UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN ACADEMIC YEAR 2022

UEMX2353 CONCRETE STRUCTURES DESIGN I TUTORIAL 1

Q1. What are the three basic methods using factors of safety to achieve safe, workable structures?

(1) The permissible stress method in which ultimate strengths of the materials are divided by a
factor of safety to provide design stresses which are usually within the elastic range.

(2) The load factor method in which the working loads are multiplied by a factor of safety.

(3) The limit state method which multiplies the working loads by partial factors of safety and
also divides the materials' ultimate strengths by further partial factors of safety.

This design of an engineering structure must ensure that (1) under the worst loadings the
structure is safe, and (2) during normal working conditions the deformation of the
members does not detract from the appearance, durability or performance of the structure.

Q2. Discuss the two principal types of limit state design.

(a) Ultimate Limit State

This requires that the structure must be able to withstand, with an adequate factor of safety against
collapse, the loads for which it is designed. The possibility of buckling or overturning must also be
taken into account, as must the possibility of accidental damage as caused, for example, by an
internal explosion.

(b) Serviceability Limit States

Generally the most important serviceability limit states are:
(1) Deflection- the appearance or efficiency of any part of the structure must not be adversely
affected by deflections
(2) Cracking - local damage due to cracking and spalling must not affect the appearance,
efficiency or durability of the structure
(3) Durability - this must be considered in terms of the proposed life of the structure and its
conditions of exposure.

Other limit states that may be reached include:

(4) Excessive vibration- which may cause discomfort or alarm as well as damage
(5) Fatigue- must be considered if cyclic loading is likely
(6) Fire resistance - this must be considered in terms of resistance to collapse, flame penetration
and heat transfer
(7) Special circumstances - any special requirements of the structure which are not covered by any
of the more common limit states, such as earthquake resistance, must be taken into account.

Q3. Explain the term characteristic actions and design actions.

The characteristic actions are the actual loads that the structure is designed to carry. These
are normally thought if as the maximum loads which will not be exceeded during the life of
the structure.

The design actions are the design value obtained by multiplying the characteristic actions
with partial safety factor for actions.

Q4. Calculate the Ultimate Limit States (ULS) design value of actions. Assume it is a
condominium in Malaysia.

Permanent action, Gk = 200 kN/m

Variable action, Qk = 150 kN/m
UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN ACADEMIC YEAR 2019
UEMX2353 CONCRETE STRUCTURES DESIGN I TUTORIAL 1

Wind action, Wk = 50 kN/m

Accidental action Ad = 100 kN/m
Seismic action AEd = 75 kN/m

Reference Calculation Output

Ultimate Limit State for combination of actions

MS EN Ƴ Gj,sup = 1.35
1990:2010
Ƴ Q,1 & Ƴ Q,i = 1.5
Table NA3b

MS EN Qk for category A : 𝜓O = 0.7; 𝜓1 = 0.5; 𝜓2 = 0.3

1990:2010 Wk : 𝜓O = 0.5; 𝜓1 = 0.2; 𝜓2 = 0
Table NA2.

1) For persistence or transient design situation: with one variable action

Consider Qk is leading variable action:

MS EN Ed = ∑ Ƴ G, jGk , j + Ƴ p P + Ƴ Q,lQk ,l + ∑ Ƴ Q,i 𝜓 0,iQk ,i
1990:2010 = (1.35 × 200) + (1.5 × 150)
Eq. 6.10 = 495 kN/m

Consider Wk is leading variable action:

∴ Choose
Ed = (1.35 × 200) + (1.5 × 50) 495 kN/m
= 345 kN/m

2) For persistence or transient design situation: with two variable

actions

MS EN Consider Qk is leading variable action + Wk is trailing variable action:

1990:2010 Ed = (1.35 × 200) + (1.5 × 150) + (1.5 × 0.5 × 50)
Eq. 6.10 = 532.5 kN/m

Consider Wk is leading variable action + Qk is trailing variable action:

Ed = (1.35 × 200) + (1.5 × 50) + (1.5 × 0.7 × 150) ∴ Choose
= 502.5 kN/m 532.5 kN/m

3) For accidental design situation: with one variable action

Consider Qk is leading variable action:

MS EN Ed = ∑ Gk , j + P + Ad + (𝜓1,l or 𝜓2,l )+ ∑ 𝜓2,l 2,i Qk ,i
1990:2010 = 200 + 100 + (0.5 × 150)
Eq. 6.11b = 375 kN/m
UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN ACADEMIC YEAR 2019
UEMX2353 CONCRETE STRUCTURES DESIGN I TUTORIAL 1

Reference Calculation Output

Consider Wk is leading variable action:
∴ Choose
Ed = 200 + 100 + (0.2 × 50)
375 kN/m
= 310 kN/m

4) For accidental design situation: with two variable actions

Consider Qk is leading variable action + Wk is trailing variable action:

MS EN Ed = 200 + 100 + (0.5 × 150) + (0 × 50)
1990:2010
= 375 kN/m
Eq. 6.11b
Consider Wk is leading variable action + Qk is trailing variable action:
Ed = 200 + 100 + (0.2 × 50) + (0.3 × 150) ∴ Choose
= 355 kN/m 375 kN/m

5) For seismic design situation: only with one variable action

MS EN Consider Qk is leading variable action:

1990:2010
Ed = ∑ Gk , j + P + AEd + ∑ 𝜓 2,i Qk ,i
Eq. 6.12b
= 200 + 75 + (0.3 × 150)
= 325 kN/m

Consider Wk is leading variable action: ∴ Choose

Ed = 200 + 75 + (0 × 50) 325 kN/m
= 275 kN/m
Note: Wind load and earthquake cannot occur simultaneously.
Therefore, only one variable actions for seismic design situation.

Summary of ULS results:

1) For persistence or transient design situation (1 variable) = 495

kN/m
2) For persistence or transient design situation (2 variables) = 532.5
kN/m
3) For accidental design situation (1 variable) = 375 kN/m ∴ Choose
4) For accidental design situation (2 variables) = 375 kN/m 532.5 kN/m
5) For seismic design situation (1 variable) = 325 kN/m

Q5. Calculate the Serviceability Limit States (SLS) design value of actions. Assume it is a
condominium.

Permanent action, Gk = 200 kN/m

Variable action, Qk = 150 kN/m
UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN ACADEMIC YEAR 2019
UEMX2353 CONCRETE STRUCTURES DESIGN I TUTORIAL 1

Wind action, Wk = 50 kN/m

Accidental action Ad = 100 kN/m
Seismic action AEd = 75 kN/m

Reference Calculation Output

Serviceability Limit State for combination of actions

MS EN Qk for category A : 𝜓O = 0.7; 𝜓1 = 0.5; 𝜓2 = 0.3

1990:2010
Wk : 𝜓O = 0.5; 𝜓1 = 0.2; 𝜓2 = 0
Table NA2.

1) For characteristic combination: with one variable action

MS EN Consider Qk is leading variable action:

1990:2010 Ed = ∑ G k , j + P + Qk ,l + ∑ 𝜓 0,i Qk ,i
Eq. 6.14b
= 200 + 150
= 350 kN/m

Consider Wk is leading variable action: ∴ Choose

Ed = 200 + 50 350 kN/m
= 250 kN/m

MS EN 2) For characteristic combination: with two variable actions

1990:2010
Eq. 6.14b Consider Qk is leading variable action + Wk is trailing variable action:
Ed = ∑ Gk , j + P + Qk ,l + ∑𝜓 0,i Qk ,i
= 200 + 150 + (0.5 × 50)
= 375 kN/m

Consider Wk is leading variable action + Qk is trailing variable action: ∴ Choose

Ed = 200 + 50 + (0.7 × 150) 375 kN/m
= 355 kN/m

MS EN 3) For frequent combination: with one variable action

1990:2010
Eq. 6.15b Consider Qk is leading variable action:
Ed = ∑ Gk , j + P + 𝜓 1,l Qk ,l + ∑ 𝜓 2,i Qk ,i
= 200 + (0.5 × 150)
= 275 kN/m

Consider Wk is leading variable action:

Ed = 200 + (0.2 × 50) ∴ Choose
= 210 kN/m 275 kN/m
UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN ACADEMIC YEAR 2019
UEMX2353 CONCRETE STRUCTURES DESIGN I TUTORIAL 1

Reference Calculation Output

4) For frequent combination: with two variable actions

Consider Qk is leading variable action + Wk is trailing variable action:

MS EN Ed = ∑ Gk , j + P + 𝜓 1,l Qk ,l + ∑ 𝜓 2,i Qk ,i
1990:2010 = 200 + (0.5 × 150) + (0 × 50)
Eq. 6.15b = 275 kN/m
∴ Choose
Consider Wk is leading variable action + Qk is trailing variable action: 275 kN/m
Ed = 200 + (0.2 × 50) + (0.3 × 150)
= 255 kN/m

5) For quasi-permanent combination: with one variable action

MS EN
1990:2010 Consider Qk is leading variable action:
Eq. 6.16b Ed = ∑ Gk , j + P + ∑ 𝜓 2,i Qk ,i
= 200 + (0.3 × 150)
= 245 kN/m
Consider Wk is leading variable action:
Ed = 200 + (0 × 50) ∴ Choose
= 200 kN/m 245 kN/m

Summary of SLS results:

1) For characteristic combination (1 variable) = 350 kN/m

2) For characteristic combination (2 variables) = 375 kN/m
3) For frequent combination (1 variable) = 275 kN/m
4) For frequent combination (2 variables) = 275 kN/m ∴ Choose
5) For quasi-permanent combination (1 variable) = 245 kN/m 375 kN/m