Ie (Tru: Fill: C$Hghon

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les of Communication S

ModuleS:
/^v-\.a\,.\/\-.-
(r); Noixe
r\,/\./\-/\,,-.,/
:- al
a> De,$+ne Noiae. Menfion iE VqroLrX fupe8 (tru q'r
6vlaru)
Noide i4 a olia+',tbqor @ gggsSd
fisgx,gv Fw"t r^rhic-h
a'PPeqr4 ruijf,tu-r;he
reTui red ftel2,seaL\*ft\grq) ,

Tfu clsE liics\Hoo vf Noi6e-gou6c€,{ qre


6houhhD tri?.1.

E:t rnqJ Noiar

I
Mon Msol€ Ns+urql Shoi TFerrnrqi t.lhik
Noise N0ise Noisq
I
.

Jndttstrio,)

FilL: c$hghon + stredgr,eB /:ug!s


sj{je_& I shoJ Noise appeor{ iq ooive devicas due Jo Br&p
bjsxpgn op chorge cqrrier8 (eleclnons ond hol$l
kg*,Ugi TFerrrrrl Noise i,6 gnerared to ropfgggges,99f 'f
Jhrnnqllrr e kclrorA.
6 r'u\,r'..u'''- /\'^'^"^'^
11[it-}|3$rl fie Noi*<r^rhicl"l4 ?ar$siqo diarilb''rj'an aod ho4 lL'+@
RSf1y Pptpt 6Pe9&*^d-e!dt7 owr rurde ra19e "f f,-nr,rrencre4.
les of Communication S
: TU Q.P o( o(
u:sho-$
. a\./\,,\.M Noi8e l_
/\,,\-/- "
(e) b.lrrJe a shor+ nok on sho| 3r1e;6" . 4-v1q'tu:,,

sho* Noixe afp€ard io qcliw dwice4 due i6- .rsoJ',...,


beisvi
ep charV Cqrrieyx (electronx ond holex).
iXgelu:
t Jo \zhecuar:fubes, sho* notae 16 yne.ruled olLte h mode"o
ehnission og eleclronf
frpnr, Cg,ihode _plofe .

4elniCondud.rr &vicc4, Sho$ noi& tA


Enet^elrd drre .6
Tqoolornr Qlffuj,ion -f m?nori}g
cl*rg< cqrrieTs @ traodoro
gtner'rrionr qod T€co,!-)bfrqlioo
* erecr.run _r-nle po?r4
" ra pbb_d*gfra/r_Fo,s,ili6gne,ra*ed due lo rotndern
ernissiod) photorg.
"f
Cerv$der q \ttccu.6dnude #g f. Le*'I' b< fie Ol,rm/d
.3l.otnln tzrr
qod sho* rtoi/rc Goponod g<nwoJ<d i4
tr*{+) q6 ,6hocoo to #g t
-$k ic+)
cuufn
Diod e
a(}ut"l
(S\\noo"
I (Dc-cu6enf)

FtX.L'" Vorcc urn' diode cu,rrpd VryJ\,.,pJo


a\,a\-/!^ .\,/vs fW",
V3grya1"uod-e
Nila 'resped -fo Fr9'2.Jhe-Ji:tJ Ctrrnod *. vniJri=liud" t6,
t(*) = I+ frN(+) : I$l(t)+s}.f raoia Cqffid gzn,
dut fo Tsfldo,al Erni S$or,r
elecnoa'1
b""' t6" Meso$g.^-lqoe tAltre $ ftn''r Gti"de,
"f f t,lcf.ran^7,
sI"* raria. tunrrd t"r Vqcurnna;oie iaywaby
E tq] : &?1Br I rhex 1,=t eintl.coutu,6
" -
A^1: Nois< 67"lwtrard gql"'drui
b {,lr fnl'Juot-frbn dlds , -' -dlb
e [riu]:- Q? (r+rr)ol , t= 'b
m#it&or,rrs^f
of Communication S
st+ $'
3. : l- &'
tQ Thezrnej
zf-fi-,1,r-
r.loiaB
,a\,/\-^.-\-.,!.\
(vTu e.p)
a) uri}e o Shorf no[ o,r 'lherrr-nJ Noise .

l+ Therrnoj Noi& ?4 Tenerrdtd du-t -b' To"rJorn, nneroerrf op


Jhernnally irrduced cqTrie!3 Glcduonx) in ot csndu$o-r.
L> JEe rqndera-' mp.fion
$ lherrrraily hnJuceol eleclupng pruducex elecl-n"c
Cuwpnf hsl^"tch 14 ,lr-soJorn to ncdure. 614 .runde.ff, Currer$ i4
Qlle4 " tgl.! ",iaF
lo r"hxn *fu"
l.-,r gigrrx I xhoru4 noi&-Mode) u"nA resislar. a.crd i[ eryrlvalc"il
-ltse,yenin'6 Cing11it ttl +i9.2
R
I- N.: -lhevnt.l ruoik
t*Qr-T*
r
OUrnrerrf
:
+ Vr^r
a R,=R
-
"t^:
L;
rgJ<
w tlaga
The rrrv.l lb itc
.

f;91: tloiar nnodeJ Pigr' E?u..rwleal cirtud l- (ro h".ot


"
l.t"x
No;a hnxr)
Ru- e '/
L> $e vleso \,qlulo1-lhenn-vJ nois{ &{nu{ i.( qlt^}o,y4 krp.
Ly q%&ru fzhlur T Jh.
t.1eon
@q
tr tKl = +KBNTR
l..e{..gx K= Bo}ttrrna,nn G",shd xtd28 3/.
= 1.38
ft tr'rnper+ux o\t hslJ6 }e{ishrr ii upemfig - ",%ok
(skndo'J)
Bu: Noiv e%llw.lold 6an{614f5 iqHt.
Q: Re*istur in .sL
t+ rh. N4qxirnu4o 4ois.t pohnr, produueJ acrog ,@\A"l't'vrr'sflrr
wlodel Ahsrun ,lrr #2., iA
| r,l "\
PN= r
- L Y-rrJ -- 4 K 6i.rTR
-4{- - 4k
- KT861 hr''tfl.

kl^X Po^,err d"li.re"e"l to lo*d hJ.la RL.R &-


D
rrrqr_-VT-
+ e tt.
of Communication S

5.t3 : NhrJr Noiae:- (vru q.p)


l!/\./\./v!^vw

q/ Deflne r^Jhiie Noia< . plo* poHvn Epecnd &r,,t?)'X a"\d


au*o CofiTlnf,orn.frnOurr (,qcp) .>f t^lhile nn i.x
vru Ju/ul'urf zot'- - 5MErvl-
b n,r.i*e Noignr_
/,\A../\
-,$-
-The NoiOe -t\9.l"r"ch hs4 Gqrj.gXion dfXfr; budion snd l^s\,€ -Fl@d-
por,Jetr speclro,J d"*"td o\re !- q ruide .rocg^e of f yea,tren(r"% id
cqlled tdl'\ile Nor.t.
. r* iC derno+ed b.y hJ (*).
. ruf.Ek Noiar i.{ ocnalogo% -b-h+e"o"
ry!4_tgAl-" inJho
€errge the-ts i+ Ao,{ rdl f ne7.*ocy cor?-\ponen I irr eTrod
zUrrot-tn/S

brh" gorue,er 6Peu6vJ drn^V'+ rs{^3bc npi4< P"bocea '


Nt*) i4

s,r(f)=+r-o l,lT-n
T": ilois< Lnuiveh'l *oPe
,u1n) 'fux
Ca/tAlal,f (+t+; pgo (por,rxr sp<^trttt
. l',0 &rrll\)
t-

Etat, PH1 +
opp$dpgy "+ AUE-{otrx",-
b A"*o- e'n€tp"d;an
$vnt};on og 'ooLab nei&<, *klc+) i{

[u(.) = $ sc+; (,.r.,sucf) t]ttr "6rzl)


. ". 16(z): {$: z.o rrutt)
\ Lo elsevohe?t
\-:-> & srz)

Fi?z:-Atalo Corretprlien4-unr*o,n + ru't"i jt No/x<


t /\_,/- /-\,^\../\--
^-r\_^-
les of Communication S

J.t4. /\z\.^-^./\
Noi6e E?Uivorle,nt Bqndruldh
o** &5
r\,/\,/v..-,{ f\a._,n-Az^\n

a) ilhqrf T6 noi6e ewivqlert Bendu"r?dt5 ? Derive crcl eapresster;


fo-rJhe 6dnne . vru _funel3qly-ool+ (5vfaa.q;
L> Noifr e?r;iVqle/d bq.d Nidtb- ?-epre6er^E 15q .Fre?Ue^V
sel<*rvi{ oF he fil+tr. -
r+ )x deuroteJ by &t1orbol Bj Hz .

l.lqJhenno0iolly, f $ 1A defineJ oa *he trqt'io "f ft-hJ noiA€


- oulpujr poNeT *o :baf ap Noiae specrro,J *rrfry aJ'ToPLLts.

i.e., Bx=+--
>fli -8t
-h)hea^e,
P'o= ToJaJ noi6e ov$prd podez in NqtlS
Un
i = a^Pd x;ttlro t drrv|ns- r 'r
NoiSe u{crKf nr
e?qafiovr 0) i6 r{irrrllt?ied-}o-, Bt=!4RC HZ
Proof :- conaiJco- ot Lor,o poss fi t*et(LpF) havioT vo llq8<

Yhlio *rorrger fuoclion lHCj^)1, Cs xho,"ln tu-r p;7 t ood


iE eq,uivorleot circurf i"n Pig,z,

LPtr L$ No)^( )
s Noixe ono
It ln tioll sp€cldunn.\*t*?

FI?1Z Lpr t:i B rlp &-"lr EXS!:dV


,\-/!/+-

-4-
F
I

vl'-
F-i? r: ry^lPF yllfj"ac :s{:dPYtf*Ee'
Princinles of Comrnunication 1sEC45 _

t.le knorutJhrtl' Noile bqoil wiatb Bl , i* ft-wn \. &(

---> (r)
F,
_
K.
.ih,l -L"-
sn.
't
J".Jrd rpi"r{"lpedrou d*6f1, SnL= KT +Cr_l
k= Bo ll-{nncnrj s Gna}qnt
To f fn/ +DlaJ Noirre sujrpuf
/Vvaw\./\-- ,/\,,^.^/- ,-\,.Ve\ .\..\i/t r..r I r11.-
potoer./p
"
\ \, nO /
rvw> fin.1 -the Vb l}eg{ *"en6f*.fuoc}ien, l-.t(o; f,"'Jerrns
.

* zu^rn"f qcrJ ouSPq,- rto\z< sPecf"qJ d"ffilt S,ni & Snu i{


Hrj")=,[_:n,
'v- \E",f
:)' tlHci*ll-=
''t--'t-
sno

"",
S\o
= 1H c;^lltip
(Jr./- t'
tu/
.,0=
S", lH,, | . KT ___> (z)
Fvon prT.:,, Rc_ LpF tbe %ttsW *renr&r "fuorlier-r,
H cs;: Yg
tq = '/s" = '/sc ,-
* 7sc scR+ R
SC
I l+scR
Hcs;=+-Scr- i s=l^r
It
li,,o) _l
1fj t"l cq
l .. I
fa[e M0^gr^.,riiqde sfl botb rltdtl,-l.)r g<|
I
U^),l
V H ( r,.lcA)-
ll-
n
I
ntJ(^))l - (\J
t1 (ruca)' -
1J6n e?uqhan (+) na $t r-re $ri,
of Communication S

,q .KT &-1
-no- l{ (ruca)L
S\= KI \- '
-..--(5\
-[ q^rqq-
o.
. l6e *o+rd {'l-oi^R o^}p?'f foNQtr, Pno t{

P=
'}t0
nDo
I
J 'no'df
c' lln

o^N
P:- J 5I
j t{Qoce;L
,a+
IJ,K.T |n r eZ-f
I) Kr
ob
P=
'vto J+
[r+(an* cR)'] (e;
Le+ ea PcR. rt the,o 6aa fcq;t
= - :t!
ctifftneirrli*,h.'P' piftft tufa$ h')t- -t.x g{-}-
{7rcR4J dx
__.> dF
olt=1 / ' = {zrcq
o'o ?
'40 - J
^Do
l' Kr
(+ rt') -dr- = e- [', l.
o &-FcR. {"ncn j l+t-
,Dtt\D
--
Kr
.ttrcR
[--*unt
L ,^,ll [""'i+,=c*)
h
Y
rrl-o _ kt l-+qnl (co)/ -"1u,;](Jlr t-r- ( + - o)
= {.nCe'& -)
QaCaL
p
t- _
+l-"4-= Kr
d.ncn" a" 4 Lk -(+)
ryl
'u^
-Ne g{-0-
-U't${V eqUsl'terrz(+l ge' iD\ e?tj^h"t 0)
P
K.- _
TJN 'ryo KT
Jn:
n" 4ck x KT
-_:
---+<-

4'n^" JJtu. tz
of Communication S

3. I 5 : N oire
r-\,rL^V,\-
Fq cfor
,\,/^./\,^\-
qnd Noi,ee F i?'q re : - &E
f\r^,.\,/\t"...'\
^\_^.i\,^.-
aF orn o^6 a.rnpllfier@ s-relhsDrk tA d*r^rd
Mggflgr, vwla< ?o'et rna}io o^'* the vg*t-
*" r^*fo 4 $lt{\rd 5
o\-
N^t tt -thsg f .6.i?"*l fo hle/r AF tfic out?ut-
" Xji
( s/N.) Potn'rer vo'fi0 n'|'lht t"tP'd
i e', Noia facf"r, p=
("|,t.r) Potrer ?^qf?o otr1fu oulPd
D p
Lo
't'x 'No
(8, /e^") P D
---> (t-l
'Ni
'so
p
sl = 6j?r,oJ Fower o$ tnpud Lo Uo{tl(

a
lp : Noi.g< por^J<r o,i-fnpril fr\ ruo{'tff
? Ff8r\orl pot,.ler ai- oufp\d t4 l^lq+F
\
P
.N t-loi& pot"ser orf ouryvd b Nq+B.

Noia,e tr:w;et- ( %")


Noi6< .fu$or, P eaep?tessed ltndB,TA knovoo cl6 5loise P)8ux

v ,.) Noi.a ViVutt = to 1l>? L fl

(rt*)*ro
Fi?'qK = lo l-o6 I
\lo ia<

l, f"/r )
, ,ordpr,dj I

s'dB lo ) o7 (./*;"
'I'\Pnf- to
r
.rog
/-, \
l>tN )
t--"J .-;J ot^tPff
(slot)-
''' .' \}di^d4 rords,,
,
[sl^)
-o4(
No!- ''
' |

the ideal V*lLle *f r.lo;rq .{, Zu* i4 0d^a


of Communication S

+" EJyl{^.d litr ktrp}g. ( r" ) :_


d.1

Jhe e+ulva.le,t Noi6<*enrrpcrodux ?4 gfwn bt,


T"=(F-1)T
-ts+rere, F Nofrefq+y,,
=
T Tewflerqltlrt tn kelwr = "7+,f (s-Iendq^d wfu+
+ Co.(cqcje
\,.\,,\,^- Conn +* PS^TPEKs:-@
^^^yL-
<
T[t f:11x! foj'prgffs connecftr tn o,rcqd) "' !Jro"r;
Cenglder @sco.de Connec+ion op No?6y *r^ro _pyd_f ?,-Khrorf-l (*rnpfr?er)
Kl.oron i" * t. f .

Nl*., g
C- ir
'"2
' tJ

F'?'{_i Cs6C^Je G,rrreCIar { N-noi^< ne}h)rrF4 (A,npl;fio"r<)


--lohex
€S= Qqin _ "F r Nelwoat<_N
F,..,
= Not6e fqc+"o. + Ne*tou.rf- N

Jhe swrqll Nol5r.kc'.r" tr F"r N- arrrplifie4 (nerr^rorrcr)


co.r'nec+eol b Csxcode Y6 ?t\^en
% F3iglfugrl^,
tr- q+ _ra=t+ r"-1 +
9t €r 619

acrd 1 E <laiwilanf noi6e]r"rrpet-qfux -;(r)


14 ?-hrcn Ly

Te=(e-r)t
rsLex 'g'f6
+V gq,t-ralron (r)
q{.^sn

A-,4trrplipex Ganedl.F= E +F"r-l


N*: F.r ftl J
CeAGlde
les of Communication

Nqnneric^J prDbkrns:-
|
4,.\.^\-/r ,.v^/.!zv^'
L?t+
A!/\-
+ fiornnuhei-
A_,r\-,^'^.,^^/'.

/<-r . \ uhex
1. s.loia trr?.u.)<: %"= ro.0ry Ce) I F:
F=tt loia<L,;r PlN,b",es
- \llN/r"p
toia<fa$.r =
(%)"*,
e UFlPrujflC t199g951ae : Te=CF-t)T
priiE ftrrrnulq lw coxco\ded Ne}ruuqin^pt;Fierr :-
t\.n - 'e-, .,,/\-.^'/\./...,,\ /\,^!rt
n-2..-n-U\ /\*7\A

Q) Pun &-r.leftoorq (e"lf;Ferx)


(oqx {qUur: F
= ft + F"-
o( r

61
Noiar FWx: E"= ro lo7 (F)
Qr) Fq -t3^- ^FJeF{d-ot
f4 (+nrer; h ox)
^.^/\,/\,^-,& ^,.-.,!

r.lri.k{qc}.n'. F=F1 1Fa-l +f3-}


Qr 6,6r
r.totar ft** . Ee= lo log C F)

t' No?&e
l\-4..^../-
e?uj \4sl c'd Bqnd uldth ""-
{f\,z\_/\,^r /-4vn.,^^^-^

R. I HZ.
L/N - - 4Rc
5. Sho+ Noi6,s 1
f\-/\....-,,\/-
M?on S?us?c Vq\u.-o y| Slo+ Noi6re Ulrre",t i5
E tr;r{] = &!r I 851 ) n =l' a x li\9 co,nlu*n hx

6 Th. U*nJ Noix :-


.\-,/\,^,/.-^\,/\/...\,^.-
- Mes.n s%rmo \t""[rr! * 16"oor.] NoiEe vblh'g.4
e [v]^l = 4KBNTR o.nd k= 6olfJtvrqhn'4
r, Gh"r{''il
' ryB f1[l. : Pp = KIE' \ = 1.38x tox
les of Communication S

3l
a^el
1. Suppo.se q'?rPl?tio t ho4 a nbinR'Fi?,(rut + 9dB
power Wn + l5d 6' f* T4 Gnne$ed i^ Cq8cqde -'lo se
O.nnp-lif.ieT& t^sijfi :no'tsly- F??qde 6f AodG" Ca-0cu--A-orh 'fhe
ovaa'all

noiae frgrzre ?,rr -Jni5 Coacoole Gnnetllon hn dedbeJ aln4b


vru Dec-Qot1[Joa-zotr
t+ qtm S!"'- 4- rl|q.rv

fou:to* ' Q6"=15 ; f*-ao : Fde=?.


..11, /q\ ,Jt,
rX) "u,= ,o^t€) j
Ito= ron ff)
o" f = ,on
i]' lontii/"l; I G
F, : T.94a 6, : sl'6as F": toP

-W F ri i S f.,r -''ula f"r - ex Gnnecled hs\ GrCa&,


n .t o-roP li fi

eWt-qtl n-ol& &Uuo, F_ F, * +: ?.e43 +


lp0-l
3l'6&3
. tr- ll'o?3
t-

.". ovfirqrt nloi,* F,gux, %u= lo\o?Cp): tolog ( tt'ors)


+d aB Inl=l* ;
I'oa- t

Q- Troo poat devrceS oac hfl o<co'de' F"n tfo {;'"st-


cennecled
q?-e sde
8|age-,-the n"ix" figux qod ove.iloble PNetrga-in
qnd tz"la rezRe$rretT, Funl5. Second &+ugu,Jhe oolze hW*
sod avoti\qlle Peh)€r glqr'ar sle Lsdrs c'nd'lode rnexpe$*l?'
Drknrrruno lle o.w"at1 Li* F?u* r^da J-*lt:':,:t,j1
(6v"otu1
L7 qrwo d^h: W l",._ o6a.qll
o Noi6e frgr.)f,
Frae= 5 :) F,= 1en(%) - s'lgB F= l+Q-)"-3rl(p131'6$-l
+ tz ts.gg ql tt- n-
ltsE
e,d*= l.r-F 5.014
_ =tt,,
Q,= to^(r'l,") =
il;=rs =) ll==s't94
=
* J

q;;=,0 r *=;"q;=
=,o('sl')=31'da3
ro f"1

l;"'rui:rYlff;",,
les of Communication S 15EC45

(") r" q rv* ?recefwr-, ahe qroenna 16 o?)ro rurcunled eor q *q y1 ravxl
or,nd a. .toq- Aaale i4:Uxed * Gnnect *be anlcnrh2 f." Jt" r^€ce f v€y.
TD owa^Grne jhe e++e$ + LDSSy Gble, d- ptre-61rtr)pppie' K ra-roLlnl.d
po Jhe q^+(nno qa 8luoton hl ffgux a. @

Deraod..l
€r=&o ds %= 6ode
F, =6de G=lg.ls
P !'e*,4rznpliFi rt LosSy CaUle trm"rl-end 4
the receiwr
Ftgy43t Tv- )'eCeiw?r
6) rsnarna **iil'* +fr}}; e e#k$
(b Frrrt tx" yvtran $Xux T+n" aiptu-, E th. l'3:g-n^,rJilt'
rw,,x

E_ryLi1 d and-the
B*" + frB"f errd recuwr iA hnmwtd p
e, da
+ 6'$?-{^h^:-
(i) f:
PT^q--4rz'rpl,F;e
,..,...-!,4 (^) evxg) ntog'€tDgg{ *
€'du= &o :; €r=lo^
(#)=,oo tRq Ztl8[s'n ,-
t\,a\-.+
ft,r A- Neh^lurLr Ft;is firrmr
f a, = 6 :) Fr= lo^(*) =s.r, -\c ix
F- F, + Fa-t + Fr-t
tir) LoJsV Otle"_ 6
6i6,-r
E",u= 3 :) &=lonn/:i_4 F=3.9r+(.?-t) 1 (sq'et -')
10O tooxo.(
* j*rt(
gr=*=*=0.s. F= 4.166 l-
I
q"i"r f,r'
O.-
'" FdB= to log Ce) - 5' ,+8 d a
Lo ssg Orble (b) rjL_rPI: unrl!.er j
(nt) f tUJ- cr.rd vp t6e TeCe iwr._
r\./\,/\,^\t\ ' /-\,/\t\/\,.\,-\' "
/601
{sd.= 6o :) % = lon'ru/: tgoo o{b(e - Uecdw.
{^il'1 t"1u
Ga" = 16 + Fg = lo^qt)=sq'gr
FO*=,olo gtr = l1'oldB
les of Communication S

,{)The eJT,\ ) PoNer sr\d rni& Pohler rnqd4ur"cd o.t)tre irrpu}ry.


do or"rnp.U+iet ctne lfoyuf ond l's;rvo rr-e,'speclSvgly't4^)he
47V.gJ poruer- aJ-Jhe nr*p*t i4 l.SFilqnd noi5q fooer i64ontl
c"rlculq..b 16e annpllf\er nft&faClor qny' rrpiae figuxt
Ly Qrwo dJ": -fM r.loj8-:h!0or t r*rrrs $
/\-/\z\. ../\- l.l.k,r S'gni), nor'6a

Bsi = lSot-ttnt poNer nqJlola g-lw^ bt


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2018
SAI VIDYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Venkatesha M, Department of ECE

PRINCIPLES OF
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
(15EC45)
IV SEMESTER ECE

MODULE 4: NOISE IN ANALOG MODULATION

SYLLABUS: Introduction, Receiver Model, Noise in DSB-SC receivers, Noise in AM


receivers, Threshold effect, Noise in FM receivers, Capture effect, FM threshold effect,
FM threshold reduction, Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis in FM.

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