Unit 4

Analog Communication
Unit 4: Analog Communication

Contents

• Need for analog communication

• Communication System

• Need for modulation, type of modulation – AM,FM, PM

• Amplitude modulation (AM)– Definition, equation, subtypes,

basic circuit, spectrum, bandwidth and power requirement

• Receiver

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Unit 4: Analog Communication

Need for analog communication

Analog Communication is better than Digital Communication as it

• Requires less transmission bandwidth

• Possesses less complex circuits

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Unit 4: Analog Communication

Communication System

Noise
information

Input Communication
Transmitter
Transducer Channel

Output Receiver
information Transducer

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Unit 4: Analog Communication

Communication System…

• A communication system serves to communicate a message or

information. This information originates in the information
source.

• A transducer is a device which converts one form of energy into

another form. For example, in case of radio-broadcasting, a
microphone converts the information or massage which is in
the form of sound waves into corresponding electrical signal.

• The function of the transmitter is to process the electrical

signal from different aspects.

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Unit 4: Analog Communication

Communication System…

• Modulation is the main function of the transmitter. In modulation,

the message signal is superimposed upon the high-frequency
carrier signal.
• In short, we can say that inside the transmitter, signal processing
such as restriction of range of audio frequencies, amplification and
modulation of are achieved.
• All these processing of the message signal are done just to ease
the transmission of the signal through the channel.
• The term channel means the medium through which the message
travels from the transmitter to the receiver. In other words, we
can say that the function of the channel is to provide a physical
connection between the transmitter and the receiver.

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Unit 4: Analog Communication

Communication System…

• During the process of transmission and reception the signal gets

distorted due to noise introduced in the system.
• Noise is an unwanted signal which tend to interfere with the
required signal. Noise signal is always random in character. Noise
may interfere with signal at any point in a communication system.
However, the noise has its greatest effect on the signal in the
channel.
• The main function of the receiver is to reproduce the message
signal in electrical form from the distorted received signal. This
reproduction of the original signal is accomplished by a process
known as the demodulation or detection. Demodulation is the
reverse process of modulation carried out in transmitter.
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Unit 4: Analog Communication

Need for modulation

1. Long range communication

2. Ease of multiplexing

3. Reduction in the antenna height

4. Avoids mixing of signals

5. Better quality of reception

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 Unit 4: Analog Communication

Amplitude modulation (AM)– Definition, equation, basic circuit,

spectrum, bandwidth, subtypes and power requirement

• Definition of AM: It is the process in which amplitude of the

carrier is changed according to instantaneous amplitude of the

modulating signal, with carrier frequency and phase constant.

• AM Equation: vam (t ) = Vc [1 + m. sin( wmt )] sin( wct )

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Unit 4: Analog Communication

Amplitude Modulators

• Low Level AM

– Low power level

– Used in laboratories

• High Level AM

– High power level

– Commercial broadcasting

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Unit 4: Analog Communication

Basic AM circuit: Low Level AM using Diode Modulator

• Consists 3 sections

– Resistive mixing network

– A diode rectifier

– LC tuned circuit

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Unit 4: Analog Communication

Amplitude Modulation with a diode

1 2 3

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Unit 4: Analog Communication

Operation

• Across R3 resistor, mixing of modulating and carrier signal

takes place.

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

-0.05

-0.1

-0.15

-0.2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

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Unit 4: Analog Communication

Operation contd..

• Diode becomes forward biased by positive going half-cycles of

the input wave.

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Unit 4: Analog Communication

Operation contd..

• During negative portion of the wave, diode is cut-off and no

signal passes.
• The current through the diode is a series of +ve going pulses.
• Pulse amplitude varies in proportion to the amplitude of the
modulating signal.
• These pulses are applied to the tuned circuit.

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Unit 4: Analog Communication

Operation contd..

• Coil and capacitor repeatedly exchange energy, causing an

oscillation or ‘ringing’ at resonant frequency
• The oscillation of tuned circuit creates one negative half-cycle
for every positive input pulse

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Unit 4: Analog Communication

Operation contd..

• Resulting waveform across the tuned circuit is an AM signal.

1 .5

0 .5

-0 . 5

-1

-1 . 5
0 0 .5 1 1 .5 2 2 .5 3 3 .5 4 4 .5 5

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Waveform of AM Circuit – At a glance
0 . 1

0 . 0 8

0 . 0 6

0
. 0

. 0
4

2
Modulating signal
0

- 0 . 0 2

- 0 . 0 4

- 0 . 0 6

- 0 . 0 8

- 0 . 1
0 0 . 5 1 1 . 5 2 2 . 5 3 3 . 5 4 4 . 5 5

0 . 1

0 . 0 8

0 . 0 6

Carrier signal
0 . 0 4

0 . 0 2

- 0 . 0 2

- 0 . 0 4

- 0 . 0 6

- 0 . 0 8

- 0 . 1
0 0 . 5 1 1 . 5 2 2 . 5 3 3 . 5 4 4 . 5 5

0. 2

0.15

0. 1

0.05
Modulating + carrier
0

-0.05

-0. 1

-0.15

-0. 2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3. 5 4 4.5 5

Diode output

1 . 5

AM signal
0 . 5

-0 . 5

- 1

-1 . 5
0 0 . 5 1 1 .5 2 2 .5 3 3 .5 4 4 .5 5
Unit 4: Analog Communication

Limitations of diode modulator

• Amplitudes of the signals are critical to proper operation

• At higher voltages, the diode current response in nearly linear

• The circuit works best with millivolt-level signals.

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Unit 4: Analog Communication

Transistor Modulator – Low level AM

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Unit 4: Analog Communication

Transistor Modulator - Description

• The circuit has a gain.

• E-B junction is a diode & non-linear device.

• Rectification occurs because of E-B junction.

• Tuned circuit oscillates to generate the missing half-cycle.

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Unit 4: Analog Communication

Low-level modulation system

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Unit 4: Analog Communication

AM Subtypes

Three subtypes of AM:

1. DSB-FC (Double Side Band Full Carrier)

2. DSB-SC (Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier)

3. SSB-SC (Single Side Band Suppressed Carrier)

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Unit 4: Analog Communication

AM (DSB-FC) Spectrum and Bandwidth

carrier

LSB USB

fc - fm fc fc + fm

B.W. = 2 fm

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Unit 4: Analog Communication

AM (DSB-SC) Spectrum and Bandwidth

Suppressed
carrier

LSB USB

fc - fm fc fc + fm

B.W. = 2 fm

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Unit 4: Analog Communication

AM (SSB-SC) Spectrum and Bandwidth

Suppressed
Suppressed carrier
LSB

LSB USB

fc - fm fc fc + fm

B.W. = fm

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Unit 4: Analog Communication

Power Requirements in AM

• Total power in AM is m2
PT = PC (1 + )
2

2 1
m 2
• Total Current in AM IT = I C (1 + )
2

m2
• Efficiency of AM is
2 + m2

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Unit 4: Analog Communication

Receiver – Tuned Radio Frequency (TRF) Receiver

Functions of Radio receivers :

1. It separates a wanted radio signal from all other radio signals, which

are picked up by the antenna.

2. It amplifies the received signal to a level so that it can be useful for the

reproducing device.

3. It extracts the modulating signal from the received (modulated) radio

signal.

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Unit 4: Analog Communication

Tuned Radio Frequency (TRF) Receivers

Antenna

RF Amplifiers
Audio
Detector
Amplifier

All LC circuits are

tuned to the same
signal frequency
Tuning capacitors mechanically ganged

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Unit 4: Analog Communication

Working of TRF Receiver

• A tuned radio frequency receiver (or TRF receiver) is a type of

radio receiver that is composed of one or more tuned radio
frequency (RF) amplifier stages followed by a detector
(demodulator) circuit to extract the audio signal and usually an
audio frequency amplifier
• One or more tuned RF amplifier stages amplify the signal of the
desired station to a level sufficient to drive the detector, while
rejecting all other signals picked up by the antenna.
• A detector extracts the audio signal from the radio carrier signal
by rectifying it.
• Optionally, but almost always included, one or more audio
amplifier stages which increase the power of the audio signal.

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Unit 4: Analog Communication

Numerical

• Find the carrier power of an AM signal with total power 24 KW,

modulated at 100% .

If modulation index is reduced to 30%, what will be the total

power? Also calculate power in single sideband.

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Unit 4: Analog Communication

Solution

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Unit 4: Analog Communication

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