Chapter 1 of EDC - II

Electronic Devices & Circuits – II
Chapter 1
MULTISTAGE
AMPLIFIERS
Jayen Modi
Department of Electronics Engineering
Vidyalankar Institute of Technology

Wadala (E), Mumbai – 400037
Multistage Transistor Amplifiers
Why are they needed ?
• The voltage gain obtained from a single stage small
signal amplifier is usually limited
• For many practical applications this value of voltage

gain is often not sufficient
• Hence to achieve more voltage gain, more than one

stage of amplification has to be used
Public Address System (PAS)
Practical Application of Amplifier
Amplifier
Microphone Loudspeaker
• Microphone is basically a
transducer for converting
the acoustic (sound) energy
into electrical signals
• Amplitude of the electrical

signals is proportional to the
intensity (dB) of the acoustic
or sound signals
Microphone
Amplifier
a few μV to mV range
Multistage
Amplifier
provides higher
voltage gain
Types of Multistage Configurations
• Cascade Connection
→ Each individual amplifier stage configuration and
the interstage couplings used are identical
• Cascode Connection
→ Each amplifier stage may be different from each
other & different couplings may be used
The Cascade Configuration
Output of Previous Stage = Input of Next Stage
AV1 AV2 AV3
Vin AMPLIFIER AMPLIFIER AMPLIFIER Vout

1 2 3
V1 = AV1 · Vin V2 = AV2 · V1

V2 = AV2 · AV1 · Vin
Couplings used in Cascade Configuration
The manner or type in which the output signal of one
stage is given as the input signal to the next stage
It serves the following purposes :-
• Transfers the a.c. output of one stage to the next stage

• Isolates the d.c. conditions of one stage to the next one
• It thus prevents shifting of Q – point in the next stage
if this happens then output signal becomes distorted

Couplings used in Cascade Configuration
• Resistance – Capacitance Coupling
• Impedance / Inductive Coupling
• Transformer Coupling
• Direct Coupling
1. Resistance Capacitance Coupling
Circuit Diagram
RC2
RC1 RB2
Vout
RB1 CC
Q2
Vin Q1
Two – Stage BJT Amplifier
+VCC
RC1
R1 CC2 R3 RC2 CC3
CC1
Q1 Q2
Vout
Vin R2 R4
RE1 RE2 CE2
CE1
Amplifier Frequency Response
Advantages
 Wide frequency response in the audio range
 Frequency curve remains constant over wide range
 Good fidelity over other coupling schemes
 Provides less frequency distortion

Disadvantages
 Less overall gain due to loading effect of next stage
 Becomes noisy with age, in moist climates
 Poor resistance matching between stages

Applications
 Excellent frequency response in the audio frequency
range (20 Hz – 20 kHz) makes it useful in the initial
stages of the Public Address System (PAS)
2. Inductive / Impedance Coupling
Circuit Diagram
L2
L1 RB2
Vout
RB1 CC
Q2
Vin Q1
2. Impedance / Inductive Coupling
+VCC
L1 L2
R1 CC2 R3 CC3
CC1
Q1 Q2
Vout
Vin R2 R4
RE1 RE2 CE2
CE1
3. Transformer Coupling
Circuit Diagram
T
Vout
RB1
Q2
Vin Q1
+VCC
R1 T1 R3 T2 RL
CC1
Q1 Q2
Vin R2 R4
RE1 RE2 CE2
CE1
Advantages
 No signal power is lost in collector or base resistors
due to the low winding resistance of transformer
 The transformer coupled amplifier provides higher

voltage gain than the R – C coupled amplifier
 Excellent impedance matching between two stages

for maximum power transfer from one stage to next
Disadvantages
 The coupling transformer is bulky & expensive when
operated in the audio frequency range
 At radio frequencies, the winding inductance and the

distributed capacitance cause frequency distortion
 It tends to produce ‘hum’ in the output

Applications
 The excellent impedance matching capability of the
transformer coupled amplifier makes it useful in the
final stage of Public Address System (PAS)
 It is used to transfer the power to the low impedance

load i.e. loudspeaker whose impedance is in between
typically 4 Ω to 16 Ω.
4. Direct Coupling
Circuit Diagram
RC2
RC1 RB2
Vout
RB1
Q2
Vin Q1
4. Direct Coupling
+VCC
RC1 RC2
R1
Q1 Q2
Vout
Vin R2
RE1 RE2
4. Direct Coupling
4. Direct Coupling
Advantages
 Very simple circuit arrangement because it uses the
minimum number of components
 The circuit cost is relatively low due to the absence of

expensive coupling devices (e.g. transformer)
 It can amplify the very low frequency signal down to

zero frequency i.e. up to the D.C. level
4. Direct Coupling
Disadvantages
 It cannot amplify the high frequency signals
 It has a poor temperature stability because of which

the Q – point shifts from one stage to next
 Direct coupling influences D.C. operating conditions

of the next stage, causing a shift in the Q – point
4. Direct Coupling
Applications
 Analog Computation
 Electronic Instrumentation
Preferred applications
 Power Supply Regulators of direct coupling :-
Differential Amplifiers
 Linear Integrated Circuits Operational Amplifiers
Microelectronic Circuits
Multistage Amplifier Analysis
What are we supposed to do here ?
• Grounding of all the D.C. voltage sources
• Short circuit all the capacitors present
• Reconfigure the complete circuit neatly
• Replace the BJT by its mathematical model

Inductively Coupled Amplifier
Circuit Diagram
+VCC
L1 L2
R1 CC2 R3 CC3
CC1
Q1 Q2
Vout
Vin R2 R4
RE1 RE2 CE2
CE1
A.C. Analysis – Step 1
L1 L2
R1 R3
Q1 Q2
Vout
Vin R2 R4
RE1 RE2
Q1 Q2
L2
Vout
Vin R1//R2 L1 R3//R4
Replace the BJT by it’s h – parameter model
Q1 Q2
XL2 Vout
Vin R1//R2 XL1 R3//R4
h – parameter model of the BJT
Approximate Equivalent Circuit
B C
IB
hie hfe·IB
E E
Approximate h – parameter Model for CE Configuration

Replace BJT by its h – parameter model
h – parameter model h – parameter model
for BJT Q1 for BJT Q2
hfe2·IB2
Vin R1//R2 hie1 hfe1·IB1 XL1 R3//R4 hie2 XL2 Vout

A.C. Equivalent Circuit
Stage 1 Stage 2
Iin IB1 V2 IB2
hfe2·IB2
Stage 1 Stage 2
Iin IB1 V2 IB2
hfe2·IB2
stage 2 causes LOADING EFFECT on stage 1

Transformer Coupled Amplifier
Circuit Diagram
+VCC
R1 T1 R3 T2 RL
CC1
Q1 Q2
Vin R2 R4
RE1 RE2 CE2
CE1
R1 T1 R3 T2 RL
Q1 Q2
Vin R2 R4
RE1 RE2
Q1 Q2
T2 RL Vout
Vin R1//R2 T1 R3//R4
Replace the BJT by it’s h – parameter model
Q1 Q2
T2 RL Vout
Vin R1//R2 T1 R3//R4
what to do about this ?

Stage 1 Stage 2
Iin IB1 V2 IB2
hfe2·IB2
Vin R1//R2 hie1 hfe1·IB1 R3//R4 hie2 n2·RL Vout
n2(R3//R4//hie2)
loading effect of stage 2
is taken into account
Direct Coupled Amplifier
Circuit Diagram
+VCC
RC1 RC2
R1
Q1 Q2
Vout
Vin R2
RE1 RE2
Iin IB1 IB2
R1//R2 β1·re1 β1·IB1 RC1 β2·re2 β2·IB2

RC2
Vin Vout
IE1 RE1 IE2 RE2

Stage 1 Stage 2
Iin IB1 V2 IB2
R1//R2 β1·re1 β1·IB1 RC1 β2·re2 β2·IB2

RC2
Vin Vout
IE1 RE1 IE2 RE2

Types of Multistage Configurations
• Cascade Connection
→ Each individual amplifier stage configuration and
the interstage couplings used are identical
• Cascode Connection
→ Each amplifier stage may be different from each
other & different couplings may be used
Example of Cascade Connection
Two Stage R – C Coupled BJT Amplifier
+VCC
RC1
R1 CC2 R3 RC2 CC3
CC1
Q1 Q2
Vout
Vin R2 R4
RE1 RE2 CE2
CE1
Cascode / Compound Connection
How is it useful ?
• High Input Impedance
→ Prevents loading of the signal source
• Low Output Impedance to achieve

these features
→ Able to drive low impedance loads other than gain
• High Current Gain

→ Deliver high power to the load
Cascode / Compound Connection
Some Practical Examples
• Hybrid (JFET – BJT) Configuration
• CE – CC (BJT) Configuration
• Darlington (BJT) Configuration
• Cascode (CE – CB) Configuration

Hybrid (JFET – BJT) Connection
Circuit Diagram
+V
RD CC2 R1 RC CC3
CC1
Q1 Q2
Vout
Vin RG R2 RE CE
RS CS
Two Stage BJT Amplifier
RC Coupled Amp. & X’mer Coupled Load
+VCC
RC
R1 CC2 R3 T1
CC1
Q1 Q2
Vin R2 R4
RE1 CE1 RE2 CE2
Two Stage BJT Amplifier
RC Coupled Amp. & X’mer Coupled Load
Numerical Example +12 V
10 : 1
3 kΩ
68 kΩ 1 μF 68 kΩ 8Ω
1 μF
β1 = 100 β2 = 100
Vin 12 kΩ 12 kΩ
1 kΩ 1 kΩ 100 μF
100 μF
Replace BJT by its h – parameter model
Stage 1 Stage 2
Iin IB1 V2 IB2
Vin R1//R2 β1·re1 β1·IB1 RC R3//R4 β2·re2 β2·IB2 Vout
n2·RL
CE – CC (BJT) Configuration
Circuit Diagram
+VCC
RC
R1 CC2 R3
CC1
Q1 Q2
Vin R2 R4
RE1 RE2 CC3 Vout
CE
A.C. Equivalent Circuit using ‘re’ model
Iin IB1 IB2
Vin
R1//R2 β1·re1 β1·IB1 RC R3//R4 β2·re2 β2·IB2
IE RE Vout
Iin IB1 V2 IB2
Vin
R1//R2 β1·re1 β1·IB1 RC R3//R4 β2·re2 β2·IB2
IE RE Vout
Stage 1
Iin IB1 V2
Vin
R1//R2 β1·re1 β1·IB1 RC
R3//R4//β2(RE + re2)
Numerical Example
R1 = 47 kΩ +VCC
R2 = 10 kΩ
R3 = 330 kΩ
RC = 3.9 kΩ RC
R1 CC2 R3
RE1 = RE2 = 1 kΩ
VCC = +12 V CC1
β1 = 100 β2 = 100
Vin R2
RE1 CE RE2 CC3 Vout
Darlington (BJT) Configuration
Schematic Diagram
C
B Q1
Q2
Sidney Darlington
1906 – 1997
E
Schematic Diagram
C
IC
IC1
IB
IC2
B β1
β2
IE1 = IB2
IE
E
Features & Characteristics
• Very high current gain – ‘superbeta’ configuration
C
• Increased input impedance
• Decreased output impedance B Q1
Q2
• Unity voltage gain
E
D.C. Analysis
+VCC
ICQ
RB
IBQ
βD
RE IEQ
Common Collector (CC) Amplifier
+VCC
R1
Cin
β1
β2
Cout
R2
Vin
RE Vout
IEQ
BJT Differential Amplifier
Different Types of Configurations
• Dual Input Balanced Output
• Dual Input Unbalanced Output
• Single Input Balanced Output
• Single Input Unbalanced Output

1. Dual Input Balanced Output
Circuit Diagram +VCC
RC RC
– Vo +
RS RS
Q1 Q2
Vin Vin
RE
–VEE
D.C. Analysis +VCC
RC RC
– Vo +
RS RS
Q1 Q2
Vin Vin
RE
–VEE
D.C. Analysis +VCC
IC RC RC IC
– Vo +
RS RS
+ +
+ VCEQ VCEQ +
IB VBE – – – – VBE IB
IE IE
2IE RE
–VEE
D.C. Analysis RS
Q1 Q2
+
IB VBE IE IE
–
2IE RE
Applying KVL in the
base – emitter loop
And here ? ? ?
–VEE
No need to, since both
stages are symmetrical !
D.C. Analysis +VCC
IC RC RC IC
– Vo +
RS RS
+ +
+ VCEQ VCEQ +
IB VBE – – – – VBE IB
IE IE
2IE RE
–VEE
D.C. Analysis + –
+
+VCC
Applying KVL in the IC RC
collector – emitter loop –
+
VCEQ
RS
–
+
2IE RE –VEE
–
– +
A.C. Analysis +VCC Perform grounding of
D.C. voltage sources
RC RC
– Vo +
RS RS
Q1 Q2
V1 V2
RE
–VEE
Differential Mode of Operation
+VCC output at collector
output at collector
of BJT Q2 (VC2)
of BJT Q1 (VC1)
RC RC
– Vo +
RS RS
Q1 Q2
V1 V2
RE
voltage voltage
across RE –VEE across RE
Dual Input Balanced Output
A.C. Equivalent Circuit for Differential Mode
RS +
Q1 RC Vo
–
V1 = Vd / 2
Replace the BJT by

its re model
RS +
Q1 RC Vo
–
V1 = Vd / 2
Mathematical Models of the BJT
The re Model for the CE configuration
Circuit Diagram of Common Emitter Configuration
B C
IC = β · IB
IB
Input β · re Output
re = 26 mV
IE
RS – IC
+
IB
Vd / 2 β · re RC Vo
(V1) –
IC = β · IB
Common Mode of Operation
+VCC
output at collector
of BJT Q1 (VC1)
RC RC
– Vo + output at collector
RS RS of BJT Q2 (VC2)
Q1 Q2
V1 V2
voltage
across RE RE
–VEE
A.C. Equivalent Circuit for Common Mode
RS +
Q1 RC Vo
–
V1 = Vc
2RE
Replace the BJT by

its re model
Q1
RS +
RC Vo
–
V1 = Vc
2RE
Mathematical Models of the BJT
The re Model for the CE configuration
Circuit Diagram of Common Emitter Configuration
B C
IC = β · IB
IB
Input β · re Output
re = 26 mV
IE
RS – IC
IB
β · re IC = β · IB
+
RC Vo
V1 = Vc
–
IE 2RE
2. Dual Input Unbalanced Output
RC RC
RS Vo RS
Q1 Q2
V1 V2
RE
–VEE
3. Single Input Balanced Output
RC RC
– Vo +
RS RS
Q1 Q2
V1 V2 = 0
RE
–VEE
4. Single Input Unbalanced Output
RC RC
RS Vo RS
Q1 Q2
V1 V2 = 0
RE
–VEE

Chapter 1 of EDC - II

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 1 of EDC - II

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Electronic Devices & Circuits – II

Department of Electronics Engineering

Vidyalankar Institute of Technology

• For many practical applications this value of voltage

• Hence to achieve more voltage gain, more than one

• Amplitude of the electrical

AV1 AV2 AV3

Vin AMPLIFIER AMPLIFIER AMPLIFIER Vout

V1 = AV1 · Vin V2 = AV2 · V1

It serves the following purposes :-

• Transfers the a.c. output of one stage to the next stage

if this happens then output signal becomes distorted

• Impedance / Inductive Coupling

 Frequency curve remains constant over wide range

 Good fidelity over other coupling schemes

 Provides less frequency distortion

 Becomes noisy with age, in moist climates

 Poor resistance matching between stages

 The transformer coupled amplifier provides higher

 Excellent impedance matching between two stages

 At radio frequencies, the winding inductance and the

 It tends to produce ‘hum’ in the output

 It is used to transfer the power to the low impedance

 The circuit cost is relatively low due to the absence of

 It can amplify the very low frequency signal down to

 It has a poor temperature stability because of which

 Direct coupling influences D.C. operating conditions

• Short circuit all the capacitors present

• Reconfigure the complete circuit neatly

• Replace the BJT by its mathematical model

Approximate h – parameter Model for CE Configuration

Vin R1//R2 hie1 hfe1·IB1 XL1 R3//R4 hie2 XL2 Vout

Iin IB1 V2 IB2

Iin IB1 V2 IB2

stage 2 causes LOADING EFFECT on stage 1

what to do about this ?

Iin IB1 V2 IB2

Vin R1//R2 hie1 hfe1·IB1 R3//R4 hie2 n2·RL Vout

Iin IB1 IB2

R1//R2 β1·re1 β1·IB1 RC1 β2·re2 β2·IB2

IE1 RE1 IE2 RE2

Iin IB1 V2 IB2

R1//R2 β1·re1 β1·IB1 RC1 β2·re2 β2·IB2

IE1 RE1 IE2 RE2

• Low Output Impedance to achieve

• High Current Gain

• Darlington (BJT) Configuration

• Cascode (CE – CB) Configuration

Iin IB1 V2 IB2

Vin R1//R2 β1·re1 β1·IB1 RC R3//R4 β2·re2 β2·IB2 Vout

Iin IB1 IB2

Iin IB1 V2 IB2

R1//R2 β1·re1 β1·IB1 RC

• Increased input impedance

• Decreased output impedance B Q1

• Dual Input Unbalanced Output

• Single Input Balanced Output

• Single Input Unbalanced Output

Replace the BJT by

Replace the BJT by

You might also like