Lecture Three

Point to Point Protocol

(PPP)

By
Eng.Dr. Alaa I. Al-Muttairi
2020/2021
Lecture Outlines

1- High-Level Data Control Protocol (HDLC).

 HDLC Encapsulation.

2-Point to Point Protocol (PPP)

 PPP definition and advantages.
 Relation between PPP and OSI.
 PPP components.
 PPP session establishment.
High-Level Data Control Protocol.

1- WAN use several different types of Layer 2 protocols

based on its technology and communication
equipment.

2- The common Encapsulation protocols are :-

• HDCL
• PPP
• Frame Relay
High-Level Data Control Protocol.
HDLC Encapsulation

 HDLC is a data link layer protocol developed by the

International Organization for Standardization
(ISO).
 HDLC uses synchronous serial transmission to
provide error-free communication between two
points.
 It depended on acknowledgment message to control
error.
 HDLC defines Layer 2 frames with two types
including data or control.
 HDLC Encapsulation

 Cisco developed (Cisco HDLC ) or (cHDLC) and it

was proprietary.

 cHDLC solved inability of standard HDLC to

provide multiprotocol support.

 Also , cHDLC frame contains a field for identifying

the network protocol being encapsulated.

 Figure 2-20 shows standard and Cisco HDLC frame

format.
High-Level Data Control Protocol.
High-Level Data Control Protocol.
Point to Point Protocol (PPP)

 Recall that HDLC is the default serial encapsulation

method when you connect two Cisco routers.

 With an added protocol type field, the Cisco version

of HDLC is proprietary.

 Thus, Cisco HDLC can only work with other Cisco

devices. However, when you need to connect to a
non-Cisco router, you should use PPP
encapsulation.
Point to Point Protocol (PPP)

 What is PPP ?
It is Layer 2 protocol used for WAN technology . It
provides router to router or host to network
connections over synchronous and asynchronous
circuits. Also, it works with several network layer
protocols.
 It retains compatibility with most commonly used
supporting hardware.
 PPP establishes a direct connection using serial
cables, phone lines, trunk lines, cellular telephones,
specialized radio links, or fiber-optic links.
Point to Point Protocol (PPP)

 There are many advantages to using PPP:-

1- Including the fact that it is not proprietary.
2- It includes many features not available in HDLC:
 The link quality management feature monitors
the quality of the link. If too many errors are
detected, PPP takes the link down.
 PPP supports PAP and CHAP authentication.
 Can send several network layer protocols using
same link.
Point to Point Protocol (PPP) –Components-
Point to Point Protocol (PPP) and OSI
Point to Point Protocol (PPP)
Point to Point Protocol (PPP) -LCP-

 The LCP provides automatic configuration of the

interfaces at each end , including:
1.Handling varying limits on packet size.
2.Detecting common misconfiguration errors .
3.Terminating the link.
4.Determining when a link is functioning properly or
when it is failing.
5.PPP also uses the LCP to agree automatically on
encapsulation formats (authentication, compression,
error detection) as soon as the link is established.
Point to Point Protocol (PPP) - NCP-

 Point-to-point links tend to worsen many problems

with the current family of network protocols.

 PPP permits multiple Network layer protocols to

operate on the same communications link.

 For every Network layer protocol used, PPP uses a

separate NCP. For example, IP uses the IP Control
Protocol (IPCP), and IPX uses the Novell IPX Control
Protocol (IPXCP).
Point to Point Protocol (PPP) – NCP-
 Each NCP manages the specific needs of its respective
network layer protocols. The various NCP components
encapsulate and negotiate options for multiple network
layer protocol.
 PPP frame has six field just like cHDLC including protocol
type
Establishing a PPP session

 Establishing a PPP session consists of three phases

performed by the LCP.
Point to Point Protocol (PPP)
PPP Link establishment

Configuration

Link
maintenance

Termination
Point to Point Protocol (PPP)
Establishing a PPP session

 The link remains configured for communications

until :-
1- Explicit LCP or NCP frames close the link.
2- Until some external event occurs (for example, an
inactivity timer expires or a user intervenes).
3- One of the routers requests termination then LCP
can terminate the link at any time.
4- or because of a physical event, such as the loss of a
carrier or the expiration of an idle period timer.
NCP Process ( IP as an example)

1- After the LCP has configured and authenticated the

basic link , the appropriate NCP is used to complete
the specific configuration of the network layer
protocol.
NCP Process ( IP as an example)
NCP Process ( IP as an example)
Thank you