MAT 217 ASSIGNMENT

GROUP 7
Femi-Adejobi Paul BU20CIT1052
Olonade teniola BU20CIT1074
Adigun-Ayoola Deborah BU20MAT1002
Reuben Jemimah Zidyep BU20CIT1034
Temilade Olamide Agoro BU20CIT1043
Oluwatomilola olagbemi Davina BU20CIT1063
Fasanmi Tobi BU20CIT1014
Oladele idowu BU201006
Oghnerume Oghenekaro SSE/017/18104
Otunla Daniel bu20cit1033

EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

This type of differential equation that can be solved directly without the use

of any of the special techniques in the subject. A first-order differential equation

(of one variable) is called exact, or an exact differential, if it is the result of a

simple differentiation. The equation P(x, y)y′ + Q(x, y) = 0, or in the equivalent

alternate notation P(x, y)dy + Q(x, y)dx = 0, is exact if Px(x, y) = Qy(x, y). (The

subscripts in this equation indicate which variable the partial derivative is taken

with respect to.) In this case, there will be a function R(x, y), the partial xderivative

of which is Q and the partial y-derivative of which is P, such that the equation

R(x, y) = c (where c is constant) will implicitly define a function y that will satisfy

the original differential equation.

 For example, in the equation (x2 + 2y)y′ + 2xy + 1 = 0, the x-derivative of x2 +

2y is 2x and the y-derivative of 2xy + 1 is also 2x, and the function R = x2y + x +

y2 satisfies the conditions Rx = Q and Ry = P. The function defined implicitly by

x2y + x + y2 = c will solve the original equation. Sometimes if an equation is not

exact, it can be made exact by multiplying each term by a suitable function called

an integrating factor. For example, if the equation 3y + 2xy′ = 0 is multiplied by

1/xy, it becomes 3/x + 2y′/y = 0, which is the direct result of differentiating the

equation in which the natural logarithmic function (ln) appears: 3 ln x + 2 ln y =

c, or equivalently x3y2 = c, which implicitly defines a function that will satisfy the

original equation. For example, in the equation

(x2 + 2y)y′ + 2xy + 1 = 0, the x-derivative of x2 + 2y is 2x and the y-derivative of

2xy + 1 is also 2x, and the function R = x2y + x + y2 satisfies the conditions Rx = Q

and Ry = P. The function defined implicitly by x2y + x + y2 = c will solve the

original equation. Sometimes if an equation is not exact, it can be made exact by

multiplying each term by a suitable function called an integrating factor. For

example, if the equation 3y + 2xy′ = 0 is multiplied by 1/xy, it becomes 3/x + 2y′/y

= 0, which is the direct result of differentiating the equation in which the natural

logarithmic function(ln) appears: 3 ln x + 2 ln y = c, or equivalently x3y2 = c, which

implicitly defines a function that will satisfy the original equation.

Higher-order equations are also called exact if they are the result of differentiating
a lower-order equation. For example, the second-order

equation p(x)y″ + q(x)y′ + r(x)y = 0 is exact if there is a first-order expression

p(x)y′ + s(x)y such that its derivative is the given equation. The given equation

will be exact if, and only if, p″ − q′ + r = 0, in which case s in the reduced equation

will equal q − p′. If the equation is not exact, there may be a function z(x), also

called an integrating factor, such that when the equation is multiplied by the

function z it becomes exact.

Exact differential equations are not generally linear. In other words, this can be

defined as a method for solving the first-order nonlinear differential equations.

• The exact differential equation solution can be in the implicit form F(x, y)

which is equal to C.

• Although this is a distinct class of differential equations, it will share

many similarities with first-order linear differential equations.

Importantly, we will discover that there is often (although not always!) an

integration factor required to make a differential equation in the “exact”

form. The integration factor we have discussed will take a different form

than that of first-order linear equations.

EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION EXAMPLES

Some of the examples of the exact differential equations are as follows:

(2xy – 3x2 ) dx + ( x2 – 2y ) dy = 0

(xy2 + x ) dx + yx2 dy = 0

Cos y dx + (y2 – x sin y ) dy = 0 (6x2

– y +3 ) dx + (3y2 -x – 2) dy =0 ey

dx + (2y + xey ) dy = 0

Solved Examples

Given, (2xy – sin x) dx + ( x2 – cos y) dy = 0

First check this equation for exactness,

∂Q/∂x=∂/∂x (x2−cosy) =2x

∂P/∂y=∂/∂y (2xy−sinx) =2x

The equation is exact because it satisfies the condition

∂Q/∂x=∂P/∂y
From the system of two equations, find the functions u(x, y)
∂u/∂x=2xy−sinx …. (1)

∂u/∂y=x2−cosy …. (2)
By integrating the first equation with respect to the variable x, we get u(x,
y)=∫(2xy−sinx)dx=x2+cosx+φ(y)
 Substituting the above equation in equation (2), it becomes
∂u/∂y=∂/∂y[x2y+cosx+φ(y)]=x2−cosy
⇒x2 + φ(y) = x2−cosy
We get, ⇒ φ(y) = −cosy
Hence, φ(y) =∫ (−cosy) dy= −siny
So the function u(x, y) becomes u(x,
y ) = x2y + cos x – sin y

Therefore the general solution for the given differential equation is

x2y + cos x – sin y = C

Reference: Exact Differential Equation Definition | Integrating Factors - Byjus