of ARIES?

READING ASSIGNMENT:
Study the topic ‘Crash Recovery’ using students’ textbook

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
OBJECTIVE TEST:
1. This process identifies dirty pages in the buffer pool. (a) Redo (b) Undo
(c) Analysis (d) none of the above
2. CLRb means (a) Combined lateral Register (b) Compensation Log Record
(c) Compromise Log Record (d) Complete Loggers record

The write-ahead protocol

Before writing a page to disk, every update log record that describes a change to this page must be forced to
stable storage. This is accomplished by forcing all log records up and including the one with LSN equal to the
page LSN to stable storage before writing the page to disk.
The important of the WAL protocol cannot be overemphasized – WAL is the fundamental rule that ensures
that a record of every change to the database is available while attempting to recover from a crash. If a
transaction made a change and committed, the no-force approach means that some of these changes may
not have been written to disk at the time of a subsequent crash. Without a record of these changes, there
would be no way to ensure that the changes of a committed transaction survive crashes. Note that the

18
definition of a committed transaction is effectively ä transaction whose log records, including a commit
record, have all been written to stable storage”.

Check pointing
A checkpoint is like a snapshot of the DBMS state, and by taking checkpoints periodically, as we will see, the
DBMS can reduce the amount of work to be done during restart in the event of a subsequent crash.
Check pointing in ARIES has three steps.
First, a begin checkpoint: this is written to indicate when the checkpoint starts.
Second, an end checkpoint: record is constructed, including in it the current contents of the transaction table
and the dirty page table, and appended to the log.
Third step is carried out after the end checkpoint: record is written to stable storage: A special master record
containing the LSN of the begin checkpoint log record is written to a known place on stable storage. While
the end checkpoint record is being constructed, the DBMS continues executing transactions and writing other
log records; the only guarantee we have is that the transaction table and dirty page table are accurate as of
the time of the begin checkpoint record.

Media Recovery
Media recovery is based on periodically making a copy of the database. Because copying a large database
object such as a file can take a long time, and the DBMS must be allowed to continue with its operations in
the meantime, creating a copy is handled in a manner similar to taking a fussy checkpoint.

When a database object such as a file or a page is corrupted, the copy of that object is brought up-to-date by
using the log to identify and reapply the changes of committed transactions and undo the changes of
uncommitted transactions (as of the time of the media recovery operation).

EVALUATION:
(i) What are the three phases of restart after crash?
ii. What is write ahead logging?

READING ASSIGNMENT:
Study the topic ‘Parallel and Distributed Databases’ using students’ textbook

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
OBJECTIVE TEST:
1. This table contains one entry for each active transaction (a) dirty page table (b) write ahead table
(c) LSN table (d) Transaction table
2. Any changes to a database object is first recorded in the log. (a) write ahead logging (b) repeated
history (c) logging changes during undo (d) all of the above

19
 WEEK 7
PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED DATABASE
CONTENT:
Architecture for parallel database
Introduction to distributed databases
Distributed DBMS Architecture
Storing data in a distributed DBMS
Sub-topic :
Architecture for parallel database
Parallel Database
A parallel database system, is one that seeks to improve performance through parallel implementation of
various operations such as loading data, building indexes, and evaluating queries.

Architecture for parallel database

The basic idea behind parallel database is to carry out evaluation steps in parallel whenever possible in order
to improve performance.
Three main architectures have been proposed for building DBMSs.
i. In a shared-memory system, multiple CPU are attached to an interconnection network and can access
a common region of main memory.
ii. In a shared-disk system, each CPU has a private memory and direct access to all disks through an
interconnection network.
iii. In a shared-nothing system, each CPU has local main memory and disk space, but no two CPUs can
access the same storage area; all communication between CPUs is through a network connection.

The three architectures are illustrated below:

Interconnection Network P P P

P P P Interconnection Network

M M M Global Shared Memory

D D D D D D
SHARED NOTHING SHARED MEMORY

M M M

P P P

Interconnection Network
20

D D D
 SHARED DISK

Advantages of Parallel Databases

1. Higher Performance: with more CPUs available to an application, higher speedup and scaleup can be
attained.
2. High Availability: Nodes are isolated from each other, so failure at one node does not bring the entire
system down.
3. Greater Flexibility: An OPS environment is extremely flexible. You can allocate or deal-locate
instances as necessary.
4. More Users: Parallel database technology can make it possible to overcome memory limits, enabling
a single system to serve thousands of users.

Disadvantages of Parallel Databases

1. Cost is increased considerably
2. Hug Number of resources are required to support parallelism
3. Managing such system simultaneously becomes difficult.

Distributed Database, this is when data is physically stored across several sites, and each site is typically
managed by a DBMS that is capable of running independently of the other sites. The location of data items
and the degree of autonomy of individual sites have a significant impact on all aspects of the system,
including query optimization and processing, concurrency control and recovery. In contrast to parallel
database, the distribution of data is governed by factors such as local ownership and increased availability in
addition to performance issues.

The classical view of a distributed database system is that the system should make the impact of data
distribution transparent.
Below are the properties to be considered:

Distributed Data Independence

Users should be able to ask queries without specifying where the referenced relations, or copies or fragments
of the relations, are located. This principle is a natural extension of physical and logical data independence.

Distributed Transaction Atomicity

Users should be able to write transactions that access and update data at several sites just as they would
write transactions over purely local data.

Types of Distributed Databases

i. Homogeneous distributed database system
ii. Heterogeneous distributed database system
iii. Mutidatabase system

Distributed DBMS Architecture

There are three alternative approaches to separating functionality across different DBMS-related processes.
These alternative distributed DBMS architecture are called: Client-Server, Collaborating Server, and
middleware.

21
Client-Server Systems
A client-Server system has one or more client processes and one or more server processes, and a client
process can send a query to any one server process. Clients are responsible for user-interface issues, and
servers manage data and execute transactions. Thus, a client process could run on a personal computer and
send queries to a server running on a mainframe.
First, it is relatively simple to implement. Secondly, expensive server machines are not underutilized by
dealing with mundane user-interactions. Thirdly, users can run a graphical user interface that they are
familiar with, rather than the (possibly unfamiliar and unfriendly) user interface on the server.
While writing Client-Server applications, it is important to remember the boundary between the client and
the server and to keep the communication between them as set-oriented as possible.

Collaborating Server Systems

The Client-server architecture does not allow a single query to span multiple servers because the client
process would have to be capable of breaking such a query into appropriate sub-queries to be executed at
different sites and then piecing together the answers to the sub-queries. The client process would thus be
quite complex, and its capabilities would begin to overlap with the server; distinguishing between clients and
servers becomes harder. Eliminating this distinction leads us to an alternative to the Client-Server
architecture: a Collaborating Server system.
When a server receives a query that requires access to data at other servers, it generates appropriate sub-
queries to be executed by other servers and puts the results together to compute answers to the original
query.

Middleware System
The Middleware architecture is designed to allow a single query to span multiple servers, without requiring
all database servers to be capable of managing such multisite execution strategies. It is especially attractive
when trying to integrate several legacy systems, whose basic capabilities cannot be extended.
The idea is that we need just one database server that is capable of managing queries and transaction
spanning multiple servers; the remaining servers only need to handle local queries and transactions. We can
think of this special server as a layer of software that coordinates the execution of queries and transactions
across one or more independent database servers; such software is often called middleware.

STORING DATA IN A DISTRIBUTED DBMS

In a distributed DBMS, relations are stored across several sites. Accessing a relation that is stored at a remote
site incurs message-passing costs, and to reduce this overhead, a single relation may be partitioned, or
fragmented across several sites, with fragments stored at the sites where they are most often accessed or
replicated at each site where the relation is in high demand.

Fragmentation
This consists of breaking a relation into smaller relations or fragments, and storing the fragments (instead of
the relation itself), possibly at different sites.
In horizontal fragmentation, each fragment consists of a subset of rows of the original relation.
In vertical fragmentation, each fragment consists of a subset of column s of the original relation.

22
 Eid name city age sal
TID
T1 53666 Jones Medras 18 35
T2 53688 Smith Chincago 18 32
T3
T4 53650 Smith Chicago 19 48
T5 53831 Madayan Bombay 11 20
53832 Guldu
Vertical Fragment Bombay 12
Horizontal 20
Fragment

Typically, the tuples that belong to a given horizontal fragment are identified by a selection query; for
example, employee tuples might be organized into fragments by city, with all employees in a given city
assigned to the same fragment.

Replication
This means that we store several copies of a relation or relation fragment. An entire relation can be
replicated at one or more sites. Similarly, one or more fragments of a relation can be replicated at other sites.
E.g. if a relation R is fragmented into R1, R2 and R3, there might be just one copy of R1, whereas R2 is
replicated at two other sites and R3 is replicated at all sites.

Advantages of distributed databases

i. Management of distributed data with different levels of transparency.
ii. Increase reliability and availability
iii. Easier expansion
iv. Reflects organizational structure – database fragments are located in the departments they relate to
v. Local autonomy – a department can control the data about them
vi. Protection of valuable data
vii. Improved performance
viii. Economics – it costs less to create a network of smaller computers with the power of a single large
computer
ix. Modularity – system can be modified, added and removed from the distributed database without
affecting other modules (system)
x. Reliable transaction
xi. Continuous operation
xii. Distributed Query processing

Disadvantages of distributed databases

i. Complexity – extra work must be done by the DBA to ensure that the distributed nature of the
system is transparent.
ii. Economics – increased complexity and a more extensive infrastructure means extra labour costs.
iii. Security – remote database fragment must be secured, and they are not centralized so the remote
sites must be secured as well.
iv. Difficult to maintain integrity
v. Inexperience – distributed database are difficult to work with.
vi. Lack of standards – there are no tools or methodologies yet to help users convert a centralized DBMS
into a distributed DBMS
vii. Database design more complex
viii. Additional software is required
23
ix. Operating system should support distributed environment
x. Concurrency control: it is a major issue. It is solved by locking and time stamping.

EVALUATION:
i. What is a parallel database?
ii. What is distributed database?
iii. Compare horizontal and vertical fragmentation
iv. What do you mean by fragmentation?
v. What are the disadvantages of distributed databases?

1. Breaking a relation into smaller relations (a) Replication (b) server

(c) Fragmentation (d) client
2. ____, each CPU has a private memory and direct access to all disks through an interconnection
network. (a) shared memory (b) shared disk (c) shared nothing (d) none of the above.

READING ASSIGNMENT:
Study the following WAEC past questions.

REVISION QUESTIONS FROM WAEC

2018 - Entity relationship model
1.(a)(i) What is data model? - Document model
(ii)State three types of data model - Entity-attribute-value model
(b)(i) List three approaches to data modeling. - Star schema
(ii) Explain any one approach listed in1(b)(i) - Object relational model
ANSWER - Inverted file model
Explanation - Multi dimensional model
1(a)(i) Data model is the organization of data elements and - Semi structured model
standard on how the data elements relate to one another - Context model
OR - Associative model
 Data model is the representation of the data structures that - NoSQL model
are required by the database. (b)(i) Approaches to data modelling 
OR - Conceptual data model
Data model is the representation of a real world situation -Enterprise data model
about which data is to be collected. - Logical data model 
OR - Physical data model
Data model is the structure and organization of data in (ii) Conceptual data model
database. - Identifies objects, concept, entities and relationships
OR between them.
Data model is the diagram showing inter-relationships - Represents the first /initial stage/base in the development
between data elements and how they are stored. of the design of data and data storage.
(ii) Types of data model  - Is the most abstract form/highest level/summary level of
- Flat model data modeling.
- Hierarchical model Enterprise data model
- Network model - Creates a graphical model/view of all data used in an
- Relational model organization/company/enterprise.
- Object-oriented model Logical data model
- Entity relationship model
- Document model

24
- Describes the data in details as much as possible without information resources on the World Wide Web/Internet/web
regard to hoe they will be physically implemented in the servers.
database. 3. (a) Outline the steps involved in printing the first five pages
Physical database model of a word document from the print dialog box on a computer
-Is a representation of data/tables (Table Names, Primary key, with two printers installed.
Foreign keys, Column/Fied Name and Data types) in a DBMS. (b) Sadiq complained that a pop-up usually appears on the
2. (a) Vera a secretary to the manager of her organization is screen of his personal computer thereby disturbing him while
saddled with the responsibility of typing a confidential report. using the computer;
She is also instructed to insert the word "CONFIDENTIAL" (i) What is the possible cause of the pop-up?
diagonally in the background of every page of the report. (ii) State a possible cause of the element causing the pop-up.
(i) State the most suitable application software needed by (iii) What measure would be necessary to stop the pop-up
Vera to produce the report. from reoccurring?
(ii) What feature of the application software can be used to (c) Mr Aneke is billed to address audience in an auditorium.
insert the word "CONFIDENTIAL" as instructed? (i) What computer application package is suitable to prepare
(iii) Mention one measure that can be taken to ensure the and deliver his speech?
confidentiality of the soft copy of the report in the computer. (ii) State the output device that can be used to transmit Mr
(b) Explain the following terms; Aneke's speech note from his computer to a large screen in
(i) Icon the auditorium.
(ii) Browser (d) Give two types of computer network.
ANSWER ANSWER
Explanation Explanation
2 (a)(i) A word processing package/Word processor 3 (a) Steps involved in printing first five pages of a document.
- Ami Pro - Choose the printer from the list of printers displayed .
- Applix Word - Choose the page range (1-5 OR 1,2,3,4,5) 
- Atlantis Word Processor - Click on print/Ok
- Corel Word Perfect (b)(i) Possible cause of the pop-up
- Emacs - Virus/Malware
- Google Docs - Unlicensed software
- IA Writer - Plugins
- Kword - Pirated/Facked software
- Kingsoft writer - Need for software update
- Libre Office (ii) Sources of malware/virus
- Locoscript - Infected files/media
- Lotus WordPro - Installed plugins
- Microsoft Write - Downloading 
- Ms Edit - Cracked/pirated software
- Ms Word - Email attachment
- Nisus Writer - Use of CD/DVD or portable devices
- Open Office Word  - Visited unreliable websites
- Polaris Office - Outdated/expired software
- Quick Office  (iii) Measures to prevent pop-up
- Quick Word - Use of antivirus/anti-malware popup blocker
- Star Office writer - Use of licensed software
- Tech Writer - Disable plugins
- TextMaker - Regular software update
- Word Craft (c) (i) Presentation Packages
- Word Perfect - Corel presentation
- Wordstar - Calligra
- Zoho Office - Magic point
- Zoho Writer - OpenLP
(ii) Water Mark - Slide Dogs
(iii) Measures to ensure confidentiality of files - Havard Graphics
- Use of password - PowerPoint
- Use of encryption - Prezi
- Access control - Camtasia
- Authentication - Google Docs
(b) (i) An icon is an image/a graphical or pictorial (ii) Multimedia projector/projector
representation of a command, program, file or folder on a (d) Types of computer network
computer screen for easy access. - Local Area Network (LAN/WLAN)
(ii) A browser is a software/web client/program/application - Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
used for accessing/retrieving, presenting and traversing - Personal Area Network (PAN)

25
- Wide Area Network (WAN)
2019
1. (a)What is teleconferencing?
(b) State four uses of automated Teller Machine (ATM)
(c)(i) Give the function of a modem
(ii) List two means of transmitting information
2. Hamza, Emeka, Funsho, Fejiro and Idongesit were
friends from secondary school. Now, Hamza is a pilot,
Emeka is a businessman, Funsho is banker, Fejiro is a
manufacturer while Idongesit is a teacher. State two
ways by which any of these friends can apply ICT in their
respective professions.
3. a. A secondary school has over twenty personal
computers. The school management intends to connect
all the computer in a network. Give four reasons that
must have motivated the school management into
connecting the computers together.
(b) List four network devices required to accomplish the
task in 3(a).
(c) State one function each of any two of the devices
listed in 3(b).
4. (a) Explain the following database management
terms; (i) entities (ii) attributes (iii) relationships
(b)(i) Define cardinality in database management.
(ii) Mention three cardinality relationships database
management.
2019
ANSWER
Explanation
1.(a) Teleconferencing is the live exchange and mass
articulation of information among several persons and
machine remote from one another but linked by a
telecommunication system. OR Teleconferencing is a
telephone meeting among two or more participants
involving technology more sophisticated than a simple
two way phone connection. OR Teleconferencing means
meeting through a telecommunication medium. OR
Teleconferencing is the holding of a conference among
people remote from one another by means of
telecommunication devices (such as telephones or
computer terminals).
26
(b) Uses of Automated Teller Machine (ATM)
Shopping- Recharging airtime on mobile phones and
devices.
Quick teller option- with quick teller you can buy airtime,
make payment online and shop online
Buying and transferring airtime to others
Cash withdrawal
Printing of mini-statement of your account
Intra bank transfer
Inter bank transfer
Sending or transferring money to your family members,
relatives or friends
Checking account balance 
Checking account number
Payment from DSTV
Electricity bills and other utility bills
Airlines payment for pre-booked aero flight ticket and
other 
Card based cash deposit 
Cardless cash deposit
(c) Function of a modem; To transmit digital information
via analog system, To modulate analog carrier signal to
carry digital information, To demodulate a similar signal
so as to decode the digital information from analog
carrier signal.
(d) Means of Transmitting Information;
(i) Ancient methods; these include oral, beaten drums,
towncrier, whistling, drawing diagrams, making
representation, 
(ii) Modern methods; these include print out copies,
telephone, radio, television, internet, telex, satellite, GSM
Explanation
2. Application of ICT
(i) As a Pilot; one can use ICT in the following areas;
For storing all operations and communication on the
flight into data recorder and a flight recorder or clack box
so as to guide investigation if an accident occurs. With
the use of ICT, flying has been made quite a safe mode -Computer system.
of travel. ICT use in aviation extends to booking,
scheduling, flight control, payments, radar operation, -Network cable.
weight determination, balance of air craft, loading,
communication to ground-based stations, instrument
readings and display of warning signals, fire detection, -Network Interface card.
engine performance monitoring, emergency operation,
cargo tagging and tracking e.t.c. -HUP.

(ii) As a Businessman;- Standard office application, e.g -Switch.

MS Word, reports, e.t.c. Spreadsheets e.g MS Excel; for
analysis of financial information, calculations, etc. -Router.
Database software e.g Oracle Microsoft SQL server,
Access, managing data in many forms etc. Presentation
software e.g MS PowerPoint, etc. Graphics software e'g -Proxy server.
Adobe Photoshop, create and edit images such as logs,
drawings or picturing. Specialist application. Accounting -Bridge.
application.
-Firewall.
(iii) As a Banker; It is used for an Automated Teller
Machine. Cashline Machine. For clearing cheques. For
-Modem
Electronic Transfer (ETF). Smart card.

(c) (a) Network cable; It is a device that enables a

(iv) As a Manufacturer; It enhances automation. Smart
computer to be connected to the network.
Sensor System for processing and control and robotics
within the food process chain. It enhances effective
communication. (b) Network Interface card; It controls the wired and
wireless connections of a computer to exchange
information with other computers. It connects the
(v) As a Teacher; It enables teachers to transform their
computer to a local data network. It enables computers
teaching practices. It improves the nature through
to communicate with one another. It serves as a
teaching. ICT use impact on students achievement.
mediator for network and computers.
Lesson planning is crucial when using ICT. It is a tool
that helps teachers create more leaner-centric leaning
environment. It is used to support change and to (c) Hub; It is used to connect segments of a LAN.
support/extend existing teaching practices. For Connects multiple computers to other network devices
information presentation. together.

(d) Switch; As access or OS1 layer2. For connecting

multiple hosts. Forward a message to specific host.
3. (a) Reasons that might motivate the school
management into connecting the computers (e) Router; Connecting multiple networks and forward
together are; packets destined either for its own network or other
network. It forwards data packets towards their
destination. It forwards the packets to the destination of
- To enhance communication and availability of
the TTL value is O. It changes the destination IP address
information.
of data packages before forwarding them to an exit
interface. It determines the best path based on the
- It allows for more convenient resource sharing destination MAC address. It acts as an intersection
between multiple IP networks.
- It makes file sharing easier.
(f) Proxy Server; Verifies and forward incoming client
- It is highly flexible. request to other servers for further communication. Acts
as intermediary between the web browser and the web
server. Provides internal system security. Speeds up
- It is an inexpensive system. resource access. Applies policies for tracking
organizational internet use or accessing employee
- It boosts storage capacity. progress. To by-pass special controls such as parental
or security controls. To scan for viruses and malware. To
- It increases cost efficiency. circumvent regional restrictions.

(b) Network devices required to accomplish the task (g) Network Bridge; Connects two segments of a
in 3(a) network together. Divides network into manageable
sections.
27
(h) Firewall; Protects networks or network devices.
Filters packets. Filters incoming network and outgoing
networks. Prevents network traffic. Inspects packets
which is supposed to forward to determine whether they
correspond to a desired template for traffic patterns.
(i) Modem; Converts digital signals generated by the
computer into analog signals. Modulates signals. Data
compression. Error correction. Flow control.
4. (a) Explain the following database management
terms; (i) entities (ii) attributes (iii) relationships
(b)(i) Define cardinality in database management.
(ii) Mention three cardinality relationships database
management.
ANSWER
Explanation
4. (a) (i) Entities;- An entity is an object in the system
that we want to model and store information about.
Entities are usually recognizable concepts either
concrete or abstract such as persons, places, things or
events which have relevance to the database.
(ii) Attribute (Characteristics); It is a database
component such as a table. It is also seen as a database
field, they describe the instances in the row of a
database. OR It is a column or field in a database table.
(iii) Relationships; A relationship in the context of
database is a situation that exists between two relational
database tables when one table has a foreign key that
references the primary key to the other table. A
relationship allows relational database to split and store
data in different tables, while linking disparate data
items.
(b((i) Cardinality; This refers to the uniqueness of data
values contained in a column. High cardinality means
that the column contains a large percentage of totally
unique values. Low cardinality means that the column
contains alot of "repeals" in its data range.
(ii) Three cardinality relationships in database
management;  processing information in the school
I. One-to one (1:1) relationship
II. One-to-many (1-M) relationship
III. Many-to-many (M:M) relationship
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2020
1.(a) What is a function in MS Excel?
(b) List two categories of functions in MS Excel.
(c) What is the cell referencing in MS Excel.
(d)(i) State two types of cell referencing in MS Excel.
(ii) Give one example of each type in 1(d)(i)
2. Ciroma Chukwuma Adekunle has just opened a
computer business centre within a school environment.
(a) State three computer services that may be provided
in the business center
(b) List three devices required in the business centre
(c) Give two applications software needed in the
business centre.
(d) Outline two precautions that must be taken by
Ciroma Chukwuma Adekunle to ensure the safety of this
computer if he accepts documents in movable devices
from his customers.
3. (a) State the keyboard shortcut keys to;
(i) rotate an object in CorelDraw
(ii) position an object in CorelDraw
(iii) navigate to cell A1 in MS Excel worksheet
(b) Give one reason for including the plus sign (+) in the
search text in a search engine.
(c) With the aid of diagrams, differentiate between LAN
and WAN.
4. A school decides to harmonize the operation of its two
campuses using a distributed database system as well
as install air conditioners  and uninterrupted power
supply in the computer laboratory.
(a) State three (i) Importance of using distributed
database (ii) disadvantages of using computer
(b) Give two reasons for installing the; (i) air conditioners
(ii) uninterrupted power supply devices
ANSWER
1. Explanation
(a) Meaning of Function
A function is a predefined formula that performs (iv) Scanners(biometric/optical)
calculations using specific values in a particulr order.
(v) USB/Flash drive
(b) Categories of functions in MS Excel
(vi) Paper punch/perforator
(i) Autosum (ii) Look up and Reference (ii) Maths and
Trigonometry (iv) Date abd Time (v) Database (vi) (vii) Laminating machine
Financial (vii) Statistical (viii) Compatibility (ix) Web (x)
Information 
(viii) Printers 
(c) Cell referencing is the use of alphanumeric value to
identify a specific cell in a spreadsheet application. (ix) Ruler

(d)(i) Types of cell referencing in MS Excel (x) External hard disk

- Absolute referencing (c) Application software needed in a computer

business center
- Relative referencing
(i) Word Processor; Corel Word Perfect, Microsoft word,
Open Office, Libre Office, Apple Text Edit, Abiword
- Mixed reference
(ii) Spreadsheet Packages; Microsoft Excel, Plan Maker
(ii) Examples of each cell referencing
(iii) Presentation packages; Microsoft PowerPoint,
$A3$1 (Absolute - with the $ sign) Google Slide, Customshow, Slide beam, Adobe in
Design
A3*C3 (relative - without the $ sign)
(iv) Desktop Publishers; CorelDraw, Photoshop, MS
$A3*B$2 (Mixed) Publisher, Picture Editor, Creative suite

2. Explanation (v) Document Converter; Adobe PageMaker, Acrobat

(a) Computer services rendered by computer Reader, Browsers, Search Engines, Antivirus.
business centre
(d) Precautions to ensure safety against movable
(i) Printing of documents devices; (i) Installation of malware (ii) Scanning of all
movable devices before use (iii) Regular backup of
documents (iv) Regular update of the system
(ii) Large format printing 

(iii) Photocopying of documents 3. Explanation

(a)(i) Alt + F8/ Alt + Right Arrow/ Alt + Left Arrow/ Alt +
Up Arrow
(iv) Typesetting of documents
(ii) Alt + F7
(v) Online registration
(iii) Ctrl + Home
(vi)Biometric capturing
(b) It is used to indicate terms that must be returned or
(vii) Browsing  included in the search results or it is a command that
tells us the search engine to find pages that have the
(viii) Scanning of documents exact same term.

(b) Devices required by a computer business centre (c) Difference between LAN and WAN 

(i) Computer system 4. Explanation

(a)(i) Importance of using the distributed database
(ii) Photocopier
(i) It enhances sharing of data
(iii) Staplers
(ii) Protection of valuable data
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(iii) Local or site autonomy 

(iv) It improves readability of data

(a)(ii) Disadvantages of using computers for

information processing in the school

(i) Extra cost for employment of computer experts

(ii)Initial investment cost is high

(iii) Reduced face-to-face interactions/social cost.

(iv) Loss of jobs/jobs displacement

(v) Prone to virus attack

(b)(i) Reasons for using air conditioners in computer

laboratory

(i) Increased productivity/computer system life plans.

(ii) Optimized low humidity/level/temperature control.

(iii) Comfort for users/dehydration control.

(iv) Protection of equipment and critical data.

(v) Dust control.

(b)(ii) Importance of UPS in computer laboratory

(i) To serve as a back-up source of power.

(ii) To avoid loss of data/improper shut down.

(iii) To provide adequate power during fluctuation.

(iv) To protect the system against power interruptions.

(v) Power surge/spike control.

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