Lesson 2: Describe Sampling Procedure And Sample

I. Activity
The sampling technique used in the Research Article given on page I stated and acquired a
form of non-random sampling, specifically Convenience Sampling. The researcher
manipulated or selected the Sample size in nonrandom standards, hence not all
components of the population are included. There were only 78 students convenient or
potential respondents, including 10 focused students from the Department of Psychology
at the University of Prishtina. The convenience of the internet to gather the data and the
availability of participants is considered to sampling approach. The type of sampling used is
lacking and poor to generalize a population and can not evaluate sampling error, hence
biased result is possible.

II. LQuestions to Ponder.

1. Population in research is defined and varies to the characteristics of a specified
group. It could be very from demographics, traits, attitudes, etc. The 2 types of the
population are Target population and accessible population. Initially, the target
population anticipates the specified selected group that the researcher wants to
study, while the accessible population is where the researcher has the empirical
access to study. In a research study, population is not entirely studied, but sampling
is used to represent the population.

2. Sample in a study is fundamental to focus a representation of a population into a

category of small subjects to be studied. The sampling helps the researcher to
establish its research in less effort, time, and money to gather efficient information.
The sampling plan yields a reliable gathering of data that results in the validity of the
results to the whole population.

3. The sampling affects the validity of results of the study in a way of selecting an
acceptable sample size that will administer the gathering and calculation of data will
be accurate to the population. The sampling measures what is correct in
methodological reason; an appropriate sample renders the research more efficient.
This only explains that sample size directly affects the results of the study through
studying a clear number of sampling sizes for the reliable, appropriate,
representative, and efficacy of the study
Lesson 3: Constructs an Instrument and establish it’s validity and reliability
I. Activity
II. Questions to ponder.
1. To establish the validity of the research instrument involves statistical analysis to
present the relevance of the questions or test of the instrument. The validity of the
instrument should be expected to perform its accuracy measurement, that’s why
there are tests to consider on how to establish validity. First is the Content Validity,
through this, we were able to pilot test the authenticity and suitability of the items to
be investigated if it’s correlated to the subject matter. The second is Criterion-
related, it is simply to enlist standards of the effectiveness of the instruments. Then
Construct Validity, it is suggested to study possible hypotheses or extent test to the
constructed result to support evidence for the validity of the instrument.

2. The reliability of the Instrument is simply defined as the comparable measured

subject. This explains the consistent validity of the research instrument. When an
instrument is completed in a specific concept there are correlations and relations to
the results or data for its reliability. Additionally, the measurement instrument
remains constant or stable and yield-related results all through time and the same
constructs could be utilized for any other extent research study that uses the same
instrument.

3. The research instruments mainly come from the intention of collecting data of the
researcher in any type of research method that is suitable to the research. The
development of the instrument is established for the later conclusion of the research
study. It could be researchers completed or subject’s completed instrument; the
instrument should fulfill the distinct need for the required research study.

4. Yes, I can formulate my questionnaire while considering factors for its certain validity
and reliability. To develop a form of a questionnaire as an instrument for my research
I have to prioritize the aim and the subject of my study. The questions must be
related and significant to the topics for the collection of the data. For me to design a
questionnaire I have to assess the target respondents. Through this, I will assure that
my questionnaire is comprehensible, capable of interpretation, accurate answer,
manageable to evaluate, and unbiased. The developed questionnaire will seek
information from individuals for research.
Lesson 4: Describe Intervention
I. Activity
PROBLEM Root Cause of How to solve Time-Frame Budget
Problem the problem
1. Students Current Providing April 19-25
mental situation due to emotional and 2020
health covid-19 mental health
pandemic support.
Cooperation
between
universities,
other
departments
and students to
imposed and
emerge support
programs to
student
challenges in
factors like
social,
emotional,
physical,
environment,
etc. to address
appropriate
coping
techniques for
their academic
performance.
2. Attitudes Current The higher April 19-25
toward situation due to education 2020
online covid-19 institutions
learning pandemic should focus on
the
development of
online learning,
to integrate
technology into
the new and
adaptive
teaching
environment.
 And to
contribute to
the ongoing
improvement
of academic
staff through
innovative
approaches for
quality
education.
Current Enhancing the April 19-25
3. Study situation due to quality of 2020
skills covid-19 learning,
pandemic providing equal
access for all,
effective
communication
, and
assessment, by
designing
appropriate
courses and
materials based
on the students
need university
should also
make advances
with equal
opportunities
for all students
to create
program that
are affordable
and
sustainable.
II. Question to Ponder
1. Upon the table above, the Budget or allocation of Budget is difficult to answer.
Because determining the budget plan for intervention is not easily manageable to
identify because of different requisites of the approach to the problem. We can not
identify the budget immediately, however, the estimate of approximate money will
direct the budget.

2. The Research intervention is defined to represent the engagement process of

mitigating the findings of the research subject. Intervention means to approach or
create a study of change in the study. For instance in Experimental research where
they investigate a test of the effectiveness of the intervention of a new drug in an
experimental or comparison group. Or, the studies where the intervention provides
to change perspectives or lifestyle.

3. The significance of the intervention on the research is to offer the preventive

selection through running trial tests of different intervention treatments or strategies
to probe its effectiveness. As the research study found the results or conclusions to
its research problem, the intervention takes place to develop a procedure to address
the different possible techniques overcoming the challenges.
Lesson 5: Plans data collection Procedure

II. Activity
• identify the quantitative and qualitative methods of collecting data.
• identify the 2 phase procedure.
• select the sampling method and the sample that will represent the population to be
studied.
• first phase- standardized scale and open-ended question to perceived students’ anxiety,
stress level, difficulties, skills, and attitudes. Then the second phase focused on group
discussion.
-With the collected data the analyses
Come after;
- LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS used to understand the relationship between perceived
stress, anxiety, and students’ life.
- SOCIAL SCIENCE PACK (SPSS), VERSION 26, was responsible to analyze all close-ended
questions, while open-ended through the content analysis method.
-the codes were generated by the coding process done by in-vivo coding.
-- the qualitative data were analyzed through ATLAS.ti software

II. Question to Ponder.

1. We need a clear step before collecting data to achieve a precise data and
manageable method of collecting information. The clear step will be the blueprint of
the plan for the procedures to gather accurate and credible sources to perceive the
analysis of the research.

2. The statistics will ascertain the factual understanding and measure of the obtained
data. The statistics determine the proper utilization of the analytic procedure of the
researchers to evaluate the variables and factors being studied. The results of the
research study will rely on the statistics of the data.
Lesson 6: plans data analysis using statistics and hypothesis testing

I. Activity
Statistics in the Article:
- Linear Regression Analysis
- Content Analysis Method
- in-vivo coding
- SPSS – social science pack
-Atlas.ti Soft ware

II. Questions to ponder

1. The use of statistics in quantitative research is to facilitate the statistical procedure to
interpret the data accurately and the validity of the results. And, to test the
significance of whether to reject or accept the research prior null hypothesis.

2. We are ought to carefully treat the data to achieve evidence credibility and validity.
The data is crucial to present and discuss the procedures and interpretation of the
results of the research study. Hence, it is important to choose appropriate statistical
tests to treat data rightfully.
Lesson 7: presents and interprets data in tabular or graphical forms.
a. Activity
Results from the data:
-Results in Correlation between perceived stress and factors influencing it ( time
management and procrastination) significantly have a medium negative correlation and
medium positive correlation between perceived stress and students life.

-Linear regression analysis predicts the relationship between 2 variables. The psychological
anxiety variable was predicted by the perceived stress in student life.

-the numbers of family members and perceived stress The experienced stress and family
numbers Show the same results of significant differences results between the nominal data.
Same results with the context of anxiety and number of family

Statistical Test Used:

- PEARSON- PRODUNT MOMENT CORRELATION
- Chi-square X
- t. – test/ ANOVA – friedman Analysis

II. Question to Ponder

1. Tabular form is the best way for the presentation of data on research studies.
The table will provide a statistical systematic report. It’ll organize, analyze, and summarize
the data effectively and precisely. Moreover, it is comprehensible, brief, easy to determine
the comparison, and provides full information. With a table, the data information can easily
determine the analysis of the relationship, and the categorization is noted properly.

2. Yes, we can present the collected data aside from the Table. The Textual
Presentation, where the text and numerical database combined to interpret the data.
Then, the Graphical Presentation is created virtually creatively with designs or
elements in presenting statistical reports. Graphical Presentation consists of 4 ways
to present data. A line graph is done by plotting points of XY sets. Bar Graph, utilize
the rectangles or bars to observe classes in the research study. Next, Pie Graph-
fulfilled through segmenting angle in a circle proportion to the percentage of data.
Lastly, Scatter Point Diagram, simply scattered plotted point.