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Department of Education
Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula

8 Zest for Progress

Z Peal of artnership

Mathematics
Quarter 3 - Module 2:
Concept of Axiomatic System

Name of Learner: ___________________________

Grade & Section: ___________________________
Name of School: ___________________________
 What I Need to Know

In this module, you are expected to illustrate the need for an axiomatic structure
of a mathematical system in general, and in Geometry in particular: (a) defined terms; (b)
undefined terms; (c) postulates; and (d) theorems. M8GE-IIId-1

What I Know
Directions: Find out how much you already know about the lesson.
Encircle the letter of the correct answer. Take note of the items that you were not able to
answer correctly and find out the right answer as you go through the module.

1. Which of these consists of some undefined terms (primitive terms) and a list of
statements, called axioms or postulates, concerning the undefined terms?
a. axiomatic system c. quadratic system
b. linear system d. coordinate system

2. Which of these refers to the statements which are assumed to be true even without
proof?
a. Theorem c. defined terms
b. Postulate or axioms d. Undefined Terms
3. Which object is a representation of a line?
a. period b. cloth lines c. screen of television d. Top of a box

4. Which among the terms uses basic assumptions to produced proofs showing that a
general statement is true?
a. Theorem b. Postulate or axiom c. defined terms d. Undefined Terms

5. Which of the following statements is FALSE?

a. Any four non-collinear points lie in a distinct plane.
b. A plane contains at least 3 non-collinear points.
c. Any two lines intersect at a point.
d. Through two given points we can draw three lines

6. Which of the following are undefined geometric terms?

a. points, lines, rays c. circles, points, line segments
b. points, lines, planes d. graphs

7. Which of the following is true about postulate?

a. A definition
b. Something that can be proven.
c. A statement that is accepted as true without proof.
d. A statement found in a dictionary.
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 8. Suppose you are standing in a room with a group of people, and by sight alone, you
can see that one of the people in the room is the tallest. If that person states that he is
the tallest person in the room, which of the following is true? His statement is
a. a theorem and needs to be formally proven to be accepted as true.
b. a false statement
c. a postulate and doesn't need to be formally proven to be accepted as true.
d. cannot be proven to be true or false.

9. Which of the following statements is true?

a. If one point lies in a plane, then the line joining it lies in that plane.
b. If two points lie in a plane, then the line joining them lies in that point.
c. If two points lie in a plane, then the line joining them lies in that line.
d. If two points lie in a plane, then the line joining them lies in that plane.

10. If two distinct planes intersect, then their intersection is a line.

intersection
Which of the is a line.best describes the statement above?
figures

a. b. c. d.

What’s In
The Development of critical thinking and reasoning is one of the main
objectives in learning geometry. To answer the “whys” we need clear understanding
of postulates, axioms, undefined terms, definitions and theorems. To differentiate
and illustrate these, we need to understand the mathematical reasoning called the
axiomatic method or axiomatic system.

An axiomatic system consists of some undefined terms (primitive terms) and a list
of statements, called axioms or postulates, concerning the undefined terms. One
obtains a mathematical theory by proving new statements, called theorems, using
only the axioms (postulates), logic system, and previous theorems. Definitions are
made in the process in order to be more concise.

Most early Greeks made a distinction between axioms and postulates. Evidence
exists that Euclid made the distinction that an axiom (common notion) is an
assumption common to all sciences and that a postulate is an assumption peculiar
to the particular science being studied. Now in modern times no distinction is made
between the two; an axiom or postulate is an assumed statement.

Source: Timothy Peil. Examples of Axiomatic Systems.Access November 22, 2020, Copyright
2005, 2006, 2007 -
http://web.mnstate.edu/peil/geometry/C1AxiomSystem/AxSysWorksheet.htm

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Directions: Answer the given questions by applying the concepts you have learned in
the previous lesson. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of these represents a line?

a. tip of a ballpen b. page of a newspaper c. a clotheslines d. a period
2. Which term refers to the set of all points?
a. line b. point c. plane d. space
3. Which statement is true?
a. Every plane contains at least two non-collinear points.
b. Three non-collinear points determine a unique plane.
c. If two distinct planes intersect, then their intersection is a point.
d. If two points are on a plane, then the line containing these points is non-coplanar.
4. Which of these properties justify the given statement, if A= 90° and m D=A, then
mD=90°?
a. Transitive property of equality c. Symmetric Property of Equality
b. Reflexive Property of equality d. Multiplication Property of Equality
5. Which term refers to a common agreement of the meaning of a specific concept not
constructed arbitrarily?
a. postulate or axioms b. undefined terms c. defined terms d. theorems

What’s New
Axiomatic System (Postulate System)

Defined Theorems
Undefined
Terms are Axioms or are
Terms are Postulate are
simply statements
concepts statements
common that should
accepted assumed to be
agreements be proven
without true even without
as to the true by
definition/ proof.
meaning of a using
explanation.
specific Postulate and definitions,
In the
concept not axioms must be postulates
setting of
constructed consistent. (Do and
basic
arbitrarily. not contradict previously
geometry
each other). proven
these might
theorems.
include line
Mutually
or point.
independent (Not
one axiom can be
shown to be a
consequence of
another.

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 What is it

A. Undefined Terms
The point, line and plane are the tree undefined terms in geometry.

UNDEFINED TERMS DESCRIPTION NOTATION

Point Indicator of position.  A

A point does not occupy space.
It does not have any width, length, A single capital letter is
or depth. used to name a point.
Line A collection of continuous points
that extends indefinitely in both   m
directions. V N
It does not have any width.
To name a line, use two
Since it extends indefinitely, a line points on the line with a
is usually denoted a segment with line over the two letters.
arrows on both ends.
VN

Another way of naming is

by using a lower case of a
letter in italics.

line m
Plane A set of points contained in a flat
surface and extends indefinitely in
all directions. D

A plane is commonly denoted as a

close four-sided figure
A plane is named by putting
a capital letter on one of the
corners.

B. Defined Terms
Definitions indicated by bullets.

 Space is the set of all points.

 Collinear points that lie on the same line.   
Example: Points H, D and C are collinear. H D C

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  Non-Collinear points are points that do not lie on the same line.
Example: Points L, D and N are non-collinear.
L
 
N D
 Coplanar points are points that lie in the same plane, while non-coplanar points
are points that do not lie in the same plane. Coplanar lines are lines that lie in
the same plane.

R  T
Y
N

Example: Points R, T and Y are coplanar while points Q, R, and Y are non-coplanar.

 The intersection of geometric figures is the set of all points that are common to
the figure involved.

Example: The intersection BV and JN is point K because point K is a point common to

both lines.

N 

  
B K V

J
 The intersection of the planes M and N is line k. Dashed lines in the figure are
parts of the planes that are hidden or at the back of the other plane.

N
C. Postulates and Theorems

Postulates are statements that are accepted as true. Theorems, on the

other hand, are statements that should be proven true by using definitions,
postulates and previously proven theorems.

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 Postulates

1. Two points are contained in exactly one line.

2. Every line contains at least two distinct points.
3. If two points are on a plane, then the line containing these points is also
on the plane.
4. Every plane contains at least three non-collinear points.
5. Plane Postulate –Any three points lie in at least one plane and any three
non collinear points lie in exactly one plane.
6. If two distinct planes intersect, then their intersection is a line.
7. If two points are contained in a plane, then the line that is formed by the
two points is also contained in the same plane.

The preceding postulates can now be used to prove theorems.

Theorem 1-1: If two distinct lines intersect, then it intersects at exactly one point.

Proof: If two distinct lines, say line NJ and BV intersect, their

intersection contains point K.

Using postulate 1, point K is contained in only one line which

in turn contradicts our given that we have two distinct or
different lines.

Therefore, two lines cannot have more than one intersection

or two distinct lines can have at most one point of
intersection.

Theorem 1-2: A line and a point not on the line are contained in one and only one plane.

Given line m and point L not on the line. Using Postulate 2,

line m contains at least two points, say N and D.
m
From the definition of non-collinear points, it can be said that
points N, D and L are non-collinear.

Using postulate 5, those three non-collinear points contained

in one and only one plane and by postulate 7, line m which is
formed by point N and D is also in the same plane.

D. Axioms
Many of the properties of real numbers are assumed to be true, and these
statements are called axioms. These algebraic properties are used as reasons to
justify the steps in geometric proofs. These axioms include:
1. the Substitution Principle;
2. the Properties of Equality;
3. the Properties of Addition and Multiplication; and
4. the Properties of Order.
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Illustrative Examples:

What property of equality is used to justify each statement?

1. If 5x = 125, then x = 25 Multiplication Property of Equality

2. If 10 = AB, then AB = 10 Symmetric Property of Equality
3. If a = 35 and mM = a, then mM = 35 Transitive Property y of Equality

Likewise, look at the following logical sequence of statements with their supporting
reasons in justifying statements.
if = 10, then x = 70

STATEMENT REASONS
1. 1. Given
2. 2. Multiplication Property of Equality
3. 3. Addition Property of Equality

What’s More
Directions: Read and understand the questions. Encircle the letter of the correct
answer.
1. If a line ℓ is perpendicular with distinct lines AB and CD, then the lines AB and
line CD are parallel.
a. True b. False c. Sometimes d. Never
2. Given and three distinct collinear points, exactly one is between the other two.
a. True b. False c. Sometimes d. Never
3. A model is an example of an axiomatic system where meaning is assigned to the
undefined terms.
a. True b. False c. Sometimes d. Never
4. A model of an axiomatic system that uses objects such as books and shelves for
the undefined terms is________.
a. an abstract model. c. an imaginary model
b. a concrete model d. a real model.
5. Two points are contained in exactly one __________.
a. point b. space c. line d. plane

What I Have Learned

To justify whether the statement is true or not, we need to have a clear
understanding of postulates, axioms, undefined terms, definitions and theorems.

Undefined Terms Points- It does not have any width, length, or depth.
Concepts accepted without Line- It does not have any width.
definition/explanation. In the A collection of continuous points that extends
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setting of basic geometry these indefinitely in both directions.
might include line or point. Plane- A plane is commonly denoted as a close four-
sided figure
Defined Terms Space-Set of all points
Are simply common Collinear Points- are points that do not lie on the
agreements as to the meaning same line
of a specific concept not Coplanar Points –are points that lie on the same
constructed arbitrarily plane
Intersections- points that common on both lines.
Axioms or Postulate Postulates
1. Two points are contained in exactly one line.
Are statements that are 2. Every line contains at least two distinct points.
accepted even without proof. 3. If two points are on a plane, then the line
Postulate and axioms must be containing these points is also on the plane.
consistent. (Do not contradict 4. Every plane contains at least three non-collinear
each other) points.
Mutually independent (Not 5. Plane Postulate –Any three points lie in at least
one axiom can be shown to be one plane and any three non collinear points lie
a consequence of another. in exactly one plane.
6. If two distinct planes intersect, then their
intersection is a line.
7. If two points are contained in a plane, then the
line that is formed by the two points is also
contained in the same plane.

Algebraic Properties
1. The Substitution Principle
2. The Properties of Equality
3. The Properties of Addition and Multiplication
4. The Properties of Order.

Theorems Theorem 1-1: If two distinct lines intersect, then it

If by using the basic intersects at exactly one point.
assumptions given in the
axioms and definitions, a Theorem 1-2: A line and a point not on the line are
logical argument or proof is contained in one and only one plane.
produced showing that a
general statement is true.

What I Can Do
Directions: Make an illustration based on the given statements and use it
to answer the questions.

1. Points P, Q, and R are collinear. How many lines do they determine? How many
planes do they determine?

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 2. Points J, S, and T are non-collinear. How many lines do they determine? How
many planes do they determine?

3. (True or False). Three non-collinear points always contained exactly one plane.

4. (True or False). If P and Q are both in plane M, then the intersection of PQ and
plane M is a point.

5. The points M, S, A are non-collinear. Draw line MA. Does point S on line MA?

Assessment
Directions: Read the questions carefully. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. A model of an axiomatic system that uses objects such as books and shelves for
the undefined terms is ____________.
a. an abstract model c. an imaginary model
b. a concrete model d. a real model
2. An axiomatic system that has no contradictory statements is said to be __________.
a. categorical c. consistent
b. complete d. independent
3. How many points do you need to make a line?
a. at least 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5
4. What is a postulate?
a. A statement that is only accepted as true after being formally proven.
b. A statement that is accepted as true without a formal proof.
c. A statement that is usually not obvious as true, so it must be proven using
other rules and reasoning.
d. A statement that is never true.

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 5. Which of these statements is a theorem?
a. A statement that has been formally proven using mathematical reasoning and
other theorems, rules, and postulates.
b. A theorem is the same thing as a postulate.
c. A statement that is accepted as true without a formal proof.
d. A statement that is impossible to prove using mathematical reasoning, other
theorems, rules, and postulates.

For items 6-10: State the postulate or theorem you should use to justify the statements
made about each figure. Write only the letter of the postulates and theorems on the
space provided.
a. Two points are contained in exactly one line.
b. Every line contains at least two distinct points.
c. If two points are on a plane, then the line containing these points is also on the
plane.
d. Every plane contains at least three non-collinear points.
e. Plane Postulate –Any three points lie in at least one plane and any three non
collinear points lie in exactly one plane.
f. If two distinct planes intersect, then their intersection is a line.

Theorems
g. If two distinct lines intersect, then it intersects at exactly one point.
h. A line and a point not on the line are contained in one and only one plane.

6. _______________ 7. _______________

8. _______________ 9. _______________

10._______________

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MATH 8 Quarter 3 – Module 2 Answer Key

What Can I Do
What I Need
to Know 1.   
P Q R
Pre-Test Determine one line, does not
determine a plane.
1. A What’s IN What’s More
2. B 2.  
3. B 1. C 1. A
4. A 2. D 2. A 
5. D 3. B 3. A
6. B 4. C Determine 3 lines and
4. B
5. C determine 1 plane.
7. C 5. C
8. C 3. True
9. D
10. D

4. False

Assessments P Q

1. B
2. C 5.
3. A M S
4. B  
5. A
A 
6. D
7. A No, definition of non-collinear
8. C points
9. F
10. G

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References

Alferes, Merle S., Alvin E. Lambino, and Gerald S. Alferez. MSA Geometry. Quezon City:
MSA Publishing House, 2007, 1-6.

Soledad, Jose-Dilao, Ed. D and Julieta G. Bernabe. Geometry III. SD Publication, Inc.,
2009.

Website links:

CliffsNotes. “Postulates and Theorem” Accessed November 23, 2020.

https://www.cliffsnotes.com

Study.com. “The Axiomatic System: Definition & Properties” Accessed November 24, 2020,
https://study.com/academy/practice/quiz-worksheet-properties-of-the-axiomatic-
system.html

Study.com. “Applying –Postulates-Theorems” Accessed November 23, 2020.

https://study.com

Quizizz.com. “Applying-Postulate-Theorems” Accessed November 23, 2020.

https://quizizz.com

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