Ai

rPol
lut
ion
Airpol
luti
on-Ai rpoll
uti
onmaybedef inedast hepr
esenceofoneormore
contaminant sli
kedust ,mist,smokeandcol ourint
heatmospher
ethatar
einj
uri
ous
humanbei ngs, plantsandani mals.
Rapidindust r
iali
zati
on
Fasturbanizat i
on
Rapidgrowt hi npopulati
on
Growthofv ehicl
esont heroadsand
Acti
vit
iesofhumanbei ngshav edi sturbedthenatur
albal
anceoftheat
mosphere.
Thecomposi ti
onofAi risgivenbel ow:
Nitr
ogen 78%
Oxygen 21%
Argon l
esst han1%
Carbondioxide 0.037%
Watervapour Remai ning
Ozone,Helium andammoni a Tr aceamount

Sour cesofAi rpoll

uti
on
Sour cesofai rpoll
uti
onar eoft wotypes.
Natur alsour cesandAr ti
fi
cialsources
Natur alsour cesofpollut
ionar ethosethatarecausedduet onat ur
alphenomena.Ex:
Volcani cer upti
ons,Forestfir
es,Biol
ogicaldecay,Poll
engrains,Marshes,Radioacti
ve
mat erials.
Art
ificial sourcesarethosewhi charecr eatedbyman.Ex:Ther malpowerpl ants,
Vehicul aremi ssi
ons,Fossilfuelburni
ng, agri
cul
tural
acti
vi
tiesetc.

Cl
assifi
cationofAirPollut
ants
Dependingont heform ofpol
l
utant
spr
esenti
ntheenv
ironment
,theyar
ecl
assi
fi
edas:
Pri
mar ypoll
utantsand
Secondarypollut
ants

Pri
marypol
lut
ant
saret
hoset
hatar
edi
rect
lyemi
tt
edi
ntheat
mospher
eint
hehar
mful
for
m
Ex:CO,NO,
CO2,SO2et
c.

Secondar
ypoll
utant
sarethoset
hatar
eformedbyreacti
ngwithothercomponentsor
somebasiccomponentoftheat
mospheretofor
m newpoll
utant
s.
Ex:Oxi
desofNitr
ogen(NO2orNO3)reactwit
hmoistur
eint
heat mospheretogiv
e
Nit
ri
cacid

I
ndoorai
rpol
l
utant
sar
epr
imar
yai
rpol
l
utant
s.Themosti
mpor
tanti
ndoorai
rpol
l
utant
i
sRadongas.

Sour
cesofindoorai
rpol
lut
antsare:
Radongasisemit
tedf
rom bui
ldingmat
eri
alsl
i
kebr
icks,
concr
ete,
til
es,
etct
hatar
e
deri
vedfrom soi
lcontai
ningradium
Radonisalsofoundi nnaturalgasandgr oundwat
erandisemit
tedwhil
ebeingused.
Burni
ngfuelinthekit
chenandci gar
ettesmokerel
easepol
lut
ant
slikeCO,SO2,
HCHO
(For
maldehyde)andBAP( Benzo-(A)pyrene)
.

Sourcesandcommonef fectsofcommonai rpoll

utant s
Carbonmonoxi de:Iti
sacol our
less,odour l
essgast hatispoisonousanimals.I
tis
formedbyi ncompl et
ecombust i
onofcar boncontai
ningf uel
s.
Sourceofcar bonmonoxideiscigarettesmokingandi ncompletecombust i
onoffossi
l
fuel
s( morethan77%comesf r
om mot orvehi
cleexhaust )
Healtheffect
si ncl
udereducedabilit
yofr edbloodcellstocar r
yoxy gentobodycel
ls
andt i
ssues.Thisleadstoheadacheandanemi a.Athighlevelsitcausescoma,
i
rreversi
blebraindamageanddeat h.

Nitr
ogenDi oxide:I
tisareddish-
brownirri
tat
inggasthatcausesphotochemicalsmog.
I
nt heatmospher e,i
tgetsconvert
edintonitr
icaci
d(HNO3) .I
tiscausedbyburning
fossi
lfuel
si nindustr
iesandpowerplants.
Healtheff
ectsi ncl
udelungir
rit
ati
onanddamage.Env i
ronmentaleff
ectsi
nvolveaci
d
deposit
ionleadingtodamageoft rees,
lakes,soi
landancientmonument s.NO2can
damagef abrics.

Sul
phurDioxide:Itisacol our lessandi r
rit
atinggast hatisf
ormedbycombust i
onof
sul
phurcontainingfossi lf
uel ssuchascoal andoil
.Intheatmospherei
tisconver
ted
i
ntoSulphuri
caci dwhi chisamaj orcomponentofaci ddepositi
on.
Heal
theffect
si nvolvebr eathingpr obl
emsf orhealt
hypeople.
Envi
ronmental eff
ectsi nvol
v er educedvisibili
tyandaciddeposit
ionontr
ees,l
akes,soi
l
s
andmonument sleadingt ot heirdeter
iorati
onandadv erseeff
ectonaquati
cli
fe.

SuspendedPar ti
culateMat t
er( SPM) :
Includesav ariet
yofparticlesanddr oplet
s
(aerosol
s)thatcanbesuspendedi natmospher eforshor ttolongper i
ods.
Humansour cesforSPM i ncludebur ningcoal inpowerandi ndust r
ialunit
s,burni
ng
dieselandotherfuelsinv ehicles,agri
cult
ur e,unpav edroads,const ruct
ion,etc.
Healtheffectsi
ncludenoseandt hr
oatirr
itati
on, l
ingdamage, br onchiti
s,asthama,
reproduct
iveproblemsandcancer .
Env i
ronmentalEff
ectsincl uder educedv i
sibil
ityandaci ddeposi t
ion.Aciddeposi t
ion
mayl eadtodamagedt rees, soilsandaquat iclif
ei nlakes.

Ozonei sahighl
yreacti
vegaswi t
hanunpleasantodouroccurri
ngint
hestr
atospher
e
wher ei
tprot
ectsmankindfrom thehar
mf ulul
tr
a-vi
oletr
aysfrom t
heSun.Howeveron
earth,i
tisapoll
utant
.
Itoccursoneart
hduet oreacti
onbetweenVolati
leOrganicCompounds(VOCs)and
Nitr
ogenOxides.Itmoderatesthecl
imate

Photochemi calsmogisabrowinshsmokethatfr
equent
lyformsonclear
,sunnyday
s
overlargeciti
eswithsi
gni
fi
cantamountsofautomobil
et r
aff
ic.
Iti
smainl
ydueto
chemi calr
eactionsamongnit
rogenoxi
desandhy dr
ocarbonsinthepr
esenceof
sunlight.
Healtheffectsincl
udebreathingprobl
ems,cough,ey
e, noseandthr
oatirr
it
ati
on,hear
t
diseases,reducedresi
stancet ocol
dsandpneumonia.
Env i
ronment al
effect
sinvolvedamaget opl
antsandtrees.Addi
ti
onall
y,Smogreduces
vi
sibili
ty.

Leadisasol idandhi ghlytoxi

cmet al
.It
scompoundsar eemi tt
edintotheat mosphere
aspar t
icul
atemat ter
.
HumanSour ces: Paint,Smel t
ers(metalr
ef i
neri
es),l
eadmanuf actur
e,storagebatter
ies,
l
eadedpet rol
, etc
Healtheffect
s: Leadaccumul atesinthebodyandbr ai
nleadingtonervoussy st
em
damageandment alretardati
on(especi
allyinchil
dren)
,digesti
veandot herhealt
h
probl
ems.Leadcont ainingchemicalsareknownt ocausecanceri ntestanimals.
Envir
onment al Ef
fects: I
tcanhar m wil
dli
fe.

Hydr
ocar
bonsLowerhay dr
ocarbonsaccumul
ateduet
odecayofv
eget
abl
emat
ter
.
Humaneffect
s:Theyar
ecarcinogeni
c

Chromium:Itisasoli
dtoxicmetalemitt
edintotheat
mosphereasparti
cul
atemat
ter
.
Humansour ces:Pai
nt,Smelt
ers,Chromium manufact
ure,
Chromium pl
ati
ng.
Healt
hEffects:Per
for
ationofnasalsept
um, chr
omeholes,et
c.

Cont rolMeasures
Theat mospherehassev er
al buil
t-i
nselfcleani
ngprocessessuchasdi sper
sion,
gravitati
onalset
tl
ing,fl
occulation,absorpt
ion,r
ain-
washout,etctocleansethe
at
mospher e.Howev er
,control ofcontaminantsatthei
rsourceleveli
sadesi r
abl
eand
effectivemethodthroughprev entiveorcontrolt
echnol
ogies.
Sour cecontrol
:Somemeasur esthatcanbeadopt edinthi
sdirecti
onare:

Usingunl eadedpet r
ol
Usingf uelswi thlowsul phurandashcont ent
Encouragi ngpeopl et ousepubl i
ct r
anspor t
,wal
koruseacy cl
easopposedt opri
vat
e
vehi
cles
Ensuret hathouses, schools,restaurantsandpl
aygroundsar enotlocatedonbusy
str
eets
Planttreesal ongbusyst reet
sast heyr emovepart
icul
ates,carbondioxideand
absorbnoi se
I
ndustr i
esandwast edisposal si
tesshoul dbesi
tuatedoutsdidethecitypref
erabl
yon
thedownwi ndoft hecity.
Cataly
ticconv erter
sshoul dbeusedt ohelpcontr
olemissionsofcar bonmonoxide
andhy drocar bons

Cont
rolmeasur
esi
nindust
ri
alcent
ers

Emissi
onrat
esshoul
dber est
ri
ctedtopermi
ssi
blel
evelsbyeachandev er
yindust
ry
I
ncorpor
ati
onofai
rpoll
uti
oncontrol
equipmenti
ndesignofplantl
ayoutmustbe
mademandat or
y
Cont
inuousmoni
tor
ingoft
heat
mospher
eforpol
l
utant
sshoul
dbecar
ri
edoutt
o
knowtheemissi
onlev
els.

Equi
pmentusedtocont
rolai
rpol
lut
ion
Thefol
l
owingequi
pmentisusedt
ocontrol
airpol
l
uti
on:

1.Cont
rolofSPM bygravit
ati
on
Equi
pmentused:Grav
itat
ionalSet
tl
ingChamberAt
ypi
cal
grav
itat
ional
chamberi
s
shownbelow.

Thedustl adengasent er satt hei nletandduet othesuddeni ncr easeincross-secti

on
thepar ti
cul atemat t
erset tlesatt hebot t
om andcanber emov edf rom t
hedusthopper s
asshown
Thecl eangasf reefrom par t
icul atemat terex i
tsf rom theoutlet
Impor tantf act s:
Simplet oconst ructandmai ntai n
Effi
cienttor emov epar t
iclesofdi amet ergr eat erthan50mm f rom gasst r
eams
Theyar eusedaspr e-cleaner sbef orepassi nggasest hroughhi ghef fi
ciencycoll
ection
devices
Theyr elyongr av i
tati
onal sett
lingandar et hesi mplestandol destmechani cal
collector
s
forremov al ofpar ticulatesf r
om gasst reams
Flowwi t
hint hechambermustbeuni f
orm wi thoutmacr oscopi cmi xi
ng
Dustr emov al sy st
em mustbeseal edtopr ev entpr oductionoft urbul
enceduet oai r
from leakingi ntochamber
Effi
ciencyoft heequi pmenti ncr easeswi thi ncr easedresidencet imeoft hewast egas.
Hence, t
heequi pmenti soper at edatl owestpossi blegasv el
ocit y
Thesi zeoft heuni tdependson:
gasv elocitywhi chshoul dpr efer ablybel esst han0. 3m/ s
Advant ages
Lowcapi tal andener gycost
Lowmai nt enanceandoper atingcost s
Lowpr essuredrop
Reli
able
Equipmentisnotsubj ectedtoabrasionduet ol
owgasv el
ocity
Equipmentpr ovidesincidentalcooli
ngofgasstream
Temper at
ureandpr essurelimitat
ionsdependonmat er
ialofconst
ructi
on
Poll
utantsarecol l
ectedi ndrystate
Disadvantages
Lowpar ti
culatemat tercoll
ecti
onef fi
ciency
Unabletohandl est i
ckymat eri
als
Largesize
Traysinmul ti
pletraysettli
ngchambermaywar punderhightemperatures.

2.Cont rolofSPM bycent ri

fugat ion
Equipmentused: Cy clonicsepar ator
Centri
fugationisapr ocesst hatinv ol
vest heuseofcent ri
fugalfor
cef orsedimentati
on
ofahet erogeneousmi xtur
ewi t
hacent ri
fuge.Itinvolv
esremov alofpar ti
cul
atesfrom
air
,gasoral i
quidst ream wi t
houtuseoff i
lt
erswi t
hav ort
exsepar at
ion.Whenr emov i
ng
parti
culatesfrom agaseousst ream, agascy cl
onei susedwhi l
eahy drocycloneisused
toremov epar ti
culatesf rom aliquidstream.Thi smet hodcanal sobeusedt oseparat
e
fi
nedr oplet
sofl i
qui df rom agaseousst ream.
Ahighspeedr otatingai rfl
owi sf ormedinacy l
indri
calorconicalcontainercall
eda
cycl
one.
Airfl
owsi nahel ical patter
nf r
om t hetopt oanar rowbot t
om asshow,
Cy clonesuset hepr incipleofi nertiator emov epar t
iculatemat t
erf rom agasst ream.
Sev eral cycl
onesoper at i
ngi npar allelisknownasmul ticycl one.Inacy clonesepar ator,
dirtygasi sf edintoachamberwher easpi ralv ortexexi sts.Thel argepar ticl
eshi tthe
i
nsi dewal l
soft hecont aineranddr opdowni nt ot hecol lectionhooper .Thecl eanf lue
gasescapesf rom t het opoft hechamber .Cy clonescanbeusedef ficient lytoremov e
par ti
clesofsi ze10mi cronsormor e.Hi ghefficiencycy clonescanr emov epar ti
clesof
dimet erassmal las2. 5mi cr ons.Theyar ethel eastexpensi veofal l par ticulate
col l
ectiondev ices.Theyar eusedasr oughsepar atorsbef or ethegasi spassedt hrough
finef i
ltrat
ionsy stems.Thei ref f
iciencyi sbetween50- 99%.Cy clonesepar ator
swor k
bestonf l
uegasest hatcont ainlargeamountofbi gpar t i
cul atemat ter.
Adv ant ages:
Cy clonesar elessexpensi vet oinstallormai ntainast heydonotcont ainanymov i
ng
par ts
Itiseasyt odisposepar ti
culatemat terasitiscol lectedi nt hedr ystat e
Spacer equirementi sv eryless
Di sadv antages:
Theyar enotef f
icientincol lecti
ngpar ti
culatemat tersmal lerthan10mi crons
Theycannnothandl est ickymat eri
al

3.Cont
rolofSPM byf
il
tr
ati
on
Inafabr i
cfi
lt
ersy stem, astream oft hepol
lut
edgasismadet opasst hroughaf abri
c
thatfil
ter
soutthepar ti
cul
atepol lut
antandall
owsthecleargast opassthrough.The
parti
culatematterisleftinthef orm ofathi
ndustmatont heinsidesofthebag.Thi s
dustmatact sasaf il
teri
ngmedi um forf
urt
herremoval
ofpar t
iculat
esincreasi
ngt he
effi
ciencyofthefilt
erbagt osi evemor esubmi ­cr
onparticl
es(0.5µm) .

At ypicalfi
lt
erisatubul
arbagwhi chisclosedattheupperendandhasahopper
attachedatt helowerendtocoll
ectthepar t
icl
eswhentheyar edi sl
odgedfr
om t he
fabric.Manysuchbagsar ehungi nabaghouse.Foreffi
cientfil
trati
onandal ongerlif
e
thef i
lterbagsmustbecleanedoccasi onal
lybyamechani calshakertopreventtoo
manypar ti
culat
elayer
sfrom bui
ldingupont heinsi
desurfacesoft hebag.At ypical
bag
housef i
lt
erisshowninthefi
gurebel ow.

Adv ant ages:

Bagf ilt
eri sahi ghqual ityper for mancei nstrumentt oeffecti
velycont
rolpar
ti
culat
e
emi ssionsandi tsefficiencyi sashi ghas99%
Collectionef ficiencyi snotaf fect edbysul phurcont entinfuel
Itisnotsensi tivet opar ti
cl esizedi str
ibuti
on
Itdoesnotr equi r
ehi ghv ol tage
Itcanbeusedt ocol lectf lammabl edust
Speci al f
iberorf i
lt
erai dscanbeusedt osub- micronl ev
elsmokeandf umes
DISADVANTAGES:
Fabr i
cl if
ei sreducedduet opr esenceofhi ghlyacidi
coral kal
ineatmospher
es,
especi all
yathi ght emper atures
Maxi mum oper atingt emper atur eis500F
Collectionofhy groscopi cmat eri
alsorcondensat i
onofmoi st
urecanleadtofabri
c
plugging, lossofcl eaningef f
iciencyandl ar gepressurelosses.
Cert
aindust
smayr equi
respeci
alf
abr
ict
reat
mentstoai
dinreduci
ngleakageort
ohel
p
i
ncaker emoval
Fabr
icbagsarepronetoburni
ngormel
ti
ngatex
tremetemperat
ures.

4.Cont rolofSPM byscr ubbi

ng
Ascrubberi sasy st
em usedtoremoveharmfulmater
ial
sfrom indust
ri
alexhaustgases
beforetheyarereleasedintot
heenvir
onment.Thetwomai nway stoscr
ubpollut
ants
outofexhaustare:
Dryscrubbingand
Wetscr ubbing
I
ndr yscrubbing,harmfulcomponent
sofexhaustedfl
uegasar eremovedby
i
ntroducingasolidsubstance(usual
l
yinthepowderedform)inthegasstream.

Wetscr
ubbi
nginv
olvesremovalofhar
mful
component
sfr
om exhaustbyspr
ayi
nga
l
iqui
dsubst
ancet
hroughthegas.
Bothmethodswor ksimil
arl
yandper for
mt hesamepr ocessofremov ingpoll
utant
s.
Thediff
erenceli
esinthemat eri
alst
heyuset or
emov ethepollut
antf r
om thegas
st
ream.Byr emovingaci
dicgasesf r
om theexhaustbeforei
tisreleasedintothe
atmosphere,scr
ubbershelpinthepreventthef
ormati
onofaci drain.
Scrubbi
ngissomet i
mesr ef
erredtoasf l
uegasdesulf
urizat
ion.

Scrubbi ngisthemostef fecti

vetechni quef ortheremov alofoxidesofsul phurandi s
widelyused.Scr ubbersr emov esulphuroxi desf rom fl
uegasesbypassi ngthegases
throughaspr ayofwat erinawetscr ubberthatcontainsmanychemi cals,mai nly
calci
um car bonate.
Ifadr yscrubberisused, thef l
uegascomesi ncontactwithpulv eri
sedl i
mest one.The
chemi calreacti
onbet weensuphurdi oxideandcal ci
um car bonatey ieldscal cium
sulphite.Thecalcium sulphi t
eeitherf al
lsoutoft hegasst ream ori sremov edwi t
h
otherpar ti
cul
ates.
Scrubber sarehighlyeffi
ci entandr emov eal most98%ofsul phurf r
om f luegases.
Howev er,t
heyareexpensi vetomai nt ai
nandi nstall
.Theyar ealsoener gyint ensiveas
thefluegasmustber eheat edaftercomi ngintocontactwit hwat ervapouri nt hewet
scrubbert omaket hegasbuoy antt oexitthesmokest acks.

5.Cont r
olofSPM byEl ectrostati
cprecipi
tator
AnEl ectrostat
icprecipi
tatorismai nl
yusedt ocontrolparti
culatemat t
er.An
Electrost
at i
cpreci
pitatorusesel ectr
ostati
cforcestosepar atedustparticl
esfr
om
exhaustgases.Anumberofhi gh-vol
tage,dir
ect-
currentdischargeelectr
odesare
placedbet weengr oundedcol lecti
ngelectr
odes.Thecont ami natedgasesf l
owthr
ough
thepassagef ormedbyt hedi schargeandcol l
ecti
ngel ect
rodesasshowni nthefi
gur
e
below.
Airbornepart
icl
esrecei
veanegat i
vechargeast heypassthroughtheioni
zedfi
eld
betweentheelectr
odes.Thesechar gedparticl
esarethenattr
actedtotheopposi
tel
y
chargedelect
rodeandsticktoit.Thecoll
ect edmateri
ali
sthenr emovedbyrappi
ngor
vi
brati
ngtheelectr
odes.Cleani
ngt heelectr
odesi sdonewithoutint
err
upti
ngtheair
fl
ow.
Themai ncomponentsofal lel
ectrost
ati
cpr ecipi
tat
orsar
e:

apowersupplyuni
ttosupplyhi
ghv ol
tageDCpower
i
oni
zingsecti
ontoimpartachargetotheparti
cul
atesi
nthegasst
ream
anatt
achmenttoremovethecollect
edparti
culat
es
ahousingt
oenclosethepreci
pit
atorzone

Thef ollowi ngfactorsinfluencethecollecti

oneff
iciencyofel ectr
ostat
icprecipi
tator
s:
Largercol l
ecti
onsur facear easandlowergasf lowr at
esi ncreaseeffi
ciencyof
el
ect r
ost aticprecipi
tatorsduet oincreasedt i
mefort heelectri
calacti
vi
tyt ocoll
ectthe
dustpar t
icles
Thedustpar ti
clemi grati
onv el
ocit
yt othecoll
ectingelectrodescanbei ncreasedby:
Decr easi nggasv elocity
Increasi nggast emper atureand
Increasi ngthev ol
tagef i
eld

Ther
ear
etwot
ypesofpr
eci
pit
ator
s:

Singl
e-stagepr ecipi
t ator
sthatcombi neani onizationandcol lect
ionstepal soknown
ascot t
rel
l preci
pitators.Iti
smai nlyusedi nmineral processingoper at
ions.
Lowv oltage,twost agepr eci
pitatorsthatuseasi mi larpri
nciple,
butint hi
scase,the
i
onizati
onsect i
oni sfollowedbycol lect
ionplates.Itismai nl
yusedf orfi
lt
rati
oninair-
conditi
oningsy stems.
Electr
ost aticpr ecipit
atorsmaybe:
Platepr ecipitatorsinwhi chpar ti
clesar ecol l
ect edonf l
atpar all
elsurfacesabout20t o
30cm apar twi t
haser iesofdischar geel ectrodesspacedal ongt hecent er l
ineoft wo
adjacentpl at es.Thecont aminatedpar ticlespasst hrought hepassagebet weent he
pl
at esandt hepar ti
clesgetchar gedandadher et ot hecol lectionplates.Thepar t
icl
es
areev entual lyremov edbyr appingt heplat esandt hedusti scol l
ectedi nt hehopper sor
bi
nspl acedatt hebaseoft hepr ecipit
ator .
Tubularpr eci pit
atorsconsi stofcy li
ndrical collectionel ectrodeswi thdi schar ge
el
ect r
odesl ocat edont heaxisoft hecy li
nder .Thecont ami nat edgasesf lowar oundt he
di
schar geel ectrodeandt hroughthei nsideoft hecy li
nder s.Thechar gedpar t
iclesare
coll
ect edont hegr oundedwal lsoft hecy li
nder .Thecol l
ect eddusti sr emov edf rom the
bottom oft hecy li
nder .Theyar egener all
yusedf orcol lectionofmi storf ogorf or
adhesi ve,sticky ,r
adioact i
veorext remel yt oxicmat erials.

Ai
rpol
lut
ioncanber
educedbyadopt
ingt
hef
oll
owi
ngappr
oaches.

Ensuringsuf fi
cientsuppl yofox ygentothecombust i
onchamberandadequat e
temperat ur
esot hatt hecombust ioniscompl etet herebyel i
minatingmuchoft he
smokeconsi sti
ngofpar tl
ybur ntashesanddust .
Tousemechani cal devicessuchasscr ubber s,cy clones,baghousesandel ectr
o-
stati
cpr eci
pitatorsi nmanuf actur
ingprocesses.Theequi pmentusedt or
emov e
parti
culatesfrom t heexhaustgasesofel ectri
cpowerandi ndustri
alpl
ant
sar eshown
below.Al lmethodsr etai
nhazar dousmat erial
st hatmustbedi sposedsafel
y.Wet
scrubbercanaddi tionall
yreducesul phurdioxideemi ssions.
Theai rpoll
utant scol l
ectedmustbecar eful
lydisposed.Thef actor
yfumesar edeal
t
withchemi cal t
reatment .

Wat
erpol
lut
ion
Waterpol
lut
ionmaybedefi
nedas“
theal
ter
ati
oninphysi
cal
,chemi
cal
andbiol
ogical
char
acter
ist
icsofwat
erwhi
chmaycauseharmful
eff
ectsonhumansandaquat
icli
fe.
”

Poll
utant
sinclude:
Sewage
I
ndustr
ialef
fluent
sandchemi
cal
s
Oil
andotherwast es

Chemi
calsi
nairdi
ssol
veinr
ainwat
er,
fer
ti
li
zer
s,pest
ici
desandher
bici
desl
eached
fr
om l
andpol
lut
ewater.

Types,eff
ectsandsour
cesofwaterpollut
ion
Waterpoll
uti
onisanychemical
,bi
ologi
calorphy
sical
changeinwaterqual
i
tythathasa
harmfulef
fectonli
vi
ngorgani
smsormakeswat erunsui
tabl
efordesi
reduses.
I
nfecti
ousagents
Ex:Bact
eri
a,Vi
ruses,
Prot
ozoa,
andpar
asi
ti
cwor
ms.

Humansour
ces
Humanandani
mal
wast
es

Ef
fect
s:Var
iet
yofdi
seases.

Oxygendemandi ngwastes(Di
ssolvedoxy
gen):
Thisdegradati
onconsumesdi
ssol
ved
oxygeninwater.Di
ssol
vedOxygen( DO)i
stheamountofoxy gendi
ssol
vedi
nagiven
quanti
tyofwaterataparti
cul
arpressur
eandtemperat
ure.

Thesatur
atedpointofDOv ar
iesf
rom 8to15mg/LEx:Organi
cwastessuchasani
mal
manureandplantdebri
sthatcanbedecomposedbyaerobi
c(oxy
gen-r
equir
ing)
bact
eri
a.

Humansour
ces:Sewage,
Ani
mal
feedl
ots,
papermi
l
lsandf
oodpr
ocessi
ngf
aci
l
iti
es.

Eff
ects:Lar
gepopul
ati
onsofbact eri
adecomposingthesewastescandegr
adewat
er
quali
tybydepl
eti
ngwaterofdissolv
edoxygen.Thiscausesf
ishandotherf
ormsof
oxygen-
consumingaquat
icli
fetodie.

I
norganicchemi
cals
Ex:
Wat ersol
ubl
einorgani
cchemi
cal
s:

Aci
ds
Compoundsoftoxi
cmet al
ssuchaslead(Pb),
arseni
c(As)andsel
eni
um (
Se)
Sal
tssuchasNaClinoceansandfl
uoride(
F-)foundi
nsomesoils

Humansources:Surf
acerunof
f,i
ndust
ri
alef
fl
uent
sandhousehol
dcl
eanser
sEf
fect
s:
I
norgani
cchemicalscan:

Makefreshwaterunusablefordri
nki
ngandir
ri
gat
ion
Causeskincancerandneckdamage
Damagener voussystem,li
verandki
dneys
Harmfishandot heraquat
icli
fe
Lowercropyiel
ds
Accel
eratecorrosi
onofmet al
sexposedtosuchwat
er

Organi
cchemi cals
Ex:Oil
,Gasol
ine,Plast
ics,Pest
ici
des,Cl
eani
ngsol
vent
sandDeter
gents.
HumanSour ces:Industr
ialef
fl
uents,
househol
dcl
eanser
sandsurf
acerunof
ffr
om
far
ms.

Ef
fect
s:
Cant hr
eat
enhumanheal
thbycausi
ngner
voussy
stem damageandsomecancer
s.
 Har
mfi
shandwi
l
dli
fe.

Plantnut
ri
ent s
Ex:Watersolublecompoundscontai
ningnit
rat
e,PhosphateandAmmonium ions.
Humansour ces: Sewage,
manureandr unof
fofagri
cul
turalandur
banf
erti
l
izers.

Effects:
Cancauseexcessivegr owt
hofal gaeandotheraquati
cpl
ants,
whi
chdie,
decay,
depletedissol
vedoxygeninwatertherebyki
ll
ingfi
sh
Drinki
ngwat erwi
thexcessi
velevelsofnit
rateslowert
heoxy
gencar
ryi
ngcapaci
tyof
thebloodandcanki l
lurbanchil
drenandinfants.

Sediment
Ex:Soi
l,
sil
t,et
c.
HumanSour ces:
Lander
osi
on

Ef
fect
s:
Causescl oudywat ertherebyreduci
ngphotosynt
heticacti
vi
ty
Disrupti
onofaquat icfoodchai n
Carriespesti
cides,bacteri
aandot herharmful
substances
Settl
esanddest r
oysf eedingandspawninggroundsoffish
Clogsandf il
lslakes,arti
fi
cialr
eservoi
rs,
str
eam channelsandhar
bour
s.

Radioacti
vemateri
als:
Ex:Radioact
ivei
sot
opesof
:

I
odine
Radon
Uranium
Cesium and
Thorium

Humansour
ces:Nucl
earpowerplant
s,miningandprocessi
ngofur
ani
um andot
her
or
es,
nucl
earweaponproduct
ionandnaturalsour
ces.

Ef
fect
s:Genet
icmut
ati
ons,
bir
thdef
ect
sandcer
tai
ncancer
s.

Heat(Thermalpol
lut
ion)
Ex:Excessi
veheat

Humansour
ces:Watercooli
ngofelectr
icpowerpl
antsandsomet y
pesofindust
ri
al
pl
ant
s.Al
mosthalfofwholewaterwithdrawni
nUnit
edStateseachyeari
sforcooli
ng
el
ect
ri
cpowerpl
ants.

Ef
fect
s
Lowdissol
vedoxy
genl
evel
sther
ebymaki
ngaquat
icor
gani
smsmor
evul
ner
abl
eto
disease,
par
asi
tesandt oxi
cchemicals.
Whenapowerpl antstar
tsorshutsdownforr
epai
r,f
ishandot
herorgani
sms
adaptedtoapart
icul
artemperatur
erange,
canbekil
l
edbyanabrupttemperat
ure
changeknownast hermalshock.

Poi
ntandnon-pointsour
cesofwaterpol
luti
on:
Poi
ntsourcesThesearepol
lut
ant
sthatar
edi schar
gedatspeci
fi
clocat
ionst
hrough
pi
pes,di
tchesorsewersi
ntobodi
esofsurfacewaters.

Ex: Factori
es,sewaget reatmentplants,abandonedunder gr
oundmi nesandoi l
tankers.
Nonpoi ntsourcesThesepol l
utant
scannotbet r
acedt oasingl
epointofdischarge.
Theyar elargelandar easorai r
-shedsthatpoll
utewat erbyrunoff,
subsurfacefl
owor
deposi t
ionfrom theat mospher e.
Ex: Aciddepositi
on, r
unof fofchemicalsint
osur facewaterfrom cr
oplands,l
i
vestock
feedlots,l
oggedf orests,urbanstreet
s,lawns,golfcoursesandpar ki
nglots.

Cont
rolmeasur
esofwat
erpol
lut
ion

Admi nistrati
onofwat erpol l
ut i
oncont rol shouldbei nthehandsofst ateorcent ral
gov ernment
Sci enti
fict echniquesshoul dbeadopt edf orenv i
r onment alcont r
ol ofcat chment
areasofr ivers,pondsorst reams
Indust ri
al plantsshoul dbebasedonr ecy cl
ingoper ati
onsasi thel
pspr ev entdisposal
ofwast esint onat uralwat ersbutal soextract i
onofpr oductsf rom wast e.
Plant s,treesandf orest scont rolpolluti
onast heyactasnat uralaircondi tioners.
Tr eesar ecapabl eofr educi ngsul phurdi oxideandni tr
icoxidepol lutant sandhence
mor et reesshoul dbepl ant ed.
Not ypeofwast e(treat ed, partial
lytreatedorunt reated)shoul dbedi schar gedinto
anynat uralwat erbody .Indust riesshoul ddev el
opcl osedloopwat ersuppl yschemes
anddomest i
csewagemustbeusedf orir
rigat i
on.
Qual ifi
edandexper iencedpeopl emustbeconsul tedfrom timet ot imef oreffectiv
e
cont rolofwat erpolluti
on.
Publ icawar enessmustbei niti
atedr egardingadv erseeffectsofwat erpol l
uti
onusi ng
themedi a.
Laws, standar dsandpr act i
cesshoul dbeest ablishedt oprev entwat erpol l
uti
onand
thesel awsshoul dbemodi fiedf rom timet ot imebasedoncur rentrequi rement sand
technol ogical advancement s.
Basi candappl i
edr esear chi npubl i
cheal thengi neer i
ngshoul dbeencour aged.

Soi
lpol
lut
ion
Soi
lpol
lut
ioni
sdefi
nedas,“
contami
nati
onofsoilbyhumanandnaturalact
ivi
ti
eswhich
maycauseharmf
uleff
ectonli
vi
ngorgani
sms”.Composit
ionofsoi
lisli
stedbelow:
COMPONENT%
Organicmineralmat
ter45
Organicmatter05
Soilwater25
Soilai
r25

Types,
effect
sandsourcesofsoi
lpoll
uti
on
Soil
poll
uti
onmainl
yoccursduetothefol
l
owing:

I
ndustrial
wast es
Urbanwast es
Agri
cultur
al pr
acti
ces
Radioacti
vepollut
ant
s
Bi
ologicalagents

Indust r
ialwast es–Di sposal ofIndust r
ialwastesist hemaj orproblem f orsoilpollution
Sour ces: I
ndust ri
al pollut
ant sar emai nl
ydischargedf rom v ariousor i
ginssuchaspul p
andpapermi ll
s, chemi cal f
er t
il
izers,oil
refi
ner i
es,sugarf actor i
es,tanneries,textil
es,
steel,disti
ll
er i
es, fert
il
izers,pest i
cides,coalandmi neralmini ngindustries,drugs, glass,
cement ,petroleum andengi neeringindustri
eset c.
Effect:Thesepol lutantsaf fectandal terthechemi cal andbi ologicalproperti
esofsoi l.
Asar esult,hazar douschemi calscanent erintohumanf oodchai nf r
om t hesoil or
wat er,dist
ur bthebi ochemi calpr ocessandf inal
lyleadt oser iousef f
ectsonl iving
organisms.

Urbanwast es–Ur banwast escompr iseofbot hcommer cial

anddomest icwast es
consistingofdr i
edsl udgeandsewage.Al ltheurbansoli
dwast esarecommonl y
referredtoasr efuse.
Const it
uentsofur banr efuse:Thi
sr ef
useconsi st
sofgar bageandrubbishmat erial
s
l
ikepl asti
cs,glasses, metall
iccans,fi
bres,paper,r
ubbers,str
eetsweepings,f
uel
residues, l
eaves,containers,abandonedv ehicl
esandotherdiscardedmanufact ured
product s.Urbandomest i
cwast esthoughdi sposedoffseparatel
yfrom i
ndustri
al
wast es,canst i
llbedanger ous.Thishappensbecauset heyar enoteasi
lydegraded.

Agri
cult
uralpracti
ces–Moder nagr i
cul
turalpr
acti
cespol l
utet hesoiltoal ar
geex tent
.
Withtheadvancingagro-
technology,hugequant i
ti
esoff ert
il
izers,pestici
des,herbi
cides
andweedicidesareaddedt oincreasethecropy i
eld.Apartfr
om t hesef arm wastes,
manure,sl
urry,debr
is,
soilerosi
oncont aini
ngmost lyinor
ganicchemi calsarereported
tocausesoilpoll
uti
on

Radioacti
vepoll
utants/-Radioacti
vesubstancesresul
ti
ngfrom expl
osionsofnucl
ear
test
inglabor
ator
iesandi ndustr
iesgiv
ingri
set onucl
eardustradi
oacti
vewastes,
penetr
atethesoilandaccumul ategi
vingr
isetoland/soi
lpol
luti
on.
Ex:

Radi
onucl
i
desofRadi
um,
Thor
ium,
Urani
um,
isot
opesofPot
assi
um (
K-40)and
Car bon( C-14)ar ecommonl yfoundi nsoil,rock,wat erandai r.
Expl osionofhy drogenweaponsandcosmi cr adi ationsi ncludeneut ron,
pr ot
on
react i
onsbywhi chNi tr
ogen( N-15)pr oducesC- 14.Thi sC- 14par ti
cipatesi
nCar bon
met abol i
sm ofpl antswhi chistheni nt oanimal sandhumanbei ngs.
Radi oact i
vewast econt ainssever al r
adionucl idessuchasSt rontium90, Iodi
ne-129,
Cesi um- 137andi sotopesofI ronwhi char emosti njurious.St rontium getdeposi tedin
bonesandt issuesi nsteadofcal cium.
Nucl earr eactor sproducewast econt ai
ningRut heni um- 106, Iodine-131,Bar i
um- 140,
Cesi um- 144andLant hanum- 140al ongwi t
hpr imar ynucl idesSr -90wi t
hahal fli
fe28
year sandCs- 137wi t
hahal fl
ife30y ears.Rainwat ercar riesSr -90andCs- 137t obe
deposi tedont hesoi lwher etheyar ehel dfirmlywi tht hesoi lpar ti
clesbyel ectr
ost at
ic
forces.Al lther adionucl i
desdeposi tedont hesoi l emi tgammar adiati
ons.
Bi ol
ogi calagent s–Soi l getsalargeamountofhuman, animal andbi rdexcretawhi ch
const i
tut eamaj orsour ceoflandpol luti
onbybi ologi cal agent s.
Ex: 1.Heav yappl i
cationofmanur esanddi gest edsl udgecancauseser i
ousdamage
topl antswi thinaf ewy ear s

Cont
rolmeasur
esofsoi
lpol
lut
ion:

Soilerosioncanbecontroll
edbyav ari
etyoff
orest
ryandfarm pr
act
ices.
Ex:Plantingtr
eesonbar r
enslopes
Cont ourcul
ti
vat
ionandst ri
pcroppi
ngmaybepr act
icedinst
eadofshif
ti
ng
cult
ivati
on
Terracingandbuil
dingdiversi
onchannel
smaybeunder t
aken.

Reduci
ngdef or
est
ati
onandsubst
it
uti
ngchemi
cal
manur
esbyani
mal
wast
esal
so
hel
psarrestsoi
ler
osioni
nthel
ongterm.

Properdumpi ngofunwant edmat eri

als:Excesswast esbymanandani malsposea
disposal probl em.Opendumpi ngi st hemostcommonl ypracticedt echni que.
Nowaday s,cont rolledt ippingi sfollowedf orsol idwast edi sposal .Thesur faceso
obtainedi susedf orhousi ngorspor tsf i
eld.
Product ionofnat ural ferti
li
zers: Bio-pest i
cidesshoul dbeusedi nplaceoft oxic
chemi cal pest i
ci des.Or gani cferti
li
zer sshoul dbeusedi npl aceofsy nthesi zedchemi cal
ferti
li
zers.Ex: Or gani cwast esinani mal dungmaybeusedt opr epar ecompostmanur e
i
nst eadoft hrowi ngt hem wast efull
yandpol lutingt hesoi l
.
Properhy gieni ccondi ti
on: Peopl eshoul dbet rai
nedr egardingsani tar yhabits.
Ex:Lav ator i
esshoul dbeequi ppedwi t
hqui ckandef fecti
vedi sposal met hods.
Publicawar eness: Inf ormal andf ormal publ icawar enesspr ogr amsshoul dbe
i
mpar tedt oeducat epeopl eonheal thhazar dsbyenv i
ronment al educat i
on.
Ex:Massmedi a, Educat ionalinst i
tuti
onsandv ol
unt aryagenci escanachi evethi
s.
Recy cl
ingandReuseofwast es: Tomi nimizesoi lpol l
uti
on, thewast essuchas
paper ,pl
ast ics, met als, glasses, organi cs,pet r
ol eum product sandi ndust ri
al eff
luent
s
etcshoul dber ecy cledandr eused.
Ex:Indust rialwast esshoul dbepr operlytreat edatsour ce.Int egrat
edwast e
treatmentmet hodsshoul dbeadopt ed.
 BanonToxicchemical
s:Banshouldbeimposedonchemi calsandpest
ici
desli
ke
DDT,BHC,et
cwhicharefat
altoplant
sandanimals.Nucl
earexplosi
onsandimproper
di
sposal
ofradi
oacti
vewastesshouldbebanned.

Noi
sepol
lut
ion

Noiseisdefinedas,"theunwanted,unpleasantordisagr
eeablesoundthatcauses
discomforttoall
livi
ngbeings".Soundintensit
yismeasur edi
ndecibel
s(dB),thati
sthe
tenthpartofthelongestunitBel.OnedBi sthefai
ntestsoundthatahumanearcan
hear.

Typesofnoi
se:
Env
ironment
alnoi
sehasbeendoubl
i
ngev
eryt
eny
ear
s.Noi
sei
s
cl
assi
fi
edas:

I
ndust
ri
alNoise
Tr
ansportNoiseand
Nei
ghbourhoodnoi
se

I
ndustrialNoise:I
tissoundwi thahighintensit
ysoundcausedbyi ndustrymachines.
Sourcesofsuchnoi sepoll
utioniscausedbymachi nesfrom machinesinvari
ous
fact
ories,i
ndustri
esandmi ll
s.Noisefrom mechani calsawsandpneumat icdri
ll
sis
unbearableandanui sancetot hepubli
c.
TheIndianInstit
uteofOto-RinoLaryngology,Chennairepor
tedthatincr
easingi
ndustri
al
poll
uti
ondamagest hehearingabili
tybyatleast20%.
Worker si
nst eeli
ndustr
y,whowor kcloset oheavyindustri
albl
owersareexposedt o
112dBf oreighthourssuff
erf r
om occupat i
onalpoll
uti
on.

TransportNoise: Transpor tnoisemai nl

yconsist soft raf
ficnoisefrom r oad,r
ailand
air
craft
.Thenumberofaut omobi l
esonroadsl ikemot or
s, scooter
s, cars,motorcycles,
buses,tr
ucksanddi esel enginev ehicl
eshav eincr easedenor mousl yintherecentpast
furt
heraggravatingt hepr oblem oft r
ansportnoi se.
Noiselevel
sinmostr esidentialareasinmet r
opol itancit
iesi shoveringaroundthe
borderli
neduet oi ncreasedv ehicul
arnoisepollut i
on.Thishi ghlevel ofnoi
sepol l
uti
on
l
eadst odeafeningi nt heelder l
y.

Neighbour
hoodnoise:Thi
stypeofnoiseincl
udesdisturbancefrom househol
dgadgets
andcommuni ty
.Commonsour cesbeingmusical
instr
ument s,TV,VCR,Radios,
Transi
stor
s,Tel
ephones,andloudspeaker
setc.Stat
isti
call
y,eversi
ncetheindustr
ial
revol
uti
on,noi
seintheenvir
onmenthasbeendoubl i
ngev erytenyears.

Ef
fect
sofNoi
sepol
lut
ion

Noi
sepol
lut
ionaff
ect
sbothhumanandani
mal
heal
th.I
tleadst
o:
contr
acti
onofbloodv
essel
s
 maki ngski npal e
excessi veadr enalini nt hebl oodst r
eam whi chi sr esponsi blef orhighbl ood
pressure.
Bl ari
ngsoundsar eknownt ocausement al distress
Hear tat tacks, neur ological pr oblems, bir
thdef ect sandabor tion
Muscl econt ract i
onl eadingt oner vousbr eakdown, tension, etc
Theadv er ser eact ionsar ecoupl edwi thachangei nhor monecont entofbl ood,which
i
n-turnincr easeshear tbeat ,const rictionofbl oodv essel s,digestivespamsanddi lat
ion
ofthepupi l oft heey e.
Adv erseaf fect sheal th,wor kef fi
ciencyandbehav iour .Noisepol lutionmaycause
damaget ot hehear t,br ai
n, kidney s, l
iverandmaypr oduceemot i
onal di sturbance.
Themosti mmedi ateandacut eef fectofnoi seisi mpai rmentofhear ingt hat
diminishessomepar toft heaudi tor ysy stem.Pr olongedexposur etonoi seofcer tain
fr
equencypat ter nleadst ochr oni cdamaget ot hei nnerear .
Impulsi venoi semaycausepsy chol ogicalandpat hol ogical di
sorder s
Ultr
asoni csoundcanaf fectt hedi gest i
ve,respirator y,cardiovascul arsy st
em and
semicircul arcanal soft heint ernal ear .
Thebr aini sadv er selyaf fect edbyl oudandsuddennoi sebyj etsandai rplanes.
Peoplear esubj ect edt opsy chi atri
ci ll
ness.
Recentr epor tssuggestt hatbl oodi sthickenedbyexcessi venoi se.
Theopt ical sy stem ofhumanbei ngsi salsoaf fect edbynoi sepol l
ution.Sev er
enoise
poll
utioncauses:
Pupul lar ydi lation
Impai rmentofni ghtv isionand
Decr easei nr ateofcol ourper cept i
on

Cont
rolmeasur
es:

SOURCECONTROL: Thi
sincludessourcemodi fi
cati
onsuchasacoust ict
reatmentto
machinesur f
ace,designchanges, li
miti
ngoperationalti
mi ngs,etc
TRANSMI SSIONPATHI NTERVENTI ON:Thisincludescont ai
ningt hesourceinsi
dea
soundi nsulati
ngenclosure,constructi
nganoisebar ri
erorpr ovisi
onofsoundabsor bi
ng
mat er
ialsalongthepat h.
RECEPTORCONTROL: Thisincl
udesprotecti
onoft her eceiv
erbyal ter
ingthewor k
scheduleorpr ovisi
onofper sonalprotect
iondevicessuchasearpl ugsf oroperati
ng
noisymachi nery.Themeasur emayi ncl
udedissipati
onanddef l
ectionmet hods.
OILI
NG: Properoil
ingwi l
lreducenoisefrom t
hemachi ne.

Pr
event
ivemeasur
es:

Prescr
ibingnoiselimi
tsforv
ehi culart
raff
ic
Banonhonki ng(usageofhorns)incer t
ainareas
Creati
onofsi l
encezonesnearschool sandhospi tal
s
Redesigningbuil
dingstomaket hem noisepr oof
Reductionoftraf
ficdensi
tyi
nr esidenti
alareas
Givi
ngpr efer
encetomasspubl ictransportsystem.
Ther
malpol
lut
ion
Thermal
poll
uti
on-causes,ef
fectsandcontr
ol measuresoft
hermalpollut
ion
Thermal
poll
uti
on
Thermal
poll
uti
onisdefi
nedast headdi
ti
onofex cessofundesi
rabl
eheatt owat
er
ther
ebymaki
ngitharmfultoman,animaloraquati
clif
e.Ther
mal pol
lut
ionmayalso
causesi
gni
fi
cantdepar
turesf
rom noracti
vit
iesofaquati
ccommuni t
ies.

Sour
cesofThermalPol
lut
ion:
Thefol
l
owingsour
cescontri
but
etot
her
mal
pol
l
uti
on.

Nucl
earpowerpl ants
Coalf
ir
edpl ants
I
ndustr
ialeffl
uents
Domesticsewage
Hydr
o-elect
ricpower

Nucl earpowerpl ant s: Nucl earpowerpl ant si ncludingdr ainagef rom hospi t
als,
resear chi nst i
tutions, nucl earexper iment sandexpl osions, dischar geal otofheatt hat
i
snotut il
izedal ongwi tht racesoft ox icradi onucl i
desi ntonear bywat erst reams.
Emi ssionsf rom nucl earr eactor sandpr ocessi ngi nstall
ationsar eal sor esponsi blef or
i
ncr easi ngt het emper at ur esofwat erbodi es.Theoper ationsofpowerr eact orsand
nuclearf uel processi nguni tsconst itutest hemaj orcont r
ibut orofheati nt heaquat i
c
env i
ronment .Heat edef f
luent sf rom powerpl ant sar edischar gedat10Chi gherthan
ther ecei vingwat erst hataf fectst heaquat i
cf l
or aandf auna.
Coal -firedpowerpl ant s: Coal fi
redpowerpl antsconst i
tut eamaj orsour ceoft hermal
pollution.Thecondensercoi l
sinsuchpl antsar ecool edwi thwat erf rom near bylakesor
ri
ver s.Ther esul ti
ngheat edwat erisdi schar gedi nt ostreamst herebyr aisingt hewat er
temper atur eby15C.Heat edef fl
uentdecr easest hedi ssolv edcont entofwat er
resultingi ndeat hoff i
shandot heraquat icor gani sms.Thesuddenf luct uationof
temper atur ealsol eadst o" thermal shock"ki l
l
ingaquat i
cl i
fet hathav ebecome
acclimat i
zedt ol i
vi
ngi nast eadyt emper ature.
Indust r
ial effl
uent s: Indust r
iesl i
ket extil
e, paper ,pulpandsugarmanuf act uri
ng
rel
easehugeamount sofcool i
ngwat eralongwi t
hef f
luentsi nt onear bynat uralwat er
bodi es.Thewat erspol l
ut edbysuddenandheav yor ganicl oadsr esul tinsev eredropi n
l
ev elsofdi ssol vedoxy genl eadi ngt odeat hofsev eralaquat icor gani sms.
Domest i
cSewage: Domest icsewagei sdi schar gedintor i
ver s,lakes, canal sor
streamswi t
hmi nimal treat mentorwi thoutanyt reatment .Thesewast eshav eahi gher
organi ct emper atureandor gani cload.Thi sleadst odecreasei ndi ssol v
edoxy gen
cont enti nt her eceivingwat ersresultingi nt heset -upofanaer obiccondi tionscausi ng
rel
easeoff oul andof fensi vegasesi nwat er.Ev ent ual
ly,thisleadst odev elopmentof
anoxi ccondi ti
onsr esul tingi nr apiddeat hofaquat icorgani sms.
 Hydr
o-electr
icpower:Generat
ionofhydroel
ectri
cpowersometimesleadstonegat
ive
t
hermal l
oadinginwatersystems.Apartfr
om electr
icpoweri
ndustr
ies,
vari
ous
f
actori
eswi thcool
ingrequi
rementcontri
butetothermall
oadi
ng.

Ther
malpol
lut
ioni
nst
reamsbyhumanact
ivi
ti
es

Industriesandpowerpl antsusewat ertocoolmachineryanddischar

gethewar
m
waterint
oast ream
St r
eam t emper atur
er i
seswhent reesandtal
lveget
ationprovi
dingshadear
ecut
.
Soilerosi oncausedduet oconst ruct
ional
soleadstot her
malpoll
uti
on
Remov al ofstream si
dev egetat
ion
Poorf armi ngPr act
icesalsoleadtothermalpol
lout
ion

Ef
fect
sofTher
malpol
lut
ion

Reduct i
oni ndi ssolvedoxy gen: Concent rationofDi ssol vedOxy gen( DO)decr eases
withincr easei nt emper ature.
Increasei nt oxicity:Ther i
singt emper aturei ncr easest het oxici
t yofthepoi son
presenti nwat er.A10Ci ncreasei nt emper atur eofwat erdoubl est het oxicit
yef fectof
potassi um cy anide, while80Cr isei ntemper at uret ri
plest het oxicef f
ectsofo- xylene
causingmassi vemor tali
tytof i
sh.
Interfer encei nbi ologicalactivit
y: Temper atur ei sconsi der edt obeofv ital
signifi
cancet ophy si
ology ,
met abol ism andbi ochemi cal processest hatcont rol
respirator yr ates,digestion,excr eti
on, andov er alldev elopmentofaquat icorgani sms.
Temper aturechangescauset ot aldisrupt
iont otheent ireecosy stem.
Interfer encei nr eproduction: I
nf ishes,sev eral activit
iesl ikenestbui l
ding,
spawni ng,hat ching, migrati
onandr eproductiondependonopt i
mum t emper ature.
Directmor t
alit
y :Thermal polluti
oni sdirect l
yr esponsi blef ormor t
alit
yofaquat ic
organi sms.I ncreasei ntemper atureofwat erl eadst oexhaust ionofmi croorgani sms
therebyshor teningt helifespanoff i
sh.Abov eacer taint emper ature,fi
shdi eduet o
fail
ureofr espiratorysy stem andner voussy st em f ai
lure.
Foodst oragef orfish:Abruptchangesi ntemper atureal terst heseasonal var i
ationin
thety peandabundanceofl oweror ganismsl eadi ngt oshor tageofr i
ghtfoodf orf i
shat
therightt i
me.

Contr
olmeasuresforther
malpol
lut
ion
Thefol
lowingmethodscanbeadapt
edtocont
rol
hight
emper
atur
ecausedbyt
her
mal
di
scharges:

Coolingt
owers:Useofwat erfrom watersystemsf orcooli
ngsystemsforcool
ing
purposes,wit
hsubsequentreturntothewat erwayaf terpassaget
hroughacondenser
,
i
scal l
edcooli
ngprocess.Coolingtowerstransferheatf r
om hotwatert
othe
atmospherebyevaporati
on.Cool i
ngtowersar eoftwot ypes:
(i
)Wetcoolingtower:Hotwat ercomingoutf r
om thecondenser(react
or)i
sall
owed
tosprayoverbaff
les.Coolai
r,wi t
hhighveloci
ty,i
spassedf r
om si
des,whi
chtakes
awayt heheatandcoolsthewat er.
 (i
i)Dr ycool ingtower : Her e,hotwat erisall
owedt oflowi nlongspi ralpipes.Cool air
wi tht hehel pofaf ani spassedov erthesehotpipes, whichcool sdownhotwat er.This
cool watercanber ecycled.
Cool i
ngponds: Cool i
ngpondsar ethebestwayt ocool thermaldischarges.Heat ed
effluent sont hesur faceoft hewat erincool i
ngpondsmaxi misedissipati
onofheatt o
theat mospher eandmi nimiset hewat erar eaandv ol
ume.Thewar m wat erwedheact s
l
ikeacool ingpond.
Spr ayponds: Thewat ercomi ngoutf r
om condenser sisal l
owedt opassi ntot he
pondst hr oughspr ayers.Her ewat eri
sspr ayedthroughnozzl esasf inedr oplets.Heat
from t hef inedr opletsget sdi ssipatedt otheatmospher e.
Artifi
cial l
akes: Ar t
if
iciallakesar emanmadewat erbodiest hatofferonce- through
cool ing.Theheat edef fl
uent scanbedi schargedintothel akeatoneendandwat erfor
cool ingpur posesmaybewi thdrawnf rom theotherend.Theheati sev entually
dissipat edt hroughev apor ation.

Sol
idwast
emanagement

Soli
dwast emanagement-sour ces,effectsandmet hodsofdisposal
Rapidpopul ati
ongrowthandur banizationindevel
opingcount
rieshasl edtopeopl e
generati
ngenor mousquanti
ti
esofsol i
dwast eandconsequentenvironment al
degradati
on.Thewast eisnormal l
ydi sposedinopendumpscr eati
ngnui sanceand
envi
ronment aldegr
adat
ion.Sol
idwast escauseamaj orri
sktopublichealthandt he
envi
ronment .Managementofsol i
dwast esisi
mportantinor
dertomi ni
mizet he
adverseeffectsposedbyt hei
rindiscriminatedi
sposal.

Typesofsolidwastes:Dependi
ngont
henat
ureofor
igi
n,sol
i
dwast
esar
ecl
assi
fi
ed
i
nto
Urbanormunici
pal wast
es
I
ndustri
alwast
esand
Hazardouswastes

Sourcesofur banwast es
Urbanwast esi ncl udethef ollowingwast es:
Domest icwast escont ainingav arietyofmat er
ialsthr
ownoutf rom homes
Ex:Foodwast e,Cl oth,Wast epaper ,
Gl assbot t
les,Polyt
henebags, Wastemetals,et
c.
Commer cial wast es: I
tincl udeswast escomi ngoutf r
om shops, mar ket
s,hot
els,off
ices,
i
nstit
utions, etc.
Ex:Wast epaper , packagi ngmat er
ial,cans, bot
tle,pol
ythenebags, etc.
Constructionwast es:Itincl udeswast esofconst r
ucti
onmat er
ials.
Ex:Wood, Concr et e,Debr is, etc.
Biomedi calwast es: I
tincludesmost lywast eor ganicmat er
ials
Ex:Anat omi cal wast es,Inf ectiouswast es,etc.

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofur
banwast
es
Urbanwast esareclassi f
iedinto:
Bio-
degradablewast es-Thosewast esthatcanbedegr adedbymicroorgani
smsare
call
edbio-degradablewast es
Ex:Food,vegetables,tealeaves,dryleaves,
etc.
Non-bi
odegr adablewast es:Urbansolidwastematerial
sthatcannotbedegradedby
microorganismsar ecal l
ednon- bi
odegradablewastes.
Ex:Poly
thenebags, scrapmat eri
als,
glassbottl
es,
etc.

Sourcesofi ndustr
ialwastes
Themai nsour ceofindustri
al wastesar echemi cal
industri
es,metal andmi ner
al
processingindustr
ies.
Ex:
Nuclearplants:I
tgeneratedr adioacti
vewast es
Thermal powerplants:Itproducesf lyashinlargequant i
ti
es
Chemi calI
ndustri
es: I
tproducesl argequant i
ti
esofhazar dousandt oxicmat er
ials.
Otherindustri
es:Otherindustriesproducepacki ngmat er
ial
s, r
ubbish,organicwastes,
acid,al
kali
,scrapmet als,r
ubber ,pl
astic,paper,
glass,wood, oi
ls,
paints,dyes,etc.

Eff
ectofi mpr opersol i
dwast emanagement
Duet oimpr operdisposal ofmuni cipalsoli
dwast eont her oadsandi mmedi at
e
surr
oundi ngs,biodegradabl emat eri
alsunder godecomposi t
ionpr oduci
ngf oulsmell
andbecomeabr eedi
nggr oundf ordiseasev ect ors.
I
ndust ri
alsolidwast esar ethesour cef ort
oxicmet al
sandhazar douswastest hat
aff
ectsoi lcharacteri
sticsandpr oduct i
vi
tyofsoi lswhent heyar edumpedont hesoi l
Toxicsubst ancesmayper col
ateintot hegr oundandcont ami natethegroundwat er.
Burningofi ndustri
al ordomest icwast es(cans, pesti
cides, plasti
cs,r
adioactiv
e
materialsandbat t
eri
es)pr oducef ur
ans, dioxinsandpol ychlor i
natedbiphenylsthatare
harmful tohumanbei ngs.

Soli
dwast emanagementinv
olveswastegenerat
ion,
modeofcol
l
ect
ion,
transpor
tat
ion,
segregat
ionofwastesanddisposal
techni
ques.

Stepsinvol
vedinsoli
dwastemanagement:
Twoi mport
antstepsi
nvol
vedi
nsoli
dwast emanagementar
e:
Reduce,ReuseandRecycl
eofRawMat er
ial
s
Discar
dingwastes

Reduce-I fusageofr awmat er

ialsi
sr educed, thegener at
ionofwast eal
sogets
reduced
Reuse-Ref i
ll
ablecont ai
ner sthatarediscar dedaf terusecanber eused
Rubberringscanbemadef rom discardedcucl etubesandt hisr
educeswaste
generati
ondur i
ng manuf actureofr ubberbands.
Recycle-Recycli
ngi sther eprocessingofdi scar dedmat er
ial
si nt
onewusefulproduct
s
Ex: Ol daluminium cansandgl assbot t
lesar emel tedandr ecasti
ntonewcansand
bottl
es
Preparati
onofcel l
uloseinsulati
onf rom paper
 Preparat
ionofautomobil
ebodyandconst
ruct
ionmat
eri
alf
rom st
eelcans
Thi
smet hod(Reduce,Reuse&Recycl
e),
i.
e,3R'
shel
psavemoney,ener
gy,
raw
mater
ial
sandr educespoll
uti
on.

Discardingwast
es:
Thef ol
lowingmethodsar
eadopt
edf
ordi
scar
dingwast
es:

Landfi
l
l
Inci
ner
ati
onand
Composti
ng

Landf ill
: Soli
dwast esar eplacedinasani tarylandf i
lli
nwhi chalternat
elayersof80cm
thi
ckr efusei scov eredwi thselect
edear th-fi
l
l of20cm t hickness.Af t
er2-3year
ssol i
d
wast ev ol umeshr inksby25- 30%andl andi susedf orpar ks,roadsandsmal l
buil
dings.
Thisi st hemostcommonandcheapestcheapestmet hodofwast edisposalandis
most l
yempl oyedi nIndi anci ti
es.
Adv ant ages:
Iti
ssi mpl eandeconomi cal
Segr egat ionofwast esi snotr equir
ed
Landf ill
edar eascanber eclaimedandusedf orot herpur poses
Conv er tslow- l
ying,mar shywast e-
landi ntousef ul areas.
Natur al resourcesar er et urnedtosoilandr ecycled.
Disadv ant ages:
Largear eai srequired
Landav ail
abili
tyisawayf rom thetown, tanspor tationcost sarehigh
Leadst obadodouri fl andf i
lli
snotpr oper l
ymanaged.
Landf il
ledar easwi llbesour cesofmosqui t
oesandf l
iesr equir
ingapplicat
ionof
i
nsect icidesandpest icidesatr egularintervals.
Causesf irehazardduet of ormati
onofmet hanei nwetweat her.

Incinerat i
on:
Itisahy gienicwayofdi sposingsol i
dwast e.I
tissuitableifwastecont ainsmor e
hazar dousmat erialandor gani
ccont ent.Itisat her
mal processandv er yef f
ecti
vef or
detoxificat i
onofal lcombust i
blepathogens.I tisexpensivewhencompar edto
compost i
ngorl and-fi
lli
ng.
Inthismet hodmuni cipal soli
dwast esar eburnti nafurnacecalledinciner ator.
Combust iblesubst ancessuchasr ubbish, garbage,deador gani
smsandnon-
combust iblemat tersuchasgl ass,porcelainandmet alsareseparatedbef orefeeding
toinciner at or
s.Thenon- combustiblemat eri
alscanbel eftoutforrecy clingandr euse.
Thel eftov erashesandcl i
nkersmayaccountf orabout10t o20%whi chneedf urther
disposal bysani tarylandf il
lorsomeot hermeans.

Theheatproducedinthei nci
neratordur i
ngburningofrefuseisusedintheform of
steam powerforgenerat
ionofel ect
rici
tythroughtur
bines.Municipalsol
idwasteis
general
lywetandhasahi ghcal ori
fi
cv alue.Ther
efore,i
thastobedr i
edf i
rstbefor
e
burni
ng.Wasteisdriedinapr eheaterfrom whereiti
stakent oalargeinci
nerati
ng
fur
nacecall
ed"dest
ruct
or"whichcaninciner
ateabout100to150tonnesperhour.
Temperat
urenormall
ymai nt
ainedinacombust i
onchamberisabout700Cwhi chmay
beincr
easedto1000Cwhenel ect
ri
cit
yistobegenerated.

Advant ages
Residuei sonly20-25%oft heor i
ginalandcanbeusedascl i
nkeraft
ertr
eatment
Requiresv er
ylit
tlespace
Costoft ransportat
ionisnothighi ftheinci
ner
atori
slocat
edwi t
hinci
tyli
mits
Safestf r
om hygienicpointofview
Anincineratorplantof3000t onnesperdaycapaci t
ycangenerate3MW ofpower.

Disadvantages
I
tscapitalandoper
atingcosti
shigh
Operati
onneedsskil
ledpersonnel
Formationofsmoke,dustandashesneedsf
urt
herdi
sposal
andt
hatmaycauseai
r
poll
uti
on.

Compost i
ng
Itisanot herpopul armet hodpr acti
cedi nmanyci ti
esinourcount ry.I
nt hi
smet hod, bul
k
or ganicwast eisconv ertedi ntof er
til
izerbybi ol
ogicalaction.
Separ atedcompost iblewast eisdumpedi nunder groundt renchesinlayersof1. 5m and
finall
ycov eredwi thear t
hof20cm andl eftfordecomposi tion.Sometimes,
act i
nomy cet esarei ntr oducedf oract i
v edecomposi ti
on.Wi thi
n2t o3day sbi ol
ogical
act i
onst art
s.Or gani cmat terisdest r
oy edbyact i
nomy cetesandlotofheati sli
ber at
ed
i
ncr easingt hetemper atur eofcompostby75Candt herefuseisfinal
lyconv ert
edi nt
o
powder ybrowncol our edodour lessmasscal ledhumust hathasaf er
til
izi
ngv alueand
canbeusedi nagricul ture.Humuscont ainslotofNi trogenessent i
alforplantgrowt h
apar tfrom phosphat esandot hermi nerals.
Adv antages
Manur eaddedt osoi l i
ncr easeswat err etentionandi on-exchangecapaci t
yofsoi l
.
Thi smet hodcanbeusedt ot reatsev eralindust r
ialsoli
dwast es.
Manur ecanbesol dt her ebyr educingcostofdi sposingwast es
Recy cli
ngcanbedone
Di sadvantages
Non- consumabl eshav et obedi sposedsepar ately
Thet echnol ogyhasnotcaught -
upwi ththef armer sandhencedoesnothav ean
assur edmar ket.

Cl
imat
echange-causesandef
fect
s
Cli
matechanger ef
erstothesum ofall
stat
isti
calweat
herinfor
mat i
onoft he
atmospheri
celements,wit
hspecif
iedareaoveralongper
iodoft i
me.Cl i
matenever
remai
nsstati
cbuti sadynamicprocessandchangestoalesserorgr eat
erdegr
ee.
Cli
matechangei sacommondev i
ati
onfrom aver
ageaswel l
asextremet emper
atures.
TheEarth'
ssurfaceandlowestpartoft
heatmospherehavewar medupt oanav er
age
byalmost0.
6Cdur i
ngthel
ast100year
s.I
ftherat
ecl
imatechangeisconst
ant,gl
obal
sur
facetemperatur
escoul
dbeanywherebet
ween1.4and5.8Chighernowthanin1999
by2100.Sealevelr
isei
sproj
ect
edtobebetween9and88cm by2100.

TheUni tedNationsFrameworkConventi
ononCli
mateChange( UNFCC- 1992)andthe
KyotoPr otocol(KP-
1997)repr
esentt
hefir
stst
epstakenbytheinternati
onalcommunity
toprotecttheclimatesyst
em fr
om man-madeint
erf
erences.Severalcount
ri
eshave
agreedtor educegreenhousegasemissi
onsbyabout5%by2008t o2012.Inpract
ical
ter
ms, thismeans

usingresour
ces,par
ticularl
yfossi
l
-fuel
-der
ivedenergymor eef
fi
cient
ly
reusi
ngandr ecy
cli
ngpr oductswhereverpossibl
eand
developi
ngrenewablefor msofenergythatareinexhaust
ibl
eanddonotpol
l
utet
he
envir
onment

Causesofcl i
matechange
Variat
ionofEart
h'sor
bit
alcharacteri
sti
cs
Atmosphericcar
bondioxi
dev ari
ations
Volcanicer
upti
onsand
Variat
ionsi
nsolarout
put

Eff
ect
sofcl i
matechange
Cli
matechangehaspronouncedef
fect
soneverypar
toftheEar
th.I
taf
fect
sbot
hli
vi
ng
andnonli
vingcomponentsofmostecosy
stemsontheEart
h.

MeanSeaLev el (
MSL)i sincreasedbyaround1.8mm pery ear
.
Manyecosy stemsoft hewor ldwil
lhavetoadaptr apidlyt otheconstantlychanging
gl
obal temperat ur
es.
Ther at
eofspeci esbecomi ngexti
nctwil
lbeincreased.
Humanheal th,agricul
ture,forest
ryandwaterresour ceswi l
lbeaffect
ed.
I
ncreasingchangei nsur facetemperatur
es,changingr atesofevapo-transpi
rati
on
andpr eci
pit
ation( duet ocli
mat echange)will
infl
uencet hehy drol
ogicalcycle.
Frequencyandi ntensit
yofext remeweathereventsi sincr easedleadi
ngt o
unexpectedfloodi nganddr ought
Societi
esexper iencingsoci al
,economicandclimat i
cst r
esswi l
lbewor staffect
ed
andleastablet oadapt .

Gl
obalwar
ming/Gr
eenHouseEf
fect

Gl
obalwar
mingi
sdef
inedast
hei
ncr
easei
ntemper
atur
eofEar
th,
thatcauseschange
i
ncli
mate

Thelastfewcent
uri
eshaveseenani
ncreasei
nindust
ri
al,
agr
icul
tur
alandotherhuman
act
ivi
tyresul
ti
ngi
nreleaseofmor
egreenhousegasesint
heatmosphere.Thesegases
causetheat
mospheretotr
apincreasi
ngamount
sofheatener
gyi
ntheEar
th'
ssur
face
makingthepl
anetwarmerthanusual.

Theglobal
temperat
ureisnow1Chigherthanin1900.Predi
cti
onsoff
uturecl
i
mate
i
ndicat
ethatbyt
hemi ddl
eofthenextcentur
y,t
heEarth'
sglobalt
emperat
uremaybe
1Cto3Chighert
hanwhati ti
stoday
.

Resear
chershavecheckedthr
oughindi
rectevi
dence(t
reeri
ngs,cor
algrowth,
icecores)
andconfi
rmedthatthewarmestdecadeinthepast1000yearswasfrom 1990to1999.
Thewarmestyearofthemil
leni
um was1998.

TheInternat
ionalRedCr
ossandRedCr escenthaveanal
yzedthepast33yearsof
natur
aldisaster
sand90%oft hem wer
eweat herr
elat
ed.Moreover
,theoccur
renceof
thesedisast
ershasincr
easedinthepastthr
eedecades.

Eff
ectsofGl
obalWarmi
ng
Fol
lowingar
etheef
fect
sofgl
obal
war
ming:

Mor eheatwav es
Expansionofdeser tarea
Naturalfi
resi nforestl ands
Mor eevapor ati
onofwat erfrom oceansandwat erbodi
es
MeltingofIcecapsi nAr cti
candAnt arct
icregions
Mor ecloudf ormat ionint heatmospher e
Shorterandwar merwi nterscoupledwi t
hlongerandhot t
ersummer
s
Changesi nrainf al
l pattern
Riseinseal evel
Fl
oodi ngandsubmer genceoflowl yi
ngcoast alareas
Disr
upt i
oninf armi ng
Mor edrought
I
mpactonpl ant s,animal sandhumans

Cont
rolandr
emedi
almeasures:
Someofther
emedi
alandcontrol
measur
esofgl
obal
war
mingar
eli
stedbel
ow:

Reducti
oninconsumptionoffossi
lfuel
ssuchascoalandpetrol
eum
Useofbio-gaspl
ants
Useofnuclearpowerplant
s
I
ncreasi
ngf or
estcover
Useofunleadedpetr
olinautomobiles
I
nstal
lat
ionofpoll
uti
oncontrol
li
ngdev i
cesi
nautomobil
es(catal
yti
cconv
ert
er)and
i
ndustri
es(Elect
roStat
icPreci
pit
ator
s,Bagfil
ter
s,Wetscr
ubbersetc)

Aci
drai
n
Normall
yrai
nwaterissl
ightl
yaci
dicduetot hefactthatCO2presenti
ntheatmosphere
getsdi
ssol
vedini
t.BecauseofthepresenceofOxi desofNit
rogenandSulphur(
NOx
andSOx)aspoll
utant
sintheatmosphere,thepHofr ai
nwaterisl
oweredfur
ther
.This
ty
peofpreci
pit
ati
onofwat eri
scall
edacidrainoraciddepositi
on.

Formati
onofAcidRain
Acidr
ainmeansthepresenceofex cessi
veaci
dsinrainwater
.Thermal powerplant
s,
i
ndustri
esandvehi
clesreleaseni
tr
ousoxideandsulphurdi
oxideintot
heat mosphere
byburni
ngofcoalandoil.Whenthesegasesreactwit
hwaterv apouri
nt heat
mospher e,
theyf
orm aci
dsanddescendonEar t
has"aci
drain"t
hroughrainwater
.
SOx + H2O = H2SO4
NOx +H2O = HNO3

Duetothedri
ft
ingofthesegasesi
ntheatmospher
ebywind,t
heirpr
esenceisfel
tas
faras2000km away.Airpol
l
uti
oninonenat
ioncancauseaci
draini
nanothernati
on.

Ef
fect
sofAci
dRai
n

Effectofacidrai
nonhumanbei ngs:
Acidrainhasbeenfoundtobeverydangeroustoli
vi
ngorgani
smsasi tcandestr
oy
l
ife.Humanner voussyst
em,respi
rat
orysystem anddi
gest
ivesyst
em areaff
ectedby
acidrai
n.
Itcanalsocauseprematur
edeathfrom hear
tandlungdi
sorderssuchasasthmaand
bronchit
is

Eff
ectofaci
drainonbuildi
ngs
The'
TajMahal'i
nAgraisaffect
edf
rom t
heaci dfumesbeingemi t
tedfr
om '
Mathur
a
Refi
ner
y'
.Cryst
alsofCuSO4andMgSO4ar ef ormedasar esul
tofcorrosi
onduet
oacid
rai
n.
Aci
drai
ncorrodeshouses,monument
s,statues,
bridgesandfences.

Ozonel
ayerdepl
eti
on
Ozonei sacol our l
ess, odorlessgascomposedoft hreeat omsofoxy gen( O3).Ozone
hast hesamechemi cal str
uct urer egardlessofwher eitoccursandcanbeusef ulor
harmf uldependi ngonwher ei toccur si ntheatmospher e.Ozoneisformednat urall
yin
theupperst ratospher ewhenwav elengthslessthan240nm ar eabsor bedbynor mal
oxy genmol eculeswhi chdissociat etogi veOat oms.TheOat omsincombi nationwith
otheroxy genmol eculesproduceozone.
Inthest ratospher e,about19t o30km abov etheEarth'ssurf
ace,ozonei sconst ant
ly
beingpr oducedanddest r
oy ednat ural
ly.Thisproductionanddestructionmakes
stratospher ewi thozonel ay erthatf il
terstheUl t
ra-
Violetradi
ati
onfrom theSunand
protectsl i
feonEar th.Nor mal l
yther eisaf i
nebalancebet weenproduct i
onand
dest r
uctionofozonet herebysaf eguar dingli
feonEar th.
Man- madechemi calscal l
edChloroFl uoroCar bons( CFCs)ar eusedasaer osolsprays,
refr
iger
antsandcool antsetcdestr
oyozonemol eculesint hest ratosphere.
TheCFCst hemsel vesdonotdest r
oyozonemol ecul esbutt heydecayozonemol ecules
atlowt emper atur
es.Asmal lamountofchl orineat om andchl orinemono- oxide
functi
onascat aly
stint heprocessofdest ructi
onofozone.Theequat i
onsinvol
vedar e:
Cl+O3 =Cl O +O2
ClO +O =Cl+O2
Hence, neteffect:
O3 +O =2O2
Chlori
neat om intheabov ereact
ionf unctionsasacat al
ystandi snotconsumedi nthe
reacti
on.Chlor i
neat om usedi nthereactionr emai nsaschl orineat om evenattheend
ofthereact i
on.Oncechl ori
nehasbr okenoneozonemol ecule,i
ti sfreetorepeatthe
processunt i
litisremov edbyanot herr eactionint heat mospher e.Chl or
o-Fl
uoro-
Carbonsar ev erystablemol ecul
esandcanl iveupt o100y ears.

OzoneDepletionPotenti
al(ODP)
Theozonedepl et
ionpotenti
alofacompoundi sdef
inedasthemeasur eofit
sabil
it
yto
destr
oyst
ratosphericozone.
I
tmaybedef inedast herat
iooft otalamountofozonedestroyedbyapar t
icul
aragent
totheamountofozonedest royedbyt hesamemassofCFC- 11.
TheODPofCFC- 11isalwayst akenas1. 0
ODPi sar
elati
v emeasurewi t
hCFC- 11takenasastandardrefer
ence.Theref
ore,
ifthe
ODPofacompoundi s0.5,
iti
sr oughlyspeakinghalfas'
bad'asCFC- 11.

Factorsaffecti
ngODP
Natureoft hehalogen( Br
ominecontai
ninghalocarbonsusuall
yhavemuchhi gher
ODPst hanhy drocarbons.Thi
sisbecauseBromineisanef fect
iveozonedest
ructi
on
catal
ystthanChl ori
ne)
Thenumberofchl ori
neorbromineatomsi namol ecule.
Molecularmassand
Atmospher i
cl i
fet
ime

DobsonUnit
DobsonUnit(DU)isthescal
eformeasuri
ngthetot
alamountofozoneoccupyi
nga
col
umnov er
head.
OneDobsonUni t(
1DU)isdefi
nedas0.01mm at0Cand1atmosphericpr
essure.
Ift
heozonelayert
hicknesswhencompressedt
o0Cand1at mospherepressur
eis
about5mm,theav er
ageamountofozonewouldbeabout500DU.

Harmfulef f
ectsofozonelayerdeplet
ion
Ozonel ay
erprotectsal
lli
fef
ormsonEar t
hfr
om t heSun'
sharmfulUVradi
ati
on.Any
si
gnifi
cantdecreaseintheamountofozoneint hestrat
ospher
eresul
tsint
heamount
ofUVr adiat
ionreachi
ngtheEarth'
ssurfacel
eadingtoharmfulef
fect
sonalll
ivi
ng
organi
sms.

Ef
fect
sonhumanheal
th
 Reddeningofskininsunshine(Sunburn)
Ski
ncancer
Reducti
oni nbody'
simmunitytodisease
Eyedisordersl
ikecat
aract
sandbl i
ndness

Otherl
ivi
ngorganisms
UVraysarepart
icularl
yharmfultosmallpl
antsandanimalsl
iv
ingint
heseacalled
'
pl
ankton'
.Plankt
onf ormst hebaseofoceanfoodchain
UVraysdamagecer taincropsli
keri
cewhichisthestapl
efoodformanypeoplein
t
hewor l
d
UVradi
ati
oncandamagepol ymersusedinpai
nt,cl
othi
ngandothermater
ial
s.
Env
ironmentPr
otect
ionAct
,1986

Obj
ecti
ves:
-
Toprotectandimproveai
r,waterandlandenvir
onment
-
Topreventhazardstoal
lli
vi
ngcr eat
uresandproper
ti
es
-
Tomaintainapleasantr
elat
ionshipbetweenhumanbeingsandt
hei
renv
ironment
.

Import antf eaturesoft hi

sact :
-Thi
sactempower sthegov ernmentt olaydownpr ocedur esandsaf eguardsfor
prevent i
onofacci dentsthatcausepol luti
onandr emedi almeasur esifanaccident
occurs.
-Thegov ernmenthast heaut hori
tytoclose/prohibitorregul at
eanyi ndustryori t
s
operationi fviolati
onoft hepr ovi
sionsoftheactoccur .
-Anyper sonwhof ail
stocompl yorcont r
avenesanypr ov i
sionoftheacti spuni shabl
e
withimpr i
sonmentf orat erm extendi
ngupt ofivey earsoraf i
neuptoonel akhr upeesor
both.
-Anaddi tional f
ineofRs. 5000perdaymaybei mposedf orentireperi
odofv i
olati
onof
rul
es.
-Theactf i
xest heliabil
i
tyont heper sonwhoi sdi r
ect l
yin-chargeunlessi ti
spr ovedthat
theoffencewascommi ttedwi t
houthis/herknowl edgeorconsent .
-Thi
sactempower stheof f
icerofcentralgovernmentt oinspectthesi t
eandcol l
ect
sampl esofai r,water,soilorothermat eri
alfortesting.

Thisacti
sthemostcomprehensi
vel
egi
slati
onwit
hpowersforcent
ralgov
ernmentt
o
actdir
ect
lywit
houti
nter
fer
encefr
om r
egulat
oryaut
hor
it
iesoragenci
es.

Forestconser v ationact,1980
Thisactpr ovidesconser vati
onoff orestsandr elat
edaspects.Thi
sactcoversallt
ypes
offorestssuchasr eserv
edf orest,protectedforestandanyf or
est
edland.Thisactwas
enactedin1980andi tai
mst oar restdef orest
ati
on.
Importantf eatur esofthisactar e:
Thereser vedf orestsshallnotbedi vertedorder eserv
edwi t
houtpri
orpermissi
onofthe
centr
al government .
Thelandt hathasbeennot if
iedorr egisteredorforestlandmaynotbeusedf ornon-
for
estpur poses.
Anyill
egal non- forestact
ivi
tywi t
hinaf or estareacanbei mmediat
elyst
oppedundert he
act.

Impor t
antamendment s:
Forestdepartmentsaref
orbi
ddentoassi
gnanyforestlandforre-
aff
orestat
ion
Clearanceofanyforestl
andofnat
ural
lygr
owntreesfort hepur
poseofr e-
affor
estat
ion
i
sf orbi
dden.
Diversi
onofforestlandf
ornon-
for
estusesisacognizableoff
enceandt heviol
atori
s
punishableunderl
aw.
Drawbacksoft heFor est( conservation)Act ,1980
Thisactonl ytransfersthepower sfr
om st atet ocent r
et odecidetheconv ersi
onof
reserveforeststonon- forestareas.
Thepowerhasbeencent ral
izedatthet opandl ocalcommuni tieshavebeencompl et
ely
i
gnor edfrom thedeci sionmaki ngprocessr egar di
ngthenat ureofforestareas.
Tribalpeopleli
v i
ngi nforestsar etot
al l
ydependentonf orestr
esources.Iftheyare
stoppedf r
om expl oiti
ngf orestsfortheirl
iveli
hood, theyresorttocri
mi nalacti
vit
iesli
ke
smuggl i
ng, ki
l
ling,etc.

Thisl
awi sconcentr
atedonprot
ecti
ngtr
ees,bir
dsandani
malsbutnotonprot
ect
ing
poorpeople
Theforestdwell
ingtr
ibal
communiti
eshavear i
chknowl
edgeaboutf
orestr
esour
ces,
thei
rimportanceandconser
vati
on.However
,thei
rrol
eandcont
ri
buti
onisnot
acknowledged.

Wi l
dli
feProtecti
onAct ,
1972
Thisactisaimedt oprotectandpreserv
ewildli
fe.Wildli
feref
erstoallani
malsand
plantsthatarenotdomest i
cated.I
ndiahasar i
chwi l
dlif
eherit
age.Ithas350speci
esof
mammal s,1200speciesofbirdsandaround20, 000knownspeci esofinsect
s.Someof
them areli
stedas'endangeredspecies'i
nwildl
ifeprotecti
onact.

Wildl
i
feisanintegralpar
tofourecologyandplay sanessenti
alrol
einit
sfunct
ioni
ng.
Decli
neinwil
dli
feismost l
yduet ohumanactions.Animalshav ebeenhunt
edsince
agesforthei
rskins,f
urs,f
eat
hers,i
vory,et
c.Wildli
fepopulat
ionsaremonit
ored
regul
arl
yandmanagementst r
ategi
esareformul atedt
oprotectthem.

Theimpor tantfeaturesoft hi
sactare:
Thisactcov ersther i
ghtsandnon- ri
ghtsoffor
estdwell
ers
Itpr
ov i
desr estr
ictedgrazinginsanctuari
esbutprohi
bit
sinnati
onalparks
Ital
sopr ohibit
scol l
ecti
onofnon- ti
mberforest
Therightsoff orestdwellersrecogni
sedbyf or
estpol
icyof1988aretakenawaybyt
he
amendedwi ldl
if
eactof1991.

Thewi l
dli
feactisaimedatpr eservingandpr otecti
ngwi l
dli
feandcamei nt oeff
ecti
n
1972.
Thisactenvisagesnat ional parksandwi ldli
fesanct uari
esaspr ot
ectedar easto
conservewildl
if
e.
Underthisact,wil
dlif
epopul at i
onsar eregul arlymonitoredandmanagementst rat
egies
areformulatedtoprot ectthem.
Theactcov erstherightsoff orestdweller s.Theactper mi t
srestr
ict
edgr azingi
n
sanctuar
iesbutpr ohibitsthesamei nnat ional par
ks.Theactalsopr ohi
bitscoll
ecti
onof
nonforestti
mberwhi chmi ghtnotham t hesy stem.
Therightsofforestdwel lersr ecognizedbyf orestpolicyof1988wer etakenawayby
theamendedwi l
dli
feactof1991
Theactenabl escent ral governmentt oenactt hel egislation.
Theactappoi ntsawi l
dlifeadv isoryboard,wi l
dlifewar denandspeci fiesthei
rdutiesand
power s.
Theactpr ov i
desacompr ehensi velistofendanger edspeci esandpr ohibi
tshunti
ngof
thesame.
Itprotect
sendanger edpl antslikeBeddomeCy cad, BlueVandana, LadiesSli
perOr chi
d,
PitcherPlant,etc
Theactpr ov i
desf orset tingupnat ionalparks,wi ldl
ifesanct uari
es,etc.
Theactpr ov i
desf orconst it
utionofcent ralzooaut hor i
t y
Ther eisprovi
si onfort radeandcommer cei nsomewi l
dspeci eswi t
hl i
censeforsale,
purchase, t
ransf er,
et c
Theacti mposesabanont radeorcommer ceofcommer ci
alanimal s
Theactpr ov i
desl egal power stoof fi
cerstopuni shof fender s.
Undert heact, captivebr eedingpr ogr amsforendanger edspeci eshav ebeeninit
iated.
Eg: Conservationpr ojectf orLion( 1972),Ti
ger( 1974) ,Cr ocodile(1974)&Br own
antlereddeer( 1981)

Drawbacksofwi l
dli
fepr otect i
onact , 1972
Sincethisacthasbeenenact edjustasaf al
loutofSt ockhol m confer
enceheldin1972,
i
thasnoti ncludedanyl ocallyev olvedconser vati
onmeasur es.
Theowner shipcerti
ficatesf orsomeani malarti
cles( Ex: LeopardandTigerskins)of
ten
serveasat oolforil
legal t
rading.
JammuandKashmi rhav etheirownwi ldl
i
feacts,ther efore,hunti
ngandtradi
ngof
manyendanger edspecies, prohibitedi notherstatesar eal l
owedi nJammuand
Kashmi r.
Theoffendersoft hi
sactar enotsubj ecttoanyhar shf i
nes.Thef inei
sonlyRs.25000
orimprisonmentf orup-tothr eey ears.

Water(prev ent
ionandcont r
olofpollut
ion)act
,1974
Obj
ectivesoft hisact:
Topreventandcont r
ol waterpoll
uti
on
Tomai ntainorrestor
et hewhol esomenessofwat er
Toestablishboardsf orthepreventi
onandcont r
ol ofwaterpol
l
ution
Toconf eronandassi gnt otheboards,thepowerandf uncti
onsrelat
ingt
otheabov
e
menti
oned.

Sali
entf eat
uresofwateract
Wat eractcamei nt
oeffectin1974topreventpoll
uti
onofwat erbyi
ndust r
ial
,
agri
cultural
andhousehol dwater.Themainobjecti
vesoft hi
sactarelistedbelow:
Establi
shmentofcentralandstateboardsforpoll
uti
oncont rol
Provisi
onofj oi
ntboar
dsf ortwoormor estates
Prohibi
tionoftheuseofst r
eamsandwel lsforthedisposalofpoll
utants.
Consentofpol l
utioncont r
ol boardtoopennewout l
etsanddi schargesintost r
eams
andwel l
s.
Prev
ent i
on,cont rolandabat ementofwat erpoll
uti
on.
Theactal soai msatr est
orationofwhol esomenessofwat er
Thewat eracti sdesi gnedtoassesspol luti
onlevel
sandpuni shpol l
uters
Thecent r
algov ernmentandst ategovernmentshaveset-uppol l
uti
oncont rolboardsto
monitorwat erpol l
ution.
Thewat eractof1974al ongwi thamendment sin1978i sanext ensivelegi
slati
onwi t
h
moret hansixtysect ionsforpr eventi
onandcont r
olofwat erpoll
uti
on.
Centr
al andst ateboar dshav ebeencr eatedunderthi
sactf orpreventingwat erpol
lut
ion
Theactempower st heboar dt otake:

wat ersampl esf oranal

y si
s
gov erndi schargeofsewage
tradeef fl
uent s
studyori nspectappeal s
rev isionofpol i
cies
setmi ni
mum andmaxi mum penal t
ies
publ i
cationofnamesofof fender s
off encesbycompani esorgov ernmentdepar tments
est abl i
shorr ecognizewat ertestinglaboratori
esandstandardtest
ingprocedures
Pr ev enti
onandcont rolofwat erpol l
uti
onisachi ev
edthrougha'permit
'ora'consent
admi nistrati
on' procedure
Dischar gingef fl
uentsisper mittedbyobt ainingtheconsentofstat
ewat erboar
ds

Air(pr
ev entionandcont rolofpoll
uti
on)act
,1981
Objecti
v esoft hi
sactare:
Prevention,controlandabatementofairpol
lut
ion
Maintainingt hequali
tyofair
Establ
ishingboar dsforpreventi
onandcontrolofai
rpol
l
uti
on

Sali
entf eaturesofai ract
Central boardmayl aydownst andardsf orqualit
yofai r
Central boardcoordinatesandset tl
esdi sputesbet weenst ateboar dsinadditionto
providingtechnicalassistanceandgui dancet ost at
eboar ds
Stateboar dsmayl aydownst andardsf oremi ssionsofairpol l
utantsf r
om industr
ial
unit
s, automobi l
esorot hersour ces
Stateboar dsshouldcol lectanddi ssemi nateinformat i
onrelatedt oairpoll
utionand
functionasi nspectoratesofai rpolluti
on
Stateboar dsshouldexami nemanuf acturingprocessandpol lut
ioncont rolequipment
tover i
fyiftheymeetst andar dspr escribed.
Stateboar dcanadv i
set hestat egov ernmentt odeclareheav i
lypol l
utedareasas
poll
ut i
oncont rolar
easandadv iseav oidanceofbur ningwast epr oductsthatcan
i
ncreaseai rpol l
uti
on.
Thedi rect i
onsofcent ral boar dar emandat oryonst ateboar ds.
Oper at ionofI ndust rial uni tispr ohi bitedi nheav ilypol lutedar easwi thoutt heconsentof
thecent r
al boar d.
Violationoft hisl awi spuni shabl ewi t
hi mpr i
sonmentat erm whi chmayext endt ot hr ee
mont hsorf i
neupt oRs.10, 000orbot h.
TheAi ractpr ov i
desf orest ablishmentofcent ral andst ateboar dsf orimpl ement ati
on
ofrul esundert heact
TheAi ractai msatpr ev ent i
on, cont r
ol andabat ementofai rpol luti
on
poll
ut ionbey ondcer tai nl i
mi tsduet ov ar iouspol l
utant sdi schar gedt hroughi ndust r
ial
emi ssi oni smoni tor edbypol l
ut ioncont r ol boar dssetupi nev er yst ate
TheCent ral Pol lutionCont rolBoar d( CPCB)i mpl ement sl egislat i
ont oimpr ovequal ityof
air,
pr ev entandcont rol ai rpol l
ut ioni nt hecount r y.
Theboar dadv i
sest hecent ralgov ernmentonmat tersconcer ni ngqual it
yofai r
.Ital so
coor dinat esact iviti
es, pr ov i
dest echni cal assist anceandgui dancet ost ateboar dsin
additiont oset ti
ngt hest andar dsf orqual ityofai r.
Itcollect sanddi ssemi nat esi nfor mat i
oni nr espectt oai rpol lutionandper forms
funct i
onspr escr ibedbyt heact .
Thest at eboar dsadv iset hest at egov er nmentonmat tersconcer ningpr event ionand
cont rol ofai rpol lution
Thest at eboar dspossesst her ightt oi nspectatal l reasonabl et imesanycont rol
equipment , indust rial plantormanuf act ur ingpr ocessandgi veor der stot akenecessar y
stepst ocont r
ol pol lution.
Thest at eboar di nspect sai rpol lutioncont rol areasatr egul ari nterv alsorwhenev er
necessar y.
Theyar eempower edt opr ov i
dest andar dsf oremi ssi onst obel aiddownf ordi fferent
i
ndust rialpl antswi thr egar dt oquant ityandcomposi tionofemi ssions.
Ast at eboar dmayr ecogni zeorest abl i
shal abor ator yf ort hispur pose.
Stategov ernmenthaspower st odecl areai rpol luti
oncont rolar easaf terconsul tingwi t
h
stateboar ds.I nt hesamemanner ,stategov ernmentcangi vei nst r
uct ionst oensur e
standar dsofemi ssi onf rom aut omobi l
esandr est r
ictoper ationofcer tainindust rial
units.
Penal tiesar ei mposedbyt hest ateboar dandi tmi ghtappeal t
ot hecour ttor estrain
personsf orcausi ngai rpol l
ution.
Anyper sonwhocont rav enesanypr ov i
si onoft heacti spuni shabl ewi thi mpr isonment
forat erm ext endi ngt ot hr eemont hsoraf i
neofRs. 10, 000orbot h.I ftheof fence
cont i
nues, anaddi tional f i
nemayex tendt oRs.5000perdayf orev erydaydur i
ngwhi ch
thecont r
av ent i
oncont inuesaf terconv ict i
onf ort hef irstcont rav ent i
on.

I
ssuesinvol
vedinenfor
cementofenvi
ronmentall
egi
slat
ion
Thr
eeissuesthatar
eespeci
all
yimpor
tantf
orenvir
onmentall
egi
slat
ionar
e:

1.Thepr ecaut
ionar
ypri
nci
pleThi
sprinci
plehasev
olvedtodealwithr
isksand
uncert
aintiesf
acedbyenvi
ronmentalmanagement.Thepri
nci
pleimpl
iesthatanounce
ofpreventioni
swor t
hapoundofcure—itdoesnotpreventpr
oblemsbutmayr educe
t
hei
roccur
renceandhel
psensur
econt
ingencypl
ansar
emade.

2.Thepoll
uter-
payspri
ncipl
eInaddi
tionto-
theobvi
ous—thepolluterpay
sf orthe
damagedcausedbyadev el
opment—thispr
inci
plealsoi
mpl i
esthatapolluterpaysfor
monit
ori
ngandpol i
cing.Aprobl
em withthi
sapproachisthatfi
nesmaybankr uptsmall
busi
nesses,yetbelowenoughforalargecompanyt owri
tethem offasanoccasi onal
over
head,whichdoeslit
tl
eforpol
lut
ioncontrol
.

3.Fr
eedom ofi
nformat
ion:Envi
ronmental
planni
ngandmanagementi
shi
nder
edi
fthe
publ
ic,
NGOsorev enof
fici
albodiesar
eunabletogeti
nfor
mati
on.

Anumberoflawshav
ebeenenf
orcedf
orsaf
eguardi
ngtheenvi
ronmentalqual
i
ty.
However
,thesel
awsandact
scoul
dnotbeenact
edsuccessf
ull
yinli
ghtofthefol
l
owi
ng
pr
obl
ems.

Drawbacksofpol luti
onr elatedact s
Thepowerandaut hori
tyhasbeengi venonl
ytot hecent ralgovernmentwi thli
ttl
epower
tothest at
egov er
nment .Thi shinderseff
ecti
veimpl ement ati
onoft heacti nthestates.
Thepenal tiesimposedbyt hisactar ever
ysmal lwhencompar edtot hedamagecaused
bybigindust r i
esduet opol luti
on.
Aper soncannotdi rectl
yf i
leapet iti
oninthecourt.
Lit
igati
on, relatedtotheenv ir
onmenti sexpensive,sinceitinvolv
est echnical
knowl edge.
Forsmal lindust ri
es,i
tisv eryexpensi vet
oinstallanindividualcustom-madeef fl
uent
tr
eatmentpl ant
Theposi ti
onofchai rmanoft heboar dofmosti ndust r
iesisoccupiedbyapol it
ical
appointee.Hencei tbecomesdi fficul
ttoimpl
ementt heactwi thoutpolit
ical
i
nterference.

Popul
ationExpl osion
Theenormousi ncr easei
npopulati
on,duet olowdeathr at
e(mortal
i
t y
)andhi ghbir
th
rat
e(natal
ity)
,istermedaspopul at
ionexplosion.Humanpopulati
oni snotincreasi
ngat
aunif
ormr atethroughoutthewor l
d.
Popul
ationincreasecanbebet t
erunderstoodi nter
msofdoubl i
ngtime.Doubl i
ngtime
i
sthenumberofy earsneededf
orapopul ationtodouble.I
tvar
iesfrom about25y ear
s
i
ndev el
opingcount r
iest
o100yearsindev elopednati
ons.

Reasonsforpopulat
ionexplosion:
I
ntroduct
ionofmoder nfaci
li
tiesr
educesmortal
it
yrateandincr
easesnatal
i
tyr
ate
l
eadingtopopulat
ionexplosi
on.
I
ncreaseofli
feexpectancyalsoamajorreasoncontr
ibut
ingtopopul
ati
onexpl
osi
on

Eff
ectofpopul
ati
onexpl
osi
onorEnv
ironment
alandSoci
ali
mpact
sofgr
owi
ng
popul
ati
on
Poverty
:Infantmor tali
tyisani ndicatorofpov erty
.In34dev el
opingcountri
es,
mor e
thanonei ntenchildrendiebef oret heyr eachtheageoff ive.I
ndev elopi
ngcountr
ies,
peopleoptf orsmallerfami l
i
esi nt hefaceofhi ghmor t
ali
tyrate.
Populati
onexpl osi
onl eadst oenv ironment aldegradati
on.
Populati
onexpl osi
oncausesov er-exploitat
ionofnaturalresourcesleadi
ngtoshortage
ofresourcesf ort
hef uturegener ations.
Manyoft her enewabl eresourcesl ikeforestsandgr asslandsar ealsoundert
hreat.
I
ncreasei npopulationalsoincr easesdi sease,economi cinequit
yandcommunal wars.

I
nordertocombatt
heprobl
em ofpopul
ati
onexpl
osion,t
heGovernmentofIndi
a
i
ntr
oducedtheFami
lyWelf
areProgr
ammeasani ntegral
par
toftheoveral
lnati
onal
pol
i
cy.

Obj
ect
ivesofFami
lywel
far
epr
ogr
amme:

Sl
owingdownpopulat
ionexpl
osi
onbyreducingfer
ti
li
tyand
Reduci
ngthepr
essureontheenv
ironmentduetoover-
expl
oit
ati
onofnat
ural
resour
ces.

Env
ionment
alet
hics

Envir
onment alet
hicsi
sdef
inedast
heanal
ysi
soft
hehumanuseofEar
th'
sli
mit
ed
resources.

Ethi
csisthebr
anchofphilosophyt
hatpri
mari
lydiscussesi
ssuesdeal
ingwi
thhuman
behavi
ourandcharact
er.Ethi
csatt
emptstoestabl
ishabasisforj
udgi
ngri
ghtf
rom
wrongandgoodfrom bad.

Envi
ronmentalethi
csisthebr
anchofet
hicswhichanaly
zeshumanuseofEar th'
s
l
imitedr
esources.Agrowingt
rendi
stocombi nethest
udyofbothecologyand
economicst
ohel pprovi
deabasisf
orsustai
nabledeci
sionsonenv
ironmental
use.

Envir
onmentalet
hicsatt
emptst oanswerquesti
onsofhowhumanbeingsshoul
drel
ate
tothei
renvi
ronmentregardi
ngt heusageofenvi
ronment
alr
esour
cesandthei
r
tr
eatmentofotherspeci
es(plantandanimal)
.

Afewconfl
ict
sthatar
isefr
om env
ironmentalpoli
ciesdealwi
tht
her i
ghtsofi
ndi
vidual
s
ver
sust
hoseofthestateandr
ight
sofprivatepropertyowner
sversusthoseofa
communit
y.

Needf orpubli
cawar eness:
Incr
easingpopulati
on, Ur banizati
onandpov ert
yhavegener at
edpressureonthe
naturalr
esourcesandl eadtoadegr adationoft heenvi
ronment.Topreventthe
envir
onmentf rom furtherdegr adati
on, t
hesupr emecour thasorder
edandi nit
iat
ed
envir
onmental prot
ect i
onawar enesst hroughgov er
nmentandnon- government
agenciestotakepar tinpr otecti
ngourenv i
ronment .
Envir
onment alpoll
utioncannotpr eventedbyl awsalone.Publi
cparti
cipati
onisequal
l
y
i
mpor
tantwi
thr
egar
dtoenv
ironment
alpr
otect
ion.

Envir
onment alEducat i
on( EE)isapr ocessofl earningbygi v
inganov erall perspecti
ve
ofknowl edgeandawar enessoft heenv i
ronment .Itsensiti
zest hesoci etyabout
envir
onment ali
ssuesandchal l
engesi nterestedindi v
idualstodev elopski llsand
expertisetherebypr ovi
dingappr opriatesol uti
ons.
Cli
mat echange, lossofbi odiversit
y,decl i
ningf i
sher i
es,ozonelayerdepl etion,il
l
egal
tr
adeofendanger edspecies, destr
uctionofhabi tats,l
anddegr adat i
on, depl et
ing
groundwat ersupplies,i
ntroductionofal ienspeci es,envir
onment al pollution,soli
d
wastedi sposal,storm wat erandsewagedi sposal poseaser i
oust hreatt oecosy stems
i
nf orest,r
ur al
,urbanandmar i
neecosy stems.
Bothf ormal andinformal educationont heenv ir
onmentwi llgi
vet heinter ested
i
ndividualtheknowl edge, values,skil
lsandt oolsneededt of acetheenv ironment al
chall
engesonal ocalandgl obal l
evel.

Non-gov
ernment
alor
gani
zat
ions(
NGOs)

Anon- gov
ernment alorganization(NGO)isanynon- profi
t,v
olunt
aryciti
zens'group
whichisorganizedonal ocal,nati
onalorinter
nati
onal l
evel
.Task-ori
entedanddr i
v enby
peoplewithacommoni nterest,NGOsper form avari
etyofservi
ceandhumani tar
ian
functi
ons,br
ingcitizenconcer nstoGov ernments,advocateandmoni torpoli
ciesand
encouragepoli
ticalparti
cipati
ont hroughprovisi
onofinformati
on.Somear eorganized
aroundspecifi
cissues, suchashumanr i
ghts,envi
ronmentorhealth.

Non-gov er nment alorganizations( NGOs)canbedef i

nedas, “l
egallyconsti
tuted
corpor ationscr eatedbynat uralorlegal peopl ethatoper ateindependentlyfrom any
form ofgov ernment .Thet erm origi
nat edf r
om t heUni tedNat i
onsandnor mal lyrefer
s
totheor gani zationst hatar enotapar toft hegov ernmentandar enotconvent i
onal f
or
profitbusi nesses.I nthecasesi nwhi chNGOsar etotal lyorpar ti
all
yfundedbyt he
gov ernment s, t
heNGOmai nt
ainsi t
snon- gov ernment al statusbyexcl udi
nggov ernment
represent ativ esf r
om member shipint heor ganization. ”TheNGOsar eessentiall
y
heterogeneous, eachhav ingitsownr eal m ofoper ation.Thei rfi
eldofwor kmayv ary
from taki ngcar eofst reetanimal stopr ovi
dingcar eandr ehabil
itat
ionofrescued
humant r
af fickingv i
ctims.Someoft hepr ominentf ieldsofoper ati
onarechildren,
disabledper sons’ education,takingcar eoft heel derly, empl oyment ,envi
ronment ,
health, humanr ightsandwomen.

NGOsar eusuall
yfundedbydonat i
ons,butsomeav oidf
ormalfundingaltogetherand
arerunprimar
il
ybyv olunt
eers.NGOsar ehi ghlydiversegroupsoforganizati
ons
engagedinawi derangeofact i
vit
ies,
andt akedi f
ferentformsindif
ferentpartsofthe
world.Somemayhav echari
tablestat
us,whi l
eot hersmayber egist
eredf ortax
exempt i
onbasedonr ecogni
tionofsocialpur poses.Indi
aisesti
matedt ohav ehad
around2mi l
li
onNGOsi n2009,justoveroneNGOper600I ndi
ans,andmanyt imesthe
numberofpr
imar
yschool
sandpr
imar
yheal
thcent
resi
nIndi
a

SomeNGOsworki
ngi
nIndi
aint
hef
iel
dofenv
ironmentpr
otect
ion&sust
ainabl
e
dev
elopment
.

S.No. NameofNGOwor ki
nginI
ndi
a Areaofwork
1. TheEner
gyandResour
ceI
nst
it
ute(
TERI
) EnergyandResour
ces

2. SatpudaFoundat i
on Wi l
dlifeandFor est
3. Wil
dlif
ePr otect
ionSoci
etyofIndi
a(WPSI) Il
legal Wi l
dli
feTr ade
4. Wil
dlif
eTr ustofIndi
a(WTI) Conser vati
onofWi l
dli
fe
andI t’
sHabi t
at
5. Wor l
dWi deFund( WWF-I
ndia) Nat ural&Env i
ronment
6. CentreforScienceandEnvi
ronment(CSE) Airpol l
ut i
on,Wat er
management ,
Renewabl e
resour ces,Climat e
change
7. Kal
pav r
iksh Ecol ogicalsustainabil
i
ty
8. CentreForEnv i
ronment
alStudies(
CES) Env i
ronment alStudies

NGOt
ypesbyor
ient
ati
on:

Charitabl
eOrient
ationof teni nvol
vesat op-downpat ernal
ist
icef
for
twithli
ttl
e
parti
cipat
ionbythe" beneficiari
es".I
tincludesNGOswi thacti
vi
ti
esdir
ectedtoward
meet i
ngtheneedsoft hepoor- distr
ibuti
onoff ood,clothi
ngormedici
ne;provi
sionof
housing,tr
ansport
,school set c.SuchNGOsmayal sounder t
akerel
i
efactiv
iti
esduri
nga
naturalorman-madedi saster.

Servi
ceOri
entati
onincl
udesNGOswithacti
vi
ti
essuchast hepr
ovisi
onofheal
th,f
amil
y
ppl
anningoreducat
ionserv
icesi
nwhichthepr
ogrammei sdesi
gnedbytheNGOand
peopl
eareexpectedtopart
ici
pat
eini
tsimpement
ationandinreceiv
ingt
heser
v i
ce.

Participat
oryOr i
entat
ionischaracter
izedbysel f
-helpprojectswherelocalpeopl
ear e
i
nv olvedparti
cularl
yintheimplementationofapr ojectbycont r
ibut
ingcash,tool
s,l
and,
mat erial
s,l
abouretc.Intheclassi
calcommuni tydev elopmentpr oj
ect,
parti
cipat
ion
beginswi ththeneeddef i
nit
ionandcont inuesi
ntot heplanningandi mplementat
ion
stages.Cooper ati
vesoftenhaveapar ti
cipator
yor i
entation.

Empower ingOr ientationiswheretheaimi stohel ppoorpeopledevelopacl earer

under
standi ngoft hesoci al
,pol
it
icalandeconomi cfactor
saffecti
ngt hei
rlives,andto
str
engt
hent heirawar enessoftheirownpot ent
ialpowertocont r
oltheirl
i
v es.
Someti
mes, thesegr oupsdev el
opspont aneouslyaroudaproblem orani ssue,atother
ti
mesout sidewor kersf rom NGOspl ayafacil
it
atingrol
eintheirdevel
opment .I
nany
case,
ther
eismaxi
mum i
nvol
vementoft
hepeopl
ewi
thNGOsact
ingasf
aci
l
itat
ors.

NGOTy
pesbyl
evelofoper
ati
on:

Communi ty
-basedOr ganizati
ons( CBOs)ar iseoutofpeopl e'
sowni ni
tiat
ives.These
canincl
udespor t
sclubs,women' sorganizati
ons,neighbour hoodor ganizati
ons,
rel
i
giousoreducat i
onalorganizati
ons.Ther eareal argev ari
etyoft hese,some
support
edbyNGOs, nati
onal orinter
nat i
onalNGOs, orbi lat
eralorinternati
onal agenci
es,
andothersindependentofout sidehelp.Somear edev otedtorisi
ngt heconsci ousness
oftheurbanpoororhelpingt hem tounder standtheirrightsingainingaccesst oneeded
servi
ceswhileothersareinvolvedinpr ovi
dingsuchser vi
ces.

CitywideOrganizati
onsincl
udeor ganizati
onssuchast heRot aryorli
on'sClub,
chamber sofcommer ceandindustr
y,coalit
ionsofbusiness,
et hnicoreducati
onal
groupsandassoci ati
onsofcommuni tyorganizat
ions.Someexi stforotherpur
poses,
andbecomei nv
olvedi nhel
pingthepoorasoneofmanyact ivi
t i
es,whil
eothersar
e
createdforthespecifi
cpurposeofhel pingthepoor.

Nati
onalNGOsincl
udeorgani
zati
onssuchastheRedCross,
YMCAs/YWCAs,
pr
ofessi
onal
organi
zat
ionsetc.Someofthesehav
estat
eandcut
ybranchesandassi
st
l
ocalNGOs.

I
nternationalNGOsr angefrom secul
argenciessuchasReddaBAr naandSavethe
Chi
ldrenor gani
zati
ons,OXFAM, CARE, FordandRockefell
erFoundat
ionst
oreli
giousl
y
motivatedgroups.Theiracti
vi
ti
esv ar
yf r
om mainlyf
undinglocalNGOs,i
nst
it
uti
onsand
pr
ojects, t
oimplementingtheproject
sthemselves.

Rol
eofNGOsi
nthepr
otect
ionofenv
ironment

Thepr otecti
onofenv ironmenti sapr essingi ssue.Ev eryper son, or gani sationand
i
nst i
tutionhasanobl i
gat i
onanddut yt oprot ecti t
.Env i
ronment alpr otect i
on
encompassesnotonl ypol luti
onbutal sosust ainabl edev el
opmentandconser vationof
natur alresourcesandt heecosy stem.Today , t
henecessi tyofenv ironment alawar eness
andenf orcementi smor edemandi ngandur gentt hanev erbef ore.Despi tepr ovisionsi n
IndianConst i
tuti
onpr ov i
dingf orEnvironment al protectionandmanyst atutory
prov i
sions, t
heenv ironmentdegr adationcont inues.Themai ncausef orenv i
ronment
degr adat i
onislackofef fectiveenforcementofv ari
ousl aws.
Theemer genceofNGOsr epresentsanor gani sedr esponsebyci v i
l soci etyespeci allyin
thosear easinwhi cht hest atehaseitherf ail
edt or eachordonesoi nadequat ely.The
i
mpor t
anceofpubl i
cawar enessandNGOsi nv olv ementi nenv i
ronment alpr otectioni s
acknowl edgedwor l
dwi de.NGO’ shav ebeent akinganumberofst epst opr omot e
discussi onanddebat eaboutenv ir
onment al issues, out sidet hebr oadspher esof
popul armedi aandt heeducat i
onalsy stem.Adv ocacyandawar enessi sespeci all
y
crucial inpromotingconcept ssuchassust ai nabledev elopment ,nat ural r
esour ce
conser v at
ionandt her estor at
ionofecosy stems.NGOscansensi tizepol i
cymaker s
aboutt helocalneedsandpr i
ori
ti
es.Theycanof teni nti
mat et hepol icymaker sabout
thei
nt er
estsofbotht hepoorandt heecosy stem asawhol e.Inprovi
dingtr
aini
ng
faci
l
iti
es,bothatcommuni tyandgov ernmentl evel
s,NGOscanpl ayasi gni
fi
cantrol
e.
Theycanal socont
ribut esigni
fi
cantlybyunder taki
ngresearchandpubl i
cat
ionon
envi
ronmentanddev elopmentr el
atedissues.Itisnecessarytosupportandencourage
genuine,small
,l
ocallev elNGOsi ndiff
erentpar t
softhecount r
ywhichcanpr ovi
de
muchneededi nsti
tutionalsupportspecifi
ctot helocalneeds.

NGOscanmaket hef ollowingCont r

ibut i
ons:
 Conduct ingeducat ionandci t
izenawar enesspr ogrammesi nthef i
el dof
env i
ronment
 Fact–f indingandanal ysis
 Fi l
ingpubl i
ci nterestl i
t i
gat ions
 I nnovat i
onandexper iment ingi nar easwhi char edi ff
icul
tforgov ernment
agenci est omakechangesi n
 Pr ov i
dingexper t
iseandpol icyanal ysi
s
 Pr ov i
dingf act ual andr eli
abl einf or
mat ionwi thanet workofpr ofessional expert
staff
 Remai ningi ndependentwhi l
epassi ngr elev antinformat i
ont ot hepubl icand
gov ernment albodi es
 Sol idar i
tyandsuppor tt oenv i
ronment aldef ender s
 Wor kingi ncol labor ati
onwi tht hegov ernmentf orcapacitybui l
dingand
promot i
onofcommuni typar t
icipationinenv ironment alawar enessand
protect i
onand
 Wor kingoutatt hegr assr ootl evelandr eachi ngf ar–f l
ungar easwi thorwi t
hout
the
 gov ernmenti nv i
tation.
Hav i
ngduer egar dst ot hei mpor tanceoft her oleofNGOsi nmot i
v ati
ngt hesoci etyfor
parti
cipati
oni nenv ir
onment al conser vati
onpr ogr ammest heMi nistryhasl aunched
severalprogr ammes, whi char ebei ngi mpl ement edwi ththeiractivepar t
icipati
on.
Thesepr ogrammesai m atspr eadi ngenv ironment al consciousnessnotonl yamongt he
studentcommuni ty ,
pr ofessi onal sandot heri ntellectualsbutal sogener al publ
ic.