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University of Benin
University of Benin
DEPARTMENT OF
CHEMICAL
ENGINEERING
A
CHEMICAL
ENGINEERING
LABORATORY REPORT
ON
REACTION KINETICS
TITLE PAGE
UNIVERSITY OF BENIN
SERIAL NUMBER: 94
GROUP NUMBER: B5
DATE: 23/09/2021
OF PSEUDO-FIRST-ORDER
REACTION OF
POTASSIUM PERSULPHATE IN
TEMPERATURES.
REACTION.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ............................................................................................................. 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………………………………………2
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES ................................................................................. 3
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... 4
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 5
THEORY ................................................................................................................... 7
DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS ............................................................................... 10
EQUIPMENT .......................................................................................................... 10
MATERIALS ............................................................................................................ 10
PROCEDURE .......................................................................................................... 17
RESULT .................................................................................................................. 18
DISCUSSION........................................................................................................... 22
CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................... 24
RECOMMENDATION ............................................................................................. 24
REFERENCES .......................................................................................................... 25
APPENDIX ............................................................................................................. 26
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
Figure 1: Beaker ................................................................................................... 11
Figure 2: Conical Flask........................................................................................... 11
Figure 3: Burette................................................................................................... 13
Figure 4: Funnel ................................................................................................... 13
Figure 5: Retort Stand .......................................................................................... 14
Figure 6: Measuring Cylinder................................................................................ 15
Figure 7: Stopwatch.............................................................................................. 15
Figure 8: Volumetric Flask ………………………………………………………………………………. 15
Figure 9: Thermometer……………………………………………………………………………………. 15
Figure 10: Water Bath……………………………………………………………………………………….
15
Figure 11: experimental setup.............................................................................. 16
The reaction is a pseudo- first order reaction which implies that the concentration
of one of the reactants (potassium iodide) was increased. The temperature was kept
constant and the experiment was carried out at different time intervals i.e. Table
1,to observe the effect of time on the rate of the reaction. The experiment was also
carried out at different temperature.
This experiment was aimed at determining the velocity constants of the pseudo –
first – order reaction of potassium persulphate in potassium iodide at four different
temperatures which were ambient temperature (310C), 400C, 500C, 600C. The
experiment also aimed at calculating the activation energy and frequency factor for
the reaction.
The graph of ln K against 1/T where values obtained from the first four graphs.
The slope of the graph ln k against 1/T was calculated to be 7.33 mol -1 min-1 K-1
which was E/RT. Thus the activation energy E was calculated to be 60.942 KJ/mol
from the Arrhenius equation [ lnK = E/RT + lnA], where lnA which is the intercept
was gotten to be 6.10 which further gave the frequency factor (A) to be 445.86
min-1.
INTRODUCTION
Chemical kinetics, also known as reaction kinetics, is the branch of physical
chemistry that is concerned with understanding the rates of chemical reactions. It
involves investigations of how experimental conditions influence the speed of
a chemical reaction and yield information about the reaction's
mechanismand transition states, as well as the construction of mathematical
models that also can describe the characteristics of a chemical reaction.
Collision Theory
To understand the kinetics of chemical reactions, and the factors that affect
kinetics, we should first examine what happens during a reaction on the molecular
level. According to the collision theory of reactivity, reactions occur when reactant
molecules “effectively collide.” For an “effective collision” to occur, the reactant
molecules must be oriented in space correctly to facilitate the breaking and
forming of bonds and the rearrangement of atoms that result in the formation of
product molecules. During a molecular collision, molecules must also possess a
minimum amount of kinetic energy for an effective collision to occur. This energy
varies for each reaction, and is known as the activation energy (Ea).The rate of
reaction therefore depends on the activation energy; a higher activation energy
means that fewer molecules will have sufficient energy to undergo an effective
collision.
CONCENTRATION
The reactions are due to collisions of reactant species. The frequency with which
the molecules or ions collide depends upon their concentrations. The more
crowded the molecules are, the more likely they are to collide and react with one
another. Thus, an increase in the concentrations of the reactants will usually result
in the corresponding increase in the reaction rate, while a decrease in the
concentrations will usually have a reverse effect.
PRESSURE
Increasing the pressure in a gaseous reaction will increase the number of collisions
between reactants, increasing the rate of reaction. This is because the activity of a
gas is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas. This is similar to the
effect of increasing the concentration of a solution. Increasing the pressure
increases the heat transfer rate between the reacting molecules and the rest of the
system.
ABSORPTION OF LIGHT.
The activation energy for a chemical reaction can be provided when one reactant
molecule absorbs light of suitable wavelength and is promoted to an excited state.
TEMPERATURE.
NUMBER OF BONDS.
: Reactions involving the breaking of fewer bonds per reactant proceed faster than those
involving the breaking of a larger number of bonds per reactant.
In a solid, only those particles that are at the surface can be involved in a reaction.
Crushing a solid into smaller parts means that more particles are present at the
surface, and the frequency of collisions between these and reactant particles
increases, and so reaction occurs more rapidly.
STATE OF MATTER.
Gases tend to react faster than solids or liquids: It takes energy to separate
particles from each other.
BOND TYPE.
Reactions involving ionic species tend to proceed faster than reactions involving
molecular compounds.
BOND STRENGHT.
Reactions involving the breaking of weaker bonds proceed faster than reactions
involving the breaking of stronger bonds. For example, double carbon to carbon
bonds are stronger than single C-C bonds
PHYSICAL STATE.
ACTIVATION ENERGY
Activation energy, in chemistry, the minimum amount of energy that is required to activate
atoms or molecules to a condition in which they can undergo chemical transformation or
physical transport.
FREQUENCY FACTOR
The pre-exponential factor, A, is a constant that can be derived experimentally or numerically. It
is also called the frequency factor and describes the number of times two molecules collide. In
empirical settings, the pre-exponential factor is considered constant
RATE CONSTANT
In chemical kinetics a reaction rate constant or reaction rate coefficient, k, quantifies the rate and
direction of a chemical reaction
ORDER OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
The Order of Reaction refers to the power dependence of the rate on the concentration of each
reactant. It refers to the relationship between the rate of a chemical reaction and the concentration of
the species taking part in it. In order to obtain the reaction order, the rate expression (or the rate
equation) of the reaction in question must be obtained. The order of reaction is an experimentally
determined parameter and can take on a fractional value. This is distinct from the molecularity (or
stoichiometry) of the reaction which is the theoretical integer value of the number of molecules
involved in the reaction.
In these reactions, there may be multiple reactants present, but only one reactant will be of first-order
concentration while the rest of the reactants would be of zero-order concentration.
In a pseudo-first order reaction, the concentration of one reactant remains constant and is therefore
included in the rate constant in the rate expression.
The concentration of the reactant may be constant because it is present in excess when compared to
the concentration of other reactants, or because it is a catalyst.
Example of a pseudo-first order reaction: CH3COOCH3 + H2O → CH3COOH + CH3OH (this reaction
follows pseudo-first order kinetics because water is present in excess).
ln[A]0.
APPLICATION OF REACTION KINETICS
Chemical reaction kinetics provide chemists and chemical engineers with tools to better
understand and describe chemical processes such as food decomposition, microorganism
growth, stratospheric ozone decomposition, and the chemistry of biological systems.
It can also be used in the design or modification of chemical reactors to optimize product
yield, more efficiently separate products, and eliminate environmentally harmful by-
products.
When performing catalytic cracking of heavy hydrocarbons into gasoline and light gas,
for example, kinetic models can be used to find the temperature and pressure at which the
highest yield of heavy hydrocarbons into gasoline will occur.
It helps to understand the steps by which a reaction takes place. These series of steps are
called the reaction mechanisms.
It provides evidence for the mechanisms of chemical processes.
DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS
EQUIPMENT
Beaker
Conical Flask
Separating Funnel
Burette
Funnel
Retort Stand
Measuring Cylinder
Stopwatch
Volumetric Flask
Thermometer
Water Bath
MATERIALS
Sodium Thiosulphate
Potassium Persulphate
Starch Indicator
Glacial Acetic Acid
Potassium Iodide.
BEAKER
A beaker is a cylindrical container used to store, mix and heat liquids in laboratories. Most are
made of glass, but other non-corrosive materials, such as metal and heatresistant plastic, are
also used. Beakers usually have a flat bottoms and a lip around the top.
Figure 1: Beaker
CONICAL FLASK
An Erlenmeyer flask, also known as a conical flask (BrE) or a titration flask, is a type of laboratory flask
which features a flat bottom, a conical body, and a cylindrical neck. Flasks can be used for making
solutions or for holding, containing, collecting, or sometimes volumetrically measuring chemicals,
samples, solutions, etc.
Figure 2: Conical Flask
BURETTE: A burette is a graduated glass tube with a tap at one end, for delivering known
volumes of a liquid, especially in titrations. It is a long, graduated glass tube, with a stopcock at
its lower end and a tapered capillary tube at the stopcock's outlet.
Figure 4: Burette
FUNNEL
Funnels are apparatuses that have been made for use in the chemical laboratory. It is used to
channel liquid or fine-grained substances into containers with a small opening.
Figure 5: Funnel
RETORT STAND
A retort stand, sometimes called a clamp stand or a ring stand, is a piece of scientific
equipment to which clamps can be attached to hold other pieces of equipment and glassware –
for instance, burettes, test tubes and flasks.
THERMOMETER
A laboratory thermometer, which is colloquially known as lab thermometer, is
used for measuring temperatures other than the human body. It ranges from -
10℃ to 110℃.
Fig. 12: thermometer
Fig 11:
Time (min) Initial volume (ml) Final volume (ml) Volume used (ml)
3 0.00 1.50 1.50
8 1.50 7.20 5.70
20 7.20 14.40 7.20
30 14.40 22.00 7.60
40 22.00 30.60 8.60
Time(min) Initial volume (ml) Final volume (ml) Volume used (ml)
3 0.00 5.10 5.10
8 5.10 9.00 3.90
20 9.00 17.60 8.60
30 17.60 29.40 11.80
40 29.40 44.40 15.00
Time (min) Initial volume (ml) Final volume (ml) Volume used (ml)
3 0.00 5.40 5.40
8 5.40 14.40 9.00
20 14.40 32.50 18.10
30 32.50 48.10 15.60
40 0.00 13.90 13.90
CALCULATIONS AT 30OC
Time = 3mins
Using the dilution formula; C1V1 = C2V2
Where, C1 = 0.050M, V1 = 10 ml, C2 = ? V2 =1.50 ml
Making C2 the subject of the equation,
0.05 X 10
C2 = = 0.333M
1.50
Therefore; x =⎹ C2 – C1⎹
= 0.333 -0.050
= 0.283M
Time = 8mins
Using the dilution formula; C1V1 = C2V2
Where, C1 = 0.050M, V1 = 10 ml, C2 = ? V2 =5.70 ml
Making C2 the subject of the equation,
0.05 X 10
C2 = = 0.087M
5.7
Therefore; x =⎹ C2 – C1⎹
= 0.087 -0.050
= 0.038M
Time = 20mins
Therefore; x =⎹ C2 – C1⎹
= 0.069 -0.050
= 0.019M
Time = 30mins
Therefore; x =⎹ C2 – C1⎹
= 0.066 -0.050
= 0.016M
Time = 40mins
Therefore; x =⎹ C2 – C1⎹
= 0.058 -0.050
= 0.008M
CALCULATIONS AT 40OC
Time = 3mins
Using the dilution formula; C1V1 = C2V2
Where, C1 = 0.050M, V1 = 10 ml, C2 = ? V2 =5.1 ml
Making C2 the subject of the equation,
0.05 X 10
C2 = = 0.098M
5.1
Therefore; x =⎹ C2 – C1⎹
= 0.098 -0.050
= 0.048M
Time = 8mins
Using the dilution formula; C1V1 = C2V2
Where, C1 = 0.050M, V1 = 10 ml, C2 = ? V2 =3.9 ml
Making C2 the subject of the equation,
0.05 X 10
C2 = = 0.128M
3.9
Therefore; x =⎹ C2 – C1⎹
= 0.128 -0.050
= 0.078M
Time = 20mins
Using the dilution formula; C1V1 = C2V2
Where, C1 = 0.050M, V1 = 10 ml, C2 = ? V2 =8.6 ml
Making C2 the subject of the equation,
0.05 X 10
C2 = = 0.058M
8.6
Therefore; x =⎹ C2 – C1⎹
= 0.128 -0.050
= 0.008M
Time = 30mins
Using the dilution formula; C1V1 = C2V2
Where, C1 = 0.050M, V1 = 10 ml, C2 = ? V2 =11.8 ml
Making C2 the subject of the equation,
0.05 X 10
C2 = = 0.042M
11.8
Therefore; x =⎹ C2 – C1⎹
= 0.128 -0.050
= 0.007M
Time = 40mins
Using the dilution formula; C1V1 = C2V2
Where, C1 = 0.050M, V1 = 10 ml, C2 = ? V2 =15.0 ml
Making C2 the subject of the equation,
0.05 X 10
C2 = = 0.033M
15.0
Therefore; x =⎹ C2 – C1⎹
= 0.128 -0.050
= 0.016M
CALCULATIONS AT 50OC
Time = 3mins
Using the dilution formula; C1V1 = C2V2
Where, C1 = 0.050M, V1 = 10 ml, C2 = ? V2 =5.4 ml
Making C2 the subject of the equation,
0.05 X 10
C2 = = 0.093M
5.4
Therefore; x =⎹ C2 – C1⎹
= 0.098 -0.050
= 0.043M
Time = 8mins
Using the dilution formula; C1V1 = C2V2
Where, C1 = 0.050M, V1 = 10 ml, C2 = ? V2 =9.0 ml
Making C2 the subject of the equation,
0.05 X 10
C2 = = 0.056M
9.0
Therefore; x =⎹ C2 – C1⎹
= 0.056 -0.050
= 0.005M
Time = 20mins
Using the dilution formula; C1V1 = C2V2
Where, C1 = 0.050M, V1 = 10 ml, C2 = ? V2 =18.1 ml
Making C2 the subject of the equation,
0.05 X 10
C2 = = 0.028M
18,1
Therefore; x =⎹ C2 – C1⎹
= 0.028 -0.050
= 0.022M
Time = 30mins
Using the dilution formula; C1V1 = C2V2
Where, C1 = 0.050M, V1 = 10 ml, C2 = ? V2 =15.6 ml
Making C2 the subject of the equation,
0.05 X 10
C2 = = 0.032M
15.6
Therefore; x =⎹ C2 – C1⎹
= 0.032 -0.050
= 0.018M
Time = 40mins
Using the dilution formula; C1V1 = C2V2
Where, C1 = 0.050M, V1 = 10 ml, C2 = ? V2 =13.9 ml
Making C2 the subject of the equation,
0.05 X 10
C2 = = 0.036M
13.9
Therefore; x =⎹ C2 – C1⎹
= 0.036 -0.050
= 0.014M
0.3
0.25
0.2
In(a)/(a-x)
0.1
0.05
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Time (min)
0.035
0.03
0.025 f(x) = − 0.000395154373927959 x + 0.0285821183533448
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Time (min)
In(a)/(a-x) VS Time (min) AT 50OC
0.05
0.045
0.04
In(a)/(a-x)
0.035
0.03
0.025 f(x) = − 0.000395154373927959 x + 0.0285821183533448
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Time (mins)
LN K VS 1/T (MINS)
-4.8
3.05E-03 3.10E-03 3.15E-03 3.20E-03 3.25E-03 3.30E-03 3.35E-03
-4.9
-5
-5.1
-5.2 f(x) = 2246.66090131642 x − 12.5522415681753
Ln k
-5.3
-5.4
-5.5
-5.6
1/T(min)
E
SLOPE = R
E = SLOPE × R
The first graph showed that the rate of formation is proportional to the
concentration of the persulphate ion. The plot showed the straight line
1 1
proportionality of ln( 1−x ) versus time t in minutes. The slope of ln( 1−x ) against
time is called K which is the velocity constant. The slope at 33.5 0C was 0.018 mol-
1
min-1 ,from the elevated temperature, at 400C, K was 0.0125 mol-1min-1 , at 500C,
K was 0.0083 mol-1min-1 and at 600C K was 0.003 mol-1min-1. From these values, it
was observed that the velocity constant at ambient temperature (33.5 0C) was higher
than that of the elevated temperatures.
Table 9 shows that the values of lnk was negative while 1/T was positive.
The graph of lnk against 1/T was plotted, the slope of the graph ln k against 1/T
was calculated to be 7.33 mol-1 min-1 K-1 which was E/RT. Thus the activation
energy E was calculated to be 60.942 KJ/mol from the Arrhenius equation [ lnK =
E/RT + lnA], where lnA which is the intercept was gotten to be 6.10 which further
gave the frequency factor (A) to be 445.86 min-1.
The major problems that was encountered during this experiment was temperature
control, it was quite a difficult task to maintain the elevated temperatures for the
run time (3 min to 60 min) and since heat is constantly lost to the environment
from higher to lower temperature, the temperature was always reducing and timing
(accurate timing) was another problem encountered as the time always exceeded
the given time for mixing. Other errors include human errors, drought, error due to
parallax when taking readings from the burete etc.
CONCLUSION
From this study ,the aim which was to determine the velocity constants of the
pseudo – first order reaction of potassium persulphate in potassium iodide at the
various temperatures and to calculate the activation energy and frequency factor
was achievied. The velocity constant was gotten to be 445.86 min-1.
Also, from the graph lnk against 1/T (K-1) the slope was determined to be 7.330
mol-1min-1k-1 which is E/R. Thus the activation energy was gotten as 60.942
KJ/mol ,which proved that the reaction of potassium persulphate and potassium
iodide strongly depends on temperature.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The following are recommended with same aim of the experiment for more
accuracy and time saving; Under all appropriate conditions and precautions, the
results gotten for the experiment should be accurate and standard;
REFFERENCES
University of benin, department of chemical engineering laboratory
manual.
Laidler, K. J. Chemical Kinetics(3rd ed., Harper and Row 1987) p.33-39, 42
Espenson, J.H. Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Mechanisms (2nd ed., McGraw-Hill
2002), p.254-256
Steinfeld J.I., Francisco J.S. and Hase W.L. Chemical Kinetics and Dynamics(2nd ed.,
Prentice-Hall 1999) p.94 – 97, 140
APPENDIX
V1 = volume of the mixed solution
x = net concentration
T = Time