SPE

Society of Petroleum Engineef'S

SPE 17939

Procedures for Initializing Reservoir Simulation Models

by A.Y. Fawakhiri, * I.M. Hassan, and A.F.A.R. Abed,* Abu Dhabi Natl. Oil Co.
* SPE Members

Copyright 1989, Soaiety of Petroleum Engineers, Inc.

This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE Middle East Oil Technical Conference and Exhibition held in Manama, Bahrain, 11-14 March, 1989 ..

This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE Program Committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper,
as presented, have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material, as presented, does not necessarily reflect
any position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its officers, or members. Papers presented at SPE meetings are subject to publication review by Editorial Committees of the Society
of Petroleum Engineers. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment
of where and by whom the paper is presented. Write Publications Manager, SPE, P.O. Box 833836, Richardson, TX 75083-3836. Telex, 730989 SPEDAL.

As a result of the high contrast in rock

ABSTRACT properties, the historical performance of such
reservoirs has shown that both the
The simulation models of large heterogeneous production/injection profiles and the flood
reservoirs require both detail and consistency front advance are highly dominated by the
in the input data. This paper presents the horizontal and vertical permeability
initialization procedures that have been profiles. This is illustrated in Figure-3
tailored to meet such requirements. The main which shows that the flood front advance in
topics include the construction of the areal Reservoir c is confined to a high permeability
and vertical grid systems, the definition of interval underlain by a tight stylolitic thin
fluid contacts, SCAL and PVT data analyses, interval of about 4 feet that assisted in
and standard measures aimed at securing a carrying the injection water several
representative initialization of the problem kilometers into the top of the oil zone.
to be simulated. The presented procedures are
being applied successfully in conducting By virtue of such large physical sizes and the
routine simulation studies for this type of observed heterogeneity in both the rock and
reservoirs. fluid properties, the black oil simulation
models for such reservoirs have to be l~rge
INTRODUCTION and typically vary between 20,000 to 40,000
grid blocks. such sizes are necessary in
Most reservoirs in Abu Dhabi, UAE, are higly order to properly represent the fluid flow
heterogeneous, strongly layered limestone behaviour, and subsequently optimize the
reservoirs of extensive dimensions. A typical reservoirs performance. In addition,
reservoir, Reservoir A, which has an initial experience has shown that the use of
oil in place of 16.6 billion STB of saturated simplifying assumptions in the input data
oil and 13.8 trillion SCF of gas cap gas, is aimed at reducing the simulation model sizes
presented in Figure-1. As shown, the usually result in poor simulation models.
reservoir is about 43 km long x 23 km wide at
the free water level, while the average pay The construction and initialization of
zone thickness is about 150 ft. In addition, detailed large simulation models, however,
the reservoir is planned to be operated with a entails working with a voluminous amount of
total number of 286 dually completed wells. data that can easily become inconsistent.
The strong reservoir layering, exhibited by This paper presents the methods and procedures
high contrasting permeability profiles, and that have been successfully established for
the presence of dense and/or tight stylolitic initializing such models in which both detail
layersl,2,3 that form partial to total and consistency are preserved.
barriers to vertical flow, is demonstrated by
the typical log and core profiles for
Reservoir B, presented in Figure-2.

References and illustrations at end of paper

875
2 PROCEDURES ~R INITIALIZING RESERVOIR SIMULATION MODELS SPE 17939

AREAL GRID
used to compute the property arrays calculated
The selection of the areal grid and at grid block centers.
orientation follow established principles4.
To name a few, these are aimed at representing Typical mapping problems include the
the flow geometry, directional rock properties non-representativeness of some of the core and
or discontinuities, and defining the locations log data. For example, the log-derived
at which saturations and pressures are to be porosity (and saturation) across tight thin
calculated. Of specific significance in intervals is largely dominated by shoulder
applying these principles to large reservoirs effects. In addition, the selection of core
is that due to the large number of wells, the plugs for core analysis is usually made in
resulting areal grid has to be large in order 'clean' or homogeneous sections that overlooks
to maintain detail between neighbouring wells both the highly permeable streaks and the
and in areas of special interest, such as tight or stylolitic intervals. such problems
around fluid contacts and in areally thin are tackled by extensive screening and
transition zones, etc. Accordingly, ext.ra scrutinization of the data during vertical
effort is needed to minimize the size of the layering.
areal grid in a way that does not compromise·
on the main objectives of the study. The horizontal and vertical permeability in
the porous intervals, and the horizontal
VERTICAL GRID permeability in the tight intervals are taken
form core data, whenever available. In most
As shown in Figure-3, the high contrast in cases, the vertical permeability in the porous
rock properties, such as horizontal intervals is roughly _equal to horizontal
permeability, is not always reflected on permeability. However, and in addition to the
porosity. Accordingly, and based on problems in core plug selection that are
established geological models, fine layering mentioned above, the core data of the tight
simulation models are constructed to represent and/or stylolitic intervals is mostly not
such contrast taking into account all applicable, as values of less than 0.01 md are
available data on rock type, horizontal and not possible to measure by conventional
vertical permeability, and fluid saturations. methods. Special whole core analysis across
In addition, thin tight and/or stylolitic these intervals, on the other hand, has shown
intervals exist in the reservoirs which may kv values of as low as 1. 0 E-4 md in the
act as barriers to vertical flow. These strongly developed stylolitic zones. Based on
intervals are mostly continuous but have a such data, and using core-log transforms, a
wide range of vertical permeability between method has been established to derive the
1.0 E-4 md, to about 10 md, as measured by vertical permeability from the porosity
special whole core analysis5. As a result, profile across such intervals5.
these layers are modelled as separate layers
in order to avoid apriori assumptions on their Due to the presence of in-situ vugs and
ability to form total or partial barriers to hairline fractures, it is worthy to note that
vertical flow. In the case that these layers more often than not, the test-derived
are known to be discontinuous, and in absence horizontal permeability is a few folds higher
of a layer vanishing option in most than the core-derived permeability, and that
simulators, equivalent porous intervals are simple correlations between the two sets of
used to extend these layers throughout the data are not possible. This problem is
model. The modelling of the tight layers as compounded in presence of partial or selective
such is necessary in order to avoid lwuping well completions that are based on the
their data with the adjacent porous layers stratified nature of the .reservoirs.
that have much better rock and fluid
characteristics. In addition, the presence of Accordingly, the initial core-based
these layers, specially when exhibiting permeability maps are usually upgraded by
variable rock properties, allows for a more results of single well models that use the
realistic simulation of the flood front same full field layering, and through which
advance, as vertical cross flow between the transient pressure tests are matched.
adjacent porous layers will depend on the Alternatively, if enough test-derived data are
physical · properties of the dense layers available for the total reservoir, or
themselves, such as mobility, capillary sub-reservoir, the horizontal test
pressure and absolute pressure6. permeability maps are first converted into
absolute maps using ko/ka correlations from
ROCK PROPERTIES SCAL data, after which new test-based maps per
layer are generated using the vertical
All rock properties, such as structure tops, distribution of the core maps. The generated
iso-pachs, porosity, horizontal and vertical horizontal and vertical permeability maps are
permeability are mapped using contouring again checked and corrected by single well
packages. The generated surfaces are then models.

876
SPE 17939 A. Y. FAWAKHIRI, I. M. HASSAN, A. F. ABED
As for porosity, the severity of the log
shoulder effects in the tight i.ntervals is
evaluated by comparing the averaged porosity
across the whole interval with the minimum
recorded porosity. If high discrepancies are
noted, indicating significant shoulder
effects, then the log-derived porosity maps
are generated using minimum values only.
FLUIDS CONTACTS
Due to the heterogeneous rock properties, the
observed fluids contacts (gas-oil or
oil-wate:r) typically show vertical variations
that conform to surfaces of contacts rather
than to planar .contacts. such a phenomenon is
caused by vartations i.n the capillary
pressures as a result of the heterogeneous
rock properties. Accordingly, the free fluids
contacts (free gas and water levels) are first
defined for the reservoir using the discovery
pressure profiles ·or regional data that are
verified by PVT. results, as preRented in
Figure-4. The intersection points of the
gas-oil and oil-water lines define such free
levels, at which the capillary pressure is
zero by.definition. Any rise of fluids above
such levels, which is exhibited.as an apparent
contact on the logs, is then related to
capillary threshold pressure, as outlined
below.
The apparent gas-oil and oil-water contacts
are first mapped based on the log data and
well test results. Next, the generated
surface of each contact is intersected with
the structure surface of each layer, with the
resulting intersection line defining the
apparent contact pertaining to each layer.
The resulting contact in each layer is then
cross-checked with the log and well test data,
and once found consistent, is used as a
bounding 100\ saturation line for the
saturation maps.
TRANSITION ZONES
A similar approach is used to define the
transition zone limits. The log-derived
initial saturation profiles together with
available well test data, are used to define
the encountered transition zone depths at the
wells. These data are then mapped and a
transition zone surface is generated and
intersected with the structure surfaces of all
layers. The resulting intersection line in
each layer then constitutes the transition
zone limfts for the layer, which is
subsequently used in generating the saturation
tables, as outlined below. The case where the
transition zones have not been encountered
presents a more difficult problem. In such a
case, the maximum core-plug drainage capillary
pressure is correlated as a function of the
plug's permeability and porosity, and the
resulting correlation is then used to derive
877
3
the transition zone limits in each model
layer. In this regard, it should be noted
that derivation of the transition zone from
log-derived saturations is more superior than
that derived from SCAL data due to the usual
high scatter and even some inconsistency in
the SCAL data.
FLUIDS SATURATIONS
The fluids saturations are mapped using
contouring packages following the definition
of the common free fluids levels for the total
reservoir, and a consistent set of log-derived
apparent fluid contacts for each layer. A
common encountered problem is the computed
saturation in the tight or stylolitic
intervals, which is affected by shoulder
effects. If such intervals are strongly
developed, the computed water saturation is
usually close to 100\, which is in line with
the expected high capillary pressure resulting
·from rock tightness. In such a case, and if
this phenomenon is consistent with the
permeability and porosity maps, the layer, or
portions thereof, could be keyed-out directly
as non-reservoir rock. In the more difficult
case where this could not be justified, the
maximum water saturation, rather than the
computed average saturation in each layer is
mapped.
SATURATION TABLES
The raw relative permeability and capillary
pressure SCAL data usually show high scatter
that is not readily correlatable. Part of
such scatter is man-caused and could be traced
to the laboratory performing the tests. The
more genuine scatter has been shown to be
caused by rock heterogeneity. A comprehensive
procedure has been established to build a
consistent SCAL data base for each study, and
to subsequently derive the saturation tables
as functions of the rock properties.
The heart of the procedure is based on a
regional SCAL study which showed the following
trends of the core plug data in both the
gas-oil and oil-water systems:
The saturation end points (Swc, Sor, Sgc
and Slr) decrease with increasing
absolute permeability and porosity,
resulting in increasing mobile fluid
saturation.
The relative permeability increases with
increasing absolute permeability and
porosity.
The drainage threshold capillary pressure
\i.e. the non-zero positive capillary
pressure measured at 100\ phase
saturation) decreases with increasing
absolute permeability and porosity.
4 PROCEDURES FOR INITIALIZING RESERVOIR SIMULATION MODELS
The maximum capillary pressure, denoting
the vertical height of the transition
zone above the free fluid contacts,
decreases with increasing absolute
permeability and porosity.
The above findings are to be expected within
upper and lower limits of rock properties. In
all, they indicate that improved recovery is
obtained with improved rock properties
exhibited in the core plugs as absolute
permeability and porosity.
CONSTRUCTION OF BND-PODIT CORRBLATIONS AND
FMILY CURVBS
Based on the above, and .following quality
control and screening of the laboratoy data, a
set of SCAL end-points correlations and family
curves is constructed for each rock type as
follows:
The .laboratory-measured end points, swc,
Sgc, Srow and Srog are correlated against
a function of porosity and permeability
of the core plugs, e.g. ¢ v- k, as
~ presented for an oil-water system in
Figures-5 and 6. The scatter which may
still persist in the data is smoothed by
a regeression line, ensuring that the sum
of the end points and the mobile phase
saturation is unity. Depending on the
range of the data, upper and loWer limits
of the generated line may also be imposed.
The increasing trend of relative
permeability with improved rock
properties is checked by plotting the
relative permeability results of each
plug against a function of porosity and
permeability, e.g., k4/~ at all
normalized fluid saturations,
presented in Figures-? and 8. The use of
k4!9J in such plots is made in order to
spread the data of the plugs for
subsequent interpolation. At this stage,
further screening of the data is made by
excluding the· plugs of a given rock type
whose data do not conform with the
general increasing trends.
A set of relative permeability family of
curves pertaining to a given rock type is
then constructed, as presented for an
oil-water system in Figures-9 and 10.
Each curve in these plots represents the
data of one core plug plotted in terms of
k4/~. The abscissa is the normalized
water saturation. The ordinate, on the
other hand, is the product (k4/~) (krow)
for the oil relative permeability family,
and (k4/¢) (krwo) for the water relative
permeability family. In each family, the
curves of the different plugs are
SPE 11939
separated by the level of k4/¢,
representing a third axis. Thus, knowing
k and ¢, tables of krow and krwo vs. Swn
are produced by interpolating between the
curves of each family.
The range of the laboratory-measured
k4/¢, may not cover the actual range of
the input arrays to the simulator, or
following modification of permeability
during history matching. Hence, man-made
upper and lower limit curves are added to
the family that conform with the actual
data trends.
Similarly, the drainage threshold
capillary pressure is correlated with a
function of porosity and permeability,
e.g. ¢ v k, as presented in Figure-11.
As in the relative permeability
end-points, the data is smoothed by
regression and upper and lower limits are
imposed.
Drainage and imbibition capillary
pressure family curves, presented in
Figures-12 and 13, are constructed using
a similar technique to that of the
relative permeability. The ordinate of
the drainage capillary pressure, however,
excludes the threshold pressure section
of the original curves, as this is
obtained separately by Figure-11.
The constucted SCAL end-point correlations and
family curves for each rock type represent an
absolute data base that is used for generating
the saturation tables for the simulator at any
stage in the study.
GENERATION OF SATURATION TABLES
as
The saturation tables, comprising of the
relative permeability and capillary pressure
curves, are generated by an in-house method
that uses the family curves and end-point
correlations, together with the established
rock and fluid arrays (cell center depths,
porosity, permeability, tops of transition
zones, apparent fluid contacts, free water
level, and the log-derived fluid
saturations). In the process, the data of the
derived tables are made to match the observed
log-derived data, such as tops of transition
zones and apparent fluid contacts. In fact,
the method can generate a saturation table for
each grid block. Rather than that, however,
+-he saturation tables are generated for groups
of grid blocks falling within user-defined
ranges of k4/¢.
Taking an oil/water system as an example, and
working on given a group of grid blocks with
an average k4/¢, the z-axis of the drainage
878
SPE 11939 . A. Y. FAWAKHIRI, I. f'l. HASSAN, A. F. ABED 5

capillary pressure family curves is first

entered at the k4/f6 level, and a normalized
curve is generated by interpolating between
the SCAL samples. The capillary threshold
pressure end-point correlation is next entered
and the corresponding height of the transition
zone and apparent fluid contact above the
given free water level are calculated for the
group. These SCAL-derived values are then
compared with the given transition zone and
apparent oil-water contact of the layer, as
derived from log data. If discrepancies
between the two sets of data are noted, an
iterative procedure is then applied to make
the SCAL-derived capillary pressure curve
match the log-derived data. This is
accomplished by regrouping the grid blocks
into finer ranges of · k4/~, scaling of the
SCAL-derived capillary pressure curve, and/or
refining the log-derived top of transition
zone and oil-water contact of the layer. The
normalized relative permeability curves are
next generated from the family curves using a
similar interpolation approach.
The final saturation tables are generated by
de-normalization, using both the end-point
correlations and the log-derived saturation.
If the group of grid blocks is located in the
oil zone, the connate water saturation is
directly taken from averaged log data. In the
transition and water zones, on the other hand,
the connate water saturation is derived from
end-point correlations.
Of significance is to highlight three points.
First, the generated relative permeability
curves are based on absolute rock permeability
such that the maximum relative permeability of
a given phase equals unity only at a phase
saturation of 100\. Second, even after
matching the log-derived top of the transition
zone and apparent oil-water contact
(equivalent to the maximum pressure and
threshold pressure on the drainage capillary
pressure curve), the profile of the drainage
capillary pressure in the transition zone
often needs to be adjusted to match the
log~derived data, as shown in Figure-14.
Third, and as the generated tables are
function of rock properties, new tables are
generated following changes in the rock maps,
as is frequently made during history matching.
PVT DATA
Typically, the hydrocarbons composition in
most reservoirs varies with depth, in
contradiction with the assumed fluid
equilibrium in black oil simulators. This
phenomenon, which is most clearly seen in
thick reservoirs, results in depth-dependent
production GOR's and fluids densities. As a
result, an inverse relation usually exists
between bubble point pressure and depth, as
presented in Figure-15. . Accordingly, and
following screening and quality control of the
data, all the lab-measured PVT properties are
normalized as functions of the bubble point
pressure. Examples of such normalized plots
for Bo and Rs are presented in Figures-16 to
18, respectively.
Depending on the PVT data variations and
reservoir geometry, the reservoir may be
divided into a number of areal and/or vertical
regions, and average input PVT tables are
generated by denormalizing the PVT
correlations at the mid point depth of each
region. The use of multiple PVT tables as
such, ensures proper representation of the
initial physical state of fluids in the
reservoir. However, as black oil simulators
are not built to handle compositional fluid
variations in the dynamic mode, material
balance errors could be encountered during
simulation. Accordingly, if such problems
arise, one average PVT table is derived at
reservoir datum, and the variation of the PVT
properties with depth is approximated by
entering an initial depth-dependent bubble
point pressure array.
MODEL INITIALIZATION
The model initialization procedure comprises
of a set of steps aimed at securing a
representative, consistent and stable model.
Following input data debugging, plots and maps
of all input rock and fluids data at zero time
are output from the simulator for checking and
verification. The major data checking work
includes the following:
Plots of all saturation and PVT tables
are produced by the simulator to check
for consistency and any possible
roughness in the data, which could be
caused by interpolation problems during
data generation.

As in the saturation tables, the in-house Maps of the input rock data, such as
method used for generating the PVT tables thickness, porosity, horizontal and
relies on the concept of generating an vertical permeability are produced by the
absolute data base from which the input PVT simulator, and are checked for
tables are derived. such a data base includes consistency.
all the differential expansion PVT properties
in addition to differential-to-flash relations.

879
6 PROCEDURES FOR INITIALIZING RESERVOIR SIMULATION MODELS SPE 11939

The initial calculated reservoir pressure Bo(a) Oil formation volume factor at
and bubble point pressure profiles are atmospheric pressure and reservoir
plotted versus depth. This plot is used temperature (vol/vol)
to check the location of the gas-oil Bo(bp)= Oil formation volume factor at bubble
contact and free .water level, and the point pressure
calculated fluids gradients for k Absolute permeability (mD)
comparison with field measured data. krow Relative permeability to oil, o/w
system
Th~ simulator-generated initial fluid krwo Relative permeability to water, o/w
saturation maps are produced and compared system
with the log-derived maps for p Pressure (psia)
verification. Input mapping problems P(bp) Bubble point pressure (psia)
and/or initialization data problems could PCI Imbibition capillary pressure, o/w
be identified by such comparisons.Using system (psi)
the calculated initial pressure arrays, PCD Drainage capillary pressure, o/w
the model is dynamically re-initialized system (psi)
to the log-derived saturation maps, and PTH Drainage capillary threshold pressure,
the resulting initial fluids-in-place per o/w system (psi)
model layer and for the whole model are Porosity (fraction)
compared with those obtained by the sw Water saturation (fraction)
equilibrium initialization. swc Connate water saturation (fraction)
Sgc Critical gas saturation (fraction)
Using the equilibrium initialization, the swn Normalized water saturation (fraction)
moveable hydrocarbons volume in each Srow Residual oil saturation (fraction)
model layer and in the whole model are Srog Residual oil saturation (fraction)
produced for checking.
REFERENCES
A five-year zero rate simulation run is
performed to check the satability of the 1. R. A. Nelson: "Significance of Fracture
model with respect to the initial fluids Sets Associated with Stylolite Zones,"
contents, saturations and pressures The American Association of Petroleum
against time. Geologists Bulletin, Volume 65 No.ll
(November 1981), 2411-25.
Once satisfactory results are obtained, the
model initialization is concluded and the 2. Won c. Park and Erick H. Schot:
history matching phase of the study is started. "Stylolites: Their Nature and Origin,"
Journal of Sedimentary Petrology Volume
CONCLUSIONS 38 No.1, 115-91.

Both detail and consistency in the input data 3. Abu Dhabi company for onshore Oil
of large heterogeneous simulation · models are Operations: "A Critical Review of
necessary in order to ensure proper Stylolites: Their Formation and
representation of the complex flow regimes in Significance to Abu Dhabi Reservoirs,"
such reservoirs. Our experience in using Stylolites and Associated Phenomena
simplifying assumptions (such as lumping of Relevance to Hydrocarbon Reservoirs, Abu
layers, pseudo-functions, etc) has shown that Dhabi National Reservoir Research
although numerically satisfactory simulation 'Foundation (ADREF), ADREF, Abu Dhabi
results could sometimes be obtained, the (1984), 219-90.
resulting models fail to achieve the level of
detail that is required to optimize the 4. Staggs, H.M. and Herbeck, E. F.:
performance of such reservoirs. "Reservoir simulation Models An
Engineering overview," JPT (December
The resulting ·detailed simulation models· are 1911), 1428-36.
naturally large and costly. The presented
initialization concepts and procedures for 5. Mitri, K. T., Abed, A. F., "A
such models have been designed to maintain Semi-Empirical Lumped Parameter Model for
consistency of the input data with physical Estimation of Vertical Permeability and
principles, without compromising on the Threshold Pressure of Dense Stylolitic
required detail. The high cost of running such Limestone Intervals," paper SPE 11941
models is a natural consequence of the large presented at the 1988 Middle East Oil
model sizes and the required detail. However, Show, Bahrain, March 11-14.
these costs are continuously decreasing with
the current improvements in the speed and 6. Martin, J. H., Cooper, J. A.: "An
options of reservoir simulators, and the Integrated Approach to the Modelling of
significant advances in computer speeds. Permeability Barrier Distribution in a
Sedimentologically Complex Reservoir,"
NOMENCLATURE paper SPE 13051 presented at the 1984
59th Annual Technical and Exhibition of
SPE, Houston, September 16-19.
Bo Oil formation volume factor (vol/vol)

880
 seE !1939

DEPTH K(md) SW(o/o) (Z)(o/o) LAYER

(FT) 0.1 1 10 100 oo o so No.

~
,.,

r:f ~~
•
•
•
8450

• 0 • •
,., • • • • •

"',., ,., ,.,,.,

8500

,.-_., ,., ,., ,., _.-,., ,.,

.- ,.,,.,
0

e ?R0DUCER~ lNJECHlR"¢-13BSERVER 0 0iHER Z0Nt:S ~ 8550

Fig. 1-Structure contour map on top, Reservoir A. Fig. 2-Petrophyslcal characteristics and layering model for the top third of Reservoir B.

DEPTH
(FT)

7800

8000

!="·
~ 8400
7850 l:
1-
c.
w
c

8800

7900
WATER (0.49 PSI/FT)..,

9200+----------.--------~~----~~
4000 4200 4400 4600
PRESSURE (PSIA)

Fig. 3-Fiood front advance In a porous Interval underlain by a stylolitic Interval In Fig. 4-lnltlal pressure profile, Reservoir D.
Reservoir C.

881
',~o
,). f_ t·,
·~
'
·~ j i ~t •. ;;·~'
!·~
...

1 1
10,--.,------------------~ 10.-------~----------------------~

•• ..
0
10 • 0
10

•
•
•
• •
10 +------r'~----.-----.------,----__,
1 -1
10+------.-----.-L----.-----.-----~
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
Swc Srow

Fig. 5-Correletlon ol connate water saturation with q,../k. Fig. &-Correlation ol residual oil saturation with q,..[k.

10 ~~~~~--~----~--~-------------------,
8
10 ,-------~~--------------~------~---.~----,
8

-4 -4
10 ~~----.-------.-------.-------.-----~ 10 +4~._--~------~--._----~--~--~------~
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
KRWO KROW

Fig. 7-Correlatlon ol relative permeability to water with k 4 {q,, Fig. a-Correlation ol relative permeability to oil with k 4 /¢.

882
 :(1 '-~
:i .1: l·.'

8 8 4
10 8 10 K 1¢= 1 X
4
K tc1>= 1 X 10

6
6 1.9 X 10
1.9 X 10

4 4
10 10
-e.
-v' -e.
~ -v'~
0*
3: 3:*
c: 10° 0 10°
~ 2.2 X 100 c:
~

-2
6.2 X 10

10- 4 10-4
-4
1.0 X 10

10 +--------.--------.---------.-------~------~
8
10 +--------.--------.--------.--------.-------~
8

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
SWN SWN

Fig. 9-Water relative permeability family curves as function of k 4 /t/>. Fig. 10-011 relative permeability family curves as function of k 4 /t/>.

1~~------------------------------~

• •
•
10 +--------.--------.---------.--------.--------~
8

0 10 20 30 40 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

THERSHOLD PRESSURE (PSI) SWN

Flg._11-Correlatlon of drainage oil/water capillary threshold, pressure with q,Jk. Fig. 12-Dralnage oil/water capillary pressure family curves as function of k 4 /t/J.

883
 SPE 179J9

10~

8.0 X 103
4
10

..,~ 8400~----------------------------~---------------. 140

::.::
1,7 X 100
* 120
0
a. 10°
8600 100

'P 80 Ill
!:. ~
::z:: ~
1- 8800 60
a. ~
UJ a.
Q
40

9000 20
8 FWL._.
10 +-------~--------~------~--------~------~ 9100 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
SWN Sw

Fig. 13-lmblbltlon oil/water capillary pressure family curves as function of k 4 /<f>, Fig. 14-Correctlon of the acale·derlved drainage capillary pressure profile to match the log·
derived profile.

8200
INITIAL GOC
__\,
1.00
~
co
INITIAL
'P 8400 it-RESERVOIR 0
!:. PRESSURE co 0.99
::z:: .......
I- 0
ll. co
UJ
Q
LL. 0.98
>
LL.
-1
8600 0
• Q
0.97
UJ
!:::!
-1
<(
::i!! 0.96
a::
0
z
8800+-------------~------------.-----------~
2000 3000 4000 5000 0.95+-----~------~-----r------r-----~
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
PRESSURE (PSIA) NORMALIZED PRESSURE ( P I P(BP) )

Fig. 15-Varlallon of bubblepolnt pressure with depth, Reaerv(llr E. Fig. 16-0IIformatlon volume factor, above bubblepolnt pressure, as function of bubblepolnt pressure.

884
 EE 17939

1.20 1.20
~
0
10
I
~
10
~ 1.00 ena: 1.00
10
0
e (/)

' 0.80 5
~ 0
0
10
~
a:
I
0 0.60 .J 0.60
e 0
(/)
Ll.
>
Ll.
<
(!)
.J 0.40 c 0.40
0 w
N
c ::::i
w <
N :E
::::i 0.20 a: 0.20
< 0
:E
a: z
0
z 0.00 0.00~--~~---T-----r----~----r---~
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20
NORMALIZED PRESSURE ( P/P(BP) ) NORMALIZED PRESSURE ( P/P(BP) )

Fig. 17-011 formation volume factor, below bubblepolnt pressure, as function of bubblepolnt presaure. Fig. 18-Gas/oll ratio as function of bubblepolnt pressure.

885