42 International politics

A United Nations
The UN is an international organisation
constituted1 in 1945 to make the world a better
place for humanity2. From its foundation3, it has
pursued4 these key aims:
• To keep peace throughout the world.
• To establish5 friendly relations between
countries.
• To work together to improve people’s lives by
conquering6 poverty, disease, illiteracy7 and
environmental destruction, and to encourage
respect for each other’s rights and freedoms.
• To be a centre for supporting nations in
achieving these goals.
In other words, the UN stresses the importance of negotiation8 when there are disagreements
between countries. It is opposed to injustice9 and upholds10 the rights of minorities11 but it will
only support military intervention12 if its Security Council agrees that this is justified13.
1 2 3
formed (used about an official organisation) all people time when it was established [founded]
4 5
try to achieve (pursue with this meaning collocates with words like aim, goal, career, strategy) set up,
6 7 8
put in place beating, getting rid of inability to read or write discussions in an attempt to reach
an agreement 9 unfairness 10
supports 11
groups of people who differ racially or in some other way
from most of the people in the place where they live (minority collocates with adjectives like ethnic, religious,
12 13
oppressed) involvement in a difficult situation in order to improve it caused by a good reason

B Political movements
A political movement is a group of people with the same beliefs who work together in the attempt to
achieve something. They often make use of a slogan, a short phrase that catches people’s attention
and is easy to remember. The aim of a political movement might be the liberation of a minority,
perhaps, or the integration of one particular social group into the society from which it is, or feels
itself to be, excluded. Members of a political movement sometimes go on a march, a walk where
they can demonstrate their solidarity with others sharing the same attitudes and aims.

C International conferences

NEWS
A major international conference is currently meeting in Rio. Delegates1
from 60 different countries are attending. Their aim is to determine
ways in which each country can minimise the energy requirements of
its infrastructure2, with a view to slowing the rate of global warming.
The governments of each country recognise3 the importance of these
discussions and have undertaken4 to support any programme of
measures agreed on by the conference. Although some of the issues
under discussion are undeniably5 delicate6, the conference has so far
shown more unity7 than is customary8 at such gatherings.

1 2 3 4 5
representatives basic systems and services such as transport accept promise certainly
6 7 8
needing to be handled with great skill being together as one usual

90 English Vocabulary in Use Advanced

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 Exercises
42.1 Choose a word from the box to complete each sentence.

pursue   ​
humanity   ​
justify   ​
conquer   ​
negotiations   ​
injustice   ​
establish   ​
minorities

1 The organisation’s aim is to illiteracy throughout the continent.

2 There is still too much in the world today.
3 The rights of ethnic are sometimes neglected by national governments.
4 The government wants to a committee to work on reducing poverty.
5 It is hoped that the current will lead to a positive outcome.
6 The best hope for all of is that nations should get better at respecting each other.
7 It is impossible to the use of force in such a situation.
8 Lesley is determined to her goal of becoming a barrister.
42.2 Complete the word formation table. There are two nouns for five of the verbs.

verb noun
constitute
foundation
undertake
negotiation
justify
conquest
liberation
unity
delegate
recognise

42.3 Choose the correct word to complete each sentence.

1 Are you planning to go on the protest tomorrow?
A slogan B march C unity D movement
2 It’s quite a subject, so take care how you bring it up.
A customary B deniable C delicate D justified
3 The country’s economy can only develop once it has a good .
A humanity B liberation C solidarity D infrastructure
4 The party not to reduce spending on international aid.
A integrated B undertook C conquered D recognised
5 It is now nearly 100 years since the of the organisation.
A foundation B negotiation C infrastructure D movement
6 Chris is going to the conference as our .
A humanity B solidarity C slogan D delegate
42.4 Complete each sentence with a word from the same root as the word in brackets.
1 It is true that the project is likely to meet with some opposition. (deny)
2 Is it in your country to take a gift if you visit someone’s house? (custom)
3 It is wrong that there is still so much in the world. (just)
4 The workers expressed their by organising a huge demonstration. (solid)
5 Left-wing political were particularly powerful in the early 20th century. (move)
6 On the whole this society is very well . (integrate)

English Vocabulary in Use Advanced 91

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