FOR GES 0013-1, -2, AND -4 USE ONLY. PLEASE DO NOT SHARE WITH OTHERS.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
SUPPLEMENTARY REVIEWER (FINAL EXAM)

• Hardy species that are the first to colonize
barren environments or previously biodiverse
steady-state ecosystems that have been
disrupted, such as by fire, are referred to as
pioneer species. Lichens, which grow on
rocks without soil and break down the rocks
into soil for plants, may be among the first
life forms.
• Review: primary vs. secondary succession.
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biolo
gy/ecology/community-structure-and-
diversity/a/ecological-succession
protozoa in his landmark 1934 book The
Struggle of Existence supported the
predictions of Lotka–Volterra equations,
finding protozoa that use similar resources
could not coexist, leading ecologists to
associate him with CEP. Gause's approach of
experimentally testing mathematical models
and unifying the concept of niche with
resource competition helped to propel
ecology forward. Gause's CEP has been one
of the central themes of ecology research:
attempting to comprehend the mechanisms of
species coexistence and biodiversity patterns.

• The island equilibrium model estimates the • Three Cell Model:

number of species on an island based on the https://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/wxwise/class/ge
island's immigration and extinction rates. ncirc.html
Species must arrive on the island from
somewhere else, which is the immigration El Nino vs. La Nina
part, and species on the island become extinct
as resources run out.

• Study aquatic succession:

https://www.chegg.com/learn/biology/introd
uction-to-biology/aquatic-succession

• Study climate type projections:

https://www1.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/index.php/
93-cad1/472-climate-
projections#:~:text=A%20province%20is%2
0considered%20to,season%20from%20Nov
ember%20to%20February.

• Two species with identical niches cannot

coexist indefinitely, according to the
'competitive exclusion principle' (CEP).
During the early twentieth century, natural
historians (e.g., Grinnell) and ecological
theorists (e.g., Lotka and Volterra) came to
this conclusion; however, this concept has
been attributed to Georgii Frantsevitch
Gause. Gause's experimental tests using

FOR GES 0013-1, -2, AND -4 USE ONLY. PLEASE DO NOT SHARE WITH OTHERS.
 FOR GES 0013-1, -2, AND -4 USE ONLY. PLEASE DO NOT SHARE WITH OTHERS.
Amihan vs. Habagat • The single cell model of wind circulation
patterns makes the assumption that the planet is
homogeneous and thus made up entirely of
water. This model also assumes that the earth
rotates constantly.

• Lakes are stratified as a result of temperature

differences, and they mix when the water
temperature varies. The process of water turning
over from the top (epilimnion) to the bottom
(hypolimnion) of a lake is known as lake
turnover. The warm surface water begins to chill
in the fall. Water becomes more thick as it cools,
causing it to sink. The dense water causes the
hypolimnion's water to rise, "turning over" the
strata.

• The surface layer of lakes is covered in ice

throughout the winter. Water is coldest at 0
degrees Celsius beneath the surface and warms
up as you descend deeper, reaching a maximum
temperature of 4 degrees Celsius.

• The horse latitudes are 30 degrees north and

south of the equator, respectively. Winds are
quiet and there is little precipitation at these
latitudes.

• About 30 degrees north and south of the equator • Both the moon's orbit around the earth and the
are the horse latitudes. Winds diverge in this part earth's orbit around the sun are elliptical.
of the subtropics, flowing either toward the poles Apogee is the point in the moon's orbit where it
(known as the prevailing westerlies) or toward is the furthest away from the earth, while perigee
the equator (known as the equatorial winds) is the closest approach.
(known as the trade winds). An area of high
pressure is responsible for the diverging winds,
which is characterized by calm breezes, sunny
skies, and little or no precipitation.

• Sea level pressure is low around the equator, and

the area is known as the equatorial low. High-
pressure zones known as subtropical highs can
be seen along 30° N and 30° S. The sub polar
lows are low-pressure belts that extend further
poleward along 60° N and 60° S.

FOR GES 0013-1, -2, AND -4 USE ONLY. PLEASE DO NOT SHARE WITH OTHERS.
 FOR GES 0013-1, -2, AND -4 USE ONLY. PLEASE DO NOT SHARE WITH OTHERS.

• Review: Rock Cycle. What are examples of

igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks?
From the diagram, analyze the process and
consequences of each.

• What does soil color indicate? Read:

https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/d
etail/wi/soils/?cid=NRCSEPRD1370419#:~:
text=Soils%20come%20in%20different%20
shades,red%2C%20gray%2C%20and%20w
hite.&text=Iron%20forms%20small%20crys
tals%20with,manganese%20forms%20black
%20mineral%20deposits.

• What is a lotic ecosystem? Read:

https://biologyeducare.com/lotic-ecosystem/

FOR GES 0013-1, -2, AND -4 USE ONLY. PLEASE DO NOT SHARE WITH OTHERS.