PHYSICS fa Te

Unit-5: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

S.No. FORMULAE SYMBOLSs APPLICATION

c isthe speed of To of e.m.

1. find speed
electromagnetic wave in vacuum
c wave in vacuum
VHoEo permeability constant and
is the permittivity constant

2.
1
VAE
v
is
the speed of
electromagnetic
material medium
wave in
To find speed of
electromagneticwave
material medium
in

Lawsataglance:
1. (Gauss'sLaw for electricity)
62dA-9/%
2. B-dA a (Gauss'sLaw for magnetism)

3. E-dl.d
dt

4. B-dl +o (Faraday'sLaw)

(Ampere - Maxwell Law)

S.NO
1

2.

3.
|
m
n2:
FORMULAE

=stn(4+Dm)
V-image

m
m
Unit-6: RAY OPTICS

u- object
SYMBOLS

distance,
distance

f- focal length of the mirror

magnification
negativefor real images
is
and +ve for virtual images

A= Angle of prism
n refractive index of prism
APPLICATIONS
To find
mirror

To

Tofind
focal length of

find magnification

refractive index

sin refractive index of medium

D angle of minimum deviation.

4.
a. R=
V=
U
Radius
image
object
of curvature

distance,
distance
To find Rad. of
curvature of lens

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 PHYSICS

S.No. FORMULAE SYMBOL APPLICATION

5. R, R =Radius of curvature Lens makers formula

focal of thelens
length To find focal length of
n, n lens
Refractive index of
medium 1 and respectively
6.

7.
.
f effective focal legnth of
combination

Contact
focal length of

m: magnifyingpower of
each lens

a compound To
in
To find effective focal
length of combination
of lenses

find magnifying

m=Te microscope
focal
f=focal length
of objective
length of eyepiece
power of a compound

L= Distance between objective

lens and eye lens

B.
m: magnifyingpower of a telescope
To find magnifying

m-t TOcal
focal
Bangle
length of objective
length ofeyepiece
subtended atthe eye
power of a telescope

by the image
a angle subtended at the eye
by the object

WAVE OPTICS

S.No. FORMULAE SYMBOL APPLICATIONS

tan i, relative refractive index of To find refractive index

, the denser
polarizing angle.
medium of the material

2 l locos 06 ,=intensity of light passing To find intensity of light

through the polarizer,
0 angle between polarizer
and analyzer.

3B B fringe width
A= wavelength of light
D distancebetween the slits
To find fringe width for
interference fringes

and the screen

d =distancebetween the lists

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 PHYSICS

used, To
D wavelength
light
W 22a D
of find width of central
distance between the slits maxima for diffraction
and the screen Tringes
WE Width of central maxima in
diffraction

5. Imax (a+b Imax= Max. intensity

Min. intensity
To find ratio of max. and
min. intensity
Imin (a- b Imin
a, b= respective amplitudes

UNIT 7: DUAL NATURE OF MATTER

S.No. FORMULAE SYMBOL APPLICATIONS

1. To find the energy of

E=hv h E=energy
h= Plank's of photon, photon
constant, v= frequency
2.
W,= hv, =hcl W,==work function Relation between work
V threshold frequency function and Vg, A
= threshold wavelength

3. Knax kinetic energy

=hV-mvW Knax- Maximum
of emitted electrons
Einstein's photoelectric
equation.

=h(v-V,) V maxmaximum velocity

4.
Kmax
mv ma
e==charge of electron Relation between maximum|
eV| V, kinetic energy and stoppin9

r
stopping potential
potential

5.
= mv p
Ah=wave length of matterwave
Plank'sconstant
De Broglie wavelength
matterwave.
for

6 E= kinetic energy Relation between A and E, V

2mE 2mqV V= accelerating potential

7 V= accelerating potential De wavelegth for

V2me=A Broglie
electron

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 PHYSICS
UNIT 8:ATOMS AND NUCLEI
S.No. FORMULAE SYMBOL APPLICATIONS

1
ro k4Ze
k =
element.
,=m =
z Atomic number of
mass of
To
elecron,| approach
find
the distance
r
of closest

mv V=velocity of electron.
2. b kZe?cote/2
b=impact parameter To find the impact parameter
1m v 6 Scattering angle

3. Tn Radius of n orbit Bohr's radius (Z=1,n =1) r,=

4mkZe2 0.53A

27Tkze
nh
V=speed of an
orbit
electron in
n ,C
137n
= speed of light

5.
En 2mmk2 |E,=Total energy of electron in
En =-Total enerey of
n hz orbit. electron in nth orbit for
n
hydrogen.
5. K.E =*2e2
2r
e
Kor elementZ=Atomic number Kinetic energyof electron
Relation between K. E. and total
K.E=-En

7. P.E
P.E=
k
T
2 En
E,= Total Energy
energy

Potential energy of electron

Relation between P.E. and total
energy
8. A = Wavelength of emitted i=Wave number
Lyman series n, =
radiation. 1, n,
= 2,3,4.
R= Rydberg's constant Balmer series: n,= 2,n, 3,4,5. =
9. R=RA R, 1.2 x 10 m Relation between Radius of
nucleus and mass number

10. p Nuclear density, Relation between binding

maverage energy and mass defect.
mass a of nucleon.

11. Ep=Am C E Binding

=mass defect Energy Relation between binding
Am
1a.m.u. = 931.5 Mev
energy and mass defect.

12.
AN Rate
active
à
of dacay
substances
=decay constant
of radio Relation active decay law

13. N
N =Noet N,
nuclei
=Number of
radioactive Number
after time t.
of active nuclei left

present initially
14. half of a radioctive To find half
T/2=0.693 T life life
period
substance

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 PHYSICS
15. N =No (4 NO =Number of radioactive Numberof radioactive nuclei left
nuclei in a sample after n half - lives.
presentinitialy

16. R=AN R activity of a radioactive Relation between R and

sample

17. T Mean life.

T 1.44 T/2

UNIT 9:ELECTRONIC DEVICES

S.No. FORMULAE SYMBOL APPLICATIONS
1. ne nh n, =free electron density Intrinsic semiconductors

2. ne<nh n= hole density P-type semiconductors

3. nen n - type semiconductors

ne.nh D n= density of Intrinsic carriers Relation between charge

carriers
5. =letn = Currentthrough electrons Current through
EneAVet neAVn Current though holes semiconductor
V, = Derift velocity of electrons
,

=
V, Drift velocity of holes

.
6. L,
= emitter current Relation between currents
le=ltle
= Base current
through the transistor
Collector current

Ve Vcc-lR VeOutput Voltage Output voltage through

Vc.= Collector voltage transistor amplifier
R Potential drp through
load resistance

le = Emitter current Current gain of a CB transistor

8. Ib
a-( C
Base current
=Collector current
V.. Constant

9. Current gain of a CE transistor

(i)
V,Constant
10. d= CB current gain Relation between a and B

11.
B1- B CE current gain

AC
R,= Load resistance (Output) Voltage Gain
Ay
8XR R= input resistance

12. AC Power Gain

Py =B X
13. V Base emitter Voltage Input Resistance
-
V.Constant

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 PHYSICS

14.
-
1, Constant
Vce Collector Emittervoltage Output Resistance

UNIT 10:cOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

S.No. FORMULAE SYMBOL APPLICATIONS
1. H To find modulation index
Modulationfactor
Am A Amplitude of
Ac modulating signal
A= Amplitude of carrier
wave
AmaxMaximum To find modulation index
2. AaAni x 100% amplitude
A Amin
AminMinimum
amplitude

m =A,,Sino,t m (t)
=modulating signal Equation of modulating
(t)
Signal

C (t)
=carrier signal Equation of carrier signal
c(t)=A,Sinot

5. C() =Al+ uSinaumt) Sinut (t)

=AM wave Equation of AM wave
AcSintwt -0S (Wem)t +
cos (eum)t

USB Upper side band To find upper and lower

6. USB=Fn
LSB f.f LSB Lower sideband side frequencies

7. (fc+fm)-ffc-fm) =2 fm| =band width To find band width

8. Length of dipole antenna To measure the lengthh of

dipole antenna

9. d= v2hR d= The range of TV To find range of antenna

transmiIssion
R= Radius of earth

10. dM drtdr ddistancee

Maximum line ofLOS Tofind maximum
LOS distance
line of

2RhT2Rhu

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