Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Class One - Sale of Goods
Class One - Sale of Goods
1) Sale of Goods
i) Formation of contract for sale of goods
ii) Classification of goods
iii) Implied conditions and warranties
iv) Transfer of property in goods
v) Rights and duties of the parties
vi) Remedies of the parties
vii) International sale contracts
INTRODUCTION
The law relating to the Purchase and Sale of Goods is contained in the Sale of Goods Act Cap. 31,
Laws of Kenya. SGA a substantial reproduction of the English SGA 1893. The English Act was made
part of the Kenyan law by the colonial administration on 1/10/1931. The English Act has been
significantly amended (notably in 1979 and 1994).
MEANING
Under s. 3.(1) SGA, a contract of sale of goods:
“ is a contract whereby the seller transfers or agrees to transfer the property in goods to the buyer
for a money consideration, called the price.”
CONTRACT
Thus the sale of goods is a contract, governed by contract law. All requirements for a valid contract
must be met e.g. offer to sell/buy and acceptance is necessary etc.
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HBC 2243 Notes compiled by Njihia Kaburu
- The implied conditions and warranties under the sale of goods act does not apply to contract of
work and material.
Definition covers most moveables but doesn’t include land, shares, debts, claims etc, which cannot be
moved away. Money sold as curio or collectors item qualifies but not when transferred as currency.
Definition of Necessaries: They are defined as goods suitable to the condition of life of such infant,
minor or other person and to his actual requirement at the time of the sale and delivery as per sec 4 sub
sec 2.
FORM OF CONTRACT
Under s. 5 a contract may be made:
1) In writing (either with or without seal) or
2) By word of mouth (oral), or
3) Partly in writing and partly by word of mouth, or
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HBC 2243 Notes compiled by Njihia Kaburu
4) May be implied from the conduct of the parties
THE PRICE
Under s. 10.(1) The price for goods may be:
a) Fixed by the contract, or
b) Fixed in a manner agreed and stated in contract (e.g. independent valuation) or
c) Determined by the course of dealing between the parties.
Failing above, the buyer must pay a reasonable price; a reasonable price is a question of fact
dependent on the circumstances of each particular case.
Time of payment
S. 12.(1): Unless expressly stated in the contract, stipulation as to time of payment is not deemed to be
of the essence of a contract of sale. Seller can however give notice (post-contract) making time of
essence and fixing a reasonable time for payment. In absence of express agreement or Notice, the
seller cannot repudiate contract on ground of unreasonable delay in payment.
A breach of condition repudiates a contract and a breach of a warranty leads to claim for damages. The
SGA implies into contracts of sale the following conditions and warranties;
Implied Warranties:
1) Quiet possession: The buyer shall have quiet possession and enjoyment of the goods.
2) Free from encumbrance: The goods shall be free from any encumbrance of change in favour of
third parties.
3) Trade usage/custom: a warranty may be implied by a trade usage/custom.
4) The seller will disclose dangers of the goods bought to ignorant buyers.
Implied Conditions:
Unless a different intention appears, the following conditions are implied in a Sale of goods contract
i. Right to Sell: Under section 14 (a) of the Act there is an implied condition that the seller has a
right to sell the goods when property is to pass.
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HBC 2243 Notes compiled by Njihia Kaburu
ii. Correspond to description: Under section 15 where there is a contract for the sale of goods by
description there is an implied condition that the goods shall correspond with the description and if
by sample and description the goods must correspond with the sample and description.
iii. Fitness for Purpose: Under section 16 (a) of the Act where the buyer expressly or by implication
makes known to the seller the particular purpose for which the goods are required so as to show
that the buyer relies on the sellers skill or judgement, and the goods are of a description which it is
in the course of the sellers business to supply here is an implied condition that the goods shall be
reasonably fit for such purpose.
iv. Merchantable Quality: Under section 16 (b) of the Act where goods are bought by description
from a seller who deals in goods of that description whether there is an implied condition that the
goods shall be of merchantable quality.
v. Correspond with sample: Under section 17 (2) (a) of the Act in a sale by sample there is an implied
condition that the bulk shall correspond with the sample in quality.
vi. Comparing bulk and sample: Under section 17 (2) (b) in a sale by sample there is an implied
condition that the buyer shall be afforded a reasonable opportunity of comparing the bulk with the
sample.
vii. Free form defect: Under section 17 (2) (c) of the act in a sale by sample there is an implied
condition that the goods shall be free from any defect rendering them un-merchantable which
would not be apparent on reasonable examination of sample.
viii. Trade usage or custom: Under section16 (c) of the Act an implied condition as to quality or
fitness for a particular purpose may be annexed by the usage of trade.
Exceptions
This doctrine is subject to the following exceptions:
1. Where the seller makes a misrepresentation and the buyer relies on it this doctrine does not apply.
2. Where the seller makes a false representation amounting to fraud or where he conceals a defect of
the goods
3. Where the buyer makes it known to the seller the purpose of which he requires the goods; so as to
rely on the sellers skill or judgement, then the seller should ensure that the goods serve the
purpose. In this case the doctrine does not apply.
4. Where the goods are purchased by description the doctrine does not apply.
5. The doctrine does not apply where the goods sold by samples does not correspond with the sample
earlier given.
7. Where the seller deviates from any of the implied conditions and warranties the doctrine does not
apply.
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HBC 2243 Notes compiled by Njihia Kaburu
Where intention is not discernible, the following statutory rules apply
1. Unconditional contract of sale: Where there is unconditional contract of sale of specific goods in a
deliverable state, the property passes to the buyer when the contract is made and its immaterial that
at the time of payment or delivery was postponed.
2. Where there is contract of sale of specific goods not in a deliverable state i.e. the seller has still to
work on them, to put them in a deliverable state the property does not pass to the buyer until the
seller does the work required and gives notice to the buyer.
3. Where there is a contract for sale of specific goods in a deliverable state but the seller is bound to
weigh, measure, test, packaging etc for the purpose of ascertaining the price, the property does not
pass to the buyer until the seller does the above.
4. Where the goods when goods are delivered to the buyer on approval or "on sale or return," the
property passes
- when buyer signifies approval or acceptance; or
- does any other act adopting the transaction (e.g. consuming, pledging etc); or
- if he does not signify his approval/acceptance he retains the goods without giving notice of
rejection:
o beyond the time fixed for return; or
o the expiration of a reasonable time if no time has been fixed.
5. Where there is a contract for the sale of unascertained or future goods by description, and goods of
that description, and in a deliverable state, are unconditionally appropriated to the contract, either
by the seller with the assent of the buyer or by the buyer with the assent of the seller, the property
in the goods thereupon passes to the buyer on;
- Delivering goods to a carrier for transmission to buyer is an e.g. of appropriation
6. Where seller reserves the right of disposal of the goods until certain conditions are fulfilled,
property passes- when the conditions are fulfilled.
7. In an auction sale- property passes at the fall of the hammer unless otherwise agreed.
TRANSFER OF TITLE
Nemo Dat Quod Non Habet Rule
Its a common law maxim which meaning that “a person cannot give what he doesn’t have.” Where
goods are sold by a person who is not the owner, the buyer acquires no better title than the seller had.
The rule protects the true owner of the goods against anyone who buys his goods from a person who
has sold without his authority or without having any right to them.
S. 23 provides for maxim: where the seller is not the owner and is selling without owner’s consent or
authority, buyer acquires no better title than the seller had i.e. If seller’s title is valid, void or voidable,
buyer acquires the same title.
TRANSFER OF RISK
Under s. 22 unless otherwise agreed, the goods remain at the seller's risk until the property therein is
transferred to the buyer whether delivery has been made or not.
Where delivery has been delayed through the fault of either buyer or seller the goods are at the risk of
the party at fault as regards any loss which might not have occurred but for that fault.
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HBC 2243 Notes compiled by Njihia Kaburu
2. Where no time of delivery is specified, the seller should deliver the goods within a reasonable
time.
3. Where the goods at the time of sale are in possession of third parties, there is no delivery by
the seller to the buyer unless and until such third parties acknowledges to the buyer that he
holds the goods on his behalf.
4. Where the goods are not in a state of delivery unless otherwise agreed, the seller must bear all
the expenses of putting the goods in a deliverable state.
5. Unless otherwise agreed, delivery expenses should be met by the seller.
Delivery by installment
The buyer is not obliged unless he agrees to delivery of the goods by installments.
BUYER’S DUTY:
1. ACCEPTANCE
It takes place when the buyer:
1. Communicates with the seller confirming that he has accepted the goods.
2. When the goods have been delivered to him and does any act to the goods inconsistent with the
ownership of the seller.
3. Retains the goods after the lapse of a reasonable time without telling the seller that he has rejected
them.
2. PAY
INTERNATIONAL TRADE
Many importers and exporters worldwide are accustomed to and may still use the INCOTERMS 1980,
the predecessor of INCOTERMS 1990 and INCOTERMS 2000.
Under the INCOTERMS 2000, the international commercial terms are grouped into E, F, C and D,
designated by the first letter of the term (acronym), as follows:
GROUP TERM Stands for
E EXW Ex Works
F FCA Free Carrier
FAS Free Alongside Ship
FOB Free On Board
C CFR Cost and Freight
CIF Cost, Insurance and Freight
CPT Carriage Paid To
CIP Carriage and Insurance Paid To
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HBC 2243 Notes compiled by Njihia Kaburu
D DAF Delivered At Frontier
DES Delivered Ex Ship
DEQ Delivered Ex Quay
DDU Delivered Duty Unpaid
DDP Delivered Duty Paid
In practice, trade terms are written with either all upper case letters (e.g. FOB, CFR, CIF, and FAS) or
all lower case letters (e.g. fob, cfr, cif, and fas). They may be written with periods (e.g. F.O.B. and
c.i.f.).
In international trade, it would be best for exporters to refrain, wherever possible, from dealing in
trade terms that would hold the seller responsible for the import customs clearance and/or payment of
import customs duties and taxes and/or other costs and risks at the buyer's end, for example the trade
terms DEQ (Delivered Ex Quay) and DDP (Delivered Duty Paid). Quite often, the charges and
expenses at the buyer's end may cost more to the seller than anticipated. To overcome losses, hire a
reliable/ customs broker or freight forwarder in the importing country to handle the import routines.
Similarly, it would be best for importers not to deal in EXW (Ex Works), which would hold the buyer
responsible for the export customs clearance, payment of export customs charges and taxes, and other
costs and risks at the seller's end.
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HBC 2243 Notes compiled by Njihia Kaburu
The FAS term is popular in the break-bulk shipments and with the importing countries using their own
vessels.
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HBC 2243 Notes compiled by Njihia Kaburu
The delivery of goods to the specified point at the frontier at seller's expense. Buyer is responsible for
the import customs clearance, payment of customs duties and taxes, and other costs and risks.
In the export quotation, indicate the point at frontier (discharge) after the acronym DAF, for example
DAF Buffalo and DAF Welland.
COMPILED BY:
Francis Njihia Kaburu. IMIS, LL.B (Hons.), LL.M,
Lecturer, Business Department,
JKUAT.
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