Unit III Lesson 1

HUNTING INFORMATION:

INTRODUCTION

A framework is similar to a skeleton; it is a basic structure or a frame of

reference (Webster, 2006). It is designed to support or enclose
something. As a skeleton gives shape, form, and strength to the bod so
it can stand erect, so do different concepts ad theories. They serve as
the building blocks (or “skeleton”) to strongly clarify the bases of the
study.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

Upon completion of this module, you are expected to:

 construct the theoretical/conceptual framework and paradigm of your

study

Page 1|
 Some thesis/ dissertation writers use
both the theoretical and the
conceptual framework. However, it is
advisable to use only one, either
Topic 1 theoretical or conceptual framework.

The Both theoretical and conceptual

framework provide clear explanation
Conceptual/Theoretical regarding the relationships of
variables. The fact that variables can
Framework be associated but does not
guarantee that the relationship of
variables has significant difference
with each other , hence, research
study must have theoretical
framework to describe properly the
relationships of variables.

Page2|
HUNTING FOR INFORMATION

Theoretical Framework
The theoretical framework shapes the justification of the research problem/research objectives
in order to provide the legal basis for defining its parameters. It is desirable for an investigator
to identify key concepts that are used in the study for better understanding of the role of theory
in research.

Theoretical framework is a symbolic construction which uses abstract concepts, facts or laws, variables
and their relations that explain and predict how an observed phenomenon exists and operates. A
researcher is required to formulate existing theories which link the study because theories are useful
device for interpreting, criticizing, and unifying established scientific laws or facts that serve as guide
in discovering new generalizations.

Essential Elements of Theoretical Framework

1. Relevant Theories. Theories that are partially or fully related to the present study are discussed to
serve as a backgrounder on the variables being investigated.
2. Review of Related Literature. A survey of existing knowledge on the research topic is
gathered from previously published materials. This part serves to define, classify, and facilitate
objective comprehension of the variables being studied.
3. Review of Related Studies. Theses or dissertations carrying the same variables must be read by
the researcher to determine previous findings regarding the same variables studied in the present
thesis.
4. Conceptual Framework. This refers to a model which explains how variables are interrelated.
5. Paradigm of the Study. This is a one-page diagrammatic presentation of the variables of the
thesis for easy understanding.
6. The Hypotheses. These are tentative answers to the posted problems.
7. Assumptions of the Study. These are propositions used in delimiting the area of study. They
may also refer to propositions which the researcher asserts based on his/her own knowledge,
intuition, experience, and observations but which may not be scientifically proven. They are adopted
as a premise to the solution of the problem under study. Lastly, they may refer to the conditions or
situations governing the different variables in the study.
8. Definition of Terms. For a clearer understanding and comprehension, the different terms used
in the study must be defined. Definitions can be done conceptually, operationally, or a combination
of both.
9. Introduction. It is a common practice to open the chapter with an introductory paragraph
which gives the reader a bird's eye view before presenting the different elements of the
theoretical framework. The introduction lists down or enumerates the different elements of the
chapter and provides a brief description of them.

Page3|
 HUNTING FOR INFORMATION

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework presents specific and well-defined concepts which are called constructs.
Its function is similar to theoretical framework because the constructs used are derived from abstract
concepts of the theoretical framework.

Example (Experimental Research)

Level Independent Variables Intervening Variables Dependent Variables

Theoretical Lantay and Hanging Ecological Parameters Yield of Eucheuma
methods
Conceptual Lantay and Hanging Temperature, Oxygen, 900 kg
methods Ph, Salinity 700 kg

Example (Descriptive Research)

Level Independent Variables Intervening Variables Dependent Variables

Theoretical Academic Rank Values Performance
Conceptual Col./Univ. Professor Values Outstanding
Professor Attitude toward work, Very Satisfactory
Associate Professor Socioeconomic status, Satisfactory
Assistant Professor Age, Civil Status, Gender Fair
Instructor Unsatisfactory

Page4|
 Webster (2006) defines paradigm
as a pattern, model, or set of forms
which contains particular elements. It
is a scientific imagination of the
researcher which is expressed
Topic 2 virtually through drawing or sketches.
When used in a scientific work, the
Paradigm of the symbols must be must be specific in
meaning. The usual figure used are
regular shapes (rectangles, circles
Study and squares), lines, and arrows.
Irregular shapes are sometimes used,
and there must be an acceptable
rationale for them. The sketch of the
paradigm is something like a visual
representation of the entire thesis. A
title is needed to summarize the
paradigm.

Page5|
 HUNTING FOR INFORMATION

The common paradigms or models of the study used are:

1. IPO (input-process-output) model. This model is largely used when the research studies attempt
to isolate the factor or major variable that causes the problem, subject, or phenomenon under
investigation.
Example:

 Profile of entrepreneurs
a. Age
b. Sex Improved role
c. Seminar Analysis of data
of
s through the
entrepreneurs
attende questionnaire,
d informal
High returns
 Roles of entrepreneurs interviews and
a. Assessment statistical
Better quality
b. Planning treatment
of services
c. Implementation
d. Evaluation
 Specimen collection
 Performance

Entrepreneurs’ Roles toward Improved Work Performance

2. IV-DV (independent variable-dependent variable) model. This is used in experiment bases-

studies. The questions raised are higher-order and may be factor-relating, situation-relating, or
situation-producing.
Example:

Teaching Methodology used Level of performance of

by instructors college students
 Computer-assisted  Academic grades
 Instruction  Practicum grades
 Demonstration method  Parent’s satisfaction

The effects of Computer-Assisted Instruction

And Demonstration Method to the Level of
Performance Of College Students

Page6|
 HUNTING FOR INFORMATION

3. CP (criterion-predictor) model. This is used when relating and assessing the effects of two or
more variables. Studies that focus on relationships, associations, differences, and effects will
benefit from the model.
Example:

Level of performance of
Teaching competence of
clinical instructors nursing students
 knowledge-level  academic grades
 Related Learning
 pedagogical skills
Experience (RLE)
 classroom management skills performance
 patient’s satisfaction

Relationship of the Teaching Competence of Clinical Instructors to the

Level of Performance of Nursing Students

4. –P model stands for additional box. This is used in research studies that propose a program or
any intervention measure. This model fits the situation-producing level of questioning.
Example:

 Profile of entrepreneurs Analysis of data through the

a. Age questionnaire, informal interviews
b. Sex and statistical treatment
c. Seminar
s
attende
d Improved role of
 Roles of entrepreneurs entrepreneurs High returns
a. Assessment Better quality of services
b. Planning
c. Implementation
d. Evaluation Proposed Intervention Program
 Specimen collection
 Performance
The Proposed Program for Improved Quality Service of Entrepreneurs

Page7|
 HUNTING FOR INFORMATION
9

5. POM (proposed original model). This is used when the researcher is presenting an
original paradigm. The requirement is that it must be scientific.
Example:

Infection control practices

Preparation of IV fluids
 Student
respondent’ Preparation of Extent of participation in
s profile IV medication infection control
a. Age
program
b. Gender Assistance of
c. Civil administration of CI’s assessment of the
Statu IV medications students’ extent of
s
participation in
d. Hospital Skin care infection control
Manage
practices
ment Umbilical cord

care Eye care

Extent of Participation of the Nursing Students in

Infection Control Practices: Basis for Enhanced RLE
Supervisory Program
(Quiazon, 2007)

References: Aquino, G. (2015). Essentials of Research and Thesis Writing

Calmorin, L. & Calmorin, M. (2007). Research Methods and thesis
writing.
Cristobal, A. & Cristobal, M. (2013). Research Made Easier: A step
by step process.
Tuarabian, K. (2015). Manual for writers of Research Papers,
Theses, and dissertations

Page8|
Page9|