PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
are known as mother tounge which also be
Lesson 1. Nature of Language
Language – a system of conventional spoken,
manual, or written symbols by means of which
human beings, as a member of social groups and
participants of its culture.
- Language can only be produced or utilized
into the maximum extent by humans.
- Language has diversity
- Animals cannot make use of language.
(Can only imitate)
3 Main Compositions of Language
 Grammar – the structure of
language/ system of rules
 Phonology – the sound system (way
to pronounce each letter or words)
 Lexicon – vocabulary ( words used
in a language)
Speech Community – It is a term in sociolinguistic
and linguistic anthropology used to describe a
group of people who share the same language,
speech characteristic and ways of interpreting
communication.
- A speech community is a group of people
who share rules for conducting and
interpreting at least one variety of language
or dialect.
- The term can be applied to a neighborhood,
a city, a region, or a nation.
Process of Learning
Learning Acquisition – the process of learning your
first language/ mother tounge. This usually takes
place at home.
- The process by human acquire the capacity
to perceive and comprehend language.
- One of the quintessential human traits,
because non-human do not communicate
by using language.
- The languages acquired while growing up
referred to as first language.
Language of Learning – the process of learning
your second language, this take place at school or
any environment outside home.
- People learn languages by studying formally
in school or informally on their own.\
Language Contact – is the social and linguistic
phenomenon by which speakers of different
languages interact with one another, leading to a
transfer of linguistic features.
Language Change – is the result of language
contanct in which 2 or more speakers from different
speech communities interact or communicate with
each other by adapting to each other’s language
finding their common good.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
Communication – exchange of thoughts, ideas,
concepts, and views between and among two or
more people.
- The act of transferring information from one
place, person or group to another.
- Every communication involves (at least) one
sender, a message and a recipient.
Context – the circumstances or environment in
which communication takes place, which may
include the following:
 The physical or actual setting
 The value position of a speaker/listener
 Relevance or appropriateness of message
conveyed
Classification of Communication
1. Communication Mode
2. Context
3. Purpose and Style
Type of Communication according to MODE
a.) Verbal and Non-verbal Communication
 - Is a type of communication where two or
more people communicate with each other
by speaking and gestures
- Blending of these two types is effective
communication.
b.) Visual Communication
- Uses visual to convey information and or
messages.
- Ex. Signs, symbols, imagery, maps, chart,
etc.
Types of Communication according
CONTEXT
a.) Intrapersonal Communication
- The Latin Prefix intra- means within or
inside
- It means talking to oneself
b.) Interpersonal Communication
- Latin Prefix inter- means between, among,
and together.
- Involves 2 or more people
- An interactive exchange takes place.
Types of Speech under Interpersonal
Communication
 Conversation – is a communication situation
where a person wants to establish or
deepen one’s relationship with the other
individual (less formal and profound)
 Transactional – is a type of communication
situation that aims to accomplish or resolve
something at the end of the conversation
(formal or serious)
 Extended Communication – a type of
communication that involves the use of
electronic media/ devices.
 Organizational Communication – focuses on
the communication that takes place among
group of people with the same objectives or
goal.
 Intercultural Communication
communication between or among people
having different linguistic, religious, ethnic,
social and professional backgrounds.
Types of Organizational Communication in a
Formal Structure
Formal Structures - Allows communication to take
place via designated channels of message flow
between position in the organization.
 Downward Communication – Flows from
upper to lower positions.
 Upward Communication – the message is
delivered from the lower to the upper
positions.
- Bottom-up
 Horizontal Communication – Lateral in
to approach.
- Takes places among people belonging to
the same level but coming from different
departments or units
 Crosswise Communication – A type of
communication where two different
departments/branches collaborate for a
common cause.
- Diagonal in nature
Organizational Communication
 Organizational Culture – The culture of each
organization
- Based on the organization’s history and
development.
- Develop its own core values, vision, and
mission statements, goals and objective.
Type of Organizational Communication in an
Informal Structure
 Informal/ Grapevine Communication –
comes from unofficial channels of message
flow (meaning the source of information is
hard to pinpoint or can’t be traced).
- This type of communication involves
different levels of organization and occurs
due to dissatisfaction of some employees
accompanied by uncertainty and other
negative factors that are against the
– company rules.
Types of Communication according to
PURPOSE AND STYLE
 Formal Communication – Employs formal
language delivered orally or in written forms
- To inform, to entertain, and to persuade.
- Ex. Public Talks, Speech
  Informal Communication – does not employ
a formal language.
- It involves a personal and ordinary
conversation with friends, family members
or acquintances.
- Ex. Conversation with family and friends.
Communication Models and Principles
Communication Models – help you to understand
how a communication process works.
- Visual presentation that identifies, classifies,
and describes various parts of a process.
- Communication process starts with the
transmission of a message by
communicator and ends with reciever’s
feedback.
- Often abstract; it is a representation of a
real world phenomenon applied to different
forms.
- The interplay of variables in the model
represented graphically.
Conceptual Models for Human
Communication
1. Aristotle’s Model of Communication –
emphasized that there are 3 variables in the
communication process.
- The most basic and common of all
communication models.
- It highlights publick speaking.
- The speaker variable is very important;
without the speaker, there will be no speech
to be produced.
- Depending on the profile of the audience,
the speaker adjust his/hel speech to
consider the audience.
Aristotle – was one of the greatest philosophers
who ever lived and the first genuine scientist in
history.
- He made pioneering contribution to all fields
of philosophy and science.
2. Lasswell’s Communication Model – Was
conceptualized in 1948.
- Described communication being focused on
the following Ws:
- Who says, What in, Which channel, to
Whom, with What
- Similar to Aristotle’s model in the sense of
both are linear and have the same
components with the addition of two:
medium and effect.
Harold Laswell – was an influential social scientist
who contributed to the field of political science
through research on political psychology,
quantitative methods and public policy.
3. Shannon-Weavers Communication of Model
– conceptualized in 1949 for the functioning
of radio and television as a serving model
for technical communication.
- Later adopted in the field of communication.
- In this model, other components such as
noise, reception, destination, and feedback
have been identified.
- Other terms such as information source for
the senderm transmitter for the
encoder,decoder(reception) and receiver
(destination) were introduce.
Shannon and Weaver – in 1948, Shannon was an
American mathematician, Electronic engineer and
Weaver was an American Scientist both of them
join together to write an article in “Bell System
Technical Journal” called “ A Mathematical Theory
of Communication” and also as “ Shannon- Weaver
model of Communication”
4. Berlo’s SMCR Communication Model
- Was conceptualized in 1960, probably the
most well-known among the communication
models
 - Initially Berlo’s model was called SMCR
which stands for sender of the message,
sent through a channel or medium to a
receiver. However, it was modified later on
to include noise, hence the acronym is
SMCRN.
David Kenneth Berlo – 1929- 1996, was the
eleventh president of Illinois State University.
- The source being the originator of the
message cast as the encoder
- The encoder should practice communication
skills such as; listening, speaking, reading,
writing
- The speaker’s attitude toward the audience
or the subject as well as his/her knowledge
about the topic on hand likewise counts
along with the social system that his/her is
in which includes values, beliefs, and
practices and culture.
- The second variable which is the message
include;
 Contents
 Elements such as the language
used and gestured employed;
 Treatment or the manner by which
the message is transmitted
 Structure which refers to the
arrangement of parts or flow of the
message
- The code shows how the message is sent:
that is, the language (verbal code) used and
the accompanying gestures (non verbal
code) employed
- The third variables which is channel refers
to different senses:
 Seeing
 Hearing
 Smelling
 Tasting
 Touching
- The fourth variable is reciever, the one who
decodes the message.
General Principles of Effective Communication
1. Know your purpose in communicating:
o To inform
o To entertain
o To persuade
2. Know your audience:
o Age
o Educational background
o Profession
o Culture
3. Know your topic
4. Adjust your speech or writing to the context
of the situation; the environment in which
your speech or writing is to be delivered
determines the kind of language you will
use.
Principles of Effective Communication
1. Be clear with your purpose – know by heart
your objective in communicating.
2. Be complete with the message you deliver –
make sure that your claims are supported
by facts and essential information.
3. Be concise – Do not be wordy with your
statements; brevity is a must.
4. Be natural with your delivery – use
appropriate gestures and movements.
5. Be specific and timely with your feedback –
inputs are most helpful when provided on
time.
Principles of Effective Written Communication:
7Cs
1. Be clear – Always be guided by your
purpose in communicating your message.
2. Be concise – Always stick to the point and
be brief by focusing your main point.
3. Be concrete – Support your claims with
enough facts.
4. Be correct – Observe grammatical
correctnes and spelling; always have time to
revise and edit your work.
5. Be coherent – Provide logical statements
connected to the topic at hand.
 6. Be complete – Include all necessary and
relevant information.
7. Be courteous – Your tone should be friendly
to eliminate confusion and misinterpretation.

Ethics of Communication

- Communication ethics emphasizes that

moral influence the behavior of an
individual, group, or organization thereby
affecting their communication.
- Note that one’s behavior should be
regulated by honesty, decency, truthfulness,
sincerity, and moral uprightness.

Ethical Considerations in an Organization for

Effective Communication

 Establish an effective value system that will

pave the way for the development of your
integrity as a person.
 Provide complete and accurate information.
 Disclose vital information adequately and
appropriately.

- Observing a code of ethics is essential as it

determines the kind of behavior that is
proper and desirable over one that is
displeasing and offensive.

- A code of ethics set the standards to be

observed by a person or a company that will
create a good reputation or a positive image
not only for an individual but also for the
organization.

Mecailah O. Poloyapoy