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Primal Conjecture In Matrixe9Φ: Eduardo J. Acuña T, Paul Francisco Marrero Romero
Primal Conjecture In Matrixe9Φ: Eduardo J. Acuña T, Paul Francisco Marrero Romero
A P REPRINT
A BSTRACT
"There is a certain enigma in everything that seems obvious."
In this paper we propose a conjecture about integer solutions to any equations, based on (2021)
Acuña, Marrero et al, [5], Primal algebra specifically this conjecture is a corollary of the Acuña´s
Theorem in that article.
1 Introduction
We propose a efficient way to track numbers and know whit anteriority if a equation have result for integers numbers,
the use of the mod 9 is because we know the result always gonna be congruent whit any calculations everybody can do
whit any calculator, but besides when you group the numbers in the Matrix Eφ9 in this order, you have pretty interesting
patterns.
In this paper we gonna drop all the definitions, concepts and theorems required to understand the conjecture that is in
chapter [11].
The First idea that we use for this matrix was the property of reduction of integer numbers by the Digital Sum, all this is
mention in the article (2021) [5], This is congruent whit the Method of Digital Sum Propose by Jhon Eider (2015) [3],
and we propose the the next Equation to found any Positive Digital Root based on Knuth (1972) [2].
Also this paper is gonna drop a resume of primal algebra, with the propose of make more easy to understand the
conjecture.
The Novem Digital Root:
v−1
Φ9 = v − 9 (1)
9
in the Matrix Eφ9 the equation for the Digital Sum is:
Φj = v − 9(i − 1) (2)
Both of this equations are equivalent, so we conclude when the digital root is in module 9, is equal to the Digital Sum.
2 Theorem: Criterion M
The Criterion M or "Marrero’s criterion", Acuña, Marrero. (2021) [5], also mentioned in the pre-print [1] as the
K-interactive of the digital Sum. This is a criterion who tell when to stop to the Digital Sum Φ, we denoted the Criterion
like "M " this is the mark to any function of Digital Sum that meet the condition of the criterion φM .
P RIMAL C ONJECTURE . N OVEMBER 29, 2021
2.1 Theorem M
φk (vk ) − d = 0, (3)
where D of the set of the points fixed of v.
2.2 Proof:
1. (Existence). Supposed b ∈ Z and k be a integer fixed. Consider the set S b = φk (vk ) − b = 0 where
vk ∈ Z, S is not empty, because 1 ∈ S with k = 1. Then S ⊆ Z and let d being the smallest element of
S, d ∈ S, it must have the form φk (vk ) − d = 0, therefore φk (vk ) = d.
2. (Uniqueness). Let d1 and d2 ∈ D such that d1 6= d2 . supposed that φk1 (vk ) − d1 = 0 and φk2 (vk ) − d2 =
0 (using Definition 2.1), then φk1 (vk ) − d1 = φk2 (vk ) − d2 , but φk1 (vk ) − φk2 (vk ) = d1 − d2 and
φk1 (vk ) − φk2 (vk ) = 0. therefore d1 = d2 , this constitutes a contradiction.
The primal number is the result of applying the digital sum function Φ and we will denote it by Zφ . We denote the set
of positive and negative primal numbers by
D = {d| − 9φ ≤ d ≤ 9φ |}
Note that each value of D represents a relationship between and its classes, that is, for every integer v that belongs to
column j, there exists a primal number Zφ such that Zφ is congruent with j module 9.
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3.1.1 Example
1. 9φ = 72
2. 8φ = 179
3. 4φ = 9211
..
.
4. −5φ = −14
5. −9φ = −927
The Null class ∅, we will denote it by 0, is the one that is constituted by a column of zeros, and establishes a numerical
border between the positive and negative classes of the matrix Eφ9 .
−9φ −8φ ... −1φ ∅ 1φ 2φ ... 9φ
−9 −8 ... −1 0 1 2 ... 9
−18 −17 ... −10 0 10 11 ... 18
−27 −26 ... −19 0 19 20 ... 27
−36 −35 ... −28 0 28 29 ... 36
−45 −44 ... −37 0 37 38 ... 45
−54 −53 ... −46 0 46 47 ... 54
−63 −62 ... −55 0 55 56 ... 63
−72 −71 ... −64 0 64 65 ... 72
−81 −80 ... −73 0 73 72 ... 81
−90 −89 ... −82 0 82 83 ... 90
−99 −98 ... −91 0 91 92 ... 99
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. . . . . . . . .
Table 3: Matrix Eφ9
The primal class that we denote by ΦZ represents and are sets of congruence classes modulo 9, that is:
ΦZ = {v ∈ Z | Zφ ≡ v (mod 9)}
3.3.1 Example:
1. Φ1 = {1, 10, 19, 28, ..., 91...}
2. Φ2 = {2, 11, 20, 29, ..., 92...}
3. Φ9 = {9, 18, 27, 36, ..., 99...}
4. Φ−1 = {−1, −10, ..., −199...}
5. Φ−9 = {−9, −18, ..., −999...}
The Primal class also are class of congruence with respect to the module 9, Vinogradov (1977) [6], in class 9+
− the
residue is 0, but we take the module as the main value of the class, either positive or negative.
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Recall that the columns of the matrix Eφ9 , we denote it by j, it is worth mentioning that said Matrix Eφ9 ,consists of 18
columns, nine are for the positive part [V + ] and nine for the negative part [V − ] along with its respective primal number
that we write at the beginning of each column in the matrix Eφ9 .
There is many methods to calculate the columns by definition we chose the Digital Sum Φ, The novem digitalΦ9 (1) or
The matrix form Φj (2). All mentioned before are valid to the positive Part [V + ].
As the same way we define the positive columns, the negative part of the matrix contains all the negative integers Z− ,
this calculate is possible thanks to the negative novem digital root.
5.1 Definition:
Let v be a negative integer, we will write it as −v. We define the negative digital root novem, which we denote by f
and is as follows:
5.2 Definition 2:
We define the negative novem floor function,[4] for a negative integer, we will denote it by and it is as follows:
v+1
f̂−9 (v) = v − (−9) (5)
−9
For the Negative Digital Sum in the matrix Φ−j we propose the next equation:
Let i be the set of rows of the Matrix Eφ9 , the rows of the Matrix are always positive for any number inside the matrix,
no matters if is negative, but the method to calculate their i is conditional to their sing of the number.
To calculate the rows of the Matrix Eφ9 we proceed to consider two cases:
v
9 +1 F or a v 6= 9c
iv = (7)
v
9 F or a v = 9c
• case 2: Row a negative integer.
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v
−9 + 1 F or a v 6= 9c
i−v = (8)
− v9
F or a v = 9c
v − φ−v
i−v = −1 (10)
9
v = Φj + 9(i − 1) (11)
Isolating equation (6) to get the negative number we get:
As we know a integer number in the Matrix is a set of three elements, his Primal Number Zφ , his position in j and i,
whit this we can represent a integer inside the matrix like this:
v = Zi
Where i is the row and Z is the representative number, we don’t use φ because would be redundant such that φ ≡ Z ≡ j
are numerically the same, so we prefer pick only one to represent all.
7.1.1 Example:
Now some examples of how represent numbers in the matrix.
1. v = 178, → Zi = 720
2. v = 157, → Zi = 418
3. v = 293, → Zi = 533
4. v = 359, → Zi = 840
5. v = 999, → Zi = 9111
If we go to the Matrix and locate the Z in the columns and the i in the rows the interception would be the correspondent
number. Now whit the decompress equation we can go from Zi to v using the example 4. shown previously.
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8 Theorem A
The Theorem A or "Acuña’s Theorem" [5], is the core theorem that expose the principles of the algebra primordial,
using the properties of the matrix to arithmetic between classes.
8.1 Definition:
For all operation between two or more Primal Classes, the result will be another Primal class, and this is congruent with
the numbers inside the class.
This is a extension of of class of residues by Vinogradov (1977) [6], but this work in both positive and negative integers.
8.2 Proof:
If:
va , Zφa ∈ φa → va ≡ Zφa (mod 9)
vb , Zφb ∈ φb → vb ≡ Zφb (mod 9)
vc , Zφc ∈ φc → vc ≡ Zφc (mod 9)
Then by definition:
9.1 Proof:
φa } φb = (φ } φ)(a}b)
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Let’s suppose
0 0
(φ } φ)(a}b) = (φ0 } φ0 )(a }b )
Then if
0 0
Zφa , Zφa ∈ φa → Zφa ≡ Zφa (mod 9)
0 0
Zφb , Zφb ∈ φb → Zφb ≡ Zφb (mod 9)
∴
0 0
9 | Zφa − Zφa → Zφa − Zφa = 9q/q ∈ Z
0 0 0
9 | Zφb − Zφb − Zφa − Zφb → Zφb − Zφb = 9s/s ∈ Z
0 0
v = 9t + (Zφa ∗ Zφb )
0 0
v = 9t + [(9q + Zφa )(9s + Zφb )]
0 0 0 0
v = 9t + [(81qs + 9qZφb + 9sZφa + Zφa ∗ Zφb )]
0 0 0 0
v = (9t + 81qs + 9qZφb + 9sZφa ) + (Zφa ∗ Zφb )
0 0 0 0
v = 9(t + 9qs + 9qZφb + 9sZφa + (Zφa ∗ Zφb )
0 0
How (t + 9qs + 9qZφb + 9sZφa ) ∈ Z then
0 0 0 0 0 0
v = 9(t + 9qs + 9qZφb + 9sZφa ) + (t + 9qs + 9qZφb + 9sZφa ) → v ≡ (Zφa ∗ Zφb ) (mod 9)
∴
0 0
v∈ (Zφa ∗ Zφb )
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φa , φb , φc ∈ ζφ → [φa + φb ] + φc = φa + [φb + φc ]
Let’s supposed
Zφa ∈ φa , Zφb ∈ φb , Zφc ∈ φc
Then
[φa + φb ] + φc = (Zφa + Zφb ) + φc
= [(Zφa + Zφb + Zφc )a+b+c ]
= [φa + (Zφb + Zφc )b+c ]
= φa + [Zφb + Zφc ]b+c
= φa + [φb + φc ]
9.2.1 Proof:
10 Group {ζφ } +
Proposition of elements
φ−a ∈ {ζφ }
is the opposite element
10.1.1 Proof:
(−Zφa ) ∈ φ(−a)
Then by definition we can affirm that:
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Let
φa , φb , φc ∈ ζφ / φa + φc = φb + φc → φa = φb
10.2.1 Proof:
As we know by definition:
(φ + φ)a+c = (φ + φ)b+c = {v ∈ Z | v ≡ Zφa + Zφc = Zφb + Zφc (mod 9)}
From where:
v − [(Zφa + Zφc ) = (Zφb + Zφc )] = 9t, t ∈ Z
v = 9t + [(Zφa + Zφc ) = (Zφb + Zφc )]
v = 9t + [(Zφa + Zφc ) + (−Zφc ) = (Zφb + Zφc ) + (−Zφc )]
v = 9t + [(Zφa + Zφc − Zφc ) = (Zφb + Zφc − Zφc )]
v = 9t + [Zφa = Zφb ] → v ≡ Zφa = Zφb (mod 9) ∴ v ∈ φ(a=b)
11 Conjecture Primal
As we mentioned before, the Primal conjecture is a corollary of the "Theorem A" in chapter [8], and goes in this way:
φa φb ≡ φc ⇒ ∃ Za , Zb / Za Zb = Zc (mod9)
This conjecture says, that any operations have a class or primal number as result, that means we have a solution that
is congruent mod 9, but ¿if the congruence exist that means all member of the class are solutions?, or ¿One or more
numbers are solution to that problem?.
The next part of this paper is a modular algebraic, all the basic propositions of that algebra are proven by the early
theorems, but the conjecture goes further and add some problems, but also in the case that is true will solve another
problems.
12 Arithmetic Primal
All the early theorems are the base for the arithmetic tables presented in the paper, Acuña and Marrero (2021)[5] So we
gonna show again and add some properties and new tables.
∀φa + φb = φc
+ φ1 φ2 φ3 φ4 φ5 φ6 φ7 φ8 φ9
φ1 2φ 3φ 4φ 5φ 6φ 7φ 8φ 9φ 1φ
φ2 3φ 4φ 5φ 6φ 7φ 8φ 9φ 1φ 2φ
φ3 4φ 5φ 6φ 7φ 8φ 9φ 1φ 2φ 3φ
φ4 5φ 6φ 7φ 8φ 9φ 1φ 2φ 3φ 4φ
φ5 6φ 7φ 8φ 9φ 1φ 2φ 3φ 4φ 5φ
φ6 7φ 8φ 9φ 1φ 2φ 3φ 4φ 5φ 6φ
φ7 8φ 9φ 1φ 2φ 3φ 4φ 5φ 6φ 7φ
φ8 9φ 1φ 2φ 3φ 4φ 5φ 6φ 7φ 8φ
φ9 1φ 2φ 3φ 4φ 5φ 6φ 7φ 8φ 9φ
Table 4.
In this table, the cycle of infinite repetitions of the primal values can be clearly appreciated.
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∀φa − φb = φc
Like the subtraction is not commutative we have two tables, the first to positive results and the second for the negative
results.
- φ1 φ2 φ3 φ4 φ5 φ6 φ7 φ8 φ9
−1
φ 9φ 1φ 2φ 3φ 4φ 5φ 6φ 7φ 8φ
φ−2 8φ 9φ 1φ 2φ 3φ 4φ 5φ 6φ 7φ
φ−3 7φ 8φ 9φ 1φ 2φ 3φ 4φ 5φ 6φ
φ−4 6φ 7φ 8φ 9φ 1φ 2φ 3φ 4φ 5φ
φ−5 5φ 6φ 7φ 8φ 9φ 1φ 2φ 3φ 4φ
φ−6 4φ 5φ 6φ 7φ 8φ 9φ 1φ 2φ 3φ
φ−7 3φ 4φ 5φ 6φ 7φ 8φ 9φ 1φ 2φ
φ−8 2φ 3φ 4φ 5φ 6φ 7φ 8φ 9φ 1φ
φ−9 1φ 2φ 3φ 4φ 5φ 6φ 7φ 8φ 9φ
Table 5.
Also we can obtain 0 when we subtract the same class, if and only if the number they are representing is the same.
φa − φb = 0 ≡ va − vb = 0 | va = ab → φa = φb
These two tables in particular are complex and less intuitive, since it is an operation that depends on the size of the
number and the signs to determine if the result will be positive or negative, but it also affects the result in a modular way.
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∀φa ∗ φb = φc
* φ1 φ2 φ3 φ4 φ5 φ6 φ7 φ8 φ9
φ1 1φ 2φ 3φ 4φ 5φ 6φ 7φ 8φ 9φ
φ2 2φ 4φ 6φ 8φ 1φ 3φ 5φ 7φ 9φ
φ3 3φ 6φ 9φ 3φ 6φ 9φ 3φ 6φ 9φ
φ4 4φ 8φ 3φ 7φ 2φ 6φ 1φ 5φ 9φ
φ5 5φ 1φ 6φ 2φ 7φ 3φ 8φ 4φ 9φ
φ6 6φ 3φ 9φ 6φ 3φ 9φ 6φ 3φ 9φ
φ7 7φ 5φ 3φ 1φ 8φ 6φ 4φ 2φ 9φ
φ8 8φ 7φ 6φ 5φ 4φ 3φ 2φ 1φ 9φ
φ9 9φ 9φ 9φ 9φ 9φ 9φ 9φ 9φ 9φ
Table 8.
()∗ ()2 ()3 ()4 ()5 ()6 ()7 ()8 ()9 ()10 ()11 ()12 ()13 ()14 ()15
φ1 1φ 1φ 1φ 1φ 1φ 1φ 1φ 1φ 1φ 1φ 1φ 1φ 1φ 1φ
φ2 4φ 8φ 7φ 5φ 1φ 2φ 4φ 8φ 7φ 5φ 1φ 2φ 4φ 8φ
φ3 9φ 9φ 9φ 9φ 9φ 9φ 9φ 9φ 9φ 9φ 9φ 9φ 9φ 9φ
φ4 7φ 1φ 4φ 7φ 1φ 4φ 7φ 1φ 4φ 7φ 1φ 4φ 7φ 1φ
φ5 7φ 8φ 4φ 2φ 1φ 5φ 7φ 8φ 4φ 2φ 1φ 5φ 7φ 8φ
φ6 9φ 9φ 9φ 9φ 9φ 9φ 9φ 9φ 9φ 9φ 9φ 9φ 9φ 9φ
φ7 4φ 1φ 7φ 4φ 1φ 7φ 4φ 1φ 7φ 4φ 1φ 7φ 4φ 1φ
φ8 1φ 8φ 1φ 8φ 1φ 8φ 1φ 8φ 1φ 8φ 1φ 8φ 1φ 8φ
φ9 9φ 9φ 9φ 9φ 9φ 9φ 9φ 9φ 9φ 9φ 9φ 9φ 9φ 9φ
Table 9.
In this table we can see all the results for the powers from the square to the power 15, looks like a cycle appears when
we reach (φZ )8 and reboot in (φZ )14 , so this is a open problem.
13 Corollary of Problems
All this problem are in (mod 9)
•
X 3 + Y 3 + Z 3 = K ≡ X 9 + Y 9 + Z 9 = K?
•
(Zφa )2 + (Zφb )3 = 2φ ?
•
Z n + X n = K n ≡ Z n+6 + X n+6 = K
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Bibliography
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