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Performance Evolution of MIMO-WiMAX System for Text

Transmission with Different Modulation Schemes
*1 RICHA ANAND (PG student of electronics and communication Department, Patel College of science and
technology / RGPV University, India
Richa_anand87@yahoo.com

*2 PRASHANT BHATI (Assistant professor of electronics and communication Department, Patel College of
science and technology / RGPV University, India
bhati.prashant22@gmail.com

ABSTRACT I .INTRODUCTION

The telecommunication industry has been developing Wireless is a spectrum of opportunities. IEEE 802.16

at a very fast rate. In this era the telecom industry is is a family of Wireless Broadband Network. The

expected to grow more as demand increases for 802.16 family of standards is officially called

higher generation wireless network applications as a WirelessMAN in IEEE. The IEEE 802.16 standard is

cost effective solutions. This paper presents the based on the Wireless Metropolitan Area Network

performance enhancement of the WiMAX system (WMAN). It supports multiple frequency allocations

(Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) from 2-66GHz.WiMAX is one of the various areas of

by using MIMO Technique and Zero Forcing research that is started with 802.16 on developing its

Equalizer. In this paper, we investigated the performance in variable environments. Broadband

performance of WiMAX system for different wireless access (BWA) systems ,e.g. IEEE 802.16

modulation technique by using MIMO Technique and standard [1] is WiMAX (Worldwide interoperability

Zero Forcing Equalizer. The performance is for Microwave Access), that defines the physical

improved by using multiple antennas at transmitting (PHY) and medium access control (MAC) layers and

and receiving side. At last text is transmitted and, makes several possible configurations available along

successfully received. For simulation MATLAB is with non-mandatory options [2].

used, the results show BER performance of WiMAX

WiMAX is one of the hottest broadband wireless
system with lower bit error rates.
technologies around today. WiMAX systems are

Keywords: WiMAX, OFDM, Equalizer, LMS, RLS expected to deliver broadband access services to

Broadband Access, 3G and 4G. residential and an enterprise customer in an

economical way. It is comprehensive, modern and
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provides extensible security. IEEE 802.16 standard 2.2 MAC Common Part Sublayer(MAC CPS)
gives strong support for authentication, key
The second sub-layer is Common Part Sub-layer
management, encryption and decryption
(CPS), which is tightly integrated with the security
II. IEEE 802.16 Protocol Architecture: sub-layer. This layer defines the rules and
mechanisms for system access, bandwidth allocation
and connection management. It also defines functions
like scheduling, connection control and automatic
repeat request. The core MAC layer provides packet
fragmentation, ARQ and QOS.

2.3 Security Sublayer

The last sub-layer of MAC layer is the Security Sub-
layer which also known as privacy sub layer,lies
between the MAC CPS and the PHY layer. sublayer
provides secure key establishment and encryption.
Security sublayer has two main protocols: (a)
encapsulation protocol for encrypting packet data
Figure1:802.16 Protocol Stack across the 802.16 network. (b) PKM protocol for

The IEEE 802.16 protocol architecture has two main secure distribution of the key negotiations from the

layers: the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer and Base Station (BS) to the Subscriber Station (SS).

the Physical (PHY) layer. The MAC layer is divided

into three sublayers: Convergence Sublayer (CS), 2.4Physical Layer
Common Part Sublayer (CPS) and Security Sublayer The PHY layer provides a two-way mapping
between MAC protocol data units and the PHY layer
2.1Convergence Sub layer (CS) frames received and transmitted through coding and
modulation of radio frequency signals. The physical
The first sub-layer is the Service Specific
layer creates the physical connection between the two
Convergence Sub-layer (CS), which is to converse
communicating entities. As 802.16 is a digital
with higher layers and transform upper level data
technology, the PHYsical layer is responsible for
services to MAC layer service flow and connections.
transmission of the bit sequences.
The function of CS sublayer is to receive data from
higher layers and to classify them as ATM cell or
packet and forward frames to CPS sublayer.
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WiMAX Based MIMO System Multiplexing (OFDM) has emerged as a successful

air-interface technique. It is the method of Digital
Multiple-input and multiple-output MIMO is an
Modulation which is based on the principle of
important part of modern wireless communication
transmitting data by splitting the signal into several
standards, because it offers significant increases in
narrowband channels at different frequencies. The
data throughput and link range without additional
OFDM signal is made up of many orthogonal carriers
bandwidth or increased transmit power. Basically the
, and each individual carrier is digitally modulated
use of multiple antennas at the transmitter and
with a relatively slow symbol rate. OFDM is one of
receiver in wireless system is, popularly known as
the applications of a parallel-data transmission
MIMO technology. MIMO technology has the ability
scheme, which reduces the effects of multipath
to exploit NLoS channels, and hence they can
fading and makes complex equalizers unnecessary.
increase spectral efficiency compared to SISO
Orthogonality: The word “Orthogonal “indicates
systems. The merits of MIMO system include
that there is the precise mathematical relationship
diversity gains, multiplexing gains, interference
between the frequencies of the carrier in the system.
suppression, and array gains. Because it supports a
Two periodic signals are orthogonal when the
full range of smart antenna technologies, including
integral of their product, over one period, is equal to
Space Time Block Codes (STBC), Spatial
zero. This is true of certain sinusoids as illustrated in
Multiplexing (SM), and beam forming. MIMO is
the equation 1 and 2 below:
considered suitable for Mobile WiMAX. MIMO is
considered as a critical component in the future
developments of mobile WiMAX. The mobile Continuous Time

WiMAX system uses the wireless-MAN-OFDMA air


T
cos(2 nft )  cos(2 mft )dt  0; n  m
interface. the principle of OFDMA consists of
different users who share the Fast Fourier Transform 0
(1)
(FFT) space. The architecture is based on a scalable
sub-channelization structure with variable FFT sizes Discrete Time
according to the channel bandwidth. It is expected
that Mobile WiMAX with MIMO will be able to
carry approximately 4x more traffic than today’s 3G N 1 2 kn  2 kn 
networks. MIMO technology constitutes a 0
cos(
N
)  cos 
 N 
  0; n  m
breakthrough in wireless communication design.
(2)
Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing(OFDM) The carriers of an OFDM are sinusoids that meet this
In recent years Orthogonal Frequency Division requirement because each one is a multiple of
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frequency. Each one has an integer number of cycles in
the fundamental period. OFDM signals are made up
from a sum of sinusoids, with each corresponding to
a subcarrier.
The orthogonality requires that the sub-carrier
spacing is ∆f=k/Tu Hertz, where TU seconds is the
useful symbol duration (the receiver side window
size), and k is a positive integer, typically equal to 1.
Therefore, with Nsub-carriers, the total pass band
bandwidth will be B≈N·∆f(Hz).
The orthogonality also allows high spectral
efficiency, with a total symbol rate near the Nyquist
rate for the equivalent base band signal. It requires
very accurate frequency synchronization between the
receiver and the transmitter; with frequency deviation
the sub-carriers will no longer be orthogonal, causing
inter-carrier interference.
WiMAX Transceiver
Modulated signals are typically generated digitally
due to the difficulty in creating large banks of phase
lock oscillators and receivers in the analog domain.
Figure 3.2 shows the block diagram of a typical
WiMAX transceiver. In the transmitter, the serial to
parallel converted data is mapped in the modulator.
Also, the fast Fourier transform (IFFT) realizes the
time domain WiMax signal by modulating each data
symbol onto a unique carrier frequency. The
remaining steps are A/D and serial to parallel
conversions.
Figure 2: WiMAX system diagram
[16] The transmitter section converts digital data to
be transmitted, into a mapping of subcarrier
amplitude and phase. It then transforms this spectral
representation of the data into the time domain using
an Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT). The
Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) performs the
same operations as an IDFT, except that it is much
more computationally efficiency, and so is used in all
practical systems. In order to transmit the modulated
signal the calculated time domain signal is then
mixed up to the required frequency.
The receiver performs the reverse operation of the
transmitter, mixing the RF signal to base band for
processing, then using a Fast Fourier Transform
(FFT) to analyze the signal in the frequency domain.
[17] The amplitude and phase of the subcarriers is
then picked out and converted back to digital data.
The IFFT and the FFT are complementary function
and the most appropriate term depends on whether
the signal is being received or generated.
III. FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION
CODE
Forward error correction codes are those codes which
detect error at receiver end and correct the data
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received with error by using error correcting code.
This technique used to enhance data reliability. It
introduced redundant data, called error correcting
code, prior to data transmission or storage. FEC
provides the receiver with the ability to correct errors
without a reverse channel to request the
retransmission of data. Forward error correcting code
is further divide in two groups which are as follows.
1) Block code.
2) Convolution code.
Block Code:
Block codes operate on a block of bits. block codes"
are error correcting code that acts on a block of k bits
input data to produce n bits of output data (n,k).Block
codes are referred to as (n, k) codes. A block of k
information bits are coded to become a block of n
bits.
n=k + r where r is the number of parity bits. k is the
number of information.
Convolution Code
Convolution codes were first mentioned by Elias in
1955. They can be seen as an attempt to generate the
random codes that were successfully used by
Shannon.
Convolution codes differ from block codes in that the
encoder contains memory and the n encoder outputs
at any given time unit depend not only on the k inputs
at that time unit but also on m previous input blocks.
An (n, k, m) convolutional code can be implemented
with a k-input, n-output linear sequential circuit with
input memory m. typically, n and k are small integers
with k < n, but the memory order m must be made
large to achieve low error probabilities. The
information and code words of convolutional codes
are of infinite length, and therefore they are mostly
referred to as information and code sequence.
Space Time Block Coding
Space-time coding is a method used in multiple
antenna systems to not only increase the reliability of
the communication link, but also increase its
throughput. This is accomplished by encoding
multiple streams of data across the spatial domain
(i.e., antennas) and across the time domain. Space-
Time Codes (STCs) have been implemented in
cellular communications as well as in wireless local
area networks. Space time coding is performed in
both spatial and temporal domain introducing
redundancy between signals transmitted from various
antennas at various time periods. It can achieve
transmit diversity and antenna gain over spatially
Space Time Block Code (STBC): Space-time block
codes operate on block of input symbols, producing a
matrix output whose columns represent time and
rows represent antennas. The space-time coding
scheme, is essentially a joint design of coding,
modulation, transmit and receive diversity. A space–
time block code is defined by a transmission
matrix G. The entries of the matrix G are linear
combinations of the variables and
their conjugates. The number of transmission
antennas is n, and we usually use it to separate
different codes from each other. For example,
represents a code which utilizes two transmit
antennas and is defined by,
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Alamouti Encoding: To introduce Space Time Causes of multipath include atmospheric ducting,
Block Codes, The Alamouti code is most commonly ionosphere reflection and refraction, and reflection
used. A simple transmit diversity scheme which from water bodies and terrestrial objects such as
improves the signal quality at the receiver on one side mountains and buildings. The effects of multipath
of the link by simple processing across two transmit include constructive and destructive interference, and
antennas at the opposite end. This is a very special phase shifting of the signal. This causes Rayleigh
STBC. It is the only orthogonal STBC that achieves fading.
rate-1.only STBC can achieve its full diversity gain Rician Fading
without needing to sacrifice its data rate.
A difference between Rayleigh fading and Rician
fading is that there is no dominant component in
Fading in Wireless Channel
Rayleigh fading channels. If a channel has a fixed
Fading is deviation of the attenuation that a carrier-
LOS component, the received signal equals the
modulated telecommunication signal experiences
superposition of a complex Gaussian component and
over certain propagation media. The radio waves
a LOS component. The signal envelope in this case is
transmitted from the BS, arrive at the MS after
considered to be a Rician distribution
reflection, diffraction and scattering from the natural
Psc = Probability of symbol-error per carrier
and man-made objects situated between the BS and
the MS. The incoming radio waves arriving from
Noise and Interference
different directions have different propagation delays.
These multipath components, having randomly
Bit Error Rate: The bit error rate ratio (BER) is the
distributed amplitudes, phases and angles of arrival,
number of bit errors divided by the total number of
at the receiver antenna causing the received signal to
transferred bits during a time interval.
distort or fade. Thus, fading is the rapid fluctuations
in the amplitude phase and the multipath delays of a
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR):SNR is defined as the
radio signal over a short period of time.
ratio between signal power to noise power and it is
The Flat Rayleigh Fading Channel Model normally expressed in decibel (dB). The
mathematical
Rayleigh fading is caused by multipath reception. In
expression of SNR is;
wireless telecommunications, multipath is the
propagation phenomenon that results in radio signals
reaching the receiving antenna by two or more paths.
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IV. SIMULATION MODEL

FEC Encoding or
Data Randomization Modulation Serial to
Convolution
Generation Parallel
coding

Noise

MIMO Parallel Cyclic IFFT Zero

Encoding to serial Prefix Padding
Addition

MIMO Zero Forcing Serial to Removal of

FFT
Decoding Equalizer Parallel Cyclic Prefix

Decoding Demodulation Parallel to Removal of

serial Zero Padding

Derandomization BER
Calculation

Figure 3: Basic Simulation Model for WiMAX System using MIMO Technique
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Randomization process of mapping the digital information to analog

form so it can be transmitted over the channel. As it
Data randomization, a technique by which protection
is OFDM based WiMAX system different
against the attacks can be achieved by xoring data
Modulation technique like BPSK,QPSK and QAM
with random masks. Data randomization uses static
[m]is employed. Modulator BPSK QPSK, 16-QAM,
analysis. It assigns a random mask to each class and
and 64-QAM modulations are used for simulation.
generates code instrumented to xor data read from or
Received modulated output that is serial data is to be
written to memory with the mask of the memory
converted into parallel. An inverse Fourier
operand’s class. Random binary data is generated
transform (IFFT) converts the frequency domain
here for simulation purpose.
data input to time domain which represents OFDM

For Performance analysis of WiMAX system for Subcarrier. IFFT is useful for OFDM because it

different modulation scheme by using MIMO generates samples of a waveform with frequency

technique firstly we generate the stream of binary component satisfying orthogonality condition.

data, then perform the randomization process, which CYCLIC PREFIX, In OFDMA to enable the

works on a bit by bit basis. The purpose of the multiple access sub channels are used which are

scrambled data which is obtained from the random formed by grouping the data subcarriers. Number of

data generator is to convert long sequences of O's or different sub channels is allocated to the particular

1's in a random sequence to improve the coding user in order to send & receive data. There are two

performance. The main component of the data parts in one OFDMA symbol in time domain. The

randomization is a Pseudo Random Binary Sequence cyclic prefix (CP) time &useful symbol time. CP is

generator which is implemented using Linear used to remove the effect of ISI & ICI in multipath

Feedback Shift Register. Next step is to pass the scenario.CP is the copy of the last part of the OFDM

obtained data through Forward Error Correction symbol which is appended in the front of the

block using convolution coding[4]. convolution code transmitted OFDM symbol . The length of CP or

introduces redundant bits into the data stream through guard time interval must be chosen such that it is

the use of linear shift register. The convolution longer than the maximum delay spread of the

encoder shall use the industry standard generator multipath channel[7].

polynomials, g0= 1338 and g1 = 1718, of rate R =

Next process is MIMO encoding in which “Alamouti
1/2. Higher rates like 2/3 and 3/4, are derived from it
Encoding” is deployed.[4]. The Alamouti code is
by employing “puncturing.”
also known as Space Time Block Code (STBC). Fig.

Modulation is the fundamental components of a Shows the block diagram of the transmitter module in

digital communication system. Modulation is the MIMO system based on the Alamouti code. The
binary bits enter a modulator and are converted into
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“symbols”. These “symbols” are represented by
complex numbers and they are fed into the Alamouti
encoder. The Alamouti encoder maps the symbols
onto the transmitter by using the above mentioned
matrix defined by (1). In this matrix, the rows
represent the transmit antennas, and columns
represent the time. The elements of the matrix define
the symbols that to be transmitted from a particular
antenna. The Alamouti code works with a pairs of
symbols at a time. It takes two time periods to
transmit the two symbols.[55]
Figure4:MIMO Transmitter (using Alamauti
code)
AWGN noise is added as a channel. AT the receiver
inverse operation of transmitter takes place.
Zero Forcing Equalizer is used at the receiver to
bringing down the intersymbol interference (ISI) The
Zero-Forcing Equalizer applies the inverse of the
channel frequency response to the received signal, to
restore the signal after the channel. The proposed
equalizer provides ISI-free communications over the
IS I MIMO channels without a long guard period.
By Performing a FFT on the received samples after
the cyclic prefix is discarded, the periodic
convolution is transformed into multiplication.
Different demodulation techniques may be applied at
the receiver. In MIMO schemes used in the IEEE
802.16(WiMAX)two mandatory profiles has
specified, space-time code (STC) and spatial
multiplexing (SM). the space–time code (STC) is
based on “Alamouti A algorithm” which we have
used here for transmit diversity [56]. This code
achieves a diversity order that is equal to twice the
number of antennas at the receiver.
After Demodulation removal of zero padding and
derandomization of data take place, the original data
received at the receiver on which BER is calculated.
This is the last part of the process in which the BER
vs SNR graphs for MIMO"OFDM with WiMAX
System using Alamouti Algorithm with Space Time
Coding are presented for Rayleigh fading channel.
V. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
The behavior of the WiMAX System based on
MIMO"OFDM Technique under different
environments is studied and the effects of increasing
the order of the modulation on the BER performance
of the system are presented. Zero Forcing
equalization is used decoding the coded data symbols
at the receiver side. Results are shown in the form of
SNR vs. BER plot for different modulations and
different channels. The analysis has been done for
wireless fading channels namely Rayleigh Channel.
Lastly the performance is evaluated by transmitting
theTextData. Results are presented for different
antenna configurations over different fading channels
using different modulation levels. This performance
is basically analyzed using two criterions namely:
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1. BER Analysis

2. Spectral Efficiency Analysis

BER Analysis
In this section BER analysis of WiMAX system is
done for different order of Modulation levels. The
analysis of the system using M"PSK is presented then
same procedure is done for M"QAM. The fading
channels used for this purpose is Rayleigh channels.
A BER measurement for BPSK, QPSK and M’QAM
Figure6: BER Vs SNR PLOT of 2X2 MIMO
is shown by Figures with code rates 1/2 respectively.

Figure7:BER Vs SNR PLOT of 2X4 MIMO

VI. CONCLUSION

In this present work the performance of the WiMAX

Figure5:BER Vs SNR 2X1 MIMO System
systems using zero forcing equalizer and MIMO
technique for different modulation levels and for
different antenna configurations is presented.
Performance of the system is analyzed under
different fading channels. We have obtained BER
versus SNR curves as well as spectral efficiency for
different modulation scheme with different FEC
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techniques for 1/2 code rate. Simulation results show [5] Analysis of Mobile WiMAX Security:
that even with only one selected antenna at the Vulnerabilities and Solutions by Tao Han, Ning
receiver, performances in terms of BER still Zhang, Kaiming Liu, Bihua Tang, Yuan'an Liu
satisfactory. On increasing the no. of transmitting [6] Performance Evaluation of IEEE STD 802.16d
antennas and receiving antennas there is an Transceiver Mrunal P. Pathak, S. A. Shirsat
improvement in , the spectral efficiency , and also
[7] WimaxTechnology Performance Enhancement
better BER values can be obtained. Results show that
Using Phy Layer with Turbo Coding *Shaik
by using MIMO technique, bit error rate for all
Avaes Mohsin,**Kilaru Kalyan, # Suresh
modulation techniques are improved. The zero
Angadi
forcing equalize mitigates the effect of the wireless
[8] Performance Evaluation of IEEE 802.16e
channel and allows subsequent symbol demodulation.
(Mobile WiMAX) in OFDM Physical Layer
Equalization is often used in wireless communication
[9] A review on QOS for wireless network using
to mitigate the effects of Inter Symbol Interference
WiMAX IEEE 802.16 Standard.
(ISI) and noise. It increases its applications in this
[10] Signal Processing Requirements for
modern era that is highly beneficial according to the
WiMAX (802.16e) Base Station M SHAKEEL
demand.
BAIG
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