Sein S54) Chemicals are routinely transported while in solution for both the home and workplace * especially effective if the chemicals are corrosive, toxic or gaseous © easier to load and store chemicals, * chemicals are more effective in reactions when in a solution - some chemicals do not react unless they are in solution © easier to control rate and extent of reactions when chemicals are in solution. ‘* Using solutions at home in spray bottles for cleaning or spraying weeds are more convenient and effective. Since solutions are useful at home, in industry and in scientific research, it is important to know what substance dissolve easily into solvents such as ware and how much will dissolve. Solution Formation: ‘The nature of owt affects whether a substance will dissolve. Several other pe factors determine, luble substance dissolves. eh Oo ra of alissolving /” Factors Affecting Solubili ity: |The rate (speed) at which a solute dissolves can be influenced by: Ifa flask and its contents are shaken, the crystals disappear more quickly than if the gil eh flask is not shaken. Agitation makes the solute dissolve more rapidly becauseit brings cot wi +h solvent into contact with the solute. Agitation affects only the rate at which a ‘ oo a” polute dissolves. Itcannot influence the amount of solute that dissolves. An insoluble substance remains undissolved no matter how much the system is agitated. ‘Temperature also influences temperature of solvent f rate ofdissolving t fy soliels ——— = 7 + I | temperature of solvent | rate of dissolving | | liquid 5 ony L ' if Ss as & opposite He gases es gti by cal vet ‘sally? Vln Lyyoace solveat leer eases gas solubtlity” Tiaras September 17, 2012 - Tychon* particle sie, and A third factor that determines the rate of dissolution of a solute is _ powder dissolves more rapidly than a single crystal. This is because a greater area of ions is exposed to the colliding water molecules. Solvation is mall paicles= f surfaa area te centact Solvent + olissolve, * pressure (for a gas) gases ae org less soluble at higher pressure. f pressure = Psolubility of gas = forcing gas molecules into solubor Solubility (page 221) (blu water’) 1a Factors Affecting Solubility: ‘In many instances, the dependence of the solubility of a solute can be determined from the identity of the solvent — this can be summarized by the rule that j * That is, a polar liquid, such as water, HO, is generally a much better solvent than a non-polar one (such as benzene, CéH,) for ionic and polar compounds. * Conversely, non-polar liquids, including benzene and tetrachloroethyne, (C2Cl,) used for dry cleaning, are often better solvents for non-polar compounds than for polar compounds. term used to describe a solution at maximum concentration a 9 no more solute will dissolve at a given temperature solute remains at the bottom of the container even after stirring saad ¢ fO9 0 inde nasimm concentration of a solute for that temperature solu athe amount of substance that can dissolve in 100 mL. of water at a given gol’ temperature is called solubility oom! j : jl i I Q the following are various units and values used to describe solubility \- ot Mene. = satucarea September 17, 2012 - Tychon 50‘There is a limit to how much solute can be dissolved in a solvent. You may notice this when you pour sugar into tea or coffee. If you pour in too much, the sugar will simply sit at the bottom of the cup. The following illustration shows what happens when maximum solubility is reached. ‘The solubility of NaC\(s) in water at 20 °C is 36.0 g/100 mL. What that means is only 36 g of solute may be absorbed by 100 mL of water at this temperature. 30 gle poured Anoer 10918 Whon the rest of | Intothe Sotuton. pouesiniothe the sll poured ‘Alinesciute” ‘Soliton 4 gof Into the sctuton, } alssolves undaoohed 149 of undissoves { soluteremains on ‘seute remains on the bottom. the bottom. If you wanted to have more than 36 g of solute dissolve for every 100 mL of water, the solubility can be changed by adjusting the temperature of the solution Example: solubility of solution “X” 3.20 moV/L at 25 °C solubility of solution “R” 4.76 g/mL at 25°C ™ solubility of NaCl(s) 36.0 2/100 mL 00) @ 20°C é - solubility of CizH2Oi1(s) 204.0 g/100 mL H,0@) @ 20°C j September 17, 2012 - Tychon stSolubilities of various compounds: substance Solubility Calculate the | Calculate the §/100 mL of | solubility in | solubility in water at 0°C # g/mL # mg/mL NH,Cl(s) 29.4 NEHA) 155.0 Ca(CH;COO),(s) 374 ‘CuSO, 5H0(6) 23.1 FeCls(s) 144 PIS) 0.044 f MgSO.) 22.0 NaCl) 35.7 NaOH) 42.0 Ci2H22011(s) 204.0 KI) 128.0 ‘Types of solutions (depending upon the quantity of solute dissolved): If a solution is saturated, no additional solute will dissolve. | Unsaturated: as SEA i K ore asolution that golult oe! in other words, more solute can still dissolve into the unsaturated solution iss? | Saturated solution: solution that cannot dissolve any more at agi PO can JisSOM¥ solution that has the maximum amount of solute dissolved in it peat pile at oHlom F ypaker J Supersaurated: contains more solute than it can normally hold at a given temperature —— If you cool a solution very slowly. the extra solute may st 0 al’ oyaly £091 solution actually contains more solute than its solubility will allow at heat 5 eng SIM that lower temperature. Ole SAU ef Han normed te WF fagie st] isso for hot bump inition aah? September 17, 2012 - Tychon on parbss unchssel af Sol'nSolubility Questions: 1, Which particles seem to dissolve faster - smaller or larger ones? 2. Which particles have a greater total surface area ~ smaller or larger ones? 3. How does shaking or stirring affect dissolving? September 17, 2012 - Tychon 53,4, How does temperature affect dissolving? a) solids b) gases 5. Does sugar and salt dissolve in water in the same amounts (quantities) at the same temperature? ‘The following table provides some generalizations about how temperature affects the solubility of solids and gases in water. ‘Nature of Solute Solid Gas Temperature | solubility solubility Decreases decreases. | increases i solubility decreases Temperature | solubility ‘The main factor affecting the solubility of a liquid in water is polarity rather than temperature. A polar liquid, such as ethanol (C;HsOH), will dissolve in water easily. Polar substances are said to be miscible with water. On the other hand, non-polar liquids, such as gasoline, are said to be immiscible with water because they do not dissolve. The solubility of a gas may be influenced by an additional factor—pressure. September 17, 2012 - Tychon 54Solubility in Water Generalizations (rules): Based on a large number of experiments, several generalizations can be made about the solubility of substances in water. [ Solids Liquid Gases | Temperature | solubility increases as | difficult to find a solubility increases as temperature increases | generalization temperature decreases eg. more sugar will solubility of polar eg. CO2(g) in soft dissolve in Tiguids usually increases | drinks will H,O() at 60°C than 10 | as temperature increases | be lost faster if the pop °C is warm prediction of solubility | instead of cold of liquids into water will NOT be as reliable as predictions for solids and liquids Pressure solubility of solids is not | solubility of liquids is solubility increases as affected by pressure —_| not affected by pressure | pressure increases changes changes ; eg. as pressure is, released when opening a pop can, CO2(g) will be lost since solubility decreases due to the L L reduced pressure ‘All gases become less soluble as the temperature is raised. In contrast, solids are ‘ore soluble in hot water than in cold. ‘Liquids: miscible some liquids, such as methanol, dissolve in any proportions and have no maximum concentration immiscible some liquids, such as mineral oil, do not dissolve in water at all, but form a separate layer Elements generally have low solubility in water, but the halogens (Cl,(aq), Bro(aq), etc.) and oxygen (O2(aq)) dissolve sufficiently in water to be important in some solution reactions September 17, 2012 - Tychon 55A solubility table of ionic compounds is best understood by assuming that most substances dissolve in water to some extent. The solubilities of various ionic compounds range from high solubility, like that of sodium chloride, to negligible solubility, like that of silver chloride. Carbon dioxide gas escapes from pop as it warms, making it go flat. Ice water contains more oxygen than warm water. Bubbles form on the inside of a glass of water as it sits on the counter. How are these facts related to solubility? According to the kinetic molecular theory, particles in a substance move faster when they heat up. ‘The particles in a gas move very quickly because of translational motion. As a solution heats up, its particles move mote and more quickly. Eventually, the particles of the gas are moving so quickly that they can escape their bonds with the liquid. Examine the graphs provided: Solu bi li ty Cur ves Solubility of Carbon Dioxide Gas 38 ne in Water (git) Solubil bp orrr7 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 ‘Temperature (°C) 0.08 0.07 0.064 0.05 4 0.044 03} 0.02, oor ity in Water (g/L) Solu $a a a ot 2 3 4 5 6 7 B ‘Temperature (°C) September 17, 2012 - Tychon 56Questions: 1, Examine the solubility of carbon dioxide graph. (a) What is its solubility at refrigerator temperature (about 6°C)? (b) What is its solubility at room temperature (about 25°C)? (©) Does the solubility of carbon dioxide change more from 20-50°C or from 50-80°C? 2. Examine the solubility of oxygen graph. (a) The freezing point of water is 0°C. What is the solubility of oxygen at that temperature? (©) What is the maximum concentration of oxygen in fish tank water at about 24°C? (©) Which will contain more oxygen, boiling water or an ice cube? Explain. 3. Which is more soluble at 20°C, oxygen or carbon dioxide? 4, How can you prevent pop from going flat? 5. Whipped cream is a frothy mixture of air in cream. As the mixture heats up, what will happen to the air in it? Will the cream stay whipped? Explain, What is the relationship between temperature and the solubility of a gas? September 17, 2012 - Tychon 37Use the following graph to answer questions: How Temperature Changes Solubility _ @ sodium chloride & potassium chlorate 2 ammonium chloride ;odium chlorate line of best fit + potassium chiorate tine of best ft {ammonium chloride tine of best ft 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90100 1. Which solute has the highest solubility at 40°C? (a) potassium chlorate (©) sodium chloride (S)ammonium chloride @ sodium chlorate 2. Find the point on the graph at which potassium chlorate has a solubility 6f 210 g/L. What is the temperature of the solution at this point? (@) 30°C (b) 40°C (@ 60°C September 17, 2012 -Tychon 58‘Solubility Chart for Substance A, B, and sop | | | Lot ta zm = 5 0. | - ImL= | P® Re — 32/30) lem’ =| Em 0 I Ho é vf ol oO 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 ‘Temperature C Solubility Curves Worksheet Ke Look at the solubility curves on the graph below and then answer the following questions. 1. Which substance is the most soluble at O°C? At 100°C? Most solualle at O°C: Substance C " "100°C Substana A 2. How many grams of substance “B” will dissolve in 100 grams of water at 60°C? How about in 400 grams of water at the same temperature? w &B @ b0'C, bh g oF Supslanee B O°C and ™ 208g oF J @6 4004 of wake ry Of Waky a aA 3. Which substance shows the least change in solubility from 0 “Co Substance © Changes by “Svbskoa 2 chawigpo bg % i AF io 7 7h A893 hog > 275/1004~ 215 404 Sua 2a 4. As you increase the tes perature of the water, what happens to the solubil ‘ 304 As temperate increases, Solubitity of A Increases rnore Signi fant, than ._ As you increase the temperature of the water, what happens to the solubility of “B? Hs Lanpeeatice inovenses, solubility of B is & linear increases September 17, 2012 - Tychon 59)x 6. As you increase the temperature of the water, what happens to the solubility of “C? As temperate increases, the solubilidd of C deweases , 7. Which substance(s) are probably a solid? Substances HardB. ave likely solds 8 Which substance(s) are probably a gas? Substance C is likely a gas: 9. If you put 40 grams of “A” into 100 grams of water at 50 °C the solution would be? Saturatecl 10. If you put 40 grams of “B into 100 grams of water at 50 °C the solution would be? Unsaturated 11. If you put 40 grams of “A” into 100 grams of water at 2 °C the solution would be? Saturatec, with approximate lq dog of Solute at the bottom. 12. Describe how to make a supersaturated solution of “B” at 50°C. 5 5 Add more Yhan 50g of B, ter sample, 09, and hat 14 above ~ 45°C. SoMton must be nsolel oe 50 Very Slowly and rot he dichiched September 17, 2012 - Tychon ©Solubility Curves for Selected Substances: Reading a Solubility Chart 1, The curve shows the number of grams of solute in a saturated solution containing 100 mL of 100 grams of water at a certain temperature. 2. Any amount of solution below the line indicates the solution is unsaturated at a certain temperature. 3. Any amount of solute above the line in which all of the solute has dissolved shows the solution is supersaturated. 4, If the amount of solute is above the line but has not all dissolved, the solution is saturated and the number of grams of solute settled on the bottom of the container = total number of grams in solution ~ number of grams of a saturated solution at that temperature. (According to the curve) 150 140 130) 120) 110) +100} Grams of solute per 100 9 H,0 Se - yoo? 10 = + e2(50.)3 TT a 40 20-30 40-50-60 70 80-90 Too Temperature (°C) 5. Solutes whose curves move upward with increased temperature are typically solids because the solubility of solids increases with increased temperature. 6. Solutes whose curves move downward with increased temperature are typically gases because the solubility of gases decreases with increased temperature, September 17, 2012 - Tychon 6x Remember to refer to the solubility graph study guide for the hints on using a solubility graph on the previous page. 1. Why do the temperatures on the graph ONLY go from 0°C to 100°C? "Ce i Nitet 0°C frecaing print of water solvent 7 Keep wats 2 Joo°e = borliag yooint of wats solvent in’ hiqynid phatoe- 2. Which substance is most soluble at 60 °C? KL es 3. Which two substances have the same solubility at 80 °c? Nallisy amd KCI0305) 4. Which substance’s solubility changes the most from 0°C to 100°C? KN 03 «8 5. Which substance’s solubility changes the least from 0 °C to 100°C? Nacles 6. What is the solubility of potassium nitrate at 90 °C? 20591 ome 7. At what temperature does potassium iodide have a solubility of 150 grams/100 mL. water? ILC 8. You have a solution of sodium nitrate containing 140 grams ai'65 °C. Is the solution saturated, unsaturated, or supersaturated? — Super saturate 9. You have a solution of potassium chlorate containing 4 grams at 65 °C. How many additional grams of solute must be added to it, to make the solution saturated? 64 need to be added. 10. A solution of potassium iodide at 70 °C contains 200 grams of dissolved solute in 100 mL water. The solution is allowed to cool. At what new temperature would crystals begin to start forming? WHI. September 17, 2012 - Tychon a)Solubility Graph Worksheet: Solubility Graph Oe i O 5 20 26 20 25 80 2 40 45 60 65 6D 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 ‘Temperature in Degrees Celsius September 17, 2012 - TychonQ